Regional Archaeology in the Inca Heartland the Hanan Cuzco Surveys
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Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan Number 55 Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory & Archaeology Joyce Marcus, General Editor Volume X Regional Archaeology in the Inca Heartland The Hanan Cuzco Surveys edited by R. Alan Covey Ann Arbor, Michigan 2014 Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Tables x Foreword, by Joyce Marcus xi Acknowledgments, by R. Alan Covey xvii Introduction, by R. Alan Covey xix PART I. Regions and Research 1 Research Projects and Field and Laboratory Methods 3 R. Alan Covey, Veronique Belisle, and Allison R. Davis 2 Environment and Ecology in the Hanan Cuzco Region 27 R. Alan Covey and Maeve Skidmore PART II. Transitions toward Sedentism and Agriculture 3 The Preceramic Occupation of the Hanan Cuzco Region 45 R. Alan Covey and Nicholas Griffts 4 Formative Period Settlement Patterns in the Xaquixaguana Region 53 Allison R. Davis 5 Formative Period Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley 65 R. Alan Covey PART III. Local Societies and the Effects of Wari Colonization 6 Early Intermediate Period and Middle Horizon Settlement Patterns in the Xaquixaguana Region 77 Veronique Belisle 7 Local Developments in the Sacred Valley and Responses to Wari Colonization 93 R. Alan Covey v PART IV. The Advent of the Inca State 8 Late Intermediate Period Archaeology and Inca Rivals on the Xaquixaguana Plain 77 7 R. Alan Covey 9 Late Intermediate Period Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley and the Measure of Early Inca State Power 129 R. Alan Covey PARTV. Imperial Transformations 10 Local Populations, Royal Lineages, and State Entities in the Inca Occupation of the Xaquixaguana Plain 153 R. Alan Covey 11 Inca Imperial Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley 175 R. Alan Covey 12 Reconstructing Colonial Migration and Resettlement in the Cuzco Region 193 Kylie E. Quave vi Illustrations front cover: Dance group from Pisac, gathering at Inca ruins to make reverence to Pachatusan 1. Woodcut from a 1554 edition of Pedro de Cieza de Leon's Cronica del Peru, xix 2. Aerial view of the Inca monumental site of Saqsaywaman, xx 3. E. George Squier's 1877 map of ruins in the Inca heartland, xxi 4. Map of Cuzco region showing Hanan Cuzco survey boundaries, xxii 1.1. Map of Hanan Cuzco region, 4 1.2. The relative ceramic sequence compared with radiocarbon-dated artifacts, 5 1.3. Hanan Cuzco field crew conducting survey work in the Qoricocha puna, 5 1.4. Map of Cuzco region survey projects directed by Bauer and Covey, 6 1.5. Site registration by a survey crew in the Xaquixaguana region, 8 1.6. Ridgetop boundary marker registered during the Qoricocha Puna Survey, 9 1.7. The Urubamba area in the Calca-Yanahuara survey region, 10 1.8. Formative period pottery styles, 11 1.9. Chanapata open and closed vessels, 11 1.10. Qotakalli-style pottery, 13 1.11. Muyu Urqu-style pottery, 13 1.12. Waru-style pottery, 14 1.13. Araway pottery, 15 1.14. Late Intermediate period pottery styles from across the Hanan Cuzco region, 15 1.15. Cuyo pottery, 15 1.16. Inca imperial pottery from surface collections in the Sacred Valley, 17 1.17. Inca pottery that deviates from the imperial canon, 17 2.1. Map of the Hanan Cuzco region showing contemporary cities, 22 2.2. Aerial photograph of the Cuzco Basin taken by the Shippee-Johnson expedition, 23 2.3. Tourists at the Inca ruins of Pisac in the Sacred Valley, 24 2.4. The Sacred Valley at Pisac, 26 2.5. The upper Chit'apampa Basin, 27 2.6. The lower Chongo Basin, 28 2.7. Communities in the upper Chongo Basin that established the Parque de la Papa, 28 2.8. The Poques area in the mid-valley area above Lamay, 29 2.9. The confluence of the Qochoc and Vilcanota-Urubamba rivers at Calca, 30 2.10. The mid-valley area of the Qochoc Valley, 31 2.11. The Xaquixaguana Plain, 32 2.12. Rolling hills in the Chinchero area, 34 2.13. Rolling hills near Amantuy in the district of Maras,54 2.14. View of Lake Piuray, near Chinchero, 35 2.15. The Maras salt pans, 35 2.16. Rehabilitated Inca terraces at Zurite in the Xaquixaguana area, 37 2.17. Lake Qorichocha dominates a high puna basin, 37 2.18. Large corral complex, 38 2.19. Seasonally inundated areas of puna grassland in the Qoricocha area, 39 3.1. Projectile point from the Xaquixaguana study region, 47 3.2. Small panel of painted designs on a cliff wall at Site 139,47 3.3. Lake Huaypo area ,48 3.4. Lower Chongo Basin in the Sacred Valley, 49 3.5. Map of aceramic and lithic sites in the Hanan Cuzco region, 49 3.6. Small rockshelter in the Xaquixaguana region, 50 3.7. Sample of projectile points collected in the Xaquixaguana region, 51 vii 4.1. Surface scatters of Chanapata pottery, in three groups, 56 57 4.2. Map of surface scatters of Marcavalle-related pottery and of Chanapata pottery, 4.3. Map of prime agropastoral zones, 59 62 4.4. Sites with Chanapata pottery, and that had visible land modification, 67 5.1. Map of Formative sites in the Sacred Valley and Calca-Yanahuara study regions, 68 5.2. Scatterplot of elevation and site size for Formative sites in the Sacred Valley, 5.3. Photograph of the middle of the Chit'apampa Basin, 68 5.4. View of the upper Chongo Basin, 69 5.5. View of Pukara Pantillijlla, 70 5.6. Foundations of small oval-shaped structures and a canal at Pukara Pantillijlla, 71 5.7. The site of Muyu Urqu in the Cuzco Basin, 72 6.1. The Cuzco region and archaeological sites mentioned in text, 78 6.2. Distribution of Formative sites in the Xaquixaguana region, 81 6.3. Distribution of EIP/Middle Horizon sites in the Xaquixaguana region, 82 6.4. Distribution of Qotakalli components in southern cluster of Xaquixaguana region, 85 6.5. Distribution of Araway components in the Xaquixaguana region, 86 6.6. Distribution of Araway components that contain Qotakalli pottery, 88 7.1. Map of Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon period sites in the Sacred Valley, 94 7.2. Scatterplot of estimated size and elevation for SVAP sites with Qotakalli pottery, 95 7.3. Distributions of Formative and Qotakalli pottery in the Chit'apampa Basin, 96 7.4. The upper Chit'apampa Basin, 98 7.5. The Patabamba area on the south rim of the Sacred Valley, 99 7.6. The lower Chit'apampa Basin, 100 7.7. Distribution of Qotakalli components in the Sacred Valley, 101 7.8. Distribution of Araway components in the Sacred Valley, 102 7.9. Distribution of Araway components, comparing walking distances, 106 8.1. Map showing all LIP sites in the Xaquixaguana and Qoricocha study regions, 112 8.2. Local LIP settlement system in the Maras area, 114 8.3. Photograph of local LIP pottery excavated at Cheq'oq in the Maras area, 115 8.4. Site size hierarchy for LIP sites in the Maras area, 115 8.5. Terraces near Yunkaray, closely associated with LIP settlements, 116 8.6. Scatterplot of LIP site size and elevation in the Maras area, 116 8.7. View of the drop from the Maras area to the Sacred Valley, 117 8.8. Map of LIP sites in the Chinchero-Huayllabamba area, 118 8.9. Site size hierarchy for the Chinchero-Huayllabamba area, 119 8.10. Scatterplot of LIP settlements in the Chinchero-Huayllabamba area, 120 8.11. LIP sites in the Xaquixaguana Valley, 121 8.12. View of Qhakyaurqu, 123 8.13. LIP site size hierarchy for the Xaquixaguana Valley, 123 8.14. Scatterplot of site size and elevation for LIP sites in the Xaquixaguana Valley, 124 8.15. A schematic distinction of group distribution in the XPAS region, 125 9.1. LIP sites in the Sacred Valley, 130 9.2. Areas experiencing abandonment and resettlement during the LIP, 131 9.3. Photograph of a fortified Inca complex within the Tipon site, 132 9.4. Shippee-Johnson expedition photograph of Minaspata, 132 9.5. Map of LIP sites found to the south of the Vilcanota-Urubamba Valley, 133 9.6. Photograph of lower Chit'apampa Basin, 134 9.7. LIP site size hierarchy for the Chit'apampa and nearby areas, 135 9.8. Photograph of the Huata area in the lower Chit'apampa Basin, 135 9.9. Scatterplot of size and elevation of LIP sites in the Chit'apampa Basin 136 9.10. Map of LIP sites in the Sacred Valley, 137 viii 9.11. Scatterplot of size and elevation of LIP sites in the Sacred Valley, 138 9.12. Lluk'urqu (VS-285), a small LIP village, 138 9.13. View of the Sacred Valley near Quillhuay and Macay, 139 9.14. The ridgetop site of CY-80,140 9.15. Umaspata (X-096), a LIP village site, 140 9.16. The Q'allaq'asa complex at Pisac, 141 9.17. The site of Warqana, 142 9.18. Map of LIP sites to the north of the Sacred Valley, 143 9.19. Site size hierarchy for the northern drainages of the SVAP region, 144 9.20. The high-elevation site of Kaytumarka (VS-324), 145 9.21. Scatterplot of site size and elevation for LIP settlements in the northern drainages, 146 10.1. Map of Inca sites in the Xaquixaguana and Qoricocha regions, 154 10.2. Site size hierarchy for known Inca sites in the Maras area, 156 10.3. Map of Inca sites in the Maras area, 156 10.4.