11000 Years on the Rogue River: Prehistoric

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11,000 years on the Rogue River: prehistoric occupation of the Stratton Creek Site (35JO21), Josephine County, Oregon

Catherin M. (Catherin Maria) Bialas Western Washington University

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Recommended Citation Bialas, Catherin M. (Catherin Maria), "11,000 years on the Rogue River: prehistoric occupation of the Stratton Creek Site (35JO21), Josephine County, Oregon" (2012). WWU Graduate School Collection. 232. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/232

This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 11,000 YEARS ON THE ROGUE RIVER: PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION OF THE STRATTON CREEK SITE (35JO21), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON

Catherin Maria Bialas

Accepted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

Kathleen L. Kitto, Dean of the Graduate School

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chair, Dr. Sarah K. Campbell

Dr. Todd A. Koetje

Dr. Daniel L. Boxberger MASTER’S THESIS

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Catherin Maria Bialas 07/20/2012

11,000 YEARS ON THE ROGUE RIVER: PREHISTORIC OCCUPATION OF THE STRATTON CREEK SITE (35JO21), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON

A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

by Catherin Maria Bialas July 2012

ABSTRACT

This thesis presents results of analysis of materials from 35JO21, a deep stratified site on an elevated terrace on the Rogue River. An excavation by Oregon State University in 1992 revealed stratified cultural deposits to over three meters below the surface with some projectile point types that had been dated elsewhere to 8,000 years ago. No radiometric dates were obtained, however, and only a brief report was prepared. The goal of this thesis was to perform the necessary analyses to define site components and to confirm or disconfirm the proposed early age of the deepest material. Existing stratigraphic profiles were analyzed to define stratigraphic units which were then tested with selected radiometric samples. Morphological analysis of the formed tools showed an extensive lithic assemblage including 810 chipped tools, 117 heavy cobble implements and 12 stone artifacts that are incised, perforated or unmodified. Other artifact analyses included technological analysis of a small sample of the estimated 30,000 pieces of debitage and distributions of pumice and mineral earth. Faunal materials were fragmentary and, from the lower levels, consisted entirely of calcined material, but I was able to identify some mammal and fish elements and incorporated counts of mammal and fish bone and freshwater mussel into the component descriptions. A total of

164 diagnostic bifaces artifacts were related to previously proposed regional classification schemes and a stylistic analysis of the design elements on incised siltstone fragments was also performed.

My results show that 35JO21 does contain extensive deposits from the Early Holocene and possibly Late Pleistocene, two time periods that are represented by an extremely small number of archaeological sites in southwestern Oregon. I defined the deepest component as extending from the bedrock upwards to the first appearance of pumice in the deposit, assumed to represent the eruption of Mt. Mazama. The three radiometric date estimates obtained support this with ages

ranging from approximately 11,000 to 7,700 years ago (11,190 to 10,730, 9410 to 9030, and 7950 to

7730 cal B.P.) and make Stratton Creek the earliest dated site in southwestern Oregon. I suggest that Component I represents a short-term occupation that was part of a seasonal round. Based on cultural material and faunal remains, activities at the site included camping, manufacture of stone tools, and the processing of mammals and pigments. Some styles of artifacts, such as incised shale objects, imply social and personal activities beyond resource processing. Five of the six incised stone items were found in these pre-Mazama deposits; these are very rare in southwestern Oregon and have stylistic connections to assemblages from Northern California dated to the mid-Holocene.

Component IB (7,700 to ca. 4,000 B.P.) is delineated by the beginning of pumice inclusion at the base and by a relatively abrupt boundary at the top with a darker matrix. The boundary appears to be a stable surface characterized by constructed features that are assigned to the component above. Projectile point styles are consistent with an age range from 7,700 to approximately 4,000 years ago. The activities on the terrace intensified significantly after the eruption of Mount Mazama in the Middle Holocene with a greater diversity of tool types and an increase in obsidian usage that suggests an increase in long distance exchange or travel.

Component II, dated to the Late Holocene ( ca. 4,000 to ca. 150 B.P.) by projectile point styles, is distinguished by the appearance of pestles, food processing facilities, and a possible pit structure.

Faunal remains diversify to include salmon and bivalves. Behavior of the people at the site clearly changed, and seems to have included fish harvesting and processing. The appearance of pestles and narrow-necked projectile points suggests an introduction and adoption of foreign technologies, possibly in response to changing conditions and opportunities. The presence of plant food processing features and shifts in tool types, especially narrow-necked projectile points, at Stratton

Creek may point to regional movements of culture groups.

This thesis confirms that the Stratton Creek Site (35JO21) offers valuable data to the understanding of prehistory of southwestern Oregon for the past 11, 000 years. Only one other site in the Rogue River watershed dating to these time periods, Marial (35CU84), has been extensively excavated. The assemblage at 35JO21 is similar to the collection from the Marial site (35CU84) yet offers a higher resolution snapshot of the Rogue River watershed’s occupants since well before the eruption of Mount Mazama. The chronological framework and analysis presented here for site

35JO21 will facilitate ongoing development and modification of models explaining early adaptive strategies, population movements, cultural interactions, and settlement and subsistence systems through time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people and organizations assisted me in this endeavor. I would like to start by acknowledging my committee members: Dr. Sarah K. Campbell, Dr. Todd A. Koetje, and Dr. Daniel

Boxberger for their comments and suggestions regarding my thesis. I especially want to thank Dr.

Campbell for her enthusiasm and insights. Dr. Mark A. Tveskov at Southern Oregon University deserves the credit for re-introducing me to 35JO21 and encouraging me to pursue its analysis as a thesis topic. Anne Ramage at the Medford Bureau of Land Management Office, Dr. David Brauner at

Oregon State University and Dr. Tveskov get my gratitude for assisting me in assembling as much of the data and artifact collection from the site as possible. A Western Washington University (WWU)

Graduate School Research Grant, Dr. Campbell’s donation to the WWU Anthropology Program

Enhancement Fund, and my parents--Manfred and Theresia Bialas--made radiometric dating samples from the site possible, providing an invaluable foundation for this research. I also want to thank the undergraduate archaeology students at WWU for assisting me with sorting the collection and the tedious task of digitizing catalogs. Finally, this thesis would not have been possible without the support and friendship of my fellow archaeologists, my parents and sister, and the 2006

Anthropology graduate student cohort.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... ix LIST OF TABLES ...... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL CONTEXT ...... 6 Physical ...... 6 Cultural Context ...... 21 CHAPTER 3 EXPLORATION OF 35JO21 ...... 52 Bureau of Land Management 1989 ...... 52 Oregon State University 1992 ...... 57 Summary ...... 70 CHAPTER 4 STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY...... 71 Methods ...... 71 Chronography ...... 80 Cultural Features ...... 88 CHAPTER 5 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS ...... 100 Lithic Debitage and Material Types ...... 102 Formed Lithic Artifact Classification ...... 105 Biotic Remains ...... 143 Colored Mineral Earth ...... 145 Incised Stone Artifacts ...... 146 Artifact Discussion ...... 157 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION ...... 173 Component Comparison...... 173 Implications ...... 175 Future Work...... 178 REFERENCES CITED ...... 182

Appendices Appendix A - Unit Descriptions and Profiles ...... 199 Appendix B - Metric Data for Tools from the Main Block...... 219 Appendix C - Artifact Catalogs ...... 279 Appendix D - Ethnobotanical and Radiocarbon Data ...... 386 Appendix E - Metric Data for Debitage from Unit 100N/106E ...... 400 viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. The location of the Stratton Creek site (35JO21) in Josephine County, Oregon...... 3 Figure 2-1. The location of site 35JO21 in relationship to vegetation zones defined by Briles et al. 2005:46...... 13 Figure 2-2. USGS 7.5min topographic map for the Galice Quadrangle indicating the location of 35JO21 in Section 5 of Township 35S, Range 7W (USGS 1989)...... 18 Figure 2-3. Geology of the Stratton Creek area...... 19 Figure 2-4. Aerial photograph of site 35JO21...... 20 Figure 2-5. The location of prehistoric sites of southwestern Oregon mentioned in the text...... 30 Figure 2-6. Generalized Native American linguistic boundaries in southwestern Oregon (from Thompson and Kinkade 1990:32)...... 39 Figure 2-7. 1856 General Land Office survey plat for Township 35S Range 7W with the Stratton Creek terrace circled in red...... 50 Figure 2-8. 1916 General Land Office cruiser map indicating Mrs. Luvilla B. Cornelious' farmstead on the Stratton Creek terrace...... 51 Figure 2-9. Photograph of the Olson farmstead on 35JO21 looking northwest, 1965(On file at the BLM Medford District)...... 51 Figure 3-1. Survey map of the 1989 investigation indicating survey areas and approximate 10- liter test locations (Ottis 1991:4)...... 53 Figure 3-2. Overview of Area I and the main block excavation area in 1992. View to the south- southwest (Image on file at the BLM, Medford District)...... 57 Figure 3-3. Site map for 35JO21 indicating the 1992 excavation units and the historic features...... 59 Figure 3-4. The 1992 data recovery excavation plan map (modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:10)...... 60 Figure 3-5. Plan map of final depth of the 35JO21 main block indicating test units from the 1989 investigation. Datum height was 100 meters. Darker shades indicate increased depth and heavy lines indicate which walls were drawn in profile...... 63 Figure 3-6. Completed 1992 block excavation. Photo taken from the northwest corner. (Image on file at the Medford District BLM)...... 63 Figure 3-7. Generalized profile of the north wall of the main excavation block as interpreted by Ross and Blalack (1992:19). Note the large pit disturbance in the eastern half of the profile. .... 65 Figure 3-8. Photograph of the north wall of the main excavation block. Note light colored pit disturbance (Image on file at the BLM, Medford District)...... 65 Figure 3-9. Generalized profile of the west wall of the main excavation block as interpreted by Ross and Blalack (1992:20)...... 66 Figure 3-10. Photograph of the west wall of the main excavation block (image on file at the BLM, Medford District)...... 66 Figure 4-1. Simplified Profile of the North Wall of the Main Block...... 75 Figure 4-2. Simplified Profile of the West Wall of the Main Block...... 76 Figure 4-3. Simplified profile of the east wall of the main block. The profile for the east wall of unit 98N/110E was not drawn in the field but extrapolated from available data...... 76

Figure 4-4. Depth distribution of obsidian hydration samples...... 86 Figure 4-5. Frequency of obsidian hydration rind values...... 87 Figure 4-6. Plan view of Feature 5, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:23...... 90 Figure 4-7. Plan view of Feature 7, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:24...... 91 Figure 4-8. Profile of unit N96/E98 indicating Feature 7...... 92 Figure 4-9. Feature 8, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:25...... 93 Figure 4-10. Photograph of the east wall of unit 88N/98E indicating Feature 9...... 94 Figure 4-11. Profile of the north and east walls of unit 88N/98E showing Feature 9...... 94 Figure 4-12. “A reconstruction of the Iron Gate house type showing details of construction as inferred from archaeological data and ethnographic comparison. (Drawing by Roald Fryxell)” From Leonhardy 1967:31, Figure 15...... 96 Figure 4-13. Profiles of the west and north walls of unit N98/E118 indicating Feature B...... 97 Figure 4-14. Horizontal distribution of all features identified at 35JO21...... 98 Figure 5-1. Examples of biface reduction stages. Left to right, top – Stage I: 1342. Stage II: 1188. Stage III: 1312. Bottom – Stage IV: 1667. Stage V: 1533...... 109 Figure 5-2. McKee Series Bifaces and Barbed Projectile Points. Left to right, top - McKee Series: 515, 181, 678, 724, 622, 428, 510, 832. Bottom - Elk Creek Square Barbed: 319, 1564. Rogue River Barbed: 728, 313, 675, 647, 488, 807, 878, 54...... 111 Figure 5-3. Distribution of tip angles on drills...... 112 Figure 5-4. Drills and drill fragments. Left to right, top – narrow bit: 174, 471, 36, 169, 1242, 538. Base fragment: 191. Middle – wide bit: 500, 318, 1773, 532, 649, 1327, 490. Bottom – wide bit: 1116, 268, 1759, 1033, 50, 295...... 113 Figure 5-5. Gravers. Left to right, top – 426, 729, 537, 222, 1845. Bottom – 302, 1693, 527, 157, 160...... 114 Figure 5-6. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS-1. Left to right, top – 1741, 1540, 1749, 1000. Bottom – 1740, 1507, 809, 1376, 1081...... 117 Figure 5-7. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS-2. Left to right, top – 70, 321, 51, 1543, 1416, 988, 1185, 1747. Middle – 1228, 926, 1737, 290, 952, 229, 463, 679, 314, 1336. Bottom – 337, 1739, 1738, 620, 695, 934, 681, 556, 147...... 118 Figure 5-8. Stemless Projectile Points, LS-4. Left to right, top – 1446, 555, 271, 1167, 864, 987, 596, 22, 67, 178. Middle – 149, 49, 110, 292, 803, 60, 592, 1260. Bottom – 597, 689, 656, 1245, 1095, 1169, 197, 548, 1121...... 119 Figure 5-9. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS. Left to right, top – 1807, 525, 269, 331, 34, 1229, 826, 228. Bottom – 1755, 1191, 1520, 1464, 1255, 1727, 752...... 120 Figure 5-10. Concave Base Projectile Point. 1878...... 121 Figure 5-11. Coquille Broad-necked projectile points. Left to right, top – 62, 187, 1770, 234, 810, 340. Bottom – 745, 1640, 825, 274, 929, 273...... 122 Figure 5-12. Side Notched and Stemmed Projectile Points. Left to right, top - SN-2: 551. SN-4: 879, 723. ST-1: 1080, 1294, 430. Bottom – ST-2: 1288, 423. ST-3: 425, 1614...... 124 Figure 5-13. Stemmed Projectile Points. Left to right, top – ST-4b: 1428, 1244, 1470, 1316, 1192, 1596. Bottom – ST-4c: 1108, 1847, 838, 783, 1377. ST-4b: 1403...... 125 Figure 5-14. Broad Necked-Barbed Projectile Points. Left to right, top – 1623, 1700, 1758. Bottom – 1582, 1665, 1581, 1361...... 126 x

Figure 5-15. Examples of Beaked and Teardrop-shaped scrapers. Left to right, top – Beaked: 238, 412, 1252, 59, 1041, 411. Bottom - Teardrop-shaped: 1189, 495, 985, 1076, 48, 1170...... 128 Figure 5-16. Cobble Spall tools. Left to right, top – 1760, 1885, 1669. Middle – 917, 1666. Bottom – 1803, 1577...... 129 Figure 5-17. Wedge and examples of chopper tools. Left to right, top – Wedge: 799. Chopper Tool: 1823. Bottom – Chopper Tools: 1758, 1576...... 133 Figure 5-18. Examples of types of battering on cobbles. Left to right, top – end battering: 1200. Off-end battering: 816. Bottom – margin battering: 1483. Central/anvil battering: 1544...... 135 Figure 5-19. Cobble tools used as Pestles. Left to right, top – 1481, 1330. Bottom – 564, 565, 753...... 136 Figure 5-20. Pestle – 506...... 137 Figure 5-21. Example of a metate fragment: 1088...... 138 Figure 5-22. Pebble tools and net weights. Left to right, top – Pebble tools: 1757, 1606, 1716. Middle – Pebble tools: 1613, 1705, 1754. Bottom – Net weights: 1435, 1042...... 139 Figure 5-23. Perforated stone artifacts, stone ball, and stone discs. Left to right, top – Perforated stone artifacts: 1534, 1221. Stone ball: 116. Bottom – Stone discs: 170, 308, 143...... 142 Figure 5-24. Incised stone objects from Marial (35CU84): a. from Griffin (1983); b. drawing of photograph on file at SOULA. Artifact identification unknown...... 166 Figure 5-25. Incised stone pendant used by the Shasta (Hall 1990)...... 170

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1. Prehistoric Plant Foods of the Bear Creek Valley, Tributary of the Rogue River (modified from Hannon 1993: Table 9 89-92)...... 15 Table 2-3. Sites within the Rogue River Watershed Mentioned in the Text...... 22 Table 2-4. Proposed Cultural Chronologies for Southwestern Oregon...... 24 Table 3-1. Lithic Artifact Summary from the 1989 Investigation at 35JO21 (modified from Ottis 1989:9)...... 55 Table 3-1. Simplified Artifact Distribution Results from the 1992 Data Recovery at 35JO21 (modified from Ross and Blalack 1994)...... 67 Table 4-1. Main Block Components at 35JO21...... 74 Table 4-2. Pumice Presence in the Main Block by Component...... 77 Table 4-3. 35JO21 Soil Descriptions and Components from 0 to 173 cmbs (based on Maurer 1992)...... 80 Table 4-4. 35JO21 AMS Dates from Component Ia (See Appendix D)...... 81 Table 4-5. Results of Obsidian Analysis from 35JO21...... 84 Table 4-6. Range and Mean of Hydration Rinds by Component...... 87 Table 4-7. Features Documented During the 1992 Excavation at 35JO21 and Identified During the Current Research...... 88 Table 5-1. Artifact Diversity in the Main Block Excavation Units (Modified from Ross and Blalack 1994)...... 101 Table 5-2. Lithic Debitage Distribution in the Main Block Excavation Units (Modified from Ross and Blalack 1994)...... 103 Table 5-3. Debitage Material Type per Cubic Meter in Unit 100N/106E...... 104 Table 5-4. Debitage Reduction Stage per Cubic Meter in Unit N100/E106...... 105 Table 5-5. Flaked Artifact Totals by Component...... 107 Table 5-6. Cobble Artifact Totals by Component...... 130 Table 5-7. Other Artifact Totals by Component...... 141 Table 5-8. Biotic Remains by Excavation Unit...... 143 Table 5-9. Biotic Remains by Component...... 144 Table 5-10. Total Pieces of Mineral Earth Identified in Test Units at 35JO21...... 145 Table 5-11. Distribution of Cobble Tools with Pigment Stain by Component...... 146 Table 5-12. Classification Scheme Attributes Applied to Upper Sacramento River Canyon Incised Stone Artifacts (from McGuire 1989)...... 147 Table 5-13. Attributes for Incised Artifact N100/E108 L17-1797 a-e...... 149 Table 5-14. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E104 L11-1006...... 151 Table 5-15. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E106 L20-1848...... 152 Table 5-16. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N98/E106 L21-1898...... 154 Table 5-17. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E106 L19-1798 a-c...... 155 Table 5-18. Attributes for Incised Artifact N99/E108 L20-1882...... 156 Table 5-19. Projectile Point Type and Date Ranges...... 158

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Table 5-20. Summary of 35JO21 Classifiable Projectile Points by Excavated Volume and by Component...... 161 Table 5-21. Incised and Small Shaped Stone Objects from Sites in Southwest Oregon...... 165 Table 5-22. Distribution of Cobble Tools with Pigment Stain by Component...... 171 Table 6-1. Lithic Tools per Cubic Meter in the Main Block By Component...... 174 Table 6-2. Debitage per Cubic Meter in the Main Block By Component...... 174 Table 6-3. Unwashed Lithic Tools from 35JO21...... 178

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The search for the earliest inhabitants of Southern Oregon has been dominated by the investigation of early sites along the coast and in the Great Basin, east of the Cascade Range. Sites such as Indian Sands near Bandon have reliable radiocarbon dates of 10,430 B.P., pushing back estimates of marine and littoral adaptations in the west, as well as providing supporting evidence for the viability of the coast as a migration route for the colonization of the Americas (Davis 2006).

Blood protein and DNA analyses carried out on human feces in Paisley Cave in the Great Basin of

Eastern Oregon is evidence for occupation of the eastern interior for the last 14,000 years (Jenkins

2007).

What lies between the coast and the Cascade Range? Southwestern Oregon is dominated by three mountain provinces, all consisting of steep ridgelines cut by drainages. A series of east-west trending rivers have created isolated valleys and flood developed terraces among the hills. One of the largest of these in is the Rogue River watershed. Ethnohistorically, the watershed was occupied by three main groups, the Takelma, the Shasta, and the Athapaskans. Very little cultural information was gathered from these people before they were drastically reduced in number and forcibly removed to reservations. The archaeology of this watershed is only beginning to be intensively examined with 95 percent of sites having been documented in the past 30 years. The majority of these sites date to within the past 2,000 years, making questions about initial settlement timing, early subsistence and settlement patterns, and migration of cultural groups or technological innovations difficult to answer.

The Stratton Creek site (35JO21) on the Rogue River may contribute answers to the primary questions of this region’s human history (Figure 1-1). The site was partially excavated in 1992 by the

Oregon State University Archaeological Field School under the direction of Dr. Richard Ross (Ross and Blalack 1994). This occupation site contains multiple stratified cultural layers to 3.29 meters (m) below the surface and tool types as much as 8,000 years old. Although reporting on the 1992 excavation was cursory, it provided enough information to indicate the recovered tool assemblage is comparable to that of assemblages at other radiometrically dated sites in Southwestern Oregon and can help clarify the sequence of cultural associations in this region. More specifically, the assemblage from the deepest deposits, if confirmed to date to the early Holocene, could provide a rare opportunity to observe change in tool preferences and types during the early occupation of southwestern Oregon. Unfortunately, Ross and Blalack’s basis for estimating the site’s age could only be founded on regional tool type seriation and the extent of stratigraphic deposits. While charcoal and other organic samples were collected during the excavation, none proved substantial enough for conventional radiometric dating. A small, non-random sample of obsidian artifacts was analyzed for hydration but the results were variable and not discussed in the 1992 report.

Figure 1-1. The location of the Stratton Creek site (35JO21) in Josephine County, Oregon.

Because so little had been written about the 1992 excavations, and the report was not widely circulated, one of my goals was to provide a more detailed description of the site contents for

comparative purposes for other researchers. But an even more compelling goal was to confirm the apparent age of the lowest component and elaborate on its potential contributions to the ongoing process of discerning regional prehistory and developing settlement and culture change models. I conducted systematic analyses of the artifacts and stratigraphic information available for the central block, which provided the largest exposure of the lower strata, in order to delineate components and distinguish their contents. Because a scarcity of organic material in the lower strata had been noted during excavation, I did not necessarily expect to obtain radiometric dates and applied several different methods of chronological analysis. After analysis of the stratigraphy, I was able to identify several carbonized plant samples associated with significant stratigraphic markers and obtained three conventional radiometric dates falling in the period from 9610±60 to 7020±50. At this point, I focused my thesis on examining the characteristics of the cultural material from the dated component, how it compares the component above it and to other early Holocene sites in the region. This thesis, therefore, cannot serve as a comprehensive data recovery report. Although it does provide site-wide information beyond what was available in the 1994 report, it is heavily weighted towards understanding the lower components and does not give equal treatment to areas outside the main block or to issues relevant to the upper component.

In summary, through the examination of the cultural remains collected from the Stratton Creek site (35JO21) I aim to:

1. Present and disseminate the data from the excavation conducted in 1992 pertaining to the prehistoric deposits at 35JO21.

2. Delineate possible cultural components and identify all possible chronological indicators to confirm or refute the initial impressions of the site’s antiquity. This was possible through a combination of chronometric tools: radiometric dating of organic material, interpretation

of obsidian hydration results, and the cross-referencing of diagnostic lithic artifacts with those of assemblages at dated sites in the Rogue River region. The analysis of diagnostic artifacts would take into account competing synthesis developed by archaeologists in southwest Oregon as well as looking farther afield to California where there has been relevant research.

3. The revelation that 35JO21 has components dating to the early Holocene has provided an opportunity to investigate the site’s potential to add to the understanding of cultural adaptation, exchange, and connection within the larger region during that time period.

CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL CONTEXT

Knowledge of the physical and cultural setting of 35JO21 is vital to determining its place in the human history of southwestern Oregon. The physical characteristics of the region, such as its geology, topography, plant communities, and modern and ancient climate provide a suite of opportunities and challenges to the people who occupied the area. Previous research into the region’s people, archaeological and ethnographic, provides reference points from which to interpret and compare the results of the work at 35JO21.

Physical

Site 35JO21 is located in the Siskiyou Mountains on terraces along the Rogue River, the largest river in southwestern Oregon. The terraces are at 780 feet (ft) (237 m) above sea level on the north side of the river. Sediments onsite derive from the weathering of bedrock and volcanic ejecta originating in the High Cascade range to the east. The complex and changeable structure, climate, and hydrology of the area have resulted in high biodiversity both in the immediate vicinity of the site and the region as a whole. The following sections provide details about the setting of site

35JO21.

GEOMORPHOLOGY

The underlying geology of southwest Oregon is highly complex, determining the topography, vegetation distribution, and availability of lithic tool manufacturing materials. Three different mountain provinces combine to create southwest Oregon’s geology and topography. The High

Cascades bound the region to the east. These young, volcanically active mountains consist largely of flows of igneous material modified by glaciers. The Western Cascades, immediately to the west of the crest of the High Cascades, consist of an older, highly eroded generation of the Cascade Range

dating from 38 to 5 million years ago. They have been extensively down cut by water and are characterized by steep slopes and narrow drainages. The Klamath Mountains are more than 65 million years old and are mineralogically very different from the Cascades, consisting of peridotite, serpentine, granite-like material, and shale and sandstone. They too have high relief, steep slopes, and narrow drainages (Franklin and Dyrness 1988; Siskyou National Forest 2006).

Site 35JO21 is within the Klamath Mountains geologic-physiographic province that extends roughly 250 miles from Roseburg, Oregon south to Redding, California. This province is part of a massive fragmented belt of pre-Tertiary terranes stretching from Alaska to Mexico and beyond. The fundamental structure of the Klamath Mountains consists of a series of fault-bounded plates of oceanic rocks called the Josephine Ophiolite that began accreting along an early Paleozoic continental margin. The age of these bands is generally oldest to the east and youngest to the west where they date to the early Jurassic. Tectonics have folded and imbricated the various plates, and plutons have intruded through faults. This has resulted in an extremely minerally diverse landscape

(Snoke and Barnes 2006:2).

Site 35JO21 lies within the Siskiyou Mountains, a sub-range of the Klamath Mountains. It is located where the Rogue River cuts through the Rogue Valley Subterrane which is made up of the

Rogue Formation and the Galice Formation. The Rogue Formation consists of volcanic rocks, including tuffs, breccias, andesitic to basaltic flows, tuffaceous chert and volcanic wacke. The formation has been tightly folded since its development roughly 164 million years ago (Ma). The

Galice Formation is clastic in origin, consisting of siliceaous mudstone and metagraywacke with small amounts of black chert, conglomerates and limestone. It is approximately 156 Ma (Pessagno

2006:37). Less than a mile to the east, the Rogue River has cut its way through the Onion Camp

Complex. This complex dates to the Triassic through Jurassic and primarily consists of mafic

metavolcanic rocks now exposed at Hellgate Canyon (Yule et al. 2006:61). Metasedimentary rocks including red, white and gray cherts, gneiss, and serpentinized deposits yielding ‘soap stones’ are also substantial components of this complex (LaLande 2000; Yule et al. 2006:56).

Pleistocene and Holocene volcanic activity occurred primarily in the High Cascades. Mount

Mazama, a 3,700 m (12,139 ft) high composite volcano, dominated the southern Oregon skyline.

The mountain was only intermittently active throughout the Pleistocene. Activity picked up in the early Holocene with the Llao Rock eruptive event roughly 8,100 years ago generating pumice, tephra, and pyroclastic flows and the Cleetwood event producing lava flows and pumice roughly 500 years later (Bacon and Lanphere 2006:1352). Likely alarming to the local people, these eruptions paled in comparison to the eruption that began ca. 7700 cal. years B.P. (Bacon 1983; Hallet et al.

1997; Stuiver et al. 1998; Zdanowicz et al. 1999). This climactic eruption began at a single vent on the northeast side of the mountain, producing large amounts of ash, pumice and lava. This activity emptied the magma chamber below the mountain to the extent that the caldera structure failed, opening a ring-shaped vent through which vast amounts of material was ejected. Volcanologists estimate Mount Mazama ultimately ejected 30 to 64 cubic kilometers (km [7 to 14 cubic miles]) of pulverized rock and magma (Harris 2005; Matz 1991). The material turned to tephra was carried to the northeast and blanketed 1.7 million square km (650,000 square miles [mi]) of North America

(Harris 2005; Matz 1991). Devastating torrents of searing pyroclastic materials surged down the rivers headed on the mountain. One traveled as much as 40 mi down the Rogue River (Harris 2005).

Minor eruptions within the crater continued for several hundred years (Bacon and Lanphere

2006:1353).

The Rogue River is the largest river in southwestern Oregon, originating at the foot of what is now Crater Lake, 1,600 m (5,250 ft) above sea level in the High Cascades. It flows through the

Western Cascades and eventually cuts its way west through the Klamath Mountains and the Coast

Range to enter the Pacific Ocean. As the Rogue River leaves the slopes of the Cascades it enters the

Rogue Valley. This triangular shaped valley, containing the cities of Medford and Ashland, is roughly

16 km (10 mi) wide and as much as 24 km (15 mi) long (DeLorme Mapping Company 2000). It was developed by the action of the Rogue and two large tributary creeks, Butte and Bear Creek. Bear

Creek follows a fault between the Western Cascades and the Klamath Mountains. The Rogue River turns to the west and enters the Klamath Mountains at Gold Hill. It is joined by the Applegate River just west of the city of Grants Pass. This drainage has its headwaters at the highest point of the northern Klamath Mountains and has carved a long narrow north-south trending valley. From this confluence, the Rogue River works its way through rocky gorges and very narrow, steep sided valleys before reaching the Pacific Ocean at Gold Beach. In all, the Rogue is 340 km (211 mi) long and drains a roughly 13,400 km2 (8,330 mi2) basin.

MODERN AND PALEO CLIMATE

The modern climate of southwestern Oregon is notoriously variable. The region is located at the transition zone of the Mediterranean climate of California and the temperate climate of the Pacific

Northwest, with occasional incursions of arid air from the Great Basin to the east. Generally, winters tend to be mild and moist and summers hot and dry (Todt 1989). The mean annual precipitation is

97 centimeters (cm [38 inches]) and the mean air temperature is 11.6˚C (52.9˚F) (Carter and Resh

2005).

The paleoclimatic conditions of the region are still in the process of being defined (Todt 1989).

One recent source of information, a sediment core from Bolan Lake in the Siskyou Mountains, provides a 17,000 year-long pollen record. This record reveals vegetation regimes and fire frequency that can be used to infer climactic conditions. The earliest regime is described as the late glacial

period which was marked by subalpine parklands and low fire frequency, indicating cool dry conditions. Conditions became more mesic after 14,500 cal yr B.P. The core indicated a return to cool conditions between 13,000 and 10,900 cal yr B.P., which overlaps with the Younger Dryas

(10,200-10,700 14C yr B.P.) in the North Atlantic and with a cool interval noted in the northeast

Pacific. Conditions became warmer and dryer than present in the early Holocene (ca. 10,900 to 4500 cal yr B.P.) as indicated by an increase in fire frequency and an open woodland of pine, oak and cedar. By the late Holocene (ca. 4500 cal yr B.P.), fir and spruce were prevalent though fire frequency did not dramatically change. This indicates a cool and moist regime and possible impacts of anthropogenic burning. The modern regime of moderately moist and cool conditions was in place by ca. 2100 cal yr B.P. (Briles et al. 2005).

A paleoethnobotanical study prepared by Nan Hannon considered food resource availability in the Rogue Valley through the annual cycle and through the changing climate since the ice age

(Hannon 1993). Hannon’s analysis of available information on paleoclimatic conditions resulted in her delineation of five major vegetation phases. These phases were only roughly delineated temporally, as the details of southwest Oregon’s paleoclimate were still minimal at the time and without the benefit of lakebed pollen samples such as discussed earlier. However, her proposed phases are supported by these later studies. The first, the Conifer Phase, reflects conditions at the end of the Pleistocene, roughly 11,000 years ago. The climate was cool and moist and encouraged the spreading of vast conifer forests. These forests had relatively low numbers of edible plant resources, though elk and salmon may have been numerous. As the climate warmed in the early

Holocene, meadows expanded, the forests retreated and natural fires increased in frequency.

Hannon calls this the Camas Phase, as the recently developed meadows would have been ideal for this resource. The warming trend that continued into the mid-Holocene resulting in hot and dry

conditions -- the Chaparral Phase. Natural and anthropogenic fires were frequent, expanding the grasslands even further while providing improved habitat for oaks. Reduced stream flows would have restricted fish resources, but deer and rabbit would have benefited from the spreading oak groves. Rainfall increased during the Savannah Phase in the Late Holocene, dramatically increasing the productivity of the oak savannahs. Natural and anthropogenic fires maintained the open grasslands and increased stream flows allowed the expansion of anadromous fish runs. Hannon suggests this as the most productive phase, providing residents of the region with many sources of high quality carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and other nutrients. The modern climate is characterized by oscillations between the Savannah and Chaparral Phases (Hannon 1993).

BIOTA

The biotic diversity and abundance of a region is has a significant effect on its human residents.

The landscape is the source of food, pharmaceutical, tool, and construction resources. The diverse geology, shifts in climate over time, west to east graded rainfall amounts, fires, and varied relief has contributed to southwest Oregon’s substantial biodiversity (Franklin and Dyrness 1988; Todt 1989).

The shifting climate through time has allowed various plant communities to expand along mountain crests, drainages, and valleys. As the climate shifted again, these assemblages contracted into disjoint patches, making room for the next assemblage of plants. Regular fires caused by natural ignition sources or by human activity further fragmented biotic communities. Plant groups now existing in the region include those from the northwest maritime region, the Great Basin, the

California Coast Ranges, Oregon and California interior valleys, the Sierra Nevada, and indigenous survivors from the Tertiary (over 38 Ma) (Franklin and Dyrness 1988; Todt 1989).

Franklin and Dyrness (1988) have attempted to describe the biota of the region through generalized vegetation type zones (Figure 2). Site 35J021 is within the Interior Valley Zone

(described as the Oak Woodland Zone by Briles et al. 2005), though the Mixed Evergreen Zone is also found within one mile. The Interior Valley Zone is located in the rain shadow of the Siskiyou

Mountains, resulting in less rainfall than that in the surrounding mountains. Summers are generally hot and dry and winters are largely wet and mild. Valley bottoms are largely grassland now developed for agriculture, pasture, and residential uses. Before Euroamerican settlement, the valleys would have been extensive oak prairies of grasses and forbs maintained by periodic anthropogenic and natural burning. Xeric portions of the valleys support chaparral communities dominated by buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), and other hearty shrubs (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:124). These can be found on the south facing slopes above

35JO21. The Rogue River and its perennial tributaries support stands of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) often associated with communities of willows (Salix sp.). Lichen-draped Oregon ash

(Fraxinus latifolia) can be found in wetland habitats (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:125). These communities are found between 35JO21 and the Rogue River. The forests in the zone are dominated by California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) and Oregon white oak (Q. garryana) with and understory of grasses and high shrubs such as deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus). Oak stands are located approximately ¼ mile upstream of 35JO21 at Indian Mary Park. More mesic portions of the valley include stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:114). These types of stands can be found on the opposite side of the river from 35JO21 on north-facing mountain slopes.

Figure 2-1. The location of site 35JO21 in relationship to vegetation zones defined by Briles et al. 2005:46.

The Mixed-Evergreen Zone is located at roughly between 800 to 14,000 m (1,100 m Briles et al.

2005) in elevation. Variation in microclimate, aspect, slope, and soils make for blended or patchwork vegetation distribution. It is characterized by a combination of needle-leaved and broad-leaved trees, the most important being Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus). Many other tree species can be part of the canopy including sugar pine, ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine and knobcone pine (Pinus lambertia, ponderosa, jeffreyi, and attenuata), canyon live oak, huckleberry oak, deer oak (Quercus chrysolepis, vacciniifolia, sadleriana), incense cedar

(Libocedrus decurrens), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), giant chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla), Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and California laurel (Umbellularia californica). Associated shrubs include low-growing oaks, Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), pigmy rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), and

Pacific poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). The herbaceous layer tends to be poorly developed and made up of sedges and forbs (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:134).

In the northeastern Klamath Mountains, the Mixed-Conifer Zone blends into the upper limits of the Mixed-Evergreen Zone. Summers at and above this elevation are still relatively warm and dry, but winters are wetter and often include snow fall. This zone is a northern extension of the Sierran montane forest and is also found in the Oregon Cascade Range. Mixed stands of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus lambertia and ponderosa, Libocedrus decurrens, and white fir (Abies concolor) dominate the landscape (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:137).

The people managed the landscape of the region through fire and pruning, selecting for food and material resources. The prairies, or the Interior Valley Zone, supported large stands of oak that produced vast amounts of acorns in the fall. Camas lily (Camassia sp.) and epos (Perideridia sp.) grew in the meadows and were collected for their bulbs. Together, these crops provided a starchy staple. Plants high in protein and fat such as pine nuts, hazelnuts, tarweed, and sunflower seeds were also collected. Sweet fruits such as currants, huckleberries, strawberries, Klamath plum and wild grapes were available through the summer (Table 2-1) (Aikens 1993:224; Hannon 1993; Sapir

1907; Tveskov and Cohen 2006).

Table 2-1. Prehistoric Plant Foods of the Bear Creek Valley, Tributary of the Rogue River (modified from Hannon 1993: Table 9 89-92). Resource Constituents Season Available Acorns White oak (Quercus garryana), black oak (Quercus Fall kelloggii)

Major bulbs and roots Camas (Camassia sp.), Cattails (Typha sp.) Mid to late summer, year round

Minor bulbs and roots Brodiaea sp., mariposa lily (Calochortus sp.), wild Spring through fall onion (Allium sp.), epos/yampah (Perideridia sp.), fritillary lily (Fritillaria sp.), biscuit root (Lomatium sp.)

Grasses and herbaceous Tarweed (Madia elegans), sunflower (Helianthus sp.) Late summer, early fall annuals and perennials

Major berries Manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), serviceberry Late summer (Amelanchier sp.), currant (Ribes sp.), strawberry (Fragaria sp.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), sumac (Rhus glabra), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), nootka rose (Rosa nutkana), blackberries (Rubus sp.)

Minor berries Juniper (Juniperus sp.), Oregon grape (Mahonia Late summer aquifolium), California wild grape (Vitis californica)

Small fruits Klamath plum (Prunus subcordata), chokecherry Late summer (Prunus virginiana)

Pine nuts Sugar and ponderosa pines (Pinus lambertia and Fall ponderosa)

Nuts Hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) Fall

Greens and miscellaneous Miner’s lettuce (Montia sp.), columbine (Aquilegia Spring to fall sp.), bracken fern (Pteridium aquiline) , mint (Mentha sp.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), toothwort (Cardamine nuttallii), balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sp.), mushrooms

Pine cambium and resin Sugar and ponderosa pines (Pinus lambertia and Spring ponderosa)

Wide floral diversity in turn supports numerous species of mammals, birds, insects, and aquatic fauna (Table 2-2). Many of these were utilized by native populations as food and material resources.

Herds of elk, black-tailed deer, and pronghorn flourished in the oak savannahs and in the wooded hills. Bears--grizzly and black--cougar, wolves, foxes, coyotes, and bobcats were also found in the

area. Countless small mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, and wood rats are also available (Aikens

1993; LaLand 2000; Sapir 1907).

Table 2-2. Native Fauna of the Rogue River Watershed. Small Mammals Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) Oregon gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus Brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani) townsendi) Townsend’s ground squirrel (Citellus townsendii) Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) Western bushy-tailed wood rat (Neotoma cinerea Oregon bridled weasel (Mustela longicauda occidentalis) arizonensis) Dusky-footed wood rat (Neotoma fuscipes fuscipes) Western otter (Lutra canadensis pacifica) Rocky Mountain muskrat (Fiber zibethicus California badger (Taxidea taxus neglecta) osoyoosensis) Columbia valley skunk (Mephitis occidentalis notata) Pacific coast beaver (Castor canadensis pacificus) Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) Shasta beaver (Castor canadensis shastensis) Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus raptor) Yellow-haired porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor) epixanthum) H California wolverine (Gulo gulo luteus) Mountain coyote (Canis latrans lestes) Bobcat (Lynx rufus)

Large Mammals Elk (Cervus elaphus) H Grizzly bear (Ursus klamathensis) Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus columbianus H Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) columbianus) H Rimrock sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) Black bear (Ursus americanus) H Pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra Americana Cougar (Felis concolor oregonensis) oregana) H White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) Birds Mallard (Anas platyrhunchos platyrhynchos) Osprey (Pandion haliaetus carolinensis) Wood duck (Aix sponsa) Western belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon caurina) Pintail (Anas acuta tzitzihoa) Western pileated woodpecker (Ceophloeus pileatus Shoveler (Anas spatula clypeata) picinus) Green-winged teal (Anas nettion carolinensis) California quail (Callipepla californica) Ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis rubida) Mountain quail (Oreortyx picta) Canvasback (Aytha valisineria) Sooty Grouse (Dendragapus fuliginosus) Canada goose (Branta canadensis canadensis) Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Stellar’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) Western bluebird (Sialia Mexicana) Aquatic Chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Dace (Rhinicthys nubilus) Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Red-sided shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) Rainbow trout/Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Freshwater mussel-Western pearlshell (Margaritifera Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) falcata) Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentate) Freshwater mussel-Floater (Anodonta sp.) Largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) Crayfish (Pacifastacus sp.) Other Terrestrial snail Yellowjacket Grasshopper H Historically present

Anadromous and resident fish filled the Rogue River and its tributaries. Seasonal runs of fish returning from the ocean were met with organized harvesting strategies including dip netting, spearing, and trapping. At present, steelhead run December through April, spring Chinook run May through July, fall Chinook run August through October, and coho run October through November.

The most recent large salmon runs are estimated to be 11% of historic magnitudes (Meengs and

Lackey 2005). The silt and gravel bars of the Rogue River provide habitat for crayfish and freshwater mussels.

Ducks and geese can be found seasonally along the river menders and in wetlands created by beavers. Grouse and quail fill the brush and forests. Birds such as woodpeckers, blue birds, flickers and jays were prized for their colorful plumage and are still common in the region.

LOCAL ENVIRONMENT OF 35JO21

35JO21 is located at 780 ft (237 m) above sea level in a narrow east-west trending V-shaped drainage, on narrow terraces between the Rogue River and a steep, curved, generally south aspect hill slope (Figure 2-2). The hill slope to the east, northwest, and west consists of an igneous Rogue

Formation flow. The density of this material to the west has restricted the Rogue River into a narrow channel called the Taylor Creek Gorge. Two faults, angled northwest to south east, are associated with these flows. It is likely that at one time the river channel was located at the base of the steep hill slope to the north, where the terraces are now. Stratton Creek cut down from the north through a combination of Rogue and Galice formations. Resulting eroded material has combined with alluvium deposited by the Rogue River to develop the terraces 35JO21 is on (Maurer 1992). In addition, two small intermittent drainage channels to the north have deposited Galice Formation material upon the larger alluvial terraces, creating a fan containing large amounts of sedimentary

rock fragments (Figure 2-3). The cultural remains are concentrated on this fan. The elevation of the terrace is roughly seven feet above the level of the devastating 1964 flood as it was recorded at

Indian Mary Park just upstream (Maurer 1992). The cultural deposits do not appear to have been impacted by that event although they are likely to have been by earlier floods. A remnant channel is located parallel to the current river channel with intact terrace to the north and reworked, poorly sorted bar gravel to the south (Figure 2-4). A 1946 United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic quadrangle indicates that Stratton Creek occupied the channel at that time. It may also be the result of historic hydraulic placer mining or erosion caused by extreme high water events.

Either way, it is extremely unlikely that intact cultural deposits remain south of the channel.

Figure 2-2. USGS 7.5min topographic map for the Galice Quadrangle indicating the location of 35JO21 in Section 5 of Township 35S, Range 7W (USGS 1989).

Figure 2-3. Geology of the Stratton Creek area.

Figure 2-4. Aerial photograph of site 35JO21.

The modern vegetation regime at 35JO21 consists of an assortment of native and introduced flora. The meadow next to Stratton Creek supports a community of grasses and rushes being encroached upon by Himalayan blackberries, wild roses, and Douglas fir. The main site area is covered in native grasses and forbs as well as survivors from the homestead era. These latter include lilacs, bearded irises, St. John’s wort, sweet peas, flowering quince, fruit trees, locust trees, fig, and a walnut tree. The steep lithosol slopes of the western end of the site are very sparsely covered in

Douglas fir, sugar pine, oak, madrone, and manzanita. Oak, maple, and locust grow along the base of the slope. Grasses and forbs of the meadow transition into rushes and blackberries in the trench.

Willow, cottonwood, and myrtle grow on the gravel bar paralleling the river.

A variety of wildlife frequents the site area including black-tailed deer, black bear, reptiles and birds. During the 1992 excavation at 35JO21, an osprey pair fledged two chicks in their nest just north of the site. Crayfish and fresh water mussels were observed in the Rogue River. At least one of three anadromous fish varieties—steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch),

and spring and fall Chinook (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)--can be caught in the Rogue River year- round. Anglers regularly troll the slow water in front of 35JO21 as fish rest here after running the

Taylor Creek Gorge and before clearing the riffle at the mouth of Stratton Creek. The lower portion of Stratton Creek is used by steelhead for spawning and also contains resident cutthroat trout

(Bureau of Land Management [BLM] 1999:56).

Cultural Context

Site 35JO21s setting in the changing cultural landscape over times provides a context within which to approach exploring and interpreting the material remains identified there. The archaeological record of the immediate area and adjacent regions has revealed patterns of subsistence and settlement changes through the millennia. Ethnographic research with the native people of the region provides clues about the culture and behavior associated with specific archaeological deposits, at least from the recent past. These guides can only be applied to a limited time depth but can add perspective when paired with the body of archaeological research from other sites in the region. More recent history associated with non-native settlers is reflected at

35JO21, both in artifactual deposits and changes in the landform in which the site has developed over millennia. This section provides an overview of 35JO21s cultural context.

PREHISTORIC

Archaeological research in southwestern Oregon has slowly been gaining momentum since the

1930s when Luther Cressman of the University of Oregon excavated a spectacular prehistoric village site in Gold Hill (1933). Changes in government regulations designed to protect cultural resources and a burst of hydroelectric development projects within the Rogue River watershed stimulated most of the archaeological work during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (Brauner 1978, 1983; Brauner

and Honey 1978; Brauner and MacDonald 1983; Davis 1983, 1974, 1970; LaLande 1996; Nicholls et al. 1983; Nilsson and Kelly 1991; Oregon State University [OSU] 1978, 1981; Pettigrew and Lebow

1987). Infrastructure development projects in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, such as roads (Connolly et al. 1994; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007; O’Neill and Hodges 1999; O’Neill et al. 2004; Soto and Goebel

2000; Wilson 1979) and pipelines (Bowden et al. 2009, 2010; Bryson et al. 1995; Wilson et al. 1996), and power transmission (Oetting 1993) have expanded the regional database, locating upland and ridgeline sites. In addition, Oregon State University (OSU) and the Southern Oregon University

Laboratory of Anthropology (SOULA) have conducted fieldschools along the Rogue River (Griffin

1983; Ross and Blalack 1994; Ross et al. 1982; Schreindorfer 1985, 1987; Tisdale 1986; Tveskov and

Cohen 2008) and in the western Cascades (Tveskov and Cohen 2006). Still, only a few sites have been intensively examined by archaeologists. This fact and generally poor preservation of organic material due to soil conditions has resulted in a chronology for the region only partially based on radiometric data (Table 2-3) (Connolly et al. 1994:14).

Table 2-3. Sites within the Rogue River Watershed Mentioned in the Text. Radiocarbon Age Name B.P. Age Reference Marial 8560 ± 190 Early, Middle, and Griffin 1983 (35CU84) 6485 ± 80 Late Holocene ∆ Schriendorfer 1984 5850 ± 120 2810 ± 50 Saltsgaver 5310 ± 140 Middle and Late Prouty 1987 (35JA15) 1900 ± 90 Holocene ∆ O Ritsch Site 1470 ± 100 Late Holocene ∆ Wilson 1976 (35JO4) 1400 ± 80 460 ± 90 Marthaller Middle and Late Steele 1984 (35JA16) Holocene ∆ Hog Creek Late Holocene 2,000 Soto and Goebel (35JO13) to 100 B.P.∆ 2000 Limpy Creek 610 ± 70 Late Holocene ∆ O’Neill and Tveskov (35JO34) 30 ± 70 2007 Tlegetlinten Middle and Late Tisdale 1986 (35CU59) Holocene 6,000 to 100 B.P.∆

Radiocarbon Age Name B.P. Age Reference Blossom Bar Late Holocene 2,000 Ross et al. 1982 (35CU143) to 100 B.P.∆ 35JA100 1070 ± 110 Late Holocene ∆ O OSU 1981 (Elk Creek) 50 ± 60 35JA101 1210 ± 120 Late Holocene ∆ O OSU 1981 (Elk Creek) 680 ± 90 35JA47 Middle and Late Brauner and (Applegate) Holocene ∆ MacDonald 1983 35JA52 Early and Middle Brauner and Nisbet (Applegate) Holocene ∆ 1983 35JA53 Early and Middle Brauner and Nisbet (Applegate) Holocene ∆ 1983 Gold Hill Middle and Late Aikens 1986 (35JA1) Holocene ∆ 35JA189 1700 ± 130 Late Holocene ∆ O Connolly et al. 1994 (Trail Creek) 1700 ± 80 1320 ± 110 1150 ± 80 810 ± 130 740 ± 70 710 ± 80 680 ± 90 35JA190 4450 ± 80 Late Holocene ∆ Connolly et al. 1994 (Trail Creek) 310 ± 70 ∆ Based on artifact chronology, O Based on Obsidian Hydration

Several chronological schemes have been developed to understand the progression of human occupation and culture change in Southwestern Oregon. Each cultural chronology provides a useful perspective on the cultural history of the region (Table 2-4). O’Neill (1989) suggested a cultural evolutionary sequence for the Umpqua basin (Minor 1992; O’Neill et al. 1996); Connolly’s work resulted in his development of a three phase culture pattern (1986, 1991); Pettigrew and Lebow’s

(1987) multi-phase sequence came out of work in the upper Rogue River; and Winthrop (1993) developed a sequence to focus on settlement and subsistence. Mack (1991) developed a sequence for the upper Klamath River in Northern California that can be helpful to the Rogue River Basin work. Previous work has discussed the relative merits of these models (Atwood and Gray 1996;

Bowden et al. 2009).

Table 2-4. Proposed Cultural Chronologies for Southwestern Oregon. Years Before Present Connolly et al. Pettigrew and Lebow O’Neill et al. 1996 (1950) 1994 1991 (1987) (O’Neill 1989) Mack 1991 Paleo-Indian Stage: Paleo-Indian Period: 12,000+ Paleo-Indian 12,000-10,500 12,000+-10,000 Period: 12,000+- 11,000 Applegate Phase: 9,000 10,000 10,500-8,500 Early Holocene Period: 9,000 Marial Phase: 8,500- 10,000-7,000 8,000 4,500 Marial 1 subphase: Middle Holocene Period: Secret Spring: 7,000 Glade Tradition: 8,500-5,500 7,000-3,000 7,500-6,500 9,000-1,700 Marial 2 subphase: Basin: 6,000 5,500-4,500 6,500-4,500 5,000 Coquille Phase: 4,500- 4,000 2,200 River: 3,000 Rogue River Phase: Late Holocene Period: 4,500-2,250 2,200-150 3,000-contact Canyon 1 Siskyou Pattern: 2,000 Rogue 1 subphase: Subphase: 1,700-150 2,200-1,650 2,250-1,100 Rogue 2 subphase: Canyon 2 1,000 Gunther 1,650-250 Subphase: Pattern: Rogue 2 Ceramic Period: 1,100-400

Contact 1,000- 1,100-750 Canyon 3 contact Rogue 3 subphase: 250- Subphase: contact 400-contact

Recently, the geological time scale has been applied to provide a consistent framework for proposed culture patterns and phases (Erlandson et al. 1998; Bowden et al. 2009). The scale consists of the following major periods: the late Pleistocene dating to before 10,000 radiocarbon years (rcy)

B.P., the early Holocene (10,000 to 6700 rcy B.P.), the middle Holocene (6700 to 3400 rcy B.P.), and the late Holocene (after 3400 rcy B.P.).

A small number of sites have provided the majority of data on prehistoric subsistence– settlement strategies, population interactions, and ethnic territorial boundaries, as well as the development of a chronology of human occupation in the region. Many of these sites are clustered within hydro development project areas on the Applegate River, Lost Creek and Elk Creek but others are widely scattered within the watershed. The following section will provide a broad sketch of the

life ways of the ancient inhabitants of Southwestern Oregon as indicated by archaeological research, including summaries of the most significant sites.

Late Pleistocene (before 10,000 rcy B.P.):

The arrival of people in Oregon is known to have occurred by the end of the last glacial maximum. Their presence in southwestern Oregon at this time is supported by limited evidence, but is assumed based on current migration models and direct evidence in other parts of the state.

Massive continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers covered much of northern North America leaving few pathways between ice-free areas in Alaska and Beringia and southern North America.

The routes which people took to inhabit Oregon and North America as a whole remain unknown.

The antiquity of some archaeological sites along the North and South America coast support a coastal migration route taken by littorally adapted people. Their populations could have expanded inland from the coastal plain following major drainages inland (Dixon 1999; Erlandson et al. 1998;

Fladmark 1979, 1983). These highly mobile and resourceful foragers maintained a flexible subsistence strategy, utilizing a variety of plant and animal resources that including Pleistocene megafauna. Evidence of these early settlers has proven difficult to find as their population densities were low, their settlement patterns were seemingly only loosely structured, and late Pleistocene landforms such as large coastal plains have been dramatically altered by sea-level change and weathering (Davis et al. 2004; Erlandson et al. 1998). The two oldest tool traditions identified in western North America are the Western Stemmed and Clovis traditions.

Early radiocarbon dates from Connolly, Fort Rock, and Paisley caves, as well as evidence from other sites in the Northern Great Basin in Eastern Oregon, have supported the idea that human occupation of the region may date back to as early as 15,500 calibrated years (cal) B.P. Shallow lakes, large wetlands, and meadows filled many of the basins of eastern Oregon at the time,

providing abundant, reliable resources. The Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves contained human coprolites dating to between 12,140 ± 70 rcy B.P. and 12,400 ± 60 rcy B.P. (Gilbert et al. 2008; Jenkins 2007).

The caves did not contain stylistically distinct tools, but it is at least clear people occupied central

Oregon before the earliest known Clovis sties were established in the Plains (Beck and Jones 2010).

The two oldest tool traditions identified in western North America are the Western

Stemmed/fluted and Clovis traditions. The Clovis Tradition has, up till now, been the earliest dated and recognizable tool tradition of the Americas. The Clovis toolkit is distinguished by large fluted projectile points, prismatic blade-like flakes, burins and end scrapers, though later assemblages contain very few of the blade-like flakes. Blades in the Intermountain West (the Great Basin and

Columbia Plateau physiographic provinces) are associated with Windust and Cascade Phases and tend to be manufactured from basalt, unlike those of Clovis which are from CCS or occasionally obsidian. Their manufacturing technique resembles the Old-World Levallois method (the Cascade

Technique [Beck and Jones 2010]).

The earliest securely dated Clovis site is found in Aubrey Texas and dates to 11,570 rcy B.P.

Though not dated, the number and diversity of fluted Clovis points are highest in the southeast suggesting the technology originated there. Dated sites in the Plains are the primary source of chronological data used to discuss the Clovis expansion (Beck and Jones 2010). The Clovis date range has been described as very short, 200 years, implying the technology was passed to established populations across North America (Waters and Stafford 2007:1124). Alternatively, Beck and Jones compared dates regionally and noted that there could have been a 400 to 650 year range making it possible that the spread of Clovis material culture was associated with population movements. The earliest dated Clovis site in the Pacific Northwest is the East Wenatchee Clovis cache in Washington.

This fluted point cache was deposited on sediments containing ash and pumice from a Glacier Peak

eruption that took place ca. 11,250 rcy B.P. The deposits provide a maximum age for the cache. It indicates Clovis was present in the Plateau later than in the Plains (Beck and Jones 2010).

Western Fluted points have been identified in assemblages previously assigned to the Clovis

Tradition. Western fluted points tend to be shorter, thinner and have a deeper basal concavity than

Clovis fluted points, though they generally have overlapping characteristics. Statistical comparisons between western fluted points and Clovis suggest they are not part of the Clovis tradition but occur later. Reliable dates are as early as 10,320 ± 50 rcy B.P. from the Sunshine Locality in eastern Nevada

(Beck and Jones 2010).

Fluted points are found sporadically throughout Oregon. Only at the Dietz Site in the Great Basin has a large assemblage of Clovis Tradition artifacts, including over 60 fluted points, been identified

(Jenkins et al. 2004; Pinson 2011). In southwestern Oregon, four fluted points have been found as isolated objects without associated cultural deposits (Aikens 1993; Bowden et al. 2009). It is not clear which fluted point tradition, Clovis or Western, the artifacts are associated with.

The Western Stemmed tradition was believed to have originated within the fluted point tradition, but recent analysis of chronology and technology indicate they were separate. The

Western Stemmed tradition appears to have proceeded or at least been contemporaneous with

Clovis in the Intermountain West (Beck and Jones 2010; Pinson 2011). The timing of glacial retreat and expansion, along with archaeological evidence in eastern Siberia suggests the populations that developed the Western Stemmed could have followed the coastline into the Pacific Northwest.

However, archaeological evidence supporting this hypothesis on the west coast of North America is yet to be found. Genetic research suggests people colonized the Americas as early as 18,700 cal B.P.

This supports at least one early coastal migration, as passage through the interior would have been blocked by ice (Beck and Jones 2010:105).

Western Stemmed types include Cougar Mountain, Silver Lake and Lake Mohave, Parman, Lind

Coulee, Haskett and Windust projectile points. Silver Lake and Haskett have shorter contracting stems than the others. The Western Stemmed assemblage includes tools made on flakes verses blade-like flakes. Projectile point performs appear to have been largely completed by the time they were included in the travelling toolkit verses being manufactured from large bifacial blank cores as

Clovis appear to have been. Western Stemmed points are predominantly made from fine-grained volcanic rock and occasionally obsidian but rarely from CCS. This is in contrast to Clovis points which are more commonly made of CCS (Beck and Jones 2010).

The non-projectile point part of the toolkit contains items found in most Paleo-Indian traditions: triangular spurred end scrapers; side, concave, and beaked scrapers; gravers; drills; and notches.

The crescent tool is the most unusual item in the assemblage. These bifacial or unifacial CCS tools are found mostly in the Great Basin and California (Beck and Jones 2010; Meighan and Haynes 1970;

Sundahl and Henn 1993). Their function is not clear though may have resulted from littoral adaptations (Beck and Jones 2010).

Projectile points with the earliest dates are Western Stemmed types from the Coopers Ferry Site in the Plateau (Davis 2001; Davis and Schweger 2004). They date to 11,410 rcy B.P. and 11,370 rcy

B.P. The Connley and Smith Creek Caves produced two pre 11,000 rcy B.P. dates associated with stemmed points. Numbers of dated western stemmed sites increases between 11,000-10,500 rcy

B.P. (Beck and Jones 2010).

Many questions remain about the settlement of Oregon and the larger Intermountain West.

Current research is suggesting to an initial movement of people bearing the Western Stemmed

Tradition toolkit from the coast inland via major drainages where they expanded into and settled

the vast Intermountain West region. They then interacted with people using the Clovis Tradition that were expanding westward from the Plains (Beck and Jones 2010; Pinson 2011).

Early Holocene (10,000 to 6700 rcy B.P.)

During the Early Holocene, the landscape adjusted to the post-glacial environmental conditions, though generally remaining cooler and moister than today (Aikens 1993). The people maintained a broad-spectrum foraging strategy allowing them to adjust to the changing landscape. On the coast, the broad coastal plains (Davis et al. 2004) are inundated as sea levels rise due to melting continental ice sheets. This constriction of the coastal margin may have encouraged people to pursue more inland resources. The end of the Early Holocene is coincident with the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama in the high Cascades Range, making deposits of Mazama ejecta very useful chronological markers.

Only one documented site within the Rogue River basin, Marial (35CU84), dates securely to the early Holocene. 35CU84 is located midway between Grants Pass and the coastal town of Gold Beach

(Figure 2-5). The site is located on terraces on the north side of the Rogue River at the mouth of

Mule Creek. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Richard Ross of OSU directed excavations at the site in 1978, 1982, 1983 and 1984, resulting in the identification of seven discrete culture bearing zones and four radiocarbon dates of 8,560 ± 190, 6,485 ± 80, 5,850 ± 120, and 2,810 ± 50

B.P. (Griffin 1983:4, Schreindorfer 1985:v). Researchers have concluded that the placement of the site near high quality fishing and hunting areas as well as the observed tool types indicate the location was repeatedly used as a seasonal resource procurement camp (Schreindorfer 1985:vi).

Specific projectile point types and tools are associated with the various cultural zones and provide a sequence of point typologies for the region from the early to the late Holocene.

Figure 2-5. The location of prehistoric sites of southwestern Oregon mentioned in the text.

Marial’s deepest cultural deposit, Culture Zone 6, was identified at 4.3 m below the surface, immediately above a gravel deposit. The oldest radiocarbon date, 8,560 ± 190, came from a sample collected just below the zone. A few artifacts were found below the sample location. A sample from the base of Culture Zone 3 returned a date of 6,485 ± 80, conveniently bracketing the artifact assemblage found between. These artifacts consisted of lithic debitage and large lanceolate and contracting stem projectile points. Schreindorfer (1985) finds similarities between this assemblage and those found on the Southern Oregon coast at what Ross (1990) calls “coastal bluff sites”.

Limited radiometric dating at these bluff sites in the 1980s made it difficult to determine their chronological placement, but subsequent work indicates that they date to the Early Holocene, a time when sea levels were lower and the shoreline was miles further to the west (Davis et al. 2004).

Two other sites, 35JA35 on the Applegate and Stratton Creek (35JO21), have not been radiometrically dated, but contain artifact assemblages similar to those at Marial, and therefore likely date to a similar time period. The Applegate River, which flows south to north from the

California border to Grants Pass, is one of the more extensively surveyed tributaries of the Rogue

River. Dr. David Brauner, along with other researchers from OSU, conducted a series of surveys and data recoveries within the drainage in the late 1970s and early 1980s. They identified 18 prehistoric archaeological sites containing tool types suggesting the valley has been used for the past 8,000 years. These included diffuse lithic scatters and semi-subterranean house pit winter villages

(Brauner 1978, 1983; Brauner and Honey 1978; Brauner and MacDonald 1983; Nicholls et al. 1983).

Site 35JA35, located on a 3rd or 4th terrace above the Applegate River, is believed to be the earliest of these. Its tool assemblage is unlike that of others located during the survey. Obsidian is rare, and the projectile points are shouldered and medium sized with short triangular blades and long, wide square and contracting stems. These types of points have been reported to the east and south as having a time range of six to eight thousand years ago (Brauner 1978:66). The assemblage overall is very similar to Borax Lake assemblages in California (Clewett and Sundahl 1990).

Radiometrically confirmed early Holocene sites have been identified to the east along the

Umpqua River; the Narrows (35DO153), Susan Creek Campground (35DO383), Dry Creek (35DO401) and others (O’Neill 1989, 1992) as well as south in the Upper Klamath River (Mack 1991).

There are many similarities between the assemblages of the known early Holocene sites in southwest Oregon. Large broad stem and lanceolate projectile points, crystalline volcanic rock (CVR) bifaces, scraping tools, and minimally modified milling equipment. Several southwest Oregon researchers have found comparisons to the Borax Lake Pattern from northwestern California useful

(Brauner 1978:66; Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Connolly 1988; O’Neill 1992). Artifact types and

density of material remains indicate a continuation of seasonal movements and limited fish utilization (Beckham and Minor 1992; O’Neill 1992).

Middle Holocene (6700 to 3400 rcy B.P.)

The division between early and mid-Holocene is not marked by noticeable technological or behavioral change, but by an increase in density and general rate of change in technology and settlement patterns (Atwood and Gray 1996). Climatic changes during this period result in the gradual expansion of oak savannahs and prairies, increasing the availability of reliable food sources.

The archaeological record expands for this period providing a more detailed picture of life ways.

Sites have been documented on a variety of landforms inducing lower elevation river terraces, valley margins and upland ridges and meadows (Bowden et al. 2009; Connolly 1988; Pettigrew and Lebow

1987; Tveskov and Cohen 2006). Although still limited, the available descriptions of site components point to a possible transition from extensive mobility to semi-sedentary settlement patterns and the occupation of pithouses during certain times of the year (Beckham and Minor 1992; Winthrop

1993).

At Marial, Culture Zones 2 and 3 dated to the Middle Holocene. Zone 3 produced the highest artifact density and diversity of the entire excavation. A date of 6,485 B.P. was obtained from a charcoal sample at the base of the zone. A sample from the middle of the zone returned a date of

5,850 B.P. It is in this zone that grinding slabs and pestles first appear, accompanied by an across the board increase in cobble tools and end scarpers. McKee unifaces, incised shale, gravers, atlatl weights, a baked clay ball, as well as a stone sinker used in fishing gear also were found. A feature consisting of a dense circular cluster of cobbles with a depression in the middle was located within a few meters of the 5,850 B.P. date (Atwood and Gray 1996; Schriendorfer 1985). Zone 2 was

radiocarbon dated to 4,050 B.P. It contained shouldered and coquille corner-notched points

(Atwood and Gray 1996; Nilsson and Kelly 1991; Schriendorfer 1985).

As at Marial, the majority of sites located in the Rogue Valley exhibit high frequencies of what archaeologists traditionally consider hunting equipment with evidence of plant processing limited to low numbers of ground stone tools and ambiguous fire modified cobble features. The Saltsgaver Site

(35JA15), in the Bear Creek Valley near Central Point, is a remarkable exception (Prouty 1987). This site contains at least 108 pits with baked soil linings and fire altered sand and rock. These features appear to be acorn and camas ovens built to process the vast amounts of these resources. Several burned nuts (likely acorns) and a burned camas bulb were recovered during the excavation.

Charcoal collected from two of the features provided radiocarbon dates of 5310 ± 140 and 1900 ±

90 years B.P. indicating the site has been used repeatedly for at least 4,000 years (Connolly et al.

1994:13; Prouty 1987).

Two sites from the Applegate watershed, 35JA47 and 35JA52, appear to date to four to seven thousand years ago. These sites contain a predominance of lanceolate projectile point styles that date to this time period (Brauner 1978:78; Nisbet 1981).

Late Holocene (after 3400 rcy B.P.)

The people of the late Holocene are represented through numerous archaeological sites identified in the Rogue River and surrounding basins. Remains indicate a shift to low elevation pithouse villages oriented to fish bearing streams and seasonal or task specific temporary camps in the uplands, camas and oak meadows, and at favored fishing locations (Atwood and Gray 1996;

Bowden et al. 2009; Beckham and Minor 1992; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987; Winthrop 1993a). Plant food processing techniques are elaborated into various milling and preparation methods.

Populations increase and a greater focus on mass harvest and storage of resources is noted.

Connolly notices this shift at the Standley Site (35DO182) at 1,500 B.P. describing it as the

Siskiyou Pattern (1991). The Siskiyou Pattern includes elements of the Irongate and Shasta cultural complexes such as narrow necked barbed points, small side-notched points, metates, net weights and Siskiyou Utility Ware pottery. Large ceremonial wealth blades used by northwest California coast tribes are also found at sites such as Gold Hill (Hughes 1990). Beckham and Minor (1992:95) describe this cultural complex as the “Gunther Interaction Sphere” resulting from influence of coastal and California Athapaskan people. Connolly specifies the Gunther Pattern as reflecting the arrival and settlement of Athapaskans themselves.

The earliest radiocarbon dates for housepit structures in the region come from the Ritsch Site

(35JO4), excavated in 1976 by Oregon State University (Wilson 1979). The site is located a few miles west of Grants Pass on a terrace of the Rogue River just upstream from its confluence with the

Applegate River. Wilson identified two distinct occupation components. The first component dates to 460 ± 90 years B.P. with charcoal taken from approximately 50 cm below the surface. The tool assemblages associated with this component contain the only net sinker found at the site and a dominance of small “triangular-blade, concaved-base” projectile points (Wilson 1979:27). The second component includes the house pit floors and plant food processing equipment such as hopper-mortar bases. Samples taken from hearth features provided radiocarbon dates for the house floors of 1,400 ± 80 and 1,470 ± 100 B.P. (Wilson 1979:38, 42).

A florescence of human activity becomes visible at in the Cascade Range along the Upper Rogue

River. Numerous sites along Elk Creek contain house pit remains and acorn processing features dating to roughly 1,500 B.P. These seasonal semi-permanent camps are haloed by task specific lithic scatters that were likely associated hunting and butchering sites (Aikens 1993; Pettigrew and Lebow

1987; Winthrop 1993a).

In the watershed immediately to the north of Marial, Thomas Connolly directed excavations at the Standley Site (35DO182) in Camas Valley along the Coquille River. The Standley Site contains many varied artifacts including clay figurines, flaked and ground stone tools, stone pestles and mortars, painted stone tablets, and exotic stone materials originating in distant parts of the state.

Connolly also identified several remnants of wooden posts and pieces of bark suggesting a structure of some kind. In addition, there were over half a dozen features containing fire modified rock, charcoal, and even charred camas bulbs and hazelnut shells. The earliest radiocarbon date, 2350 ±

80 years B.P., was collected from a feature containing burned bark. The remaining eight radiocarbon dates indicate the site was occupied repeatedly until about 300 years ago. The thicknesses of hydration rinds on tested obsidian artifacts support the radiocarbon dates (Connolly 1991).

The Standley Site illustrates the problems associated with determining a cultural chronology for southwestern Oregon. The clay figurines date to between 1,100 and 400 years ago, yet the site completely lacked Gunther Barbed type projectile points, normally a diagnostic indicator for this time. Coquille Series projectile points are generally only common in the early Holocene yet at the

Standley Site, they persist to approximately 1,000 years ago (Connolly 1986, 1991).

Linguistic Prehistory

Linguists have been making a study of Pacific coast languages since the early 1900s. They have attempted to determine the timing of language diversification through glottochronologic calculations, informed comparisons to known cases, and synthesis with data from ethnographic and archaeological research. These combined data sets make it possible to estimate the timing and movement of language groups in the region (Dixon and Kroeber 1919; Golla 2007; Moratto 1984;

Shipley 1978). Victor Golla (2007) recently provided a synthesis of current research into prehistoric language group movement and interaction in southwestern Oregon and California. Research

suggests several language groups were present prehistorically in southwestern Oregon and the

Rogue Basin including Hokan, Penutian (Takelman and Wintuan), Athapaskan, and possibly Algic.

The Hokan phylum is the oldest identifiable linguistic relationship in western North America having a time depth of over 8,000 ya (Golla 2007:78). Hokan speakers, the Shasta, occupied the southern Rogue River basin at the time of contact. Other Hokan speakers have been identified from northern California to southern Mexico. The dispersed and isolated nature of Hokan groups suggests it was once widespread and has been broken up by the arrival of other groups such as Penutian,

Algic, Uto-Aztecan and Athapaskan speakers. Some researchers have suggested Hokan groups are associated with the Borax Lake Pattern in the Klamath Mountains of California as early as 7,000 ya.

(Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Whistler 1988). Connolly (1990) suggests there is a link between changes in the lithic tool assemblage during the Middle Holocene and the movement of Hokan speaking groups into southwestern Oregon from northern California.

The majority of Penutian speakers are found in Oregon but are dispersed as far north as Alaska.

The stock language appears to have a time depth of ca. 6,500 ya (Golla 2007:75). Golla speculates proto-Plateau Penutian speakers moved out of the Great Basin westward over the Cascades.

Thompson and Kinkade (1990) support the theory that Proto-Penutians developed in the lower

Willamette Valley, moving southward into the Umpqua, Rogue, Klamath, Shasta, and Sacramento watersheds as increased population pressures required. Takelman Penutian speakers settled in the

Rogue River basin.

Algic speakers, now represented by Yurok and Wiyot on the northern California coast, seem to have moved southward along the coast from the proposed proto-Algic homeland on the Columbia

Plateau around 3,000 ya (Golla 2007).

Athapaskan originated along the upper Yukon River in interior British Columbia (BC) and is now widely dispersed in western North America (Thompson and Kinkade 1990). It diversified from the

Na-Dene speech community that probably entered North America roughly 6,000 ya. Athapaskan speakers appear to have moved down through BC to the Columbia River roughly 2,000 ya, following it to the coast and then south into southwestern Oregon and northern California. Oregon

Athapaskans quickly expanded eastward through the coast range displacing Takelma (Penutian) and possibly Wintu (Penutian) and Algic inhabitants (Golla 2007:72). Lexical evidence suggests they brought with them knowledge of the sinew-backed bow and consequently a style of small projectile points suitable for hafting on an arrow shaft. Wintuan, a Penutian language now found in California, came out of western Oregon through Shasta Valley into the Sacramento Valley around A.D. 500 to

600. It seems to be associated with the Augustine Pattern and Gunther Series points observed in the

Sacramento River basin (Clewett and Sundahl 1990). The Wintu may have been pressured to move south by the arrival of the Athapaskans, displacing Hokan speakers in the process (Golla 2007). The

Gunther Complex arrival on the northern California coast may be linked to the arrival of Algic speaking Yurok after having also been displaced from the Oregon coast by Athapaskans (Golla

2007:74).

ETHNOHISTORIC

The majority of ethnographic research in southern Oregon was conducted in the early 1900s.

Very few Rogue Basin Native Americans remained to provide firsthand accounts of their people’s lifeways and traditions, and many of those had been removed to the Siletz reservation at an early age (Sapir 1907). Additional linguistic and ethnographic research, much of it unpublished, was conducted by John Peabody Harrington, Melville Jacobs, Philip Drucker, Homer Garner Barnett, and

Pliny Earl Goddard. Dennis Gray provides a detailed synthesis of the work of these scholars with

Takelma and Athapascan people (Gray 1987). Euro-American explorers, trappers, and early settlers also provided accounts of native life. I will provide a brief sketch of the understood cultural traditions of the people of the Rogue Valley drawing from data collected from the Takelma as well as the Athapaskans and Shasta.

Traditional Territory and Social Organization

Site 35JO21 lies within the western portion of the traditional territory of the Takelma people although the Galice Creek Athapaskans maintained a village only a few miles downstream to the west (Figure 2-6). It is likely the groups had family and exchange ties resulting in the blurring of boundaries. Surrounding cultural groups included the Athapaskan speaking Galice Creek (Tal-tuc- tun-tu-de), Applegate (Da-ku-be-te-de), and the Shasta Costa band of Tututni people to the west.

The Cow Creek band of the Umpqua—Penutian speakers like the Takelma—occupied the lands to the north. The Southern Mollala were to the northeast in the Cascades; the Klamath bordered to the east of the Cascade crest; and the Shasta to the south in Bear Creek Valley and northern California.

Culturally, the groups shared a great deal of similar practices and beliefs (Drucker 1937; Gray 1987).

Ethnographers have often described the Takelma as three groups, the Lowland Takelma living in the west between Galice and Bear Creeks, the Upland Takelma (Latkawa) living from Table Rocks east to Little Butte Creek, and the Northern Takelma (Hanesakh) occupying the lands upstream from

Little Butte Creek into the Cascade mountains (Gray 1987). Linguistic studies point to the presence of as many as five Penutian dialects spoken by the Takelma (Kendall 1990:589). The Penutian phylum is found throughout the Pacific Northwest and may have entered Oregon as much as 5,000

B.P. (Aikens 1993:223). However, the great linguistic diversity identified in southwestern Oregon suggests antiquity of occupation and the movement of groups through the region at various times.

This makes attributing archaeological deposits more than several hundred years old to people of a specific language group unsupportable.

Figure 2-6. Generalized Native American linguistic boundaries in southwestern Oregon (from Thompson and Kinkade 1990:32).

Territorial boundaries are difficult to define as the individual Takelma social unit consisted of hamlets that operated independently and traded, intermarried, and had conflicts with most of their neighbors to varying degrees. Ethnographers of the region observed a great deal of cultural continuity between the different language groups occupying the Rogue River watershed (Atwood and Gray 1996; Drucker1937; Gray 1987; Sapir 1907).

Each village was essentially an autonomous political unit, meeting, trading, marrying, and having conflicts with surrounding people. The group was stratified into wealthy, not wealthy and slaves, with slaves being treated like very poor relatives (Drucker 1937). Village leadership was held by the man with the most resources. His wife had a parallel role among the women of the village. Social mobility was limited, though everyone focused on the attainment of wealth. It was possible to

increase your wealth through gambling, “training” for luck in the sweathouse or in lucky places, and receiving bride price for your daughters (Drucker 1937; Holt 1946). Surplus food, baskets, and clothing could be used to gain wealth in the form of dentalia, ceremonial obsidian or chert blades, shell beads, and woodpecker skins. The daughters a woman produced were also a boon, as their marriages brought wealth into the family through their bride-prices (Gould 1966).

Other socially influential individuals were shamans, usually women, that were able to draw on their relationships with certain spirits to heal or cause illness, effect the weather or natural events, or influence fortune and wealth. They were treated with ambiguity by the community and were sometimes prevented from residing within the village or even driven out or killed if held responsible for disease or misfortune (Atwood and Gray 1996; Drucker 1937).

The Takelma world was populated by spirits that influenced the forces of nature and the fates of people. These spirits were often associated with plants and animals representing the primordial inhabitants of the world. They also occupied geographical features such as rock outcrops, lakes, and mountains. The spirits could be approached and appealed to through offerings of prayer, food and valuables (Atwood and Gray 1996). Women had enhanced access to the spirit world, for better or worse, during menstruation. A woman had to take precautions during this part of her cycle to protect herself and her family. She could also use this time to her advantage supplicating spirits for wealth or other needs (Buckley 1988; Drucker 1937; Holt 1946).

Major ceremonies were reserved for the puberty ritual of girls and the first acorn and salmon of each season. The first crop of acorns and the first few salmon of the early summer were ritually prepared and feasted on by the community (Atwood and Gray 1996; Drucker 1937; Kendall 1990).

Subsistence, Settlement and Material Culture

The landscape provided of cornucopia of food, pharmacological, tool, and construction resources for the people of the Rogue Valley. The prairies supported large stands of oak (Quercus sp.) that produced vast amounts of acorns in the fall. Camas lily (Camassia quamash) and epos

(Perideridia sp.) grew in the meadows and were collected for their bulbs. Together, these crops provided a starchy staple. Plants high in protein and fat such as pinenuts (Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa), hazelnuts (Corylus cornuta), tarweed (Hemizonia sp.) and sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) were also collected. Sweet fruits such as currants (Ribes sp.), huckleberries (Vaccinium sp.), strawberries (Fragaria vesca), Klamath plum (Prunus subcordata) and wild grapes (Vitis californica) were available through the summer (Aikens 1993:224; Tveskov and Cohen 2007).

Women were responsible for providing the bulk of the diet, collecting, storing and processing the starchy staples, seeds, fruits, shellfish, and small game (Drucker 1937; Gray 1987; Holt 1946;

Sapir 1907). They also processed the fish and meats contributed by men. They often undertook the selective burning of landscapes and pruning of plants vital for basket and wooden hunting implement manufacture (Anderson 2005). Men took part in collection and land management tasks when they were not fishing or hunting large game. They also planted and tended tobacco gardens

(Gray 1987; Sapir 1907). The people anticipated the seasonal availability of these resources, moving to camp in the hills in the summer to take advantage of ripening berries and raw materials for weaving such as bear grass.

Recent attention to prehistoric and ethnohistoric plant management and processing strategies has expanded the understanding of the significance of these resources. The foundation to the

Takelma diet was the acorn. This staple was gathered during the late summer from the large oak groves found throughout the Rogue Valley and its tributaries. Toxic tannic acids need to be removed in order to make acorns edible. This is accomplished by leaching the seeds with water. Two methods

of leaching were known to be in use during the contact period: passive leaching and intensive leaching. Passive leaching involved the burying of whole seeds in mud and leaving them to be leached by natural underground water flow for weeks or even months. This process does not require much energy and makes it possible for a group to leave the resource unattended for long periods of time. It is not, however, very efficient at removing tannins and results in a certain amount of seed loss due to spoilage (Basgall 2004). Intensive leaching requires much more energy, beginning with shelling and pulverizing the seeds into a meal. This is the method reportedly used by the

Takelma women. The acorns were shelled, placed in a hopper on top of a flat mortar and mashed with two sizes of pestle. Hot water was repeatedly poured over the resulting meal to leach out the tannins. The meal was then cooked in a basket by adding hot stones to the wet mash (Gray 1987).

Women in northern California, after shelling, used an obsidian flake to remove the thin membrane that covers the acorn meat before pounding it into meal (Jackson 1991). Other foods such as tarweed seeds, sunflower seeds, sugar pine nuts, berries, and dried meat were also pulverized using the hopper mortars (Gray 1987). Though the processing of acorns does not leave much direct evidence in the archaeological record due to differential preservation, milling technology changes as well as demographic evidence indicates people began relying heavily on this resource approximately

2,000 B.P. (Basgall 2004; Jackson 1991). The specific labor, transportation and storage demands the utilization of acorns requires implies a considerable shift in settlement, nutrition, inter and intra tribal relations, and social structure (Basgall 2004).

Other vegetal crops were vital in the Takelma diet such as camas bulbs and tarweed seeds.

Women dug up camas bulbs using deer antler handled sticks, collected them into large baskets, and then baked them in earth ovens. The Takelma excavated a pit into the ground and lined it with alder branches and cobbles. The wood was burned, heating the cobbles. A layer of alder bark was then

placed over the cobbles and the camas bulbs heaped on top. The oven was then capped with earth.

The bulbs were left to bake for several days (Sapir 1907). The Athapaskans also excavated earth ovens, but first placed the bulbs into the pit lined with maple leaves and then built a fire on top of them, keeping it going for several days until the bulbs were cooked. Athapaskan women also baked game meat, freshwater mussels, and fern roots in the ovens (Gray 1987). Facilities and tools similar to those described in the ethnographic literature have been identified in archaeological sites of the region, supporting their antiquity (Prouty 1987).

In the fall, women burned slopes of tarweed to remove the plant’s sticky pitch and roast the seeds in situ. They then were able to bat the seeds out of their pods into large, tightly woven baskets. The women carried out additional burning to stimulate the productivity of berries, oak, and forage for game (LaLand 1999).

The anadromous and resident fish of the Rogue River were the most important animal resource.

Fish were available year-round in the Rogue with runs of anadromous varieties, including salmonids, concentrated in the summer and fall. Fishing equipment included spears, nets, clubs, weirs, and hook and line. Families gathered at established fishing stations to catch and process salmon in large quantities. Men also hunted deer, elk and trapped other game. Deer and elk were hunted in group drives in the fall and individually year-round. Other animals such as beaver, bear, squirrel, birds and insects contributed protein to the diet. Some meats, especially salmon, were dried and pulverized to prepare them for storage for use in the winter (Atwood and Gray 1996; Kendall 1990).

Settlement patterns reflected the people’s subsistence economy. Permanent villages of one or more houses were located along rivers with seasonal camps of lean-tos and huts built as necessary in the acorn prairies and berry patches of the mountains. The village houses were rectangular, semi- subterranean structures of split pine beams and boards. Wealthy Takelma sided and roofed their

houses with Sugar Pine planks whereas the average villager used large slabs of fir or pine bark. They were single gabled structures with a single central hearth (Atwood and Gray 1996). Generally, only one to two families lived in a house. The house itself was primarily the domain of women and their children. Men built a permanent sweathouse where they regularly spent the night and socialized. It was often rectangular and semi-subterranean with an earth-covered roof. Women built a small pole structure covered with mats or blankets that served as a sweat house used while menstruating

(Atwood and Gray 1996; Drucker 1937; Gray 1987; Holt 1946; Kendall 1990; Sapir 1907).

Shelters at summer seasonal camps consisted of pole or bough lean-tos covered with mats centered around a hearth (Atwood and Gray 1996). Women’s temporary sweat houses like those at the winter village may have also been built at these camps.

The most prevalent manufactured good traded and utilized by the Takelma consisted of woven plant materials. Takelma women manufactured a wide variety of baskets from open weave to water tight. Baskets were used to collect and store plant foods such as acorns and seeds. Mats of varying sizes were used as roofing, siding, and padding. Women and men collected a wide assortment of plants with which to construct these baskets and mats including sugar pine roots, beargrass, and cattail (Anderson 2005; Atwood and Gray 1996; Kendall 1990). Tools such as digging sticks, shafts and darts for weapons, and twine were also manufactured from plant resources.

Other objects such as spoons, needles, wedges, and hooks were made from horn, antler and bone. Relatively few items were made of stone. Those were scrapers, wedges, choppers, projectile points, clubs, and milling equipment. Some specialized items such as oil lamps and tobacco pipes were also made of stone (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007). A few objects, such as figurines, have been found made of an expedient pottery locally called Siskiyou Utility Ware (Atwood and Gray 1996;

Mack 1983, 1986).

Clothing including dresses, shirts, leggings and blankets were made of buckskin and the pelts of small animals. Thick elk hide was fashioned into armor and colorful bird feathers were used for adornment and as ceremonial accessories (Atwood and Gray 1996).

Well established trade networks brought in Canadian dentalia shell from the people on the coast, large obsidian wealth blades and elaborate basket caps from the Shasta, and elk hides and dried meat from the people in the Cascade foothills (Gray 1987). Exchange conduits were strengthened by women marrying into the groups surrounding them. These women provided language and cultural bridges that could mitigate social or economic crisis (Tveskov 2007).

HISTORIC

The complex story of the exploration and occupation of the Pacific Northwest by non-native people has been addressed in detail by many historians and anthropologists (Beckham 1971;

Douthit 2002; Schwartz 1997; Tveskov and Cohen 2008). I will focus on Oregon and southwestern

Oregon in particular, providing a summary of the events that unfolded in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The lives of the people of southwestern Oregon were forever changed by the arrival of

Europeans and Russians in North America. Evidence suggests that long before they came face to face with these intruders, introduced diseases, especially small pox, swept over portions of the

Pacific Northwest, killing an estimated 70 to 90 percent of the population (Campbell 1990). Non- native items such as metal knives, beads, and clothing were moved along trade routes from the coastal people that were the first to interact directly with explorers. There are no records of Spanish explorers making deliberate stops along the Oregon coast, but ships did occasionally wreck and the locals were quick to scavenge useful material (Erlandson et al. 2001). Captain James Cook’s exploration of the Northwest coast in 1776 and 1778 drew in British and American fur merchants.

Most of the foreign fur trade centered at anchorages along the Columbia River with only a few ships

stopping along the northern Oregon coast in the 1780s and 1790s. British Captain George Vancouver was the first to document interaction with natives of the southwest coast of Oregon when he anchored in the lee of Cape Blanco in 1792. Lewis and Clark’s reports of the natural resources observed during their exploratory trip of 1804 and 1805 attracted the major fur companies in earnest. The North West Company (NWC) and the Pacific Fur Company had established a presence on the Columbia River by 1811. By 1818, NWC trappers reached the Umpqua River ruining relations with Willamette Valley Kalapuya along the way through skirmishes and killings. The NWC merged with the mighty Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) in 1821. The HBC quickly established a full-time trading post, Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River making it the center of operations for its activities within the length of the Canadian, Washington, and Oregon coasts (Douthit 2002).

It was only a matter of time before the HBC penetrated the heretofore insulated Rogue River

Valley. Rumors of abundant beaver drew the fur brigade of Peter Skene Ogden over the Siskiyou summit into the valley on February 8, 1827. Records indicate Mr. Ogden was accompanied by 58 trappers, their native wives and children, 268 horses and other livestock (Douthit 2002:13). It is reasonable to assume that news of such an enormous incursion of foreigners spread rapidly through the area. Shasta Indians, the residents of the southern part of the valley, presented themselves almost immediately to the brigade. According to Ogden, they seemed neither impressed nor frightened and even seemed to “…entertain a most contemptible opinion of all Tradors they have seen” (Douthit 2002:15). Apparently word of the traveling foreigners had spread from surrounding regions. The Takelma were less overt, often choosing to evacuate villages at the brigades approach.

They and the Shasta harassed the trappers and shot several horses. It is clear from Ogden’s journal that the people of the Rogue were becoming more and more concerned about their winter supply of beaver meat and the brigades taking of resources without proper payment or exchange. The brigade

departed for Fort Vancouver in the middle of April after roughly two months in the valley exploring tributaries and trapping animals (Douthit 2002).

So began the interactions between the local people and Europeans in the Rogue Valley. The

1830s saw the valley being traversed regularly by brigades traveling between California forts and

Fort Vancouver. Fort Umpqua, in the watershed immediately north of the Rogue, was built by 1836.

Violence between the locals and the trappers was irregular but served to maintain a sense of unease and distrust. Increased traffic of non-native people lead to heightened tensions, especially when malaria, measles and small pox outbreaks were recognized by the valley residents as having originated with the intruders.

In the 1840s, the diversity of foreigners increased to include missionaries, US government military surveyors, miners heading south to the California gold fields, and wagon trains of white settlers using the brigade trails to get to the Willamette Valley. The Rogue valley people encouraged the bands of non-natives to move through their valley without lingering via shows of force, harassment of livestock, destruction of traps and snares, and occasional personal assault. Their failure to be welcoming to the newcomers earned them the name “Rogues”, which was then applied to the river and the valley (Douthit 2002; Schwartz 1997).

The discovery of gold first in California and then in the Rogue River brought on the next phase of native and foreign interaction. Joseph Lane became the first white man to establish a formal relationship with a Takelma chief, Apserkahar, while attempting to negotiate for the return of property taken from miners returning from California in June 1850. Lane made what he considered a peace treaty with the chief, but what the chief likely considered a truce. That same year the first mining claim and donation land claim in the Rogue River Valley were made. By 1851, attacks on white miners by natives were addressed by the government in the form of the First Dragoons, US

Army, headed by Major Philip Kearney. The Dragoons engaged the first group of Rogue Indians they encountered, killing 15 of them. They proceeded to sweep through the valley, “breaking up Indian ranches”, destroying “war parties”, and taking women and children hostage (Douthit 2002:76). A second peace was negotiated and eleven chiefs signed a treaty promising to remain on the north side of the river, to keep the peace, and to follow the orders of Indian Agent Alonso A. Skinner.

Settlers and miners continued to move into the valley, not always abiding by the treaty themselves. Their presence put even more pressure on native food resources and settlements. Gold was discovered in Jackson Creek drawing in even more miners. Sporadic attacks lead to loss of life on both sides, but all out war was avoided. Meanwhile, to the southeast in Klamath country, thousands of settlers and miners had made themselves unwelcome through taking of resources, murder and assault of Shasta men, kidnapping Shasta women, and burning of Shasta villages

(Douthit 2002).

Social pressures came to a head in 1853 and after a series of massacres and battles, the first phase of the Rogue River War began. The federal government intervened, signing a treaty with valley tribes and establishing the Table Rock Reservation. Fort Lane was built just south of the reservation to maintain the peace. The federal presence was ultimately unable to control the two communities, and in the fall of 1855, a group of pioneers attacked the village at the mouth of Little

Butte Creek, slaughtering the Indians they found there. More battles and massacres followed, perpetrated by pioneers and Indians alike. By the spring of 1856, the native people of the valley were overcome by the loss of resources and the pressure of the US Army and organized pioneers.

The remaining leaders of the resistance surrendered and the majority of Takelma and Athapaskans of the Rogue Basin were extirpated to the Siletz and Grand Ronde Agencies on the coast (Schwartz

1997; Tveskov 2007).

The State of Oregon joined the Federal Union in 1859 and proceeded to gain federal grants for infrastructure development and detailed land surveys. The Homestead Act of 1862 and a series of other land grant acts transferred vast tracts of public lands into the hands of settlers, speculators, mining and railroad interests. By the early 1900s, the Rogue Valley was home to well established cities and a variety of industries including mineral extraction, timber harvesting, rail transportation, fisheries, and agriculture.

LAND USE HISTORY OF 35JO21

Site 35JO21 is located on a section of the Rogue River that was likely accessed by the Takelma, the Galice Creek Athapaskans, and probably members of the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua. No information is available to assist in pinpointing which group had primary use rights. Historically, the

Taltuctuntude (Galice Creek Athapaskans) had a village at the mouth of Galice Creek, only a few miles downstream.

The General Land Office (GLO) sent out crews to survey Township 35 South Range 7 West in

March 1856. The resulting map (Figure 2-7) depicts the early settlement of this portion of the Rogue canyon by Euroamerican miners and farmers. Umpqua (Indian) Joe’s property and ferry crossing is indicated a quarter mile upstream of 35JO21 at what is now Indian Mary Park. A network of trails connects Joe’s property with the surrounding farmsteads and the settlement at Galice Creek. One trail is indicated crossing the 35JO21 terrace and then heading upslope out of the river bottom. The creek received its current name by the 1890s courtesy of Mr. Charles Stratton, the miner that worked its deposits for gold (GLO 1894, 1918). Mr. Stratton filed his mining claim (MN#149) for the

Stratton Creek Placer Mine in 1893 (BLM 1965; Walker 1989:41). He concentrated his efforts up the creek on the right (east) bank (Walker 1989:41).

Figure 2-7. 1856 General Land Office survey plat for Township 35S Range 7W with the Stratton Creek terrace circled in red.

After Mr. Stratton, the property on the terrace at Stratton Creek changed hands several times and continued to be mined for gold. In April 1906, Luvilla B. Cornelius obtained a quit claim deed from D. C. Smith and began farming. She married Joseph B. Scott in October 1912 and together they built a farmstead. They cleared the remaining six acres, three having been cleared when she obtained the land, and planted alfalfa. They constructed two small residences measuring 12 by 16 feet and 14 by 20 feet, a 26 by 36 foot barn (Figure 2-8), a chicken coop and two other small out buildings (GLO 1916, 1918).

A series of ditches supplied water to the home and irrigated the terrace. Ms. Cornelius had a large garden and sold vegetables to the surrounding settlements. The couple also raised cattle on the property (GLO 1916, 1918).

K. L. Olson was the last individual to own and occupy the site area (Figure 2-9). The Olson’s obtained the land in 1959, farming and raising cattle until 1968. At that point, the Rogue River was one of the first to be included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 (Carter and Resh

2005). The government claimed the land and removed the standing buildings (Walker 1989:41).

Figure 2-8. 1916 General Land Office cruiser Figure 2-9. Photograph of the Olson farmstead map indicating Mrs. Luvilla B. Cornelious' on 35JO21 looking northwest, 1965(On file at the farmstead on the Stratton Creek terrace. BLM Medford District).

All that remains are two concrete foundation pads, three cobble walls, segments of fence and irrigation ditch, fruit and nut trees, decorative vegetation and a scatter of artifacts. The historic components of the site have been recorded as the Stratton Creek Homestead (35HS11-177)

(Brennan 2001; Gray 1994) and the prehistoric component has been recorded as the Stratton Creek site (35JO21 & 35AR11-401) (Brennan 2001; Deich 1989). The Stratton Creek terrace is now used by anglers, rafters, hunters, campers, all-terrain vehicle enthusiasts, and the occasional antiquities collector.

CHAPTER 3 EXPLORATION OF 35JO21

Documentation of cultural remains on the terrace at the confluence of the Rogue River and

Stratton Creek began in the 1980s. Surface and subsurface survey (Ottis 1989) documented the remains of prehistoric seasonal camp deposits (35JO21) and a late 19th century homestead (35HS11-

177) that cover ~1.5 hectares (3.7 acres), extending just over 400 m parallel to the Rogue River and

50 m in width. This parcel, the southeast quarter of Section 5, in Township 35S Range 7W is owned by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Researchers began documenting the cultural remains on the terrace in the 1980s and have conducted a subsurface survey and data recovery project (Ottis 1991; Ross and Blalack 1994). The excavations have resulted in the examination of approximately 94.4 cubic meters (m3 [3,334 cubic feet]) of the site.

The following sections summarize the methods, results and conclusions of the research into the prehistoric deposits. The historic features and remains are not discussed further as they do not fall within the scope of this work.

Bureau of Land Management 1989

BLM employees noticed looter holes at 35JO21 in the late 1980s, prompting the Medford

District BLM archaeologist, Lyman Deich, to conduct exploratory test excavations at the site with a volunteer crew from the Rogue Valley Archaeological Society. Deich hoped to determine the magnitude of damage to the site and gain a better understanding of the extent and character of the archaeological deposit (Ottis 1991:1).

METHODS

Deich divided the terrace into three survey areas, ultimately excavating 3.2 m3 of matrix on the land form. Area I consisted of what had been the garden area of the historic homestead. The meadow to the west of the homestead was designated Area II and the meadow along Stratton Creek to the northeast was designated Area III (Figure 3-1). Deich established sampling lines or grids in each area and excavated shovel probes at varying intervals. Shovel probes were one shovel width in diameter excavated to 30 centimeters (cm) below the ground surface. This provided a roughly 10- liter sample of soil. All excavated materials were screened through ¼ inch (in) hardwire mesh.

Crewmembers collected all cultural material from the screen and counted fire modified rocks (FMR)

(Ottis 1991:5).

Figure 3-1. Survey map of the 1989 investigation indicating survey areas and approximate 10-liter test locations (Ottis 1991:4). 53

RESULTS

Area I had been a large garden historically and contained the greatest amount of looter disturbance. Deich established a 3 m interval grid measuring 33 m east-west by 18 m north-south.

Sixty-two shovel probes were excavated on the grid. Fifty-seven shovel probes contained cultural material, three contained only FMR, and only two lacked prehistoric cultural remains entirely. He then excavated two 1x1-m units in seemingly undisturbed locations with soot-darkened soil. The units were excavated in 10 cm thick levels and all material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. These units contained prehistoric cultural material throughout to a maximum depth of 150 cm below the surface. The gray-brown to black matrix contained varying amounts of angular colluvium (Ottis 1991:5).

The survey crew excavated 25 shovel probes at 6 m intervals along a single transect in Area II.

Seven contained prehistoric cultural material, two contained only FMR, and the remaining 16 were negative. Excavators noted that the cultural material was located at the east end of the transect, near Area I, and did not occur to the west. Soils also became progressively sandier to the west (Ottis

1991:5).

Twenty-eight shovel probes were excavated along a transect at 10 m intervals in the field paralleling Stratton Creek, east of Area I. Cultural material in Area III was sparse and distributed evenly along the transect. Excavators observed dark, organic rich soil and FMR in five shovel probes on the very north end of the transect (Ottis 1991:6-7).

Excavators noted a general stratigraphic sequence in the 1x1 m units. The top 40 cm was disturbed and contained historic and prehistoric artifacts. The matrix from 40-70 cm below surface

(cmbs) was a fine, dark-gray sooty and silty soil containing FMR fragments. A transition to a light

brown, sandy-silt matrix was obvious between 70 and 85 cmbs. They encountered very compact sandy silt at 120 cmbs that still contained cultural material.

Overall, Diech collected 1,281 objects of cultural origin (400/m3) and noted four lithic features.

Cultural objects included 45 historic artifacts, 1,197 pieces of lithic debitage, 84 lithic tools, 40 fragments of unclassifiable bone, two pieces of charcoal, and four pieces of mineral earth (Table 3-

1).

Table 3-1. Lithic Artifact Summary from the 1989 Investigation at 35JO21 (modified from Ottis 1989:9). CCS Obsidian Basalt Quartz Other Total Projectile Points (complete and fragmentary) 12 2 14 Scrapers 16 1 17 Knives 2 1 3 Drills 3 1 4 Biface Fragments 13 5 18 Unifaces 2 1 3 Cores 9 2 11 Choppers 4 4 Hammerstones 6 6 Anvil Stones 1 1 Ground Stones 3 3 Tool Total 57 8 18 1 84 Lithic Debitage Total 999 90 54 52 2 1197

Researchers noted several interesting patterns in lithic material type both in kind and depth.

Cryptocrystalline Silicate (CCS) available in local alluvial gravel dominated the overall assemblage

(87%), with obsidian representing only 8% of the material type. Basalt (used to describe any non- glassy igneous rock) and locally available quartz made up the rest of the assemblage with occasional occurrences of sandstone and granitic material. He noted that the amount of CCS debitage appeared to remain consistent throughout, but that the obsidian amounts increased below 70 cm. Above 70 cmbs the CCS to obsidian ratio is 1:16, below it is 1:6.5 (Ottis 1991:14). This shift in ratios coincides with a distinct stratigraphic change observed in the 1x1 m units. The number of fire modified rock

(FMR) dropped off dramatically below the stratigraphic change as well. Debitage also showed 55

characteristics of being heat treated, reduced through bipolar percussion, use ware, and on-site core testing.

Excavators noted three of the four lithic features or “work-surfaces” above the soil transition.

Two were approximately 20 cm above the change. One consisted of a large number of FMR surrounding a large flat river cobble and the other consisted of an anvil stone with a CCS dart-point nearby. A third feature was located directly on the soil transition. It contained a large piece of FMR on top of a large metate with a pile of river cobbles next to it. Below the transition, at 128 cmbs, excavators found a basalt knife, a cobble chopper, and a large piece of FMR together (Ottis 1991:7).

Deich concluded that the site had been occupied repeatedly throughout the Middle to Late

Archaic. Residents carried out a wide range of activities there including plant food processing and preparation, woodworking, butchering of animals and hide-processing, local lithic material collection and alteration, and lithic tool manufacture and maintenance.

He suggested that a reduction in locally available CCS may account for the increase in cortical debitage as more small cores are used and pebbles are reduced through bipolar percussion. He also concludes that the changes in obsidian ratios, FMR numbers, tool sizes, and soil color represent a change in occupation habits. He notes the near absence of tear-shaped scrapers below 80 cm is consistent with findings at Marial, and that these scrapers are time-sensitive for the region. This type of scraper became common at Marial 5,000 years ago (ya), implying that the Stratton Creek terraces have been used repeatedly for more than 5,000 years.

Nancy Ottis also spoke with several local residents and artifact collectors to gain a better understanding of the modern human-caused disturbances at the sites. Some of these people reported that a portion of Area I had been scraped by a bulldozer and the fill had been pushed into a small ravine to the east. She noted that many of the points collected by locals from this bulldozed fill

were “recent-style” and suggested that is why they found so few of these types of points during the survey (Ottis 1991:15).

Oregon State University 1992

Research continued in 1992 when Oregon State University (OSU) participated in a Challenge

Grant with the BLM by conducting an archaeology field school with twelve students, myself among them. The field school lasted eight weeks and resulted in the excavation of 91.195 m3 and 76 m2 of the site surface area. Cultural material was located to 3.29 m below the surface and suggested a date of around 8,000 B.P. for the earliest deposits.

METHODS

Dr. Richard Ross, the principal investigator, chose to focus on Area I, the portion of the site with the highest density of cultural materials in the 1989 investigation (Figure 3-2) (Ross and Blalack

1994).

Figure 3-2. Overview of Area I and the main block excavation area in 1992. View to the south-southwest (Image on file at the BLM, Medford District).

A metric grid, oriented true north-south and east-west, was established across the area of focus.

The datum was arbitrarily set at roughly 109 north, 96 east and 100 m elevation. Fifteen 2x2 m units, eight 1x2 m units and one soil profile trench were dug (Figure 3-3 & 3-4). Material from the soil profile trench was not screened as it was dug specifically for BLM soil scientist, David Maurer, to examine. Three of the 1x2 m units, Test A, B &C, were placed outside of Area I. Test A was located on the west terrace, roughly 60 m at 259˚ from the datum. Tests B and C were located in the east meadow, 55 m at 91˚ and 65 m at 98˚, respectively (Ross and Blalack 1994:4). Excavation methods resulted in inconsistent level depths from unit to unit. The units were excavated in arbitrary levels

10 cm, 20 cm, and sometimes random thicknesses, depending on the field director’s conclusions about depositional integrity and time constraints. Appendix A provides excavation details by unit.

Figure 3-3. Site map for 35JO21 indicating the 1992 excavation units and the historic features.

Figure 3-4. The 1992 data recovery excavation plan map (modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:10). 60

All excavated material was screened through hardwire mesh. Several arbitrary 1x1 m quadrant levels below 50 cm were screened using 1/8 in mesh. All remaining material was screened through ¼ in mesh. Excavations were conducted with square shovels and trowels (Ross and Blalack 1994).

Students noted soil changes, features, number of fire-modified rock pieces, and any other data on level forms and in notebooks. Thirty-two percent of the unit walls were studied for depositional characteristics and drawn in profile. The identification of human remains prompted immediate cessation of excavation, return of remains to the unit if removed, and prompt backfilling.

Artifacts were bagged by unit and level. They were then processed in the field or in the laboratory at OSU. Processing included cleaning, washing, re-bagging, labeling and cataloging. The artifact labeling convention for items collected from the 1992 data recovery was provenience based.

Debitage and debris were labeled if they showed use ware, intentional modification, or unnatural context (i.e. manuports). Each artifact was labeled with the site number, unit designation, level, and an arbitrary and unique catalog number (Ross and Blalack 1994). For example, an artifact located in unit N100/E104 in level five will have the label 35JO21 100/104 L5-178. An object collected in situ was occasionally labeled with the unit designation or exact x and y coordinate, and the level it was found in, along with a unique catalog number. An object located at N101.4/E104.75, 98.43 m below datum might have been labeled as 35JO21 101.40/104.75 L4-135. Pre-1950s Euroamerican objects were cataloged separately, with their own set of sequential numbers proceeded by “H”, for example: 35JO21 88/98 L2-H32.

Lithic tools were measured, identified by material type, and sorted into broad functional categories. Projectile points, scrapers, and flake tools were subdivided into morphological categories. Their totals were presented in tables by level and by unit. Lithic debitage was sorted by

material type and the totals presented in tables by unit. A series of graphs were also completed indicating percent of projectile point types by level, percent of projectile point types within the assemblage, total of projectile point types per stratum, number of basal notched points per stratum, percent of scrapers per stratum, percent gravers per level, percent of flakes per stratum, and percent of flakes per level (Ross and Blalack 1994).

A few artifacts were collected in the field with minimal handling and without subsequent cleaning in the laboratory. The intent was to leave these artifacts uncontaminated and suitable for residue analysis (Ross and Blalack 1994). No residue analysis was ultimately done.

A variety of non-lithic materials were collected and catalogued including charcoal, faunal remains, floral remains, pumice, and mineral earth nodules. Charcoal fragments were wrapped in aluminum foil or stored in plastic photographic film canisters and catalogued. None of the charcoal samples were large enough to collect conventional radiocarbon dates from, so none were sent for radiometric analysis. Faunal remains, consisting largely of mammal bone and freshwater bivalve shell, were bagged and left unanalyzed. Very few floral remains were collected. They were bagged and not analyzed. Pumice was collected inconsistently during the excavation. It was bagged and stored. Chunks of mineral earth, brightly colored nodules that might have been suitable for pigments, were also bagged and stored.

A single bulk sample was taken from unit 100N/106E. The sample was a 5 cm-square column

135 cm long beginning at approximately 130 cmbs and extending down to bedrock at roughly 265 cmbs. The soil sample was not analyzed.

The maximum depth below surface—3.29 meters—was reached in the main block in the northwest quadrant of unit 98N/108E (Figures 3-5 & 3-6).

Figure 3-5. Plan map of final depth of the 35JO21 main block indicating test units from the 1989 investigation. Datum height was 100 meters. Darker shades indicate increased depth and heavy lines indicate which walls were drawn in profile.

Figure 3-6. Completed 1992 block excavation. Photo taken from the northwest corner. (Image on file at the Medford District BLM).

RESULTS

Richard Ross’s analysis of the stratigraphy, features, artifacts, and cultural material distribution at Stratton Creek was cursory (Ross and Blalack 1994). Ross and Blalack found the stratigraphy at

35JO21 to be difficult to define (Figures 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10). They divided the deposits into three general Strata. Historic artifacts were located as much as 40 cm below the surface in what was designated as Stratum I. Stratum I is a dark sandy soil containing small shale fragments and large amounts of FMR that has been impacted by looting activities and tilling in the historic era. Stratum II is a dark sandy soil with small shale fragments and large amounts of FMR extending from 40 cmbs to approximately 90-100 cmbs. Several river cobble features were located within Stratum II, especially at its base near the transition to Stratum III. The presence of features at the transition lead Ross to suspect it as an occupation surface. A single large disturbance was noted:

One large deep disturbance can be seen in photographs of the north profile. Horizontally it was about 3.5-4 meters wide near the surface and slowly sloped to a basin shaped configuration near 1.20 meters. No ready explanation is available except the disturbance is late in time and the fill matrix was often quite hard, as if material had been burned in the pit. (Ross and Blalack 1994:17)

Stratum III begins at roughly one meter below the surface and extends down to bedrock. The soil is compact and light brown with large amounts of shale fragments. No features were recorded within this stratum. Ross noted several possible soil horizons but none of them seemed to indicate individual cultural layers (Ross and Blalack 1994:17).

Figure 3-7. Generalized profile of the north wall of the main excavation block as interpreted by Ross and Blalack (1992:19). Note the large pit disturbance in the eastern half of the profile.

Figure 3-8. Photograph of the north wall of the main excavation block. Note light colored pit disturbance (Image on file at the BLM, Medford District).

Figure 3-9. Generalized profile of the west wall of the main excavation block as interpreted by Ross and Blalack (1992:20).

Figure 3-10. Photograph of the west wall of the main excavation block (image on file at the BLM, Medford District).

The 1992 data recovery uncovered a large and diverse assemblage of cultural material. A total of

1,615 lithic artifacts and 32,351 pieces of lithic debitage were collected (Table 3-2). The wide variety of artifacts suggested people had carried out a wide variety of domestic and economic activities on the terrace.

Table 3-1. Simplified Artifact Distribution Results from the 1992 Data Recovery at 35JO21 (modified from Ross and Blalack 1994). *TP N98-100 *N97-98 N88 N90 N96 N98 N100 N104 N106 *N120 A, B, Artifact Class E104-110 E104-110 E98 E106 E98 E118 E122 E112 E102 E100 C Total Projectile Points 110 5 4 5 15 10 5 5 6 1 2 168 Projectile Point Fragments 40 3 4 2 2 2 2 55 Bifaces 225 9 17 12 16 9 12 21 321 Blanks 1 1 2 Gravers 17 2 1 2 1 23 Scrapers 131 4 4 6 14 6 6 15 6 1 193 Scraper Fragments 12 1 1 2 1 1 3 21 Flake Tools 333 15 52 45 4 21 29 2 501 Chunk Tools 99 6 1 4 9 4 1 1 125 Blades modified 21 3 24 Ovate Tools 12 1 3 1 3 4 24 Hand Axe 1 1 Cores 16 1 1 18 Choppers 15 2 2 1 1 1 22 Hammer Stones 18 1 2 1 3 1 1 27 Pecking Stones 35 1 1 4 4 5 50 Utilized Cobble 6 1 1 8 Polished Stones 2 1 2 2 7 Mortar & Fragments 1 1 1 1 4 Pestle 2 1 3 Pecked Stones 11 1 12 Incised Shale 6 6 Total 1113 20 51 39 105 97 30 68 80 4 8 1615 *TP N98-100 *N97-98 N88 N90 N96 N98 N100 N104 N106 *N120 A, B, E104-110 E104-110 E98 E106 E98 E118 E122 E112 E102 E100 C Total Debitage CCS 17,231 989 735 1384 1294 1268 430 834 1338 25 74 25,602 Obsidian 2436 86 67 85 224 87 16 86 12 0 2 3101 Basalt 1237 20 12 70 71 72 1 24 53 0 10 1570 Misc. (quartz) 1150 123 79 131 147 122 41 43 106 5 15 1962 Total 22,054 1218 893 1670 1736 1549 488 987 1625 30 101 32,351

* Artifact totals for 120N/100E; Test Pits A, B, and C; and the 97N/104-110E step were not included in the 1994 report but are available in the 35JO21 debitage and prehistoric artifact catalogs.

Ross sorted the lithic tools into categories he and other researchers at OSU preferred at the time. This classification system was developed by David Brauner and had been used at Blossom Bar

(35CU143), Tlegetlinten (35CU59), Marial (35CU84), and the Applegate Valley (35JA47, 35JA49).

Projectile points and scrapers were organized into classes and the range and mean for each measurement within the class was calculated.

The data collected on artifacts from the 1992 data recovery consisted of the following:

 Projectile points: length, width, thickness, neck width, basal width, basal length, and material.  Scrapers: length, width, edge angle, use ware, and material.  Ovate tools: length, width, thickness, material.  Debitage: number and material.  Incised stone: length, width, thickness, material.  All other artifacts- including bifaces, polished stones, hammerstones, pecking stones, gravers, hopper mortars, cores, cobble choppers, utilized cobbles, pestles; number and material.

A series of charts and graphs were developed to indicate artifact distribution with depth. These figures represented depth by level without adjusting for irregular level thicknesses or changes in excavated volume. Ross and Blalack concluded that the information resulting from 10 cm deep graduation charts were too fine a division to make statements about distribution and did not elaborate further (Ross and Blalack 1994:18). However, notations on the charts indicate that Ross did identify several patterns. For one, basal notched points were concentrated in the upper four levels. Also, three corner notched points appeared to originate from a similar depth as the concave- base “Paleo-Indian” point (Ross and Blalack 1994:122). He noted that the percentage of flakes in

Stratum III was high despite the reduction in excavated volume.

Nine features were documented during the 1992 field season. According to Ross and Blalack, only Feature 8 had a discernable pattern, the rest consisting of scattered cobbles or tight artifact clusters. Feature 1, for instance, consisted of a single hopper mortar base and a cobble chopper.

None of the features contained large pieces of charcoal. Features 5 and 7 were typical of the remaining seven features, consisting of scattered or clustered cobbles with no noticeable pattern

(Ross and Blalack 1994:21). Feature 8 was cluster of cobbles arranged in an oval dish. A single large willow leaf shaped projectile point was found on one of the cobbles. Ross noted that this style of rock arrangement was also observed at Marial (35CU84) roughly 20 river miles downstream (Ross and Blalack 1994:21).

The excavation of unit 100N/122E was halted early due to the discovery of human remains. The remains consisted of two human teeth with roots intact at a depth of 40 cm below the surface.

There was no indication that the teeth were associated with a burial or additional human remains.

This level also contained an assortment of historic and prehistoric artifacts. The teeth were replaced and the unit was back filled. Officials at the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua, the Confederated

Tribes of the Siletz and the Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde were notified (Ross 1992).

Ross expressed his initial impressions in two interviews (Grants Pass Daily Courier [GPDC] 20

August 1992 and OSU News 18 August 1992). He felt that 35JO21 was a temporary hunting camp that had been repeatedly used as a seasonal resource processing station for over 8,000 years. He suspected the site had been used yearly for several weeks at a time. He did not think any of the initial evidence suggested a permanent structure but that some of the rock features might be associated with sweat houses. He also briefly discussed the unusual incised shale artifacts suggesting they may be art objects, a form of communication, or memory devices. Ross and Blalack did not elaborate on these impressions in the 1994 data recovery report. I spoke with Dr. Ross in the

spring of 2007 and he did not have additional thoughts or conclusions about the assemblage from

Stratton Creek.

Summary

Research at 35JO21 during the 1980s and 1990s made it clear that people have been accessing and occupying the terrace at Stratton Creek regularly and conducting a wide variety of activities from the present to possibly 8,000 ya. The entire depth of the site was sampled in the main block, from surface to bedrock, revealing several stratigraphic changes. The work done by OSU in 1992 provides the bulk of information for this site. My research contributes further analysis of artifacts and depositional contexts based on the data collected in 1992 from this study to better illuminate the chronological progression of human activities at 35JO21.

CHAPTER 4 STRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOLOGY

The first step in my analysis of the material recovered in 1992 was to define cultural components, or analytic units, for the 10 x 8 m block excavation, the area containing the deepest and oldest deposits of the data recovery project. By creating a series of steps, it was possible to safely excavate down to 3.5 m in the center of the block. In contrast, the isolated units outside the block were excavated to arbitrary depths from .20 to 1.65 mbs. The deeper excavation within the block allowed recovery of what appeared to be older deposits, and, in fact the oldest component at the site was largely recovered within the block. Blocks offer longer continuous stratigraphic profiles than isolated units, and in this case, although not all profiles were available, profiles and photos of the north and west walls were (see Figure 3-6). Stratigraphic trends and cultural surfaces are often easier to see across larger horizontal distances. Also it is easier to define common analytic units across adjacent excavation units than it is to correlate between noncontiguous excavation units.

This was particularly important given numerous limitations of the available data for creating stratigraphically based cultural analytic units. These include: excavation in arbitrary levels, limited numbers of profiled walls, stratigraphic descriptions that are inconsistent and created by inexperienced excavators, and absence of soil samples. Some pieces of information from the 1992 data recovery could not be located, namely level forms, notebooks, photographs, fire-modified rock tallies, and the bulk soil sample. I visited OSU, Southern Oregon University, and the Medford BLM district office in search of these items but was unable to locate them.

Methods

I defined cultural components based on a number of criteria. First, I defined block-wide stratigraphic units based on the profiles. For the purpose of my study I identified consistently

recognizable stratigraphic trends in the main excavation block and used them as guides to define cultural components.

As discussed in Chapter 3, Ross and Blalack defined three Strata. Stratum III begins at roughly one meter below the surface and extends down to bedrock. The soil is compact and light brown with large amounts of shale fragments and several indistinct soil horizons. Stratum II is a dark sandy soil containing large amounts of FMR cobble features at its base near the transition to Stratum III.

Stratum I is a dark sandy soil containing historic artifacts, small shale fragments and large amounts of FMR (Ross and Blalack 1994:17).

David K. Maurer, a soil scientist with the BLM, examined a trench excavated within the site boundary in order to assist in the defining of the depositional nature of the terrace (Maurer 1992)

(see Figure 3-5). The trench was located along the southern margin of the terrace, 15 m southwest of the main block and excavated to 173 cmbs. He concluded that the terrace developed through repeated flood events and material brought down the slope to the north (colluvial). He noted that the characteristics of the soil are consistent with the Tou Velle geomorphic surface that dates to the mid to early Holocene, roughly 7,000 years ago. Maurer did not examine or describe deeper deposits exposed in the main block.

DISTRIBUTION OF PUMICE

The presence of pumice in the deposits of 35JO21 provides a useful general chronological marker for cultural materials. The Rogue River has its headwaters at the foot of ancient Mt.

Mazama. The mountain was volcanically active for millennia though it was relatively quiet during the late Pleistocene. The earliest pumice producing eruptive events that might have provided the river with material to transport during the Holocene was the Llao Rock eruption at 14C age of 7015 ± 45 yr

B.P. (Bacon 1983) or 7800–7900 cal yr B.P. (Stuiver et al. 1998). It was followed by the Cleetwood

event approximately 100 years before the climactic event that created Crater Lake (Bacon

2006:1352). It is not clear if these eruptions introduced pumice into the Rogue River watershed as the bulk of Llao pumice was deposited to the southeast and Cleetwood flows traveled to the northeast (Bacon and Lanphere 2006:1352). There is no doubt that the cataclysmic eruption of Mt.

Mazama and resulting pyroclastic flows deposited vast quantities of pumice in the upper Rogue

River watershed (Bacon 1983; Bacon and Lanphere 2006; Hallet et al. 1997; Stuiver et al. 1998). A range of dates have been proposed for this eruption: 6845 ± 50 14C yr B.P. (Bacon 1983), a calendar age of ca. 7700 cal yr B.P. (Stuiver et al. 1998), 6730 ± 40 14C yr B.P., or 7470–7620 cal yr B.P. (Hallet et al. 1997). Recent ice cores from the Greenland Ice Sheet indicate the eruption occurred at a calendrical age of 7627 ± 150 cal yr B.P. (5677 ± 150 B.C. [Zdanowicz et al. 1999]). The river would have transported enormous amounts of ejected volcanic debris initially with volumes dropping off through time. The river cuts into deep banks of pumice and tuff in the High Cascades during high water events to this day. Deposition of pumice on the Stratton Creek terrace would have happened immediately after the cataclysmic eruption and then repeatedly during high water events. In addition, people likely carried pumice up from the river’s edge to the site to use as tools.

Pumice was collected in lots by level from screened material from most units, excluding

90N/106E, 100N/122E, and 120N/100E. I focused on the presence or absence of these materials and did not carry out extensive analysis. Generally, pumice pieces range in size from small pea gravel to large pebble. A small amount of the pumice appears to have been burned. Cursory examination of the samples did not identify any pieces showing signs of wear or abrasion.

BLOCK-WIDE DEPOSITIONAL UNITS

My first step in defining cultural components was to examine the stratigraphic profiles and associated stratigraphic descriptions to see if I could find stratigraphic distinctions that could be

traced across the block and used to create vertically separated units. The general stratigraphic sequence described by Ross and Blalack was a useful starting point, but I needed to be able to assign every level to a component, so I needed criteria for finding these boundaries in individual units. My reference data consisted of the profiles drawn by students, cursory unit descriptions, comments in catalog entries, photographs, and limited discussions provided in the data recovery report.

Descriptions and drawings were not particularly detailed or necessarily standardized, but consistent patterns of vertical differences in sediment texture, color, and bed characteristics stratification were in the two major profiles. A detailed professional description of the soil profile by Maurer was also available. I looked at the vertical distribution of artifact density for clues to where stable surfaces had occurred, and used the vertical distribution of historic artifacts as an indicator of post-1800 disturbance. I also noted where features occurred because these also can be used as an indicator of stable surfaces. Taking all this information into account resulted in defining four vertically distinct zones: Component Ia and Ib, Component II, and the Plow Zone (Table 4-1, Figures 4-1, 4-2, 4-3) as described below.

Table 4-1. Main Block Components at 35JO21. Typical Depth Component (cmbs) Color Texture Comments Ia ~100 to shale yellowish brown compact silty loam, fire-modified rock bedrock increasing shale rare fragments with depth Ib ~70 to ~100 dark to light brown compact silty loam Pumice with coarse sand and pumice II 20-40 to ~70 Black to dark Variable – loose Disturbed by grayish brown and powdery to looting, large compact amounts of fire- modified rock; multiple cultural features Plow Zone Surface to ~40 Black to dark Soft and grainy Disturbed by grayish brown plowing and looting; historic artifacts 74

Figure 4-1. Simplified Profile of the North Wall of the Main Block.

Figure 4-2. Simplified Profile of the West Wall of the Main Block.

Figure 4-3. Simplified profile of the east wall of the main block. The profile for the east wall of unit 98N/110E was not drawn in the field but extrapolated from available data.

The terrace is underlain by brown metasedimentary bedrock. Bedrock was encountered in units

98N/108E, 100N/106E, and 100N/ 108E. Above the bedrock, the oldest unconsolidated sediments at the site are what appear to be alluvial deposits with perhaps some coarser material included from colluvial deposition – Component I. The bulk of material excavated from the main block came from 76

Component I. I divided this Component into Ia and Ib based on the presence or absence of Mt.

Mazama pumice. The depth of pumice is greatest in the southern units, with unit 98N/104E containing pumice down to 161 cm. Excavations in unit 106N/102E, north of the main block, uncovered pumice down to 62 cm. Bedrock was exposed 20 cm below that. This is consistent with the overall trend in depth of deposits on the terrace decreasing with distance from the river (Table

4-2). Matrices with pumice in them are likely no more than ca. 7,600 years old though possibly date to as much as 7800–7900 cal yr B.P. Matrices without pumice are likely more than ca. 7,600 years old.

Table 4-2. Pumice Presence in the Main Block by Component.

Unit Plow Zone II Ib Total Samples N100/E104 x x x 6 N100/E106 x x 8 N100/E108 x 2 N100/E110 x 3 N98/E104 x x 10 N98/E106 x x 5 N98/E108 x 4 N98/E110 x x 7 Total 45

Component Ia is the deepest, deposited atop the shale bedrock. The bulk of Component Ia changes little in texture and color throughout. It is primarily described as “compact sandy silt”, “very hard with shale fragments”, “very coarse”, “granular” and “sandy clay”. The majority of profilers chose Munsell colors brown (10YR 4/3, 10YR 5/3), yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) with a number of others choosing light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2, 10YR 5/2). The other colors chosen were dark brown (10YR 3/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4). Generally, I describe it as a yellowish brown, compact silty loam with increasing shale fragment count with depth. Component Ia extends from approximately 97 cmbs to the shale bedrock at 329 cmbs in unit

98N/108E. There were no fire-modified cobble features identified within this component and Ross and Blalack mentioned fire-modified rock was rare in general.

Component Ib was described by some excavators as “transition” matrix. Its texture was characterized as “sandy”, “granular”, and “fades to tan”. The most commonly chosen Munsell color was dark brown (10YR 3/3), though dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2, 10YR 4/2), brown (10YR 4/3), grayish brown (10YR 5/2), yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) were also selected. It varies in thickness from 10 to 80 cm. Overall, Component Ib matrix contained coarse sand and pumice and graded in color between the dark and more organically rich matrix above it to the light brown and more compact matrix below.

Component II is directly below the Plow Zone and is the most complex and variable of the zones.

Extensive anthropogenic modification and post-depositional bioturbation is indicated by visible krotovina, highly convoluted and indistinct boundaries, and varying matrix textures and colors.

Historic artifacts are mixed into the upper 20 to 40 cm. It extends to as much as 90 cm below the surface with irregular thickness across the site. Looters have excavated pits into this zone, as may have the miners and homesteaders that occupied the terrace historically. A looter’s pit and a shovel probe from the 1989 testing phase is visible in the north and east profile of unit 100N/110E.

Profilers drew in shale, crystalline volcanic rock and sandstone, much of it fire modified. Linear distributions of fire modified rocks, as in the west wall profile of the main block, suggest surfaces.

Profilers described the matrices of Component II with consistent variety including the following:

“fine, sandy”, “compact”, “loose, powdery”, “fairly compact”, “soft”. Color descriptions varied as much as texture, but with a majority of profilers choosing the Munsell colors dark brown (10YR 3/3 and 7.5YR 3/2) and very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2). Other Munsell colors chosen included brown

(10YR 4/3), dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2, 10YR 3/2), and black (5Y 2.5/2). Ross and Blalack

(1992:17) named this zone Stratum II, describing it as “comprised of relatively dark sandy soil, with a heavy yield of fire-cracked rock.” All of the documented features are within Component II. All but one, Feature A, consist of concentrations of fire modified cobbles. Ross and Blalack (1994:17) conclude that the contact between Component II and Component Ib is a cultural surface. They base this opinion on the presence of several river cobble and fire modified rock features at the transition.

The Plow Zone is 15 to 25 cm thick and contains a high density of fine and coarse roots, wood fragments, charcoal, and a mix of prehistoric, historic and modern debris. It includes the sod root zone. Profilers variously described it as “disturbed”, “very fine”, “loose, powdery”, “soft”, “grainy”.

The Munsell colors assigned to it were primarily dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2 and 10YR 4/2) and dark brown (10YR 3/3 and 7.5YR 3/2), but included brown (10YR 4/3), very dark grayish brown (2.5Y

3/2), and black (5Y 2.5/2). Its contact with matrices below it is distinct and consistent. The supposition that this zone is the result of historic tilling is supported by the historic record, the clear boundary, jumbled cultural materials, and the truncation of deposits observable directly below it.

The matrix of the Plow Zone is essentially tilled Component II, though there is a chance a small amount of Component Ib and Ia material was brought to the surface by looting activity.

Maurer’s soil horizons correlate with the components in the following way (Table 4-3): he noted a continuous lens of mottled brown matrix 25 cm below the surface and suggested it was associated with tilling in the historic era. This is the Plow Zone. The dark grayish brown matrix containing rounded and ‘cracked’ cobbles is consistent with Component II. Maurer did not note the presence or absence of pumice in observed horizons. Pumice is what distinguishes Component Ib from Ia so I have lumped the components in Table g. Horizon IIB1 fits the description of transition soils that are usually associated with Component Ib. Component Ia is likely represented by Horizon IIB3.

Table 4-3. 35JO21 Soil Descriptions and Components from 0 to 173 cmbs (based on Maurer 1992). Component* Horizon Depth (cm) Description Plow Zone A11 0-13 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2 dry); moderate fine granular structure; weakly coherent, loose, nonsticky and non plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine continuous pores; gradual, smooth boundary. Plow Zone and A12 14-41 Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR II 4/2 dry); moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; weakly coherent, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very fine continuous pores; gradual, wavy boundary. II B2 42-74 Very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2 dry); weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; weakly coherent, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few to common fine and medium roots; many very fine continuous pores; gradual, wavy boundary. I IIB1 75-97 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3 dry); weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots, many very fine and fine continuous and discontinuous pores; gradual, wavy boundary. I IIB2 98-124 Dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3 dry); weak, coarse, angular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few to common very fine and fine discontinuous roots; few, moderately thick, silt/clay coatings in pores and root channels; diffuse, wavy boundary. I IIB3 124-173 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4 dry); weak coarse angular blocky structure; weakly coherent, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine roots, few fine discontinuous pores. *Maurer did not note the presence or absence of pumice in observed horizons. Pumice is what distinguishes Component Ib from Ia so I have generalized.

Chronography

Having defined the chronostratigraphic components, I approached the determination of their age range through two avenues, radiometric dating and obsidian hydration measurements.

RADIOMETRIC DATING

Fifty-seven samples of charcoal, carbonized organic material, and burnt soil were collected during the 1992 data recovery. None of the samples were sent for radiometric dating following the excavation as none were large enough for conventional radiocarbon dating. My aim was to attain bracketing dates for the lowest component at the site, Ia. Of the original 57 samples, 17 were collected from Component Ia and seven of these were collected in situ although not from known cultural features. I chose three samples located at different depths within the component that were not dramatically separated horizontally. I avoided samples that might have been displaced by the development of Feature A. Each was sent to a botanist for identification and then to Beta Analytic

Inc. in Miami, Florida, for AMS analysis (Appendix D). The resulting measured radiocarbon and calibrated dates are presented in Table s. The complete radiocarbon dating and botanical analysis reports are available in Appendix D. Radiometric dates for the upper components of the site were not attempted due to limited resources.

Table 4-4. 35JO21 AMS Dates from Component Ia (See Appendix D). Laboratory Conventional Measured Radiocarbon Number 14C Age (B.P.) Calibrated Age (2σ) Age (B.P.) Description Beta- B.C. 6000 to 5780 Specimen number C42- 262700 7020±50 (7950 to 7730 B.P.) 6990±50 charcoal, likely Pinus sp. Beta- B.C. 7460 to 7080 Specimen number C41- 292395 8240±50 (9410 to 9030 B.P.) 8240±50 burnt resin Beta- B.C. 9240 to 8780 Specimen number C54- 258717 9610±60 (11,190 to 10,730 B.P.) 9630±60 burnt starch or resin

Sample C42 consisted of three small pieces of charcoal with a combined weight of 0.73 grams

(g) originating from a fragment of carbonized wood, likely of Pinus sp. (Johannessen 2009a). It was located in unit N100/E104 at 100.10 north, 104.85 east, and 173 cmbs, approximately 50 cm below the transition from Component II to Ib. The sample was taken from the level with a tool density of

40/m3 and the highest density of debitage (1,032/m3) in the unit. It returned a date of 7020±50 B.P.

(Beta-262700, δ13C=-23.1 ‰) with a 2 sigma calendrical range of 6000 to 5780 cal B.C. (7950 to 7730 cal B.P.).

Sample C41 returned the date of 8240±50 B.P. (Beta-292395, δ13C=-25.0 ‰) with a 2 sigma calendrical range of 7460 to 7080 cal B.C. (9410 to 9030 cal B.P.). The material tested consisted of five pieces of locular burnt resin, likely from a conifer, with a combined weight of 0.59 g (Joy

Mastrogiuseppe 2010, personal communication). It was located in unit N98/E108 at 98.90 north,

108.12 east and 134 cmbs, approximately 71 cm above the first sample and roughly 10 cm below the beginning of pumice bearing Component Ib. The sample was immediately above the level containing the highest tool density (37/m3) and the second highest debitage density (820/m3) in the unit.

Sample C54 consisted of small fragments of “amorphous locular carbonized organic material of plant origin” (Johannessen 2009b) originating from heated starches or burnt resin, likely from a conifer (Johannessen 2009a; Joy Mastrogiuseppe 2010, personal communication). The fragments had a combined weight of 0.37 g. They were located in unit N98/E108 at 99.38 north, 109.40 east and 205 cmbs. Artifact density, both of formed tools and debitage (5/m3 and 145/m3 respectively), was relatively low at this level and continued to decline with depth. Sample C54 returned a date of

9610±60 B.P. (Beta-258717, δ13C = -26.1 ‰). This resulted in a 2 sigma calendrical date of 9240 to

8780 cal B.C. (11,190 to 10,730 cal B.P.).

The radiometric dating results support my assertion that the presence of pumice provides a reliable temporal reference point. They also indicate Ross’s original hypothesis that the deepest stratum dated to roughly 8,000 ya was conservative. Based on these results, Component Ia dates from as much as 11,190 cal B.P. to the eruption of Mount Mazama ca. 7700 cal B.P.

OBSIDIAN SOURCE AND HYDRATION ANALYSIS

Ross non-randomly selected obsidian artifacts from the deepest deposits at 35JO21 for analysis to determine their geological source and the degree of their hydration. These two sets of data have the potential to reveal details about activities of occupants and the extent of their use of a location.

Obsidian is an excellent and desirable tool stone and as a result is often found great distances from its geologic source. There are no known sources of obsidian in southwestern Oregon, so the presence of the material at a site implies highly developed trade networks or extensive travel for its procurement. Obsidian hydration has been put forward as a means of evaluating the chronology of cultural occupation at archaeological sites and as a relative dating technique for individual artifacts.

In theory, obsidian hydrates at a predictable rate given known variables of time, temperature, and the geochemical properties of the obsidian (Friedman and Smith 1960). The results of the analysis were provided in an appendix but not discussed in the 1994 report. In the following section, I will report the results of the analysis and discuss their possible implications.

Twenty-nine pieces of obsidian, including four formed tools and 25 pieces of debitage, were sent to Biosystems Analysis Inc. (BA) in Santa Cruz to determine their geologic source using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence trace-element analysis. The 20 samples sourced to Spodue Mountain were submitted for hydration rind measurement (Table 4-5, Ross and Blalack 1994).

Table 4-5. Results of Obsidian Analysis from 35JO21. BA Rind Sample Minimum Thickness Standard Number Unit Depth (cm) Object (microns) Error Source Component II (n=3) Silver Lake/Sycan 29 N98/E108 49 biface Marsh 25 N98/E110 81 debitage 4.7 0.3 Spodue Mountain 24 N98/E110 81 debitage 4.9 0.3 Spodue Mountain Component Ib (n=11) 28 N104/E112 71 debitage 4.2 0.3 Spodue Mountain 26 N88/E98 74 debitage 4.4 0.3 Spodue Mountain 27 N88/E98 74 debitage GF/LIW/RS edge-modified 23 N98/E106 86 flake 5.3 0.1 Spodue Mountain 22 N98/E110 91 debitage 3.9 0.3 Spodue Mountain 19 N98/E108 109 debitage 3.8 0.3 Spodue Mountain 18 N98/E108 119 debitage 4.1 0.3 Spodue Mountain Silver Lake/Sycan 17 N98/E108 119 debitage Marsh projectile point 15 N98/E104 121 fragment GF/LIW/RS? 14 N98/E106 136 debitage 4.0 0.3 Spodue Mountain 13 N98/E106 136 debitage GF/LIW/RS Component Ia (n=15) 21 N100/E110 117 debitage GF/LIW/RS 20 N100/E110 127 debitage GF/LIW/RS 16 N98/E108 129 debitage 4.0 0.3 Spodue Mountain 12 N98/E106 146 debitage 4.0 0.3 Spodue Mountain 11 N100/E106 147 debitage 8.0 0.3 Spodue Mountain 9 N100/E104 156 debitage 9.7 0.3 Spodue Mountain 10 N100/E104 156 debitage 4.2 0.3 Spodue Mountain 8 N98/E106 166 debitage GF/LIW/RS 7 N98/E108 169 biface 4.1 0.1 Spodue Mountain 6 N100/E106 177 debitage 3.8 0.3 Spodue Mountain 5 N100/E106 177 debitage GF/LIW/RS 3 N98/E104 181 biface 5.4 0 Spodue Mountain 4 N98/E106 186 debitage 3.6 0.3 Spodue Mountain 2 N98/E106 206 debitage 3.6 0.3 Spodue Mountain 1 N98/E106 206 debitage 4.5 0.3 Spodue Mountain

Three geologic sources were identified in the samples, Spodue Mountain (n=20) Grasshopper

Flat/Lost Iron Wells/Red Switchback (n=7), and Silver Lake/Sycan Marsh (n=2). Spodue Mountain and Silver Lake/Sycan Marsh sources are located over 130 miles east of 35JO21 in the Klamath

Basin. Together they make up 76% of the samples from 35JO21. The Grasshopper Flat/Lost Iron

Wells/Red Switchback (GF/LIW/RS) source is located in northern California at the Medicine Lake 84

Volcano approximately 120 miles southeast of 35JO21. Obsidian from these three sources is commonly found in archaeological sites throughout southwestern Oregon (Atwood and Gray 1995;

Connolly et al. 1994; Hughes 1990; LaLande 1996; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:161; Pettigrew and

Lebow 1987; Soto and Goebel 2000).

Researchers in the upper Rogue River watershed have analyzed Spodue Mountain obsidian and proposed hydration rates and correlated age ranges (Connolly et al. 1994; Pettigrew and Lebow

1987). Their hydration rates were calculated for obsidian from sites located at the margin of the

High Cascades, roughly 40 miles east as the crow flies (~70 miles upstream) and 720 ft higher in elevation than 35JO21. Unfortunately, the differences in setting and average annual temperatures make it unlikely that their formula would result in accurate estimates of age ranges at 35JO21. The obsidian hydration sample from 35JO21 does not provide much assistance in clarifying the ages of deposits or specific artifacts. However, rind thicknesses may at least provide information about intra-site depositional chronology.

Hydration rind thicknesses range from 3.6 to 9.7 microns (Figure 4-4). Samples 9 and 11 had extremely thick rinds, 9.7 and 8 respectively; no other sample had a rind in excess of 5.4 microns.

There are a number of possible explanations for such relatively thick rinds: The rind thicknesses are appropriate for the deposit and the other samples have rinds that have been influenced by post- depositional events. These two pieces of debitage were found in adjacent units at similar depths; it is possible that they resulted from the reduction of an obsidian tool being manufactured from material that retained cortex. Several obsidian core fragments and pieces of debitage from the site have residual cortical surfaces. Alternately, several untested obsidian artifacts collected during excavation are water worn. Submersion in and weathering by water may account for an unusually thick rind. Possibly the artifacts originated in much older deposits and were reused. When plotted

by depth and component the results do not meet expectations for increasing rind thickness with depth. Instead, the majority of the rinds remain below 4.5 microns.

4.2 4.4 4.7

5.3 3.9 4.9 100 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.0 150 4.0 8.0

depth (centimeters) 4.2 9.7 4.1 3.8 5.4 3.6 200 3.6 4.5

250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 rind thickness (microns) Component II Component Ib Component Ia

Figure 4-4. Depth distribution of obsidian hydration samples.

The remaining samples range in thickness from 3.6 to 5.4 microns (Figure 4-5). The bulk of the samples (71%) have a rind between 3.6 and 4.2 microns thick.

The uppermost and presumably youngest component has the largest mean rind thickness (Table

4-6). The mean of rind thickness of Component Ia and Component Ib vary only by 0.1 micron when the outliers of Ia are removed.

3 2 1 Frequency 0 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 Hydration Rind (microns)

Figure 4-5. Frequency of obsidian hydration rind values.

Table 4-6. Range and Mean of Hydration Rinds by Component. Component Number of Specimen Range of Rind Thickness (microns) Mean (microns) II 2 4.7-4.9 4.8 Ib 7 3.8-5.3 4.2 Ia 11 3.6-9.7 5.0 (9*) (3.6-5.4*) (4.1*) Total 20 3.6-9.7 4.7 * without the outliers of 8.0 and 9.7 microns.

The causes for such a pattern are not entirely clear, though there are several possibilities. The first is that the deposits from 71 to 206 cmbs have been mixed as a result of post-depositional disturbance resulting in obsidian artifacts of a similar age being distributed throughout the 135 cm thick deposit. However, the distribution of radiometric dates and diagnostic artifacts do not support such an explanation. Alternately, the rinds on the obsidian artifacts may have been ‘reset’ through exposure to high temperatures (Friedman and Trembour 1983; Loyd et al. 2002). Heating can diffuse or remove water from obsidian effectively blurring or even removing the original rind. Wildfires or fires created by occupants would have been capable of causing this kind of resetting (Green et al.

1997; Linderman 1993; Skinner et al. 1996). Other unknown variables such as soil chemistry, hydrology, and climate variability may have also impacted the hydration rate of the obsidian at

35JO21.

Cultural Features

Ross and Blalack (1994) describe only four of the nine originally reported features. I will expand their brief descriptions and also provide information about the remaining five features by using data from photographs, profiles, unit descriptions, comments in the catalogs, and my memory. Using these sources, I also identified two features not previously recorded as such. These features, labeled with letters rather than numerals, are also described below and listed in Table 4-7. I will then discuss the possible chronology of the features and their spatial relationships to one another.

Table 4-7. Features Documented During the 1992 Excavation at 35JO21 and Identified During the Current Research. Feature Number Unit Depth (cmbs) Description 1 N106E102 14-44 Two associated artifacts Component II 2 N98E106 46 Linear cluster of cobbles Component II on top of Component Ib 3 N98E108 69 Roughly linear arrangement of cobbles Component II on top of Component Ib N100E108 67 4 N96E98 75 A scatter and cluster of cobbles Component II 5 N100E110 87-97 Whole and fire modified river cobbles, loosely scattered in a roughly linear form Component II on top of Component Ib 6 N98E110 51-61 Whole and fire modified river cobbles in a roughly linear configuration Component II 7 N96E98 85-95 Linear arrangement of relatively flat river cobbles Component II on top of Component Ib 8 N98E110 71-91 Relatively flat densely packed river cobble pavement with a slight central depression Component II on top of Component Ib 9 N88E98 84-94 Circular cluster of fire modified river cobbles Component Ib A N100E106 20-101 A large matrix filled pit in Component II and penetrating N100E108 20-~150 into Component Ib N100E110 20-138 B N98E118 30-40 Cluster of large river cobbles Component II

Feature 1 is really just a pair of associated artifacts, a hopper mortar (#400) and a cobble chopper (#397), located in unit N106/E102 from 14 to 44 cmbs. It is located within Component II.

The hopper mortar is roughly 20 cm in diameter and located in the southwest corner of the unit.

Feature 2 was found in unit N98/E106 at roughly 46 cmbs. It consists of closely packed river cobbles of various sizes arranged in linear pattern running in a roughly northeast-southwest direction. It is located in the western half of the unit and measures roughly 50 cm wide and 1 m long. Two small discreet clusters of fire-modified and whole rock are at the same level on the unit.

One is in the southeast corner of the unit and the other in the northeast. Two cobble tools were recovered near the feature, one just above (#421) and one just below (#653). Artifact 421 is a long and narrow ground and battered cobble with one large impact flake removed from its tip. It has polish on two flat sides and striations and ocher and black stain on the non-flaked end. Artifact 653 is a small cobble with one battered end.

Feature 3 extended across units 98N/108E and 100N/108E at approximately 68 cmbs. It consisted of fire-modified and whole river cobbles (N=25+) in a closely placed roughly linear arrangement running east-west in between the two units. Large charcoal fragments were not observed despite the obvious heat damage to the cobbles. Four artifacts were found in situ associated with this scatter: an obsidian flake (#665), a semi-translucent white heat modified stage

IV biface fragment (#812), an obsidian flake tool fragment (#811), and a complete obsidian Rogue

River Barbed projectile point (#807). The presence of a Rogue River Barbed projectile point suggests the feature is less than 2,000 years old.

Feature 4 consists of scattered fire-modified cobbles, many of them exhausted, in unit N96/E98.

It is at a depth of 75 cmbs. Exhausted fire-modified cobbles typically consist of angular, blocky fragments of rock roughly less than 5 cm in size that are created by the breakup of a cobble

following repeated heating and cooling. The cobbles are distributed in the western half of the unit with a 40 cm diameter cluster in the northwest corner.

The 1994 data recovery report provided a drawing and brief description of Feature 5 (Figure 4-

6). It consists of whole and fire modified river cobbles loosely scattered across the level in unit

N100/E110 at 87 to 97 cmbs. It measures approximately 180 cm long and 60 cm wide. A large piece of pumice (#1046), obsidian flake (#1051), and pecked CVR pestle fragment (#564) are associated with a small cluster of cobbles in the southern half of the unit.

Figure 4-6. Plan view of Feature 5, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:23.

Feature 6 was located in the west half of unit N98/E110 at 51 to 61 cmbs. It is made up of whole and fire modified river cobbles in a roughly northeast to southwest linear configuration, roughly 100 cm long and 30 cm wide.

Ross and Blalack (1994) described Feature 7 as not having a pattern, but the plan drawing provided by them does not agree (Figure 4-7). The linear scatter of relatively flat river cobbles, some 90

quite large, is oriented roughly northeast to southwest, measuring 80 to 100 cm wide. Some of the cobbles are fire cracked and many are fire modified. The feature appears to be in a 10 cm deep depression (Figure 4-8) roughly 30 cm wide with no large charcoal deposits. It is in unit N96/E98 at roughly 90 cmbs.

Figure 4-7. Plan view of Feature 7, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:24.

Figure 4-8. Profile of unit N96/E98 indicating Feature 7.

Feature 8 (Figure 4-9), located in unit N98/E110 at 71 to 91 cmbs, did have a distinct pattern.

Large, relatively flat, cobbles were tightly arranged in an oval depression. Fire modified and exhausted cobbles surround the paved depression. A gray CCS Coquille Series: broad-necked point

(#1640) was found on one of the flat rocks.

Figure 4-9. Feature 8, modified from Ross and Blalack 1994:25.

Feature 9 was located in unit N88/E98 at 84 to 94 cmbs (Figure 4-10). It consists of a tightly packed circular cluster of fire modified river cobbles in the eastern half of the unit. A single, large, vertically oriented fragment of shale was noted between the cobbles along the southern margin. The report states that all features were located on or above the transition compact light brown soils

(Ross and Blalack 1994) but that does not appear to be the case for Feature 9. The profile (Figure 4-

11), available photographs, and information from the artifact catalog indicate that the feature is located within Component Ib.

Figure 4-10. Photograph of the east wall of unit 88N/98E indicating Feature 9.

Figure 4-11. Profile of the north and east walls of unit 88N/98E showing Feature 9.

Feature A is a large filled pit bisected by units N100/E106, N100/E108, and N100/E110 (see

Figure 4-2). The boundaries were first noted in these units at the base of the plowzone contact line, roughly 20 cmbs. The diameter of the feature shrinks with depth. It was only visible in the northern 94

half of unit N100/E108 by 40 cmbs. By 87 cmbs, the feature only extends 50 cm from the north wall of the unit. A small part of the feature remained at 1.4 mbs where excavation in that part of the unit was halted. Overall, it measures a minimum of 5 m wide and a minimum of 1.4 m deep, penetrating approximately one meter through Component Ib and into Component Ia deposits. Generally, the depression is filled with compact light brown soil and soft brown soil with pockets of potentially fire modified compact light brown soil. The boundaries between these are extremely complex. Profilers described textures as being “hard, gritty”, “very hard”, and “soft”. Munsell colors consisted of brown

(10YR 4/3, 10YR 5/3) dark brown (10YR 3/3, 10YR 3/4) dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2, 10YR 4/2) pale brown (10YR 6/3), and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2).

Ross and Blalack (1994:17) mentioned the depression saying only, “No ready explanation is available except the disturbance is late in time and the fill matrix was often quite hard, as if material had been burned in the pit.” Excavation crews were directed to screen several portions of the fill separately in an attempt to gain insight into the deposits but the material was ultimately not differentiated as being part of a feature. Based on my interpretation of the available suite of data,

Feature A does appear to be a prehistoric cultural structure. The complex stratigraphy may represent intentional remodeling events or fires. Circular semi-subterranean houses were in use in southwest Oregon and the greater intermountain west by the middle Holocene (Atwood and Gray

1996; Bowden et. al 2009). By the late Holocene these were the houses for those not wealthy enough to build a rectangular plank house. They had pole roof beams covered with large panels of bark and roof margins banked with earth like those identified at Iron Gate on the Klamath River

(Figure 4-12; Gray 1987; Leonhardy 1967).

"Reconstructing the archaeological data, the houses at the Iron Gate site are described as follows: A conical framework of poles was erected over a circular pit 5 to 6 meters in diameter and 20 to 30 centimeters deep. large slabs of bark and perhaps planks or large

splinters of wood were laid over the framework. Dirt was banked up against the sides of the house and rocks may have been set on the walls to hold the bark in place. Vertical posts may have been used occasionally to support the framework. No information about the entry to the house was recovered. House pits were reused, but when a new house was constructed over an abandoned pit, the debris and accumulated fill from the previous occupation were not removed." (Leonhardy 1967:12-13)

A burned and collapsed earth-banked circular pit house could have produced the sloped and burned deposits that make up Feature A.

Figure 4-12. “A reconstruction of the Iron Gate house type showing details of construction as inferred from archaeological data and ethnographic comparison. (Drawing by Roald Fryxell)” From Leonhardy 1967:31, Figure 15.

Unfortunately there was little horizontal and vertical control of the excavation of the feature during the data recovery. The matrix was only sometimes screened separately so it is difficult to examine the cultural material content of the pit. I did note that the excavation levels containing

Feature A consistently had high densities of lithic tools and debitage. Additional excavation of the

Feature A would be required to confidently determine its origin.

Feature B was noted by the profiler in the north wall of unit N98/E118, 30 to 40 cmbs (Figure 4-

13) as a discreet cluster of large rounded cobbles and fire modified rock. No other information is available.

Figure 4-13. Profiles of the west and north walls of unit N98/E118 indicating Feature B.

The horizontal distribution of features at 35JO21 is presented in Figure 4-14. The rock features take three forms, tool clusters, tight circular clusters or linear scatters. The tool cluster (1) and

Features A, B, 4 and 6 are within the dark brown matrix of Component II. The remaining Features —

2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9—are set on the undulating contact between Components II and Ib. This arrangement may represent a heavily used occupation surface (Ross and Blalack 1994:17) or might have resulted from the deflation of originally differentiated deposits.

Figure 4-14. Horizontal distribution of all features identified at 35JO21.

Researchers at Marial (35CU84) roughly 20 river miles downstream speculated that circular rock features like 8 and 9 represent the heating elements for sweat houses. They are also similar to features identified as camas baking ovens (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007). Despite being linear, Feature

7 shares characteristics with Feature 8 including large flat cobbles set into Component Ib. Feature 8 is similar to rock arrangements observed at Marial (Feature 5, Ross and Blalack 1994:21). That feature was located in Component 3 and dated to 5850±120 B.P. (Schreindorfer 1987:75). None of the features were below levels containing pumice.

The linear scatters of fire modified and exhausted stone are reminiscent of arrangements used in the smoking or drying of fish or berries. They may also be the result of cleaning out exhausted heating rock from ovens. Without further excavation or information from the missing level forms

and excavation notes, it is difficult to draw any more specific conclusions about the function of the features.

CHAPTER 5 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS

In this section I aim to characterize the cultural materials recovered during the 1992 OSU data recovery project. This includes the results of my analysis of a sample of debitage from the main block, my analysis of the lithic tools from the main block, an overview of the biotic remains found across the site, and a brief discussion of pigment nodules identified throughout the deposits.

Although I used information about the distribution of Euroamerican artifacts in my component definitions, I did not perform any analysis, nor do I describe them here.

The classification scheme I developed for 35JO21 is aimed at identifying chronological patterns and possible behavior at this unusually deep and ancient site. My goal is to provide detailed information about the artifacts, focusing on the unique aspects of the assemblage and presenting the data in a way to make it comparable with other sites of the region.

Analysis of portable artifacts associated with stratigraphically defined components provides more information about the inhabitants of the site, their activities and connections to people in other areas. I had originally hoped to provide a comprehensive description of artifacts from the

1992 recovery, but time did not allow, due to the amount of effort invested in identifying component boundaries and making unit by unit assignment of excavation levels to site components.

After confirming the age of the lowest component, I focused my analytic efforts where they would provide the most useful comparative information about that component. I identified the lithic tools from the block into morpho-functional classes so that I could compare activities between components, drawing my categories from those used by other area researchers to facilitate comparison with other sites. I did not attempt a full technological analysis, but did examine a subsample of the debitage from all levels of a single unit to provide some information about lithic toolstone reduction strategies. The assemblage of calcined bone was so small, that I examined

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everything collected, not just from within the block; it provides a limited amount of information about animal dietary remains.

The block represents approximately 62% of the total excavation volume, and yielded a large and diverse sample of artifacts. The 1113 tools from the main block constitute 69% of those collected. I will use a classification system different from that of Ross and Blalack therefore my artifact totals will vary from those presented by them (Table 5-1).

Table 5-1. Artifact Diversity in the Main Block Excavation Units (Modified from Ross and Blalack 1994). N98 N98 N98 N98 N100 N100 N100 N100 E104 E106 E108 E110 E104 E106 E108 E110 Total Projectile Points Basal Notch 1 2 3 2 2 10 Side Notch 1 1 1 1 4 Corner Notch 1 2 1 4 Stemmed 5 3 4 3 6 6 14 1 42 Leaf shape 1 1 Concave base 1 1 Lanceolate 4 5 3 9 7 8 9 3 48 Projectile Point Fragments 7 4 6 2 7 7 6 1 40 Bifaces 24 33 37 20 40 32 28 11 225 Gravers 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 17 Blanks 1 1 Scrapers Scrapers A 6 4 2 5 6 3 5 8 39 Scrapers B 4 2 3 3 1 4 3 20 Scrapers C 1 1 2 1 1 6 Scrapers D 7 3 1 7 3 1 4 26 Scrapers E 6 2 5 2 4 5 4 1 29 Others 1 1 2 1 5 1 11 Scraper Fragments 1 1 1 2 2 5 12 Flake Tools Bifacial 6 24 20 12 8 25 6 12 113 Unifacial 20 15 24 15 30 22 20 20 166 Utilized 2 15 12 5 7 7 5 1 54 Blades modified 5 4 2 3 1 3 3 21 Chunk Tools Worked 4 16 8 4 14 18 26 1 91 Utilized 1 3 1 2 1 8 Ovate Tools 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 12 Cobble Tools Cores 1 3 2 8 2 16

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N98 N98 N98 N98 N100 N100 N100 N100 E104 E106 E108 E110 E104 E106 E108 E110 Total Choppers 2 2 Cobble Choppers 6 3 1 2 1 2 15 Hammer Stones 1 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 18 Pecking Stones 9 2 4 7 7 3 3 35 Utilized Cobble 1 1 2 1 1 6 Polished Stones 1 1 2 Pestle 1 1 Pecked Stones 4 2 1 2 2 11 Incised Shale 1 1 1 2 1 6 Total 126 160 149 93 174 167 156 88 1113

I did not include the data collected from the 8 m-long and 1 m-wide step excavated along the south edge of the main block (97-98N/100-112E) in the artifact analysis. This step was excavated with a different strategy than the other units. The step was dug in two levels, the first being 40 cm thick and the second 10 cm, in an effort to quickly provide easy access to the deep main block units.

Lithic Debitage and Material Types

It was beyond the scope of this thesis to analyze all of the debitage associated with the tools from the block units. However, I did analyze the debitage from unit 100N/106E. This unit was dug to

297 cmbs resulting in a volume of ~9.04 m3 excavated matrix equaling 16% of the matrix excavated from the main block. The 1994 report stated the unit contained 3,314 pieces of debitage which is roughly 15% of the lithic tool manufacturing debris collected from the main block (Table 5-2). This sample is adequate to let me examine the variation in debitage density and material type with depth and between components.

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Table 5-2. Lithic Debitage Distribution in the Main Block Excavation Units (Modified from Ross and Blalack 1994). N98 N98 N98 N98 N100 N100 N100 N100 E104 E106 E108 E110 E104 E106 E108 E110 Total Flakes CCS 1363 3425 2224 1423 2606 2541 2196 1453 17,231 Obsidian 247 581 252 128 290 515 242 181 2436 Basalt 97 186 259 77 177 198 184 59 1237 Misc. (quartz) 123 145 156 158 187 60 147 174 1150 Total 1830 4337 2891 1786 3260 3314 2769 1867 22,054

I chose to re-examine the debitage collected from one unit to develop finer detailed picture of lithic reduction trends across components. I selected N100/E106, as it contained a complete column of material from the site- from surface to bedrock- had been profiled, and had only minimally been disturbed by previous testing, looting, and Feature A.

I examined each lot, sorting the debitage by material type: obsidian, CCS, CVR, metasedimentary, quartz, and other and weighing each category. I then sorted the obsidian, CCS, and CVR by reduction stage: primary, secondary, tertiary and fragmentary. Primary flakes result from the initial reduction of a core, having a dorsal side completely covered in cortex. Secondary flakes have only partial cortex and tertiary flakes have no cortex, being from the interior of the raw material source. Flake fragments retained too few attributes to identify to stage. Ratios of these flake types can indicate the extent to which occupants were manufacturing new tools from raw materials or were remodeling or resharpening existing tools. Metasedimentary and quartz flakes were not sorted by stage as the nature of the material makes it difficult to accurately identify cortex and certain flake attributes like dorsal and ventral sides. All debitage metrics can be found in

Appendix E.

I noted three issues with the sample. First, three levels, 9, 10 and 11 (87-117 cmbs), had one 1 x1 m quadrant screened through 1/8 in hardwire mesh. Second, one of these lots, #105 from Level

11, was missing from the collection. The original debitage totals from this lot were available from 103

the 1994 catalog. I adjusted for this by limiting my analysis to the ¼ in screen sample and correcting to debitage per excavated volume. Five hundred and sixty-six pieces of debitage from the 1/8 in lots were excluded as a result. Eighty-two items were also removed from debitage analysis as they were actually lithic tool fragments. These tools were added to the artifact catalog, but were not included in the analysis of tool density and distribution. Eighteen additional pieces were excluded from analysis as they did not possess attributes sufficient to confirm a cultural origin. This left a total of

2667 items to be analyzed (Table 5-3).

Table 5-3. Debitage Material Type per Cubic Meter in Unit 100N/106E. Component Obsidian CCS Metasedimentary CVR Quartz No. per m3 Plow Zone 18 132 0 0 5 155 II 40 292 0 4 13 349 II+Ib 75 328 0 3 5 410 Ib 58 283 2 23 6 372 Ia 19 224 2 35 3 283 Total 35 245 2 22 6 309

The most common material, CCS, has been heavily used through all components, reflecting its local availability. An increase of density in Component Ib and the transition to Component II suggests an increase in intensity of lithic tool manufacture or a reduced rate of sedimentation at this time. The concentration of CVR debitage in the deepest components parallels that of CVR projectile points, core-cobble tools and spall scrapers.

Analysis of reduction stages within the ¼ in sample revealed several trends across components

(Table 5-4). At least a small number of obsidian tools were manufactured on the site throughout occupation. Many more were reworked, especially during Component Ib and the transition to

Component II.

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Table 5-4. Debitage Reduction Stage per Cubic Meter in Unit N100/E106.

Obsidian CCS CVR

p s t f p s t f p s t f Component Plow Zone - 2.1 13.8 2.1 10.6 30.9 42.6 47.9 - - - - II - 4.2 29.2 6.7 22.5 35.8 99.2 134.2 - 1.7 2.5 - II+Ib - 2.5 50.0 22.5 - 67.5 87.5 152.5 - - 2.5 - Ib 0.4 2.1 44.6 11.3 12.5 47.5 93.3 131.7 1.3 11.3 5.4 4.6 Ia 0.3 0.5 13.8 4.1 6.5 21.1 75.9 118.6 2.4 12.7 10.5 8.9 Total 0.2 1.7 26.2 7.1 11.5 33.7 80.9 118.3 1.4 8.8 6.5 5.1 p = primary, s = secondary, t = tertiary, f = fragmentary

Formed Lithic Artifact Classification

Of the 1,615 artifacts reported for the site, 502 were located on the surface or in satellite units.

Of the 1,113 artifacts from the main block 114 had inexact provenience and were left out of the analysis. This left 999 lithic artifacts to be classified.

Three kinds of artifacts are particularly interesting because of their stylistic or symbolic content and potential utility for in both recognizing distinct archaeological cultures or traditions, and showing cultural connections. The incised siltstone objects are the single most distinctive artifact type in the lower component and the only sample of such items in southwestern Oregon firmly dated before the eruption of Mount Mazama (ca. 7,700 ya). Individual descriptions of these and an extensive regional comparison are presented in this chapter. The focus of the typological analysis of projectile points is to confirm the chronological sequence developed on the basis of stratigraphic analysis and radiocarbon dating. The distribution of different types of pigment nodules, likely related to ritual production is also presented.

A morphological classification of artifacts provides a very broad and basic framework within which functional subdivisions can be applied. Organizing artifacts by implied function provides a very broad and basic description of activities at the site such as chipped stone tool manufacture,

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game processing, hard and soft plant processing, and even social interaction. It also allows me to consider relative changes in subsistence activities and settlement strategies at the site. Stylistic trends through time have been identified for several artifact types in southwestern Oregon.

Organizing artifacts by these styles and comparing them to the dated collections from other sites in the region assists me in defining the chronological sequence at Stratton Creek. This section provides definitions and descriptions of the classification components.

At the grossest level are the categories of flaked artifact, cobble artifact, and other artifact. The flaked artifact class includes extensively modified and expedient tools including bifacially modified objects such as projectile points, drills, gravers, and other bifaces, unifacial flake tools and utilized flakes. At 35JO21, they are most commonly formed from fragments or flakes of cryptocrystalline silicate (CCS). They are also manufactured from obsidian, crystalline volcanic rock (such as basalt), quartz, and quartzite.

Cobble artifacts are formed from whole stones or stone fragments ranging in size from large cobbles to pebbles. These tools are often heavy and made of crystalline volcanic rock (CVR) or CCS, though some items are made of obsidian. The class consists of cores, core-cobble tools (choppers and wedges) and cobble tools (hammer stones, anvils, pestles, manos, metates, pebble scrapers and net weights). Many cobble artifacts from 35JO21 were used to carry out a combination of tasks resulting in multiple types of modification and wear caused by use.

The final class, ‘other artifact’, encompasses items that were not used as tools or do not have a clear function. These items, which include incised stone fragments, stone discs and balls, and perforated fragments of sedimentary rock, may have served as decorations, gaming pieces, ceremonial objects, or social symbols. The incised stone artifacts from 35JO21 are unusual and

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appear in only two other archaeological sites in southwestern Oregon. I have provided an in depth discussion of these artifact types and their potential significance to the regional record.

FLAKED ARTIFACTS (N=810)

Many flaked artifacts have been intentionally shaped by chipping a flake or fragment of stone resulting in small implements appropriate for cutting, stabbing, scraping and drilling. The category also includes stone flakes that are modified purely by their use (Table 5-5).

Table 5-5. Flaked Artifact Totals by Component. Artifact Plow Zone II Ib Ia Total Flaked Artifact 104 237 247 222 810 Bifaces and Biface Tools Unclassifiable 1 2 4 4 11 Bifaces 30 58 82 85 255 Stage I-III 5 19 21 32 77 Stage IV & V 25 39 61 53 178 McKee Series 1 7 8 Drill 4 11 1 4 20 Graver 2 6 2 10 Projectile Point 16 47 57 36 156 Barbed 1 7 2 10 Stemless 13 22 37 13 85 Broad-Necked 2 10 22 18 52 Concave Base 1 1 Unclassifiable 2 2 4 8 Total 54 129 143 127 460 Flake Tool Thick-bit scraper 26 52 38 14 130 Thin-bit scraper 4 5 4 12 Miscellaneous 3 2 6 14 25 Unclassifiable 12 34 36 29 111 Total 45 93 84 64 286 Cobble Spall Total 1 7 8 Used Flake Total 5 14 20 31 70

Bifaces and Biface Tools (n=460)

A biface is a chipped stone object that has had flakes removed from the dorsal and ventral sides of the flake in an effort to create a desired cross section and plan shape. Bifaces of varying stages of 107

manufacture can be used for cutting, scraping, chopping, puncturing and drilling. They account for

30% of the sampled artifact assemblage. I differentiated generic bifaces from those biface tools with an identifiable function, such as drills and projectile points. Eleven of the bifaces were too fragmentary to classify.

Bifaces (n=255). This category encompasses bifacial objects not falling within the previous categories. They include objects representing in the full range of manufacturing stages from only roughly formed blanks and performs to finely finished tools. All stages of bifaces could have been suitable for a desired use; they need not be highly modified to have been functional. Generally, however, later stage forms exhibit more use wear than early forms. Early stage bifaces can also serve as an efficient way to transport raw material to later form into other flaked tool types.

A commonly applied strategy to categorize the reduction process of bifaces (Basgall and

Hildebrandt 1989; Connolly 1991; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007) includes the identification of five different stages based on the following characteristics:

Stage I. Very thick cross-section, percussion flake removal, sinuous margins

Stage II. Percussion flake removal, less sinuous, thinner, roughly shaped

Stage III. Percussion thinned to blanks, regular margins, scars cross midsection, no pressure flakes

Stage IV. Reduced blanks with intermediate pressure flakes

Stage V. Extensive pressure flaking

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Figure 5-1. Examples of biface reduction stages. Left to right, top – Stage I: 1342. Stage II: 1188. Stage III: 1312. Bottom – Stage IV: 1667. Stage V: 1533.

I have sorted bifaces into two primary categories based on the stage of observable modifications: those between Stages I and III and those between Stages IV and V (Figure 5-1). Stage

I-III bifaces (n=77) represent 30% of the general biface category. They are most commonly made of

CCS (64%) and CVR (30%) and only occasionally of obsidian (6%). Stage IV&V bifaces (n=178) represent 70% of the category and are largely made of CCS (67%) with some of obsidian (18%) and

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CVR (14%). This variation in material types may be due to a combination of material availability and workability. CCS and CVR are readily available locally but CVR is a coarser material that does not reduce to the late stages as easily as CCS. Obsidian is brought in from distant sources and is very workable. It lends itself to extensive reduction and its value in that regard likely selected it for use in creating highly modified tools.

Biface Tools (n=194)

McKee Series (n=8) tools (also known as McKee Uniface) are stemmless, have a pointed or convex base, planar ventral surface, and extensively modified keeled dorsal surface (Figure 5-2).

They have a triangular cross-section. They can be formed from broad flat blanks or blades

(Baumhoff 1985). Serration is not unusual and there is often a steep percussion flake scar at the base leaving a planar diamond shaped patch. The flake platform is consistently at the proximal end of the tool. Artifacts #515 and #181 are unfinished and clearly show the original blade characteristics including a very distinct arris. Two of the Stratton Creek artifacts—#622 and #678— have unifacial microflaking along their edges indicating they were used as scraping tools.

McKee Series tools are found in the Stratton Creek site and other site assemblages throughout southwestern Oregon though they are only occasionally separated as an individual morphological type (Gray 1993:9; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987). They are most commonly lumped into the willow leaf/lanceolate/foliate classification and sometimes considered a side scraper. However, the distinctive cross-section, edge angle, and wear of McKee Series tools merits their separation as a distinct morpho-functional type. There remains debate about the actual function of this tool, as analysis has shown impact damage supporting its use as a projectile and also unifacial microflaking and crushing damage consistent with use as a scraping tool (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989; Gray

1993).

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Figure 5-2. McKee Series Bifaces and Barbed Projectile Points. Left to right, top - McKee Series: 515, 181, 678, 724, 622, 428, 510, 832. Bottom - Elk Creek Square Barbed: 319, 1564. Rogue River Barbed: 728, 313, 675, 647, 488, 807, 878, 54.

Drills (n=20) are bifacially chipped stone tools used to perforate material such as hide or wood to create a hole. Many of the specimens exhibit bidirectional unifacial microchipping on opposing edges, edge crushing and polishing, indicating they have been used in a rotary motion. Drill bit tips have a diamond-shaped cross-section and angles range between 25 to 65 degrees.

Fifteen drills are made of CCS and five of obsidian. The majority are complete (n=13) and the remaining are more than half intact (n=4), or a distal, medial and proximal fragment (n=1 each).

Complete and largely complete drills with intact distal ends fall into a distribution of tip angles that is bimodal (Figure 5-3).

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3 Drills

0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Tip Angle

Figure 5-3. Distribution of tip angles on drills.

This indicates that there are two dominant forms at 35JO21 that I am calling narrow-bit (n=6) and wide-bit (n=12). Narrow-bit drills have a tip angle of ≤35˚ and tend to be long and narrow with a diamond cross section. Wide-bit drills have a tip angle ≥40˚ and are shorter and triangular (Figure 5-

4).

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Figure 5-4. Drills and drill fragments. Left to right, top – narrow bit: 174, 471, 36, 169, 1242, 538. Base fragment: 191. Middle – wide bit: 500, 318, 1773, 532, 649, 1327, 490. Bottom – wide bit: 1116, 268, 1759, 1033, 50, 295.

Gravers (n=10) are bifacially chipped stone tools that have a small pointed bit (Figure 5-5). All but one of the gravers in the assemblage is complete. Two are made of obsidian and the remaining six of CCS.

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Figure 5-5. Gravers. Left to right, top – 426, 729, 537, 222, 1845. Bottom – 302, 1693, 527, 157, 160.

Projectile Points (n=156)

A projectile point is a bifacially chipped stone hunting tool mounted onto a shaft of a spear, dart, or arrow, and used in a stabbing motion by thrusting, throwing, or firing. They appear in a wide range of sizes and with different types of hafting elements. I identified a total of 156 projectile points from the main block at 35JO21; 148 were classifiable leaving eight that were too fragmentary to clearly categorize. I have organized the point types under the rubrics of Barbed Point, Stemless

Point, Broad Neck Point, and Concave Base Point. In addition, where possible, I identified points that fit named stylistic types defined by other regional researchers.

Assemblages with time depth comparable to 35JO21 are rare in southwestern Oregon. They include a group of sites in the Applegate Valley (Brauner 1978; Nisbet 1981) and Marial (35CU84) in 114

the lower Rogue River drainage (Griffin 1983; Schreindorfer 1987). The artifact definitions for these tool assemblages were also used in the initial analysis of artifacts from 35JO21 (Ross and Blalack

1994). These definitions are somewhat unwieldy and are no longer widely used by researchers in southwestern Oregon. A third site located in the Umpqua watershed, the Standley Site, also contained a projectile point assemblage with similarities to that found at 35JO21 (Connolly 1991).

For this analysis, I use parts of the stylistic classification system developed for the Standley Site and include modifications that have been made by archaeologists in southwest Oregon since it was originally outlined (Connolly 1994; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987). I also incorporate information from other researchers from eastern Oregon and northern California to refine definitions and fill in any gaps.

Only biface fragments with hafting elements, margin preparation such as serration, or impact fractures were identified as originating from projectile points (n=16). Eight were not assignable to a type. The classifiable fragments fit the broad-necked stemmed category but too few attributes remained to refine their categorization. They are not included in the discussion of projectile point types due to the uncertainty of their placement. All other fragments were described as bifaces, though it is likely many of them represent portions of projectile points.

Barbed Points (n=10)

Barbed points are generally defined as being small, basally notched, barbed or tanged bifaces

(O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:92; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987). Two named subclasses representing 7% of projectile points were identified in the Stratton Creek Site sample—Rogue River Barbed and Elk

Creek Square Barbed (see Figure 5-2).

Rogue River Barbed (n=8) is a small point that has a straight blade with a neck width ≤7.5 mm, a parallel or contracting stem, and barbs extending below the neck. It is often serrated. They are

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made on small, thin flakes, shaped by intrusive pressure flaking and short flakes for margin shaping.

The bases are shaped by the removal of small flakes creating short and narrow stems. The style is found throughout the Rogue and surrounding basins. Five are of obsidian and three of CCS.

Elk Creek Square Barbed (n=2) are similar to the Rogue River Barbed only with distinctly squared barbs. Both were of CCS. They are similar to the Eastgate Series type described in the Great Basin

(Wingard 2001:60-61).

Stemless (n=85)

Stemless points represent 57% of the sample, making them the most common projectile point form. I reviewed several previous classification systems for stemless points before choosing what I thought was the most useful one. Recently, the majority of southwest Oregon archaeologists have taken to organizing stemless projectile points into four categories according to width: Willow Leaf small (≤8 mm), medium (>8 to ≤11 mm), large (>11 to ≤15 mm), and extra large (>15mm) (Connolly

1994; Nilsson and Kelly 1991; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987). Other archaeologists have organized them into multiple classes using attributes such as size, base morphology, and presence of serration (Brauner 1978; Connolly 1991; Davis 1968; Griffin 1983;

Nisbet 1981; Schreindorfer 1987). The sample of stemless points at Stratton Creek is large and not served well by the generic Willow Leaf classification system. The classification system for stemless points developed by Connolly for the Standley Site again provides a more applicable structure

(1991:55).

LS-1 points (n=12) are identified as large, often deeply serrated, ogival base willow leaf projectile points (Figure 5-6). They are usually widest at the point where the base ends and serration begins (Fredrickson 1973:199). Roughly half were made of CVR (58%) with the remaining made of

CCS.

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Figure 5-6. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS-1. Left to right, top – 1741, 1540, 1749, 1000. Bottom – 1740, 1507, 809, 1376, 1081.

LS-2 (n=27) points are widest at roughly 1/3 the distance from the base to the tip (Figure 5-7).

The base is rounded (Connolly 1991:55). Seventy percent were of CCS with the remaining of obsidian.

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Figure 5-7. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS-2. Left to right, top – 70, 321, 51, 1543, 1416, 988, 1185, 1747. Middle – 1228, 926, 1737, 290, 952, 229, 463, 679, 314, 1336. Bottom – 337, 1739, 1738, 620, 695, 934, 681, 556, 147.

LS-4 (n=30) points are widest at the midsection of the body and have a base that may be rounded or pointed (Figure 5-8). I have created this category to describe a specific shape observed in the assemblage that is not distinguished by Connolly. Sixty percent were of CCS, 16% of CVR, and

26% of obsidian.

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Figure 5-8. Stemless Projectile Points, LS-4. Left to right, top – 1446, 555, 271, 1167, 864, 987, 596, 22, 67, 178. Middle – 149, 49, 110, 292, 803, 60, 592, 1260. Bottom – 597, 689, 656, 1245, 1095, 1169, 197, 548, 1121.

LS (n=16) are stemless points that do not fit into the categories already described. They have straight or irregular sides and variable base shapes (Figure 5-9). Cryptocrystalline silicates also dominated this category (75%) with roughly 12% being of CVR and obsidian each.

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Figure 5-9. Stemmless Projectile Points, LS. Left to right, top – 1807, 525, 269, 331, 34, 1229, 826, 228. Bottom – 1755, 1191, 1520, 1464, 1255, 1727, 752.

Concave Base (n=1)

Concave Base points are represented by a single fragment (#1878, Figure 5-10). This base fragment belonged to a straight-sided or straight-stemmed, unfluted projectile made of a milky gray material, either CCS or obsidian. It is 22 mm wide and 4 mm thick and finely made with pressure flakes removed from the margins and thinning flakes traveling up from the concave base. The hafting edges have been dulled. It was located in 100N/108E between 187 and 207 cmbs, no more than two meters horizontally from the organic sample located at 205 cmbs that returned a conventional 14C date of 9610 ± 60 ya B.P.

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Figure 5-10. Concave Base Projectile Point. 1878.

Broad-Necked (n=52)

Projectile points with broad necks and stems make up 43% of the sample. These include Coquille

Series types defined from the assemblage at the Standley Site and an assortment of wide-necked stemmed points. Broad-necked stemmed points that did not fall into the Coquille Series include

Standley types SN-2, SN-4, ST-1, ST-2, ST-3, ST-4b and ST-4c (n=26; Connolly 1991:60-61). Stemmed points that could not be described by the Standley classification are placed in the general category

Broad-Necked: Barbed (n=6). All of these stemmed points have wide necks (>7.5 mm wide).

Coquille Series: Broad-necked points (n=12) were identified in the Stratton Creek sample (Figure

5-11). Thomas Connolly defined this type in 1991 based on the collection from the Standley Site in the Coquille River drainage. These points are shouldered with a contracting V-shaped stem (DSA

≥180˚) that often retains the original flake platform on the proximal end. Connolly originally identified four subtypes based on stem form, but these have since been condensed into two types, broad-necked and narrow-necked (Connolly 1994:66; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:98; Pettigrew and

Lebow 1987:8.18). Coquille Broad-necked points have a neck width ≥6.5mm and appear to have

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been used as the dart point of an atlatl. No Coquille Series Narrow-necked types were identified at

Stratton Creek.

Figure 5-11. Coquille Broad-necked projectile points. Left to right, top – 62, 187, 1770, 234, 810, 340. Bottom – 745, 1640, 825, 274, 929, 273.

Side-notched Points (n=3) have at least one notch completely on the lateral edge of the body.

Three (2%) of the 148 classifiable projectile points fit this category (Figure 5-12). Two of the types described by Connolly at the Standley Site were identified in the Stratton Creek sample.

SN-2 (n=1) points have notches low on the blade. They may be asymmetrical with one side retaining a squared lateral edge below the notch and the other side being corner notched. Number

551 has a neck width >8.5 mm placing it into the SN-2b subtype. It is small with a broad neck, u- shaped notches, and a convex base.

This type is comparable to the SN-A class used at Mariel (Schreindorfer 1987:127).

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SN-4 (n=2) points have broad triangular bodies with side notches that are coterminous with the base. The bases tend to be straight or convex (Connolly 1991:60). Points #723 and #879 are large with a wide necks, shallow notches and broad convex bases that are wider than the blade.

Stemmed Points (n=23) have reduced lateral edges at the base of the point creating a segment narrower than the body. Fifteen percent of classifiable projectile points fit this category. Five of the types described by Connolly at the Standley Site were identified in the Stratton Creek sample.

ST-1 (n=3) are described by Connolly as broad-necked expanding stem points with barbs (see

Figure 5-12).

ST-2 points (n=4) have broad-necks with an expanding stem but straight shoulders (see Figure 5-

12). The bases are usually straight or slightly convex. Specimens from 35JO21 exhibit only slight expansion of the stem.

ST-3 points (n=2) also have broad necks and expanding stems but their distal shoulder angle is

≥180˚ (see Figure 5-12).

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Figure 5-12. Side Notched and Stemmed Projectile Points. Left to right, top - SN-2: 551. SN-4: 879, 723. ST-1: 1080, 1294, 430. Bottom – ST-2: 1288, 423. ST-3: 425, 1614.

ST-4 types have broad necks, straight shoulders, and contracting stems. Connolly differentiated

ST-4 types by the shape of their base (Figure 5-13). ST-4b (n=8) points are broad-necked and straight-shouldered with straight “bucket” shaped bases. Four specimen have square bases due to the remnant platform. Three have pointed shoulders as a result of retouching along the blade. One artifact, #1596, has a very wide neck (17.5 mm) is very thick (10.2 mm) and lacks basal thinning.

ST-4c points (n=6) are broad-necked and straight shouldered with a narrow, U-shaped base

(Connolly 1991:61). Three of the specimens—#1108, #1476, and #1125—are finely made, exhibiting parallel pressure flaking and tiny, downward pointing barbs on the ends of the shoulders (see Figure

5-13).

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This form has been identified at the Gold Hill site (Nisbet 1981:55), at Fish Lake where they are called Broad-Neck Contracting Stem (Gray 1993:9), and in the Applegate Valley as 01-03D (Brauner

1983).

Figure 5-13. Stemmed Projectile Points. Left to right, top – ST-4b: 1428, 1244, 1470, 1316, 1192, 1596. Bottom – ST-4c: 1108, 1847, 838, 783, 1377. ST-4b: 1403.

Broad-Necked: Barbed (n=6) are distinctive points that do not fit the earlier categories. I created this category to represent them in the assemblage. They are points with an asymmetry characterized by a barb on one side and a contracting stem with a curved or bucket base that is lop- sided (Figure 5-14). Four of the six examples are serrated, and another, #1582 appears to have once been serrated.

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Figure 5-14. Broad Necked-Barbed Projectile Points. Left to right, top – 1623, 1700, 1758. Bottom – 1582, 1665, 1581, 1361.

Flake Tools (n=356)

The category Flake Tool includes tools that retain much of their original flake attributes with evidence of use-wear and/or edge modification. The degree of modification forms a continuum, but generally all of these artifacts, whether extensively or minimally altered could have been used for a range of activities including cutting, shaving, and scraping. The flake tool category represents 36% of the sample of lithic tools from 35JO21. They are made from flakes of CCS (84%), obsidian (9%), CVR

(6%), metasedimentary rock (1%), and quartz (>1%). The sample includes items that have been worked on the distal ends, sides and on all margins. I have sorted utilized flakes, which show little evidence of deliberate modification, into their own category. I also separated a distinct

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technological type, the cobble spall, into its own category. Thirty-nine percent (n=111) of the flake tools were fragments retaining too few attributes to classify.

For flake tools that exhibited more extensive modification than that caused purely by use

(n=286) and that were not cobble spalls, I chose to examine the working edge angle because it represents a level of effort and deliberate choice and may reflect specific functions. Thick-bit

(n=130) items have a working edge that has an angle of 45 or more degrees. Thin-bit (n=12) items have a working edge that has an angle of less than 45˚. The working edge on a thick-bit scraper is robust and would have been suitable for scraping and shaving hard surfaces such as wood or bone.

Thin-bit scrapers could be used in scraping soft material such as hides, stripping plant fibers, or pealing the skins from bulbs and nuts. Twenty-five of the flake tools had irregular finishes with varying angles present on a single edge.

Within the above technological divisions I noted a specific morphological style of flake tool- the teardrop scrapers. Teardrop scrapers (n=89) are extensively modified flake tools with thick bits on the distal margin of the original flake. The sides of the tool taper down to a narrow wedge or point at the proximal end of the flake. This type of shape may have facilitated hafting (Connolly 1991). A point or spur appears on one or both sides of the working margin in 53% of the teardrop scrapers

(Figure 5-15). This spur may have served as a pick or gouge or may be the result of refreshing the scraper bit while it is hafted (Andrefsky 1998:35). The spurred scraper co-occurs with the un-spurred in the deposits at 35JO21, indicating the spur is a variant of the teardrop shape.

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Figure 5-15. Examples of Beaked and Teardrop-shaped scrapers. Left to right, top – Beaked: 238, 412, 1252, 59, 1041, 411. Bottom - Teardrop-shaped: 1189, 495, 985, 1076, 48, 1170.

Cobble Spalls (n=8)

Cobble Spall tools are very large, round, cortical flakes taken off stream-worn cobbles and secondarily modified through retouch or use (Figure 5-16). Spalls have flat to slightly convex ventral surfaces, and often display use-wear on margins and ventral areas. One of the cobble spall tools is made of CCS and the remaining eight are removed from CVR cobbles.

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Figure 5-16. Cobble Spall tools. Left to right, top – 1760, 1885, 1669. Middle – 917, 1666. Bottom – 1803, 1577.

Utilized Flakes (n=70)

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Utilized flakes consist of stone flakes or core fragments that show light flaking or crushing along any edge. These expedient tools were used as knifes, scrapers, or gravers following their initial creation without further deliberate modification. These artifacts are often ambiguous as light flaking or crushing can be caused by post depositional processes. The majority are on CCS flakes (80%) with the remaining on obsidian (13%) and CVR flakes (7%). They constitute 20% of the total flake tools identified.

COBBLE ARTIFACTS (N=177)

Cobble artifacts are usually heavy tools made of a cobble or pebble. These tools are important in stone tool manufacture, hard and soft food processing, pigment processing, wood working and even fishing. I have organized them first by morphology and then by function (Table 5-6). All of these types are found widely in the region. As stated earlier, the people of southwestern Oregon seemed to have no prohibition against using a single cobble for multiple tasks. Combination cobble tools are discussed separately.

Table 5-6. Cobble Artifact Totals by Component. Artifact Plow Zone II Ib Ia Total Cobble Artifact 9 39 71 57 177 Cobble Tool Hammer 2 2 5 3 12 Mano 1 1 3 5 Pestle 4 4 Metate 2 2 Net Weight 2 2 Pebble Tool 2 2 4 8 Total 3 9 11 10 33 Core-Cobble Tool Chopper 1 7 8 16 Miscellaneous 1 2 3 Wedge 1 1 Total 1 4 7 8 20 Combination Cobble Tool Anvil, Hammer 2 2 2 6

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Artifact Plow Zone II Ib Ia Total

Anvil, Hammer, Mano 3 9 4 16 Anvil, Hammer, Mano, Pestle 1 1 Hammer, Mano 2 8 8 8 27 Mano, Pestle 1 1 2 Chopper, Hammer 1 1 Chopper, Mano 1 1 Total 2 14 22 15 54 Core Total 3 12 31 24 70

Cores (n=70)

Cores are cobbles with little or no evidence of having been used for anything other than producing flakes with which to make other tools from. The original cortical surface of the cobble is only occasionally evident. The cores at 35JO21 vary in degree of use, from cobbles that were flaked once or twice in an effort to assess the raw material suitability for tool manufacture to fragments that have had the potential for the creation of useful flakes exhausted through extensive reduction.

The assemblage contains 70 cores: 80% of CCS, 13% of CVR, and 7% of obsidian. The predominance of CCS cores is not surprising and is in keeping with the material type ratios observed in the debitage as will be discussed later in the section. Cobbles of CCS can be found in the gravel bars along the river and in exposed rock outcrops within the Rogue River Canyon. The same is true for cobbles of CVR. Many of the CCS and CVR cobbles are only partially utilized and retain substantial amounts of cortex. The nearest known source of obsidian is roughly 120 miles away making it an imported tool stone and of high value. It would have been transported to the site as prepared cores or finished tools and then used or reused to the maximum extent. The obsidian cores at 35JO21 are small and exhausted. Specimen #1186 retains bipolar reduction scars.

Heat treating of CCS raw tool stone material has been observed to varying degrees throughout southwestern Oregon (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:106). Heat treating improves the workability of CCS 131

material and gives it a waxy luster. Certain types of CCS found in southwestern Oregon -- especially those that are tan, yellow or pale green – turn red when exposed to even small amounts of fire

(Mark Tveskov, personal communication). Many of the cores at 35JO21 have been altered by heat resulting in a red rind of varying thicknesses. Debitage and a number of the CCS tools collected from the site also show signs of heat alteration and color change. That the alterations are caused intentionally by the creator of the tool or core is obvious in some specimens yet ambiguous in others. Natural fires and accidental exposure to flame is likely responsible for a portion of the heat caused fracturing and potlidding observed on a number of lithic artifacts in the sample.

Core-Cobble Tools (n=20)

Core-cobble tools are cobbles that have had large flakes removed from them in the process of shaping to create an edge. The large flakes produced could have easily served as tools themselves.

These objects may have fulfilled more than one function for the inhabitants by providing flakes and also a heavy edged tool. The majority of Core-cobble tools are manufactured from CVR river cobbles (n=14, 70%) and the rest are of CCS (n=6, 30%).

Two notable types were observed within this category: chopper and wedge. A chopper is a cobble that has been flaked in order to create a robust edge useful in high-force chopping or crushing actions employed during woodworking or butchering of large animals (Figure 5-17). Sixteen choppers were identified in the sample. A wedge is a long or oblong cobble tool used in woodworking that has been flaked to create a beveled tip at one end. They often exhibit battering at the opposite end where a billet was used to drive in the wedge. One wedge was identified in the sample. The remaining three core-cobble tools were amorphous and not very developed. They may have been used as expedient choppers.

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Figure 5-17. Wedge and examples of chopper tools. Left to right, top – Wedge: 799. Chopper Tool: 1823. Bottom – Chopper Tools: 1758, 1576.

Non-flaked Cobble Tools (n=33)

Cobble tools that were not intentionally flaked are often heavy, rounded river cobbles minimally altered by purposeful remodeling. The primary modification to these tools is in the form of pecking, battering, and grinding. I have divided this class into seven functional categories: hammer, anvil,

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pestle, mano, metate, pebble scraper, and net weight. The majority of cobble tools in the 35JO21 assemblage were used for multiple tasks. I will discuss the single-purpose tools first and then the multi-purpose tools.

A hammer (n=12) is a cobble or pebble used in a pounding motion to crack open nuts or marrow bones, crush up pigment nodules, manufacture chipped stone tools, or to drive other objects such as stakes or wedges. These artifacts are rounded or elongated stones that are pitted and fractured as a result of impact. This damage was observed in several places on the cobbles: on the end, around the perimeter, or slightly inset from the edge of the stone (Figure 5-18). Some hammers were subjected to enough force that flakes were removed from their surfaces. One hammer was made of a while quartz cobble, the remaining were of CVR.

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Figure 5-18. Examples of types of battering on cobbles. Left to right, top – end battering: 1200. Off-end battering: 816. Bottom – margin battering: 1483. Central/anvil battering: 1544.

Pestles (n=4) are large long cobbles that have been used to pulverize or grind foods such as acorns or dried meat, or to process pigments. They exhibit various degrees of damage on a single working end, including pitting, flaking, and striations. All of the pestles from 35JO21 are on CVR cobbles.

Specimen #564 has a distal end that has been pecked into a conical shape (Figures 5-19 and 5-

20). Two artifacts retain stains on their working ends from the pigments they were used to process.

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Figure 5-19. Cobble tools used as Pestles. Left to right, top – 1481, 1330. Bottom – 564, 565, 753.

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Figure 5-20. Pestle – 506.

Manos (n=5) are round or oblong cobbles held in the hand and used to grind food stuffs or pigments against a base. The rubbing action generates a smooth surface or facet on the margins or on the planar surface of the cobble. Three specimen are on CVR cobbles and two are on quartzite cobbles.

A metate (n=2) is a large flat cobble or boulder that is used in conjunction with a mano. It provides the hard base necessary to grind tarweed seeds, acorns, dried camas, or other food items into flour. The abrasive action of grinding generates a wide polished surface on the metate. Two fragments originating from a large CVR cobble were identified (Figure 5-21).

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Figure 5-21. Example of a metate fragment: 1088.

The net weights (n=2) at 35JO21 consist of oval, relatively flat cobbles of CVR that have had notches flaked into opposing margins. The notching allows the cobble to be secured with cordage to the bottom edge of nets. One is complete and one is fragmented. The complete specimen, #1042, exhibits flakes on opposing margins, one flake removed from an end and edge dulling around the margins. It weighs 80.8 grams (g). Specimen #1435 is a fragment of a larger sinker, weighing 164.3 g and exhibiting battering as well as flakes taken from opposing edges (Figure 5-22). Weights similar to these have been identified in other Rogue basin archaeological sites including Limpy Creek

(O’Neill 2007), Marthaller (Steele 1984), and Ritsch (Wilson 1979). They are common in water oriented late Holocene sites in Oregon and California.

Pebble tools (n=8) are formed on small, relatively flat, round or oblong pebbles of CCS or CVR.

The pebbles are unifacially or bifacially percussion flaked around most or all of their margin (see

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Figure 5-22). Edge crushing and unifacial microflaking on the flaked edge indicates these tools were used for cutting and scraping.

Figure 5-22. Pebble tools and net weights. Left to right, top – Pebble tools: 1757, 1606, 1716. Middle – Pebble tools: 1613, 1705, 1754. Bottom – Net weights: 1435, 1042.

Combination Cobble Tools (n=54)

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Fifty percent of non-core cobble tools at 35JO21 exhibited ware indicating they had been used in more than one of the ways described above. Many of these tools retained stains from processing pigments. The following combinations were observed:

Hammer/Mano Tools (n=27) are cobbles of CVR used for both grinding and pounding or striking were the most common combination tool. Thirteen or 48% of these retained red and/or black stains from the processing of pigments.

Hammer/Chopper Tool (n=1). Only one cobble of CVR was noted to have been used for chopping and hammering. Hammering marks were visible along the unflaked edge.

Chopper/Mano (n=1). Only one cobble of CVR was noted to have been used for chopping and grinding. One unflaked edge and a planar surface of the cobble are faceted as a result of grinding.

Mano/Pestle (n=2). Two CVR cobbles had been used for both grinding and pounding. Specimen

#753 has a flake scar at the pounding end that likely was created during use. It also displays battering marks on one long margin. Specimen #1330 is only battered on one end. Both have planar surface polish resulting from grinding (see Figure 5-19).

An anvil is a cobble tool used as a base for hammering activities such as nut cracking or bipolar percussion flaking during chipped stone tool manufacture. Somewhat flattened round or oval cobbles were preferred as they provide stability. The damage resulting from use appears as concentrated pecking or a formed pit on one or both of the relatively flat sides. All of the anvil stones from the sample had also been used for other tasks.

Anvil/Hammer (n=6). Six cobbles, all of CVR, had been used for both striking and as a striking platform. One specimen retained red stains from the processing of pigment.

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Anvil/Hammer/Mano (n=16). This was the second most common combination tool with two made of quartzite and the remaining 14 of CVR. Ten or 62% of these retained red and/or black stains from the processing of pigments.

Anvil/Hammer/Mano/Pestle (n=1). One cobble of CVR, specimen #1481 had been used for all four actions of striking, grinding, pounding, and providing a striking platform. It also retained red stains from pigment processing (see Figure 5-19).

OTHER ARTIFACTS (N=12)

This final category includes artifacts that do not seem to have played a role in subsistence or industry or whose purpose is not readily apparent. It includes perforated stone, stone balls and discs, and incised stone (Table 5-7).

Table 5-7. Other Artifact Totals by Component. Artifact Plow Zone II Ib Ia Total Other Artifact Incised Stone Total 1 5 6 Miscellaneous Stone Stone Ball 2 2 Stone Disc 1 1 2 Perforated Stone 1 1 2 Total 3 2 1 1 6

Four small unshaped CVR balls and discs were collected from the main block (Figure 5-23). One is a ball with a diameter of approximately 23 mm. The other three are discs, two with a diameter of

23.5 mm and one with a diameter of ~16 mm. The function of these objects is unclear. The ball does not show signs of being heated, making it unlikely to have served as a boiling stone. The discs are also unmodified. They may have functioned as gaming pieces.

Two small perforated stone objects were noted in the sample (see Figure 5-23). Item #1221 is a thin (1.8 mm) rough, straight-sided flake of CVR with a small hole in it. Artifact #1534 is a small disc

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of laminated orange lithic material with a 2.1 mm hole in the center. The mineral characteristics of this lithic material are mysterious. It may be a hard mineral rich in iron oxide or perhaps a piece of cinnabar. Deposits of cinnabar are found throughout the Rogue and Umpqua basins. These objects may have been suspended as decorative items.

Figure 5-23. Perforated stone artifacts, stone ball, and stone discs. Left to right, top – Perforated stone artifacts: 1534, 1221. Stone ball: 116. Bottom – Stone discs: 170, 308, 143.

The incised artifacts (n=6) of 35JO21 consist of flat pieces of metasedimentary stone (shale and slate) that have been intentionally grooved to create a pattern of lines. I provide a detailed discussion of these artifacts in a later section, as they are very rare objects in southwestern Oregon archaeological contexts and have not been addressed by other researchers.

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Biotic Remains

Floral and faunal remains were collected in situ and from screens during the 1992 excavation, but were not discussed at all in the 1994 report. The soils of the region are not conducive to the preservation of organic material so it was not surprising that the final collection was small. More than 1,100 pieces of terrestrial animal remains, two fish bones, 64 fragments of freshwater bivalves, one terrestrial gastropod shell, and one botanical remain were collected (Table 5-8).

Table 5-8. Biotic Remains by Excavation Unit. Mammal Antler Fish Vertebra Bivalve Shell Gastropod Botanical Unit No. *g No. g No. g No. g No. g No. g N100/E104 125 23.15 1 0.19 3 0.66 N100/E106 41 7.58 N100/E108 16 5.25 1 0.41 N100/E110 25 8.87 N100/E122 5 2.70 13 2.90 N104/E112 29 4.63 N106/E102 120 42.73 1 0.29 N88/E98 34 15.83 1 1.26 N90/E106 168 71.36 1 0.10 1 0.12 N96/E98 25 7.81 N97/E108 8 43.74 N97/E110 38 29.99 N98/E104 29 21.10 N98/E106 38 3.98 N98/E108 62 24.05 N98/E110 81 45.40 1 6.80 N98/E118 248 125.78 46 8.98 Test Pit C 11 9.35 Total 1103 493.30 1 6.80 2 0.48 64 14.21 1 0.10 1 0.12 *g = grams

Because the collection was so small, I examined items from the entire 1992 data recovery, not just those from the main excavation block. I did not examine one sample, SB106, or quantify the contents because it consists of a shoebox full of soil and bones collected in situ at 97 cmbs from unit

N90/E106. It should be studied as a soil and botanical sample as well as a faunal sample. I attempted

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to identify the faunal remains to species utilizing the comparative collection and reference library at the WWU Archaeology Laboratory.

A total of 1,103 pieces of mammal bone were identified. Of these, eight were small rodent remains that likely were not anthropogenic in origin. The bulk of bone pieces were highly fragmented and not identifiable beyond family. Fifty-eight percent showed signs of heat alteration including whitening and blue or gray/black discoloration. Twenty-two items were identifiable to the order Artiodactyla; these include four astragalus (one left, one right, and two unknown), a left calcaneus, one metapodial in fragments, and one whole and 15 tooth fragments. They are most likely the remains of Odocoileus sp. One whole molar, a mandibular M2, and two large canine roots appear to belong to Ursus sp. Both came from the upper 40 cm of unit N98/E110.

Aquatic species are represented by two salmonid vertebrae and 64 fragments of freshwater mussel shell (Margaritifera sp. or Anodonta sp.).

The distribution of these biotic remains suggests mammals have been processed at 35JO21 throughout its depositional history (Table 5-9). The deepest bone fragments were located in unit

N100/E108 at a depth of 227-247 cmbs. The first identifiable remains consist of an Artiodactyla astragalus, a left calcaneus, and long bone fragments at 81-91 cmbs in Component Ib of unit

N98/E104. Both fish bones and the antler fragment were located at the transition from Component

Ib to II in two different units. The deepest shell fragments were identified in unit N98/E118 at 36-56 cmbs in Component II. The terrestrial gastropod shell and dried berry were collected from the plow zone and were likely deposited by non-human forces.

Table 5-9. Biotic Remains by Component. Component Plow Zone II I Total No. 235 532 309 1076 Mammal Grams 182.59 220.93 69.36 472.88 No. 1 1 Antler Grams 6.08 6.08 144

No. 2 2 Fish Vertebrae Grams 0.48 0.48 No. 30 19 49 Bivalve Shell Grams 6.71 3.21 9.92 No. 1 1 Gastropod Grams 0.1 0.1 No. 1 1 Botanical Grams 0.12 0.12 Total No. 268 554 309 1131 Total Grams 190.78 230.7 69.36 490.84

Colored Mineral Earth

Pieces of colored mineral earth were collected in lots by level from most units during the 1992 data recovery (Table 5-10). I focused on the presence or absence of these materials and did not carry out extensive analysis. Generally, mineral earth pieces range in size from small pea gravel to large pebble.

The color of mineral earth fragments range from light yellow to bright orange and red and likely served as raw material for pigments. The nodules may be the result of natural on-site soil development process or may have been intentionally brought in. Either way, the staining observed as residue on the cobble tools suggests they were put to use as components of pigments.

Table 5-10. Total Pieces of Mineral Earth Identified in Test Units at 35JO21. Component Unit I Ia Ib II Plow Zone Total N100/E104 7 4 4 3 18 N100/E106 11 8 1 1 21 N100/E108 10 3 4 17 N100/E110 3 2 2 2 9 N104/E112 5 5 N106/E102 1 1 2 N88/E98 3 2 5 N90/E106 9 2 11 N96/E98 7 6 1 14 N98/E104 5 5 4 1 15 N98/E106 7 3 2 12 N98/E108 6 3 2 2 13

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Component Unit I Ia Ib II Plow Zone Total N98/E110 1 6 2 9 N98/E118 7 1 2 11 Total 17 49 29 49 17 162

Of the cobble and core-cobble tools (n=107), 26% (n=28) showed signs of having been used for pigment processing (Table 5-11). Red and or black stains were observed ground into margins.

Twenty-one percent (n=7) of the non-core cobble tools in pre-Mazama Component Ia were used to process red pigments. Thirty-seven percent (n=15) of non-core cobble tools in Component Ib were used to process red and black pigments. The number of pigment processing tools in Component II drops to 15%, and increases in the Plow Zone to 29%. Pigment processing, especially red, was taking place at 35JO21 throughout most of its occupation although more so early on. The timing is difficult to estimate, but 76% of the stained cobbles are found in or above matrix containing pumice.

Table 5-11. Distribution of Cobble Tools with Pigment Stain by Component. Component Red Black Red and Black Total % No. % No. % N % PZ 0 0 2 100 0 0 2 7% II 2 50 0 0 2 50 4 14% Ib 10 67 1 7 4 27 15 54% Ia 7 100 0 0 0 0 7 25% Total 19 68 3 11 6 21 28

Incised Stone Artifacts

Intentionally incising stone, wood, ceramic and bone is a world-wide and ancient human practice. The timing and choices of design elements and technical execution vary, allowing for the recognition of spatiotemporal trends. Stone incising in southwestern Oregon takes the form of organized and unorganized markings on sedimentary, metasedimentary and igneous material.

The assemblage from 35JO21 included six incised sedimentary or metasedimentary objects, some shaped and elaborately decorated, limited to Components Ia and Ib. Only two excavated sites

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within southwestern Oregon contain artifacts similar in form and design to those found at Stratton

Creek. Interestingly, extensive collections of similar artifacts have been identified in California and the Great Basin (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989; Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Connolly et al.1994; Hurd

1992; Lee 1997; Thomas et al. 1983). In this section I describe the artifacts and consider the relative chronology, design elements, and possible significance of the 35JO21 objects in relation to the research done in other regions.

Kelly McGuire (1989) examined the very large assemblage (n=1,560) of incised stones found at a series of sites in the Upper Sacramento River Canyon. These items are indistinguishable in morphology, technology, and style to those found at Stratton Creek. McGuire applied a ceramic design analogy in his analysis of the collection as it suited the fractured nature of the assemblage.

He categorized the items by the attributes presented in Table 5-12.

Table 5-12. Classification Scheme Attributes Applied to Upper Sacramento River Canyon Incised Stone Artifacts (from McGuire 1989). Stylistic Design Groups Parallel/Band, Crosshatch, Chevron, Zonal Irregular, Striation, Pit Primary Design Unit First incision Secondary Design Unit Incision delimited by primary incision Secondary Design Sub-unit Delimited by secondary incision Number of Faces Unifacial, Bifacial Layout Complexity Simple/Complex: presence/absence of simple or complex design units Single/Multiple: number of primary design units Morphological Material Metrics Technological Margin Shaping No margin observed No modification observed on margin Object Shaping Flaking, Grinding, Flaking and grinding, Notching, Grinding and notching, Flaking and notching, Drilling, Battering

I found McGuire operationalized his analysis in a very accessible way. The application of his system to the 35JO21 incised artifacts resulted in following categorization: two artifacts have a complex design with multiple attributes, one has a complex design with a single attribute, and three

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have simple designs with simple attributes. All of the items were incised on one side only and all design elements appear to have been applied at one time. Half of the artifacts were extensively prepared and half appear to have been minimally or not at all modified.

Artifact #1797 is the largest and most complex of the incised items (Table 5-13). It was found in five pieces in situ in the southwest quadrant of unit 100N/108E at 175 cmbs. The fragments, when reassembled, appear to represent roughly 75% of the shale object. The raw material was flaked into a large teardrop-shaped plate and then rough ground to refine the overall thickness. The margins and one face were then fine ground. The incisions were made on the prepared face with apparently a complete design in mind; I could not identify elements of the primary design that had been created at a later time or with a different tool. There are some weathered grooves in the bottom center in a blank area of the design. They are not apparently organized and are overwritten by the primary design. These may be remnants of the original rough grinding that were not completely erased during the face preparation process. The narrow end of the artifact is broken off. It is possible that the end was notched allowing the item to be suspended. Remnants of red pigment are visible on the back of the artifact.

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Table 5-13. Attributes for Incised Artifact N100/E108 L17-1797 a-e.

STYLISTIC ATTRIBUTES of N100/E108 L17-1797 a-e

Primary Design Unit: Secondary Design Unit: Secondary Design Sub-Unit: Parallel/Banded 1.1 & 1.4 Parallel/Banded 1.4 & 1.6 Parallel/Banded 1.4 Layout Complexity: Complex Design/Multiple Attributes Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Material: siltstone/shale Metrics (mm): Fragments 80 x 49.4 x 5.5, 19.07g MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES

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Modification: Back-flaked and ground. Edges- Ocher staining ground smooth. Front-ground smooth

Artifact #1006 is a fragment of light gray shale with closely spaced incising (Table 5-14) found in unit 100N/104E at between 106 and 116 cmbs. This piece was the most shallow and the only incised artifact within a mixture of Components I and II containing Mazama pumice. The original material was flaked into a thin tablet and then ground on one face and around the margins. The lines radiate out from central defining lines, changing angles at least three times. The artifact is too fragmented to get an impression of whether it was modified for suspension.

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Table 5-14. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E104 L11-1006.

Primary Design Unit: Secondary Design Unit: Secondary Design Sub-Unit: Parallel/Banded 1.1 Parallel/Banded 1.6 Parallel/Banded 1.4 Layout Complexity: Complex Design/Multiple Attributes Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES

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Material: siltstone/shale Metrics (mm): Fragment 25.7 x17 x 2.8, 1.57 g Modification: Back- flaked. Edges- ground smooth. Front- ground smooth.

Table 5-15 provides information for artifact #1848. This item appears to have been originally teardrop-shaped, though the narrow end is missing. It was also flaked and ground to provide a smooth incising surface. The design consists of a series of cross-hatch filled chevrons along the sides of the stone. It was located in the southwest quadrant of unit 100N/106E at between 197 and 217 cmbs.

Table 5-15. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E106 L20-1848.

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Primary Design Unit: Chevrons 3.3 Secondary Design Unit: Crosshatch 2.5 Layout Complexity: Complex Design/Single Attribute Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Material: siltstone/shale Metrics (mm): Fragment 24.2 x 21.2 x 2.8, 1.47 g Modification: Back- flaked. Edges- ground smooth. Front- ground smooth.

Artifact #1898 does not appear to have been ground before incising, though its fragmentation may have removed evidence of such (Table 5-16). The design consists of straight and parallel across the entire remaining surface of the object. Artifact #1898 was the deepest incised item, located in the northwest corner of unit 98N/106E at roughly 236 to 240 cmbs.

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Table 5-16. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N98/E106 L21-1898.

Primary Design Unit: Parallel/Banded 1.5 Layout Complexity: Simple Design/Single Attribute Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Material: slate Metrics (mm): Fragment 34.4 x 25 x 3.5, 4.35 g Modification: no margin

Artifact #1798 is only slightly more complex, with two sets of straight parallel lines at angles to each other (Table 5-17). It is in three fragments and does not appear to have been prepared in a specific way. The tool used to make the grooves had a split bit that created double lines as it was drawn across the surface of the stone. It was found in situ in the southwest corner of unit

100N/106E at 193 cmbs.

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Table 5-17. Stylistic Attributes of Incised Artifact N100/E106 L19-1798 a-c.

Primary Design Unit: Parallel/Banded 1.8 Layout Complexity: Simple Design/Single Attribute Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Material: slate Metrics (mm): Fragments 33.8 x 25.8 x 2.7, 4.08 g Modification: no margin

The last incised shale item, #1882, is the only complete piece (Table 5-18). The material does not appear to have been modified at all. The design consists of a series of expedient curvilinear grooves creating a large oval and a set of waves. Its freestyle design makes it unique among the incised artifacts. It was recovered from deep in the northern half of unit 98N/108E at 219 to 239 cmbs.

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Table 5-18. Attributes for Incised Artifact N99/E108 L20-1882.

Primary Design Unit: Parallel/Banded 1.9 Layout Complexity: Simple Design/Single Attribute Number of Faces: 1 TECHNOLOGICAL & MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Material: slate Metrics (mm): Complete 73.1 x 39 x 5.5, 22.86 g Modification: no modification

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Artifact Discussion

Artifacts similar to those identified in the 35JO21 assemblage are found at sites throughout

Oregon and northern California. They have been identified in the lower Rogue at the Marial site

(Griffin 1983; Schriendorfer 1987) and Tlegetlinten (Tisdale 1986); The Applegate watershed at

35JA42, 35JA47 and 35JA49 (Brauner 1983; Brauner and MacDonald 1983; Nisbet 1981); the middle

Rogue River at Limpy Creek (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007), Risch (Wilson 1979), Marthaller (Steele

1984), Gold Hill (Cressman 1933) and Trail sites (Connolly et al. 1994); and in the upper Rogue watershed (Bowden et al. 2009, 2010; Davis 1968, 1970, 1974; LaLand 1996; Nilsson and Kelly 1991;

Pettigrew and Lebow 1987; Tveskov and Cohen 2006). The similarity extends to early lithic sites on the Oregon coast such as Indian Sands (Moss and Erlandson 1995) and Blacklock Point (Minor 1993).

Morphologically similar assemblages are also found to the north and south of the Rogue River in the

Coquille and Umpqua watersheds (Bowden et al. 2009, 2010; Connolly 1991; Tveskov 2004,) and in northwestern California (Baumhoff 1985; Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Jones and Klar 2007; Justice

2002). Sites along the Klamath River (Leonhardy 1961; Mack 1983), the Trinity and upper

Sacramento Rivers (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989; Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Hildebrandt and

Darcangelo 2008; Sundahl 1992a; Treganza 1958) share many tool forms with 35JO21.

Projectile Points

I compared the projectile point styles I identified at 35JO21 to those defined and given date ranges at other sites in the region in an effort to understand how my discoveries about the chronology at 35JO21 fit with regional chronological sequences based on tool serration.

The Concave Base fragment and the Broad-necked: Barbed are the oldest projectile point styles identified at 35JO21 (Table 5-19). The concave base fragment (#1878) was located no more than two meters from the organic sample located at 205 cmbs that returned a conventional 14C date of 9610 ±

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60 ya B.P. Based on its placement, the Basal Indentation/Basal Width ratio (0.13), and the lack of clear fluting scars, it is likely the fragment falls within the western fluted tradition. The fragment could also have originated on a Windust point (Beck and Jones 2010:99). Reliable dates for western fluted forms are as early as 10,320±50 rcy B.P. from the Sunshine Locality in eastern Nevada (Beck and Jones 2010). The Broad-necked: Barbed points do not have a clear parallel in the assemblages I examined leading me to suggest a date range based on their stratigraphic position and spatial relationship to the other chronological indicatiors.

Table 5-19. Projectile Point Type and Date Ranges. Biface Type Component Comparable Type and Date Range Reference Broad neck: Ia *11,000 to 7,700 ya barbed Concave Ia Western Stemmed/Fluted Beck and Jones 2010 Base Tradition: ca. 11,000 ya LS-1 Ia & b Leafshaped C, D, E, and F: 9,000 to Schreindorfer 1984:139-136 4,000 ya 01-06A, B and F: 6,000 to 4,000 ya Nisbet 1981:89 Excelsior: 3,000 ya Fredrickson 1973; Baumhoff 1985:178 Type 6: 5,000 to 2,000 ya Baumhoff 1985:179 LS-2 Ia & b, II *11,000 ya to Contact LS-4 Ia & b, II *11,000 ya to Contact LS Ia & b, II *11,000 ya to Contact ST-4b Ia & b Houx Square-Stemmed: 5,000 to Baumhoff 1985:181 3,000 ya ST-4c Ia & b Houx Contracting Stem, Squaw Baumhoff 1985:180; Basgall Creek Contracting Stem Series- and Hildebrandt 1989:121-182 shouldered: 5,000 to 3,000 ya ST-2 Ia & b Stemmed/Shouldered A: 4,500 ya Schreindorfer 1987:132 ST-1 Ib 01-04D: 4,000-2,000 ya Nisbet 1981:43 ST-3 Ib *7,700 to 4,000 ya SN-2 Ib *7,700 to 4,000 ya McKee Ib, II 5,000 to 3,000 ya Hildebrandt and Darcangelo 2008 5,300 to 2,700 ya Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989 5,500 to 3,500 ya Henn 1986

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Biface Type Component Comparable Type and Date Range Reference Coquille Ia & b, II Middle Holocene to Late Holocene O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:98 Broad-neck Rabbit Island Stemmed: 4,000 to Moratto et al. 1995:1-35 1,500 ya Pollard Diamond: 5,300 to 2,700 ya Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989:121-182 SN-4 II Martis Side-Notched: 4,500 to 1,500 Ritter 1972; Farber 1980:16 ya Elk Creek Ib, II Narrow-necked: 1,700 ya to Contact Beckham et al. 1981; Pettigrew Square 1981; Dumond and Minor Barbed 1983; Thomas 1981; Wilson 1979; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007; Connolly 1991; O’Neill 1989; Baxter 1986; Baxter and Connolly 1985; Connolly 1994; Gray 1998) Rogue River Ib, II Narrow-necked: 1,700 ya to Contact Baumhoff 1985; Mack 1983; Barbed Gunther Series, Rosegate: 2,000 ya Basgall and Hildebrandt to Contact 1989:121-182; Treganza 1958; Connolly 1994; Wingard 2001:60 * proposed date range based on findings at 35JO21.

LS-1 stemless projectile points are found in a number of sites in southwestern Oregon.

Leafshaped C, D, E, and F points from Marial fit into this category ( Schreindorfer 1984:139-136).

Schreindorfer estimated their collective date range to be roughly between 4,000 and 9,000 ya

(Schreindorfer 1984:48). Likewise, categories 01-06A, B and F from Applegate Valley fall into this style (Nisbet 1981:89). Nisbet’s research indicated this large serrated form does not seem to appear east of the Cascades and estimated its age range to 4,000 to 6,000 years (1981:71). Fredrickson

(1973) named this style Excelsior and suggested it is as much as 3,000 years old in the North Coast

Range (Baumhoff 1985:178). Baumhoff notes the distribution of this style extending south of Clear

Lake and being rare in the north (1985:177). Clewett’s Type 6 from Squaw Creek fits the Excelsior style but is older, dating roughly between 3,000 B.C. to A.D. 1 (Baumhoff 1985:179). The distribution through components seen by the remaining LS types (Table 5-20) is in keeping with the kind of

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conservatism over a long period of time suggested by Connolly’s as part of his Glade Tradition

(1994).

David Brauner found the barbed shoulder variety like ST-1 at 35JA53 in the Applegate Valley calling it 01-04D (Brauner 1978:93). Nisbet found they were associated with smaller lanceolet forms and attributed an age range of 2,000-4,000 years old (1981:43). ST-2 artifact #1288 fits the criteria for the Stemmed/Shouldered A category at Mariel (Schreindorfer 1987:132). Component 2, dated to around 4,500 B.P., was dominated by this form (Schreindorfer 1987:93). One of the points (#1849) fit the Corner Notch-C style at Mariel (Schreindorfer 1987:131). One ST-4b projectile point, #1596, has characteristics matching the type called Houx Square-Stemmed described by Baumhoff for the

North Coast Range of California (1985:180). He gives the type an age range of 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.

(Baumhoff 1985:181). In northern California ST-4c matches exactly the style called Houx Contracting

Stem (Baumhoff 1985:180) or Squaw Creek Contracting Stem Series-shouldered (Basgall and

Hildebrandt 1989:121-182) and dates to between 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.

Archaeologists in California have identified McKee Series tools as a valid temporal diagnostic type based on numerous dated sites (Baumhoff 1985). Hildebrandt and Darcangelo (2008) have most recently placed it in the Squaw Creek Pattern (5,000-3,000 B.P.) of the Upper Sacramento River

Region. McKee Series tools were dated to the Pollard Flat Phase (5,300-2,700 B.P.) at sites in the

Upper Sacramento River Canyon (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989). Henn argued that the type is a projectile point and gave it time range of 5,500 to 3,500 B.P. (Henn 1986). I propose that their distinct morphology and well-documented temporal and spatial presence make them a valuable diagnostic type for southwestern Oregon as well.

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Table 5-20. Summary of 35JO21 Classifiable Projectile Points by Excavated Volume and by Component.

2 4 1 2 3 4b 4c 1 2 4 ------

Component - - - 3 n (%) /m Broad neck: barbed Concave Base ST ST ST ST ST SN SN LS LS LS LS McKee SeriesCoquille Elk Creek Square Barbed Rogue River Barbed Total .55 .66 .22 .11 .11 .11 1.76 Plow Zone (31) (37) (12) (6) (6) (6) (17) .15 .68 .90 .15 .30 .53 .07 .45 3.23 II (5) (21) (.28) (5) (9) (16) (2) (14) (30) .20 .13 .13 .20 .20 .06 .67 .67 .67 .47 .20 .20 .06 .06 3.92 Ib (5) (3) (3) (5) (5) (1) (17) (17) (17) (12) (5) (5) (1) (1) (37) .33 .05 .11 .27 .16 .11 .16 .16 .27 .05 1.67 Ia (20) (3) (6) (16) (9) (6) (9) (9) (16) (3) (16) .33 .05 .20 .24 .13 .47 .36 .06 .15 .78 2.06 2.39 1.11 .61 .89 .13 .62 Total (3) (0) (2) (2) (1) (4) (3) (0) (1) (7) (19) (22) (10) (6) (8) (1) (6) 10.58

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Coquille Broad-necked points appear in the Coquille, Rogue, and Umpqua drainages in the middle Holocene and persist to the recent late Holocene (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:98). This form would fall into the Rabbit Island Stemmed category on the Columbia Plateau where they are given an age range of roughly 4,000 to 1,500 B.P. (Moratto et al. 1994, 1995:1-35). In California, some

Coquille Broad-necked points would class as Pollard Diamond Shaped. They are defined as medium to large lanceolate points exhibiting definite shoulders (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989:121-182 &

Appendix A.6). They date roughly between 5,000-3,400 B.P., and are associated with Squaw Creek and McKee Series of the Pollard Flat Phase 5,300-2,700 B.P. (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989).

Connolly noted the similarity between SN-4 type and the Martis Side-Notched type found in the northern Sierra Nevada of California (Connolly 1991:60). Martis Series points have been dated to the

Middle Archaic roughly 4,500-1,500 B.P. (Farber 1982). Mack identified this style at the Salt Cave

Locality on the Klamath River, calling it Class 29 (1983:149).The point also meets the criteria for the

Madras Side-Notched of the Columbia Plateau (Moratto et al. 1995:1-21).

Narrow necked points such as Rogue River Barbed and Elk Creek Square Barbed appear late in the record and are generally accepted to represent the adoption of bow and arrow technology. A neck width of 7.5 mm or greater is used as a minimum value to distinguish narrow and broad necks in Southwestern Oregon (Connolly 1991). Fifty-nine classifiable points had measurable neck widths.

Narrow-necked points were not heavily represented at 35JO21, accounting for 20% (12 of 59) of the sample.

Narrow necked points predominate in the assemblages of the Willamette Valley, Lower

Columbia River, and Great Basin Regions by approximately A.D. 300 (Beckham et al. 1981; Dumond and Mionor 1983; Pettigrew 1981; Thomas 1981). In the Upper Rogue River, the narrow-neck forms often dominate by A.D. 500 (Wilson 1979; Pettigrew and Lebow 1987; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007).

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However the two forms persist together in many sites in the region including the Umpqua watershed to the north (Connolly 1991; O’Neill 1989; Bowden et al. 2009, 2010) along the Central

Oregon Cascades (Baxter 1986; Baxter and Connolly 1985) and the Rogue watershed (Connolly et al.

1994; Gray 1998). Coquille Series points, for instance, persist from the mid Holocene through historic times in the South Umpqua drainage (Connolly 1991:66).

Archaeologists in northern California and southwestern Oregon often place Rogue River Barbed, a narrow-necked, small, triangular tanged or barbed point under the “Gunther Series” or “Gunther

Barbed” rubric (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989:121-182; Baumhoff 1985; Connolly et al. 1994; Mack

1983; Treganza 1958). This style is similar to the Rosegate Series as defined for the Northern Great

Basin to the east (Wingard 2001:60). There is a consensus in Oregon and California that these projectile points became visible in the record no more than 2,000 years ago (ya) and were used as arrow heads until the adoption of European hunting weaponry. Cressman (1933:15-16) suggested the barbs indicated they were used as fishing spears, but residue analysis indicates the presence of cervid, avian, and bovid remains (O’Neill and Tveskov 2007:94). In southwestern Oregon there has been speculation that the barbed points are associated with the arrival of Athapaskan speakers from the north coast (Beckham and Minor 1992; Connolly 1991). In California they are associated with the movement of Algic (Golla 2007:74) or Penutian speakers into California from Oregon (Hildebrandt and Darcangelo 2008).

Generally, broad-neck points decrease through time though they remain a substantial part of the assemblage to contact. At some sites, the broad-neck form dominates the projectile point assemblage. Connolly et al. (1994) has noted narrow-necked barbed forms such as Rogue River

Barbed (Gunther Series) represent higher proportions of projectile points in sites interpreted to be winter villages. Preferred hunting techniques during this season may have selected for narrow-

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necked points verses larger darts. Sites that were used during specific seasons when hunting methods varied, such as individual hunting verses group drives, could result in an archaeological signature favoring different projectile point sizes.

Flake Tools

Cobble spall flake tools are strongly associated with Component Ia with only one out of eight being found in deposits above the pumice line. The artifact found above Component I was recovered from unit 100N/108E at 77 cmbs in matrix that may have been from Feature A. It is possible that it was redeposited, from an earlier context, at its current depth. The remaining cobble spalls were located at least 70 cm deeper, from between 147 and 223 cmbs. I posit cobble spall flake tools at

35JO21 date to before the Mazama eruption, making them more than 7,700 years old. This is supported by radiometric dates and a lack of pumice in the deposits.

Spall scrapers have been noted in other sites in the Rogue River drainage and on the coast

(Moss and Erlandson 1995; O’Neill and Tveskov 2007). Thirty-seven spall scrapers were reported at the Limpy Creek site upstream of 35JO21. They were found throughout the deposits suggesting either the distribution of spall scrapers at 35JO21 is not typical or spall scrapers at Limpy Creek were defined differently. Spall scrapers are also found at the Indian Sands site (35CU67) on the southern

Oregon coast. That site has returned radiometric dates to as early as 8,200 B.P. (Moss and Erlandson

1995) similar to the results from 35JO21.

A different form of scraper, teardrop shaped flake tools (see Figure 5-15), were concentrated in the levels at and above the pumice line with only 6 of 89 (7%) being found below. They were located from the surface to 107 cmbs in the Plow Zone, Component II and the upper portion of Component

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Teardrop scrapers have been proposed to come into common use around 5,000 ya based on analysis of the Marial collection (Clark 1988). The evidence from 35JO21, namely their initial appearance in post-Mazama Component Ib, suggests this scraper form could have first been used at the site as much as 7,000 ya.

Incised Stone

While incised and shaped stone objects have been identified in several contexts in southwest

Oregon (Table i), only the assemblages of Marial (35CU84) and Tlegetlinten (35CU59) contain items comparable to those found at 35JO21 (shown in bold in Table 5-21).

Table 5-21. Incised and Small Shaped Stone Objects from Sites in Southwest Oregon. Location Site Material Dimensions Comments Citation *Lower Tlegetlinten stone fragment Pattern of chevrons and Tisdale Rogue River (35CU59) 55x63mm lines incised on shaped 1986:155 object (N=1) Lower Rogue Tlegetlinten slate fragments fragments with ground Tisdale River (35CU59) unknown surfaces and edges. (N=2) 1986:156 Lower Rogue Tlegetlinten schist fragments Objects with ground Tisdale River (35CU59) unknown surfaces and edges, 1986:155 rounded shapes. One has “grooves” on both sides (N=5) Lower Rogue Blossom Bar soapstone Fragment Bowl fragment with checker Ross et al. River (35CU143) 104x40x17mm board lines (N=1) 1982:22 Lower Rogue Marial soapstone fragment Hatch and chevrons on back Griffin River (35CU84) 30x16x7mm and front with parallel 1983:33 thick grooves along each side (N=1) Lower Rogue Marial shale fragments etched pieces, one with Schreindorfer River (35CU84) unknown “intricate geometric 1987:145 pattern” (N=5) Lower Rogue Marial basalt fragment Etched (N=1) Schreindorfer River (35CU84) unknown 1987:145 Rogue River Limpy Creek steatite Complete shaped pendants and O’Neill and (35JO34) various pendant blanks (N=7) Tveskov 2007:117 Rogue River Limpy Creek basalt complete Shaped pendant blank (N=1) O’Neill and (35JO34) Tveskov 2007:118 Rogue River Limpy Creek basalt fragment Thin rectangular piece O’Neill and (35JO34) covered with lines scratched Tveskov on both sides, possible tool 2007:121 sharpening marks (N=1) 165

Location Site Material Dimensions Comments Citation Upper 35JA42 schist unknown Schist disc (N=1) Brauner Applegate 1983:65 River Upper 35JA47 and soapstone unknown 1 soapstone and 3 schist Brauner and Applegate 35JA49 schist unknown ground and polished objects MacDonald River (N=4) 1983:165 Coquille River Bussmann slate 23x16mm perforated oval pendent Tveskov et al. Estuary Site (N=1) 2006 (35CS158) * Items in bold are similar to those found at 35JO21.

The Marial assemblage contained seven stone objects etched with lines, some of which were an

“intricate geometric pattern” (Griffin 1983:33; Schreindorfer 1987:145). Figure 5-24 illustrates examples of these. Based on limited descriptions and illustrations, these items appear to match in design and material the objects from Stratton Creek. The Tlegetlinten assemblage contained eight small shaped objects one of which had a pattern of chevrons and lines incised on it. This item also seems to match those found at Stratton Creek (Tisdale 1986:155). The researchers did not go beyond briefly describing these objects leaving the question of their purpose, technical characteristics, and origins unexplored.

a. b. Figure 5-24. Incised stone objects from Marial (35CU84): a. from Griffin (1983); b. drawing of photograph on file at SOULA. Artifact identification unknown.

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This is not the case in California and the Great Basin (Gilreath 2007). Sites from Nevada to the

Los Angeles basin to the Upper Sacramento River Canyon have revealed assemblages including shaped and incised objects very similar to those at 35JO21. Researches in these regions have developed several analytical models and interpretive systems to discuss these objects. They have examined the sequence of incising events, design element characteristics and frequency, and object treatment, disposal and site distribution. Their analysis provides several avenues to consider the possible purpose of the incised artifacts at 35JO21.

Trudy Thomas (1983) examined 372 incised objects from the Gatecliff Rockshelter in Nevada.

The rockshelter is located in the Toiyabe National Forest of the Great Basin, roughly 430 miles from southwestern Oregon. Thomas analyzed the marks, their association to each other and the material utilized. Many of the marks appear to have been created sequentially over a period of time versus all at once. Deposits containing incised stone dated from 3,500 B.C., 1,250 B.C. and again at A.D.

1,300. Many show signs of wear caused by being rubbed or carried around. She interpreted the objects as indicating a preoccupation with concepts of periodicity and sequentially, not aesthetics.

They were potentially a part of a mnemonic system associated with social events or divination.

Gary Hurd (1992) examined incised stone objects from the Chumash culture area in southern

California. The sites dated from the Millingstone Horizon 7,500-3,000 ya to contact. He conducted microscopic analysis to better understand incision sequences and design elements. Hurd divided non-utilitarian incised objects into those that he interpreted as sematic versus aesthetic. He further divided this category into public and private objects. Public objects were deeply and clearly incised with the design occasionally accentuated by staining with black or red pigments. These he interpreted as representing class or status markers meant to indicate position to community members. Private objects had designs that were often overlapping indicating repeated incising over

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time by the same individual. These he interpreted as being associated with an individual’s personal spiritual or curative rituals. He posits that the design elements of line, hatches and chevrons are much like entopic phenomenon experienced during trance or chemically altered states. The incisions may reflect phosphenes seen during spiritual experiences.

Georgia Lee (1997) also examined incised Chumash objects from several settings dating to roughly 500 B.C. to historic period midden. They display a wide array of design elements from seemingly random to elaborately geometric to zoomorphic. She noted that many tabular incised stones are broken, perhaps ritually, and some are associated with burials.

Incised stone objects have been found throughout north-central California as well, specifically in the upper Sacramento River watershed (Baker 1984; Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989; Clewett and

Sundahl 1983; Edwards 1970; Meighan 1955; Raven et al. 1984; Sundahl 1982; Treganza and

Heicksen 1960). Components containing this artifact type on the Sacramento River unambiguously dated to the Pollard Flat Phase (5,300-2,700 B.P.) of the Squaw Creek Pattern (Hildebrandt and

Darcangelo 2008).

The incised artifacts from sites in the Upper Sacramento River Canyon were associated with living surfaces and utilitarian tools such as bifaces, cores, flake tools and spalls. They were generally hand-sized, some were notched or perforated for suspension, and some were seemingly worn smooth by handling. McGuire suggests these were decorative objects or personal amulets carried around or warn by individuals. Their large numbers in the deposits also suggest that a substantial cross-section of the Pollard Flat population possessed such an object. The skills needed to execute the designs and incisions would have been within the range of most of the population. In addition, the ‘affordability’ of the raw material-shale and slate that was easily collected and prepared- indicates these were not wealth or status items.

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McGuire found that the “assemblage exhibits regularized patterns of design attribute representation and distribution, which in turn are suggestive of certain social correlates” (McGuire

1989:C.38). The creators of these objects appear to have been operating under a set of shared design rules or principals. Fundamental design choices such as type and preparation of material, number of faces incised, and the percentage frequencies of levels of layout complexity appear consistently across the sites. Design diversity did vary some between sites though that was directly correlated to sample size and occupation intensity.

McGuire posits that incised stone objects represent a form of socio-cultural group identification.

Archaeological deposits in the canyon suggest that from 3,900 to 2,700 B.P. the upper Sacramento was co-occupied by two different culture groups. The people of the Pollard Flat Phase followed a generalized subsistence strategy, remaining highly mobile gatherers and hunters. By 3,900 B.P., signs that a group with a more logistical foraging strategy appear in the canyon. The Vollmers Phase group of the Whiskeytown Pattern (4,000-1,500 B.P.) is the only recognizable phase after 2,700 B.P.

(Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989; Hildebrandt and Darcangelo 2008; McGuire 1989). It is at this point that incised artifacts almost completely disappear from the record. The researchers suggest that incised stone was emblemic- used by people to identify themselves and their seasonal camp locations as belonging to the Pollard Flat culture group in reaction to the presence of Vollmers people. Whether the Pollard Flat people migrated, met their demise, or integrated with the

Vollmers people remains unknown.

Incised stone pendants and tablets are reported in the ethnographic record through much of

California (Hall 1990; Hurd 1992; Lee 1997). The Chumash were known to apply tabular stones considered imbued with life or power to the body to effect cures (Lee 1997). Hall describes small, flat, shaped pendants that were incised with specific designs and symbols by the Shasta of northern

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California and southern Oregon (Figure 5-25). These were left with non-portable fishing gear as a way to identify ownership to others that happened upon it. They were also used in tracking the

Shasta marriage wheel that assisted in determining appropriate matches between far-flung subgroups (Hall 1990).

The incised artifacts at 35JO21 are as enigmatic as their counterparts in

California and the Great Basin. Richard

Ross initially speculated they could be art objects, a form of communication, or Figure 5-25. Incised stone pendant used by the Shasta (Hall 1990). memory devices (Grants Pass Daily

Courier [GPDC] 20 August 1992 and OSU News 18 August 1992). They do not appear to be mnemonic devices as the incisions are evenly weathered and therefore were likely completed within a narrow time-frame. It is more plausible that they are a form of identity signals or decorative items.

McGuire’s concept of cultural group identity in the face of competition within a shared territory may be supported by linguistic studies indicating early interaction between the ancient Penutian and

Hokan language groups (Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Golla 2007). Hokan speakers occupied much of

California and have endured the influx by other language groups such as the Penutian, Algic, and

Athapaskan for millennia. They may have been the occupants of the Sacramento River Canyon prior to the entrance of the Vollmer’s people (Basgall and Hildebrandt 1989). The density of incised artifacts along the Rogue River does not reflect the kind of intense competition that seemed to occur at a later time between the Pollard Flat and Vollmer’s people of the Sacramento River. This may be a function of the tiny sample of early sites examined along the Rogue River. In addition, the temporal estimation for language group interactions are necessarily broad and inexact. The rarity of 170

the items may also be due to a very small population of incised item manufacturers that were assimilated into the existing culture group without effectively passing on the incising tradition.

Women marrying into southwestern Oregon from a culture with an incising tradition could create such a material signature.

All of the incised shale artifacts at 35JO21 were found within Component I. One, #1006, was located in Component Ib containing Mazama pumice and possible inclusions from Component II.

Five were found in deposits dated from ca. 7,000 to 11,000 B.P. This makes them older than comparable artifacts reported in the broader region. At Gatecliff Shelter in Nevada the earliest deposits containing incised artifacts date to roughly 5,500 B.P. (Thomas et al. 1983). The artifacts from the upper Sacramento River Canyon come from deposits dated to no earlier than 5,300 B.P.

(McGuire 1989). Only in Southern California are there stylistically comparable incised stones approaching those at 35JO21 in age; incised stones are reported from the southern California coast starting with the Milling Stone Horizon (7,500 B.P.) (Hurd 1992).

Cobble Tools and Pigment Processing

Mineral earth nodules that may be raw material for pigment was recovered throughout the deposits at 35JO21. Of the cobble and core-cobble tools, 26% (n=28) showed signs of pigment processing (Table 5-22). Red and or black stains were observed ground into margins. Twenty-one percent (n=7) of the non-core cobble tools in pre-Mazama Component Ia were used to process red pigments. Thirty-seven percent (n=15) of cobble tools in Component Ib were used to process red and black pigments. The number of pigment processing tools in Component II drops to 15%, and increases in the Plow Zone to 29%.

Table 5-22. Distribution of Cobble Tools with Pigment Stain by Component. Red Black Red and Black Component (N, %) (N, %) (N, %) Total % PZ 0 2, 100% 0 2 7% II 2, 50% 0 2, 50% 4 14% 171

Ib 10, 67% 1, 7% 4, 27% 15 54% Ia 7, 100% 0 0 7 25% Total 19, 68% 3, 11% 6, 21% 28

Pigment processing, especially red, was taking place at 35JO21 throughout most of its occupation though more so early on.

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CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION

My analysis of the stratigraphy, chronology, and artifact assemblage and distribution has revealed components that provide important information about the changes through time in behavior and tool style preferences at 35JO21.

Component Comparison

The deepest component of 35JO21, Ia, securely dates to the Early Holocene from as early as

11,190 to 7730 cal yr B.P. (conventional 14C ages 9610±60 to 7020±50 B.P.). Fifteen styles of formed tools were identified in Ia (see Table 5-20). As discussed earlier, incised shale artifacts and large cobble spall scrapers were found almost exclusively in Ia. Irregularly shaped, miscellaneous flake tools and simple used flakes are at their highest concentration in Ia. Pestles, metates, net weights and wedges were absent, but hammer stones, manos and choppers were well represented. As for projectile points specifically, Broad-necked: Barbed projectile points and the concave base fragment were found exclusively in Ia. Point types ST-2, ST-4b, ST-4c, LS-1, LS-2, LS-4, LS and a Coquille Broad- necked were found in both Ia and Ib. The presence of Coquille Broad-necked in such an early component is counter to results from other dated sites. Coquille Broad-necked is represented by only one specimen in Component Ia and may have been displaced from an upper component. The

LS, LS-2, LS-4 and Coquille Broad-necked are the only projectile point types present through all components.

Component Ib dates to the Middle Holocene, from 7700 cal yr B.P. to an uncertain time marked by the transition to the dark and complex matrix of Component II. Overall, Component Ib contained the highest density of artifacts of the three components (Table 6-1 and 6-2). Seventeen formed tool types were identified in Ib. Net weights and metate fragments were only identified in Ib. Cores, hammer stones, manos, choppers, anvils, and combinations of the cobble tools reach their highest 173

density. Early stage bifaces are evenly distributed across the components, but late stage bifaces are somewhat better represented in Ib. The variety and density of projectile points reached their greatest extent in this component with fourteen of the seventeen types being represented. Types

ST-1, ST-3 and SN-2 were not identified in other components. McKee Series, Elk Creek Square

Barbed, and Rogue River Barbed also make their first appearance at this point. The LS lanceolate type reaches its highest density in Ib.

Table 6-1. Lithic Tools per Cubic Meter in the Main Block By Component. Component 98/104 98/106 98/108 98/110 100/104 100/106 100/108 100/110 Overall pz 4.4 12.5 6.9 19.4 10.9 22.3 20.4 13.8 pz+FA* 15.8 15.8 pz+II 7.5 20.0 12.5 22.5 15.6 II 11.9 24.2 15.0 21.4 17.5 27.5 19.6 II+FA 18.5 21.3 19.9 II+Ib 27.5 40.0 33.8 Ib 18.7 21.0 22.6 40.0 30.0 38.8 28.5 Ib+FA 30.0 25.0 27.5 Ia 18.3 11.2 12.5 36.2 18.4 7.8 30.4 19.3 Ia+FA 31.8 13.7 22.7 Overall 13.9 17.2 15.1 22.1 25.9 26.7 20 17.5 * FA = Feature A Table 6-2. Debitage per Cubic Meter in the Main Block By Component. Component 98/104 98/106 98/108 98/110 100/104 100/106 100/108 100/110 Overall pz 57 518 119 406 297 155 206 115 234 pz+FA 305 305 pz+II 195 365 213 405 294 II 261 534 315 499 658 349 436 II+FA 284 388 336 II+Ib 636 408 522 Ib 302 476 511 560 594 425 478 Ib+FA 520 603 561 Ia 245 279 356 546 283 211 413 333 Ia+FA 561 444 502 Overall 227 387 358 486 544 320 352 379 382 * FA = Feature A

Based on the dating of projectile point types at other sites in the region (see Table 5-19), I estimate the upper limits of Ib to date to roughly 4,000 ya. It is at this point that the warm and dry

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conditions of the Middle Holocene give way to a cooler and moister regime (Briles et al. 2005).

Additional radiometric dating would be very helpful in clarifying this upper range. The presence of

Elk Creek Square Barbed and Rogue River Barbed is problematic, as both are usually associated with later dates. Each is represented by only one specimen in this component and may have been displaced into Ib from upper components by bioturbation or other post-depositional processes.

Component II and the Plow Zone combined contained 20 different types of formed tools. The only wedge identified in the main block was found in Component II along with the stone balls and disc. The majority of pestles were collected from II. Flake tools were well represented, with drills, gravers, and thick-bit scrapers reaching their highest density. The assortment of projectile points shrinks to eight forms: LS-2, LS-4, LS, McKee, Coquille Broad-necked, Elk Creek Square Barbed, and

Rogue River Barbed. Type SN-4 is only found in Component II. The LS-4, McKee, Elk Creek Square

Barbed, and Rogue River Barbed reach their highest density in Component II. This component falls within the Late Holocene or the Savannah Phase (Hannon 1993) marked by an increase in rainfall and overall productivity of aquatic and terrestrial resources.

The prehistoric artifact density of the Plow Zone is regularly less than that of Component II, suggesting formed tools were collected from the surface and or use of the terrace was minimal during the Protohistoric.

Implications

The terrace at Stratton Creek was occupied by people beginning in the Early Holocene. I suggest the site was a short-term occupation that was part of a seasonal round. Based on cultural material and faunal remains, activities at the site included camping, manufacture of stone tools, and the processing of mammals and pigments. Some styles of artifacts, such as incised shale objects, imply social and personal activities beyond resource processing. 175

The assemblage of artifacts suggests the people at Stratton Creek interacted with other groups throughout southern Oregon and northern California from the start. The presence of obsidian from the Grasshopper Flat complex in northern California as well as eastern Oregon make it clear they were involved in long distance exchange. The incised shale objects have stylistic counterparts to the south though they seem to predate those in California and the Great Basin. The wide stemmed projectile points resemble the Borax Lake stemmed points from northern California (Clewett and

Sundahl 1990; Ross and Blalack 1994). In California this assemblage dates to between 8,000 and

5,000 years ago, a time period not extensively represented in the archaeology of southwestern

Oregon (Connolly 1990). Only one other site, 35JA53 on the Applegate River, has an assemblage of projectile points similar to that of the Borax Lake Pattern. This site is less than 40 miles away from

Stratton Creek. In northern California, this tool assemblage has been associated with the movement of Hokan speakers into the region (Clewett and Sundahl 1990; Golla 2007).

Connolly has suggested a link between changes in lithic tool assemblages during the Middle

Holocene and the northward movement of Hokan speakers from California (1990).

Glottochronological analysis and artifact assemblages that resemble the Borax Lake Pattern in the

Applegate basin (Brauner and Nisbet 1983; Connolly 1990) and now at 35JO21, indicate Hokan groups may have already been established in southwestern Oregon in the Middle Holocene. Instead, it is possible the southward movement of Penutian speakers from the Willamette Valley (Thompson and Kinkade 1990) played a role in stimulating an elaboration of tool assemblages found in the

Middle Holocene as seen at 35JO21 and other sites in the Rogue Basin (Golla 2007:75).

The activities on the terrace intensified significantly after the eruption of Mount Mazama in the

Middle Holocene. The diversification of tool types has several possible explanations. The toolkit may have been expanded from earlier time periods to include newly developed forms or those adopted

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from or imported by other culture groups. Diversification may also be the result of heavier use of the location allowing for the deposition of a broader sample of the existing toolkit. An increase in obsidian use suggests an increase in long distance exchange or travel. Connolly (1990) suggests there is a link between changes in the lithic tool assemblage during the Middle Archaic and the movement of Hokan speaking groups into southwestern Oregon from northern California. These groups would have brought their plant processing technologies with them from the south where reliance on acorns is well documented (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984).

The transition to the Late Holocene appears to be indicated by the transition to darker soils identified as Component II. These may be the result of the moister, more productive regime, more stable surfaces with increased soil development, and or more frequent fires. The first evidence of possible food roasting facilities, that is features consisting of concentrated and heat-altered cobbles, are located in this dark matrix and faunal remains diversify to include salmon and bivalves. Behavior of the people at the site clearly changed, and seems to have included fish harvesting and processing.

The appearance of pestles and narrow-necked projectile points suggests an introduction and adoption of foreign technologies, possibly in response to changing conditions and opportunities. The presence of plant food processing features and shifts in tool types at Stratton Creek may point to regional movements of culture groups. The narrow-necked projectile point assemblage present in

Component II has been postulated to represent the movement of Athapaskan speakers into the interior valleys (Connolly 1990).

The deposits at Stratton Creek provide a rare representation of the movement and interaction of groups of people and technological developments within the interior valleys of southwestern

Oregon. The site seems to indicate Early, Mid and Late Holocene tool traditions shared with the south marked by such distinct items such as incised shale items and McKee Series bifaces. The

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intensified use of the Rogue River Canyon following the eruption of Mount Mazama at ca. 7,700 ya is suggested by the diversification and increased density of cultural remains. The change in depositional matrix, cobble food processing features, and faunal remains indicate an expansion of plant and aquatic resource use and seasonal procurement activities following climate shift to a more productive regime. The appearance of small barbed and narrow-necked projectile points in the Late

Holocene indicates the embracing of bow and arrow technology and may indicate an injection of either people or ideas from the coastal Athapaskan groups reported at the time of contact.

Future Work

Site 35JO21 retains enormous potential for additional research. I did focus on a large sample of the excavated material. The 1113 tools from the main block constitute 69% of those collected. The surrounding satellite units that had profiles drawn for them need to be analyzed and integrated into the framework established for the main block. I completed some basic work on the satellite units including digitizing the available profiles and compiling what information was available about them from the previous report and catalogs (see Appendix A). Several of these units were excavated into

Component I and could provide additional information about the pre-Mazama occupation of the site. It was beyond the scope of this thesis to analyze all of the debitage associated with the tools from the block units, leaving a great deal left to do with the debitage from the main block.

Several lithic tools were minimally handled and not washed (Table 6-3). These artifacts may retain proteins and plant fibers that can be used to clarify the function of the site through time.

Unfortunately, the collection strategy at the time did not include collecting surrounding matrix as a control.

Table 6-3. Unwashed Lithic Tools from 35JO21. Artifact Number Description Component 1799 Biface Ia 178

1906 Cobble Spall scraper Ia 1627 LS-3 projectile point Ia 1751 ST-4b projectile point Ia 1825 ST-2 projectile point Ia 1839 ST-2 projectile point Ia 750 LS-1 projectile point Ib 1026 Thick-bit scraper Ib 1082 LS-1 projectile point Ib 1528 LS-3 projectile point Ib 953 Thick-bit scraper II 1222 LS-3 projectile point II 723 SN-4 projectile point II + Feature A

The assemblage includes a moderate amount of obsidian debitage and tools. OSU did a limited amount of obsidian sourcing and hydration testing in the lower levels of the site. Additional testing and analysis throughout the entire deposit would help establish a baseline for the lower Rogue River and could yield information about changing obsidian source preferences through time.

Traditionally, tool type chronologies have focused on projectile point styles. My preliminary analysis indicates a change in scraper styles between the components. Others have done limited research into this trend at the Marial Site (Clark 1988). A close examination of the scraper morphology and their distribution through Stratton Creek and surrounding sites could yield information about changes in scraper form through time. The collection from the site could be analyzed for wear clarifying the specific uses of these types.

Ocher processing at the site appears to have been extensive based on cobbles with staining, amount of mineral earth collected during data recovery, and its ubiquity across components. It would be interesting to determine mineral earth density and its association with pigment processing tools. Are there concentrations within specific components or levels? Are there concentrations associated with features or artifact concentrations? In addition, stain residue could be tested to

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determine chemical composition and possibly identify other substances used in the manufacture of the product.

The most urgently needed additional work at the site, especially in the absence of excavation paperwork, consists of new excavation units focused specifically on clarifying the vertical structure of the deposit. This would clarify boundaries between components and identify the finer divisions within the depositional environment. Existing data could be fine tuned, especially if the excavations were conducted along the four sides of the 1992 main block. The new stratigraphic information and radiometric dates derived from organic material collected from secure provenience could be used to anchor the main block levels. This would be especially important along the southern and eastern edge of the block, as there were no profiles drawn for those units. The possible uncovering of additional rock features at the contact between Components Ib and II would allow soil samples to be collected from the features and analyzed separately from the surrounding matrix. This data could help illuminate the function and timing of this type of feature.

The pit Feature A in the northeast corner of the main block was bisected by the 1992 excavation. A new excavation unit placed over the margin of the feature could provide enough information about the feature to determine its function and age.

Unfortunately, the original soil samples are lost. A new set of bulk samples could be collected and analyzed for macro and microscopic evidence of the environment, natural and cultural, at the site. This could provide sorely lacking information about the people’s food, house hold, pharmaceutical, and structural resources. These perishable items made up the bulk of their material culture. The lithic remains that make up the collection are only a small fraction of that material culture. Additionally, very little research has been done on the paleoenvironment of the valley, especially in association with cultural deposits, and any additional data would be highly useful.

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Hopefully the lost records and photographs will be found along with the missing soil sample.

Anyone conducting work at 35JO21 should consult with OSU and SOULA to determine if missing items have been found. The documents and photographs could provide a way to refine the component definitions or give additional detail about the rock features and characteristics of

Feature A. The soil sample could be analyzed for botanical remains, providing site specific information about changes of climate through time, vegetation zones, and possibly cultural plant use.

Further analyses of already collected material, or additional excavation, at 35JO21 will further enhance the our knowledge of the Early Holocene and possibly Late Pleistocene time periods that are represented by an extremely small number of archaeological sites in southwestern Oregon. The analyses suggested above will help to inform ongoing development and modification of models explaining early adaptive strategies, population movements, cultural interactions, and settlement and subsistence systems through time.

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Appendices on the CD

Appendix A - Unit Descriptions and Profiles………………………………………………………………………………….199 Appendix B - Metric Data for Tools from the Main Block………………………………………………………………219 Appendix C - Artifact Catalogs……………………………………………………………………………………………………….279 Appendix D - Ethnobotanical and Radiocarbon Data…………………………………………………………………….386 Appendix E - Metric Data for Debitage from Unit 100N/106E……………………………………………………….400

APPENDIX A

35JO21 Unit Descriptions and Profiles

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Twenty-three units of varying dimensions were dug during the 1992 Oregon State University Field School at 35JO21. A total of 76 m2 of surface area and 91.195 m3 of matrix was excavated. All levels of all units contained cultural material. The following unit summaries are based on information gathered from catalogs, maps, wall profiles, photographs, and the report prepared by Ross and Blalack in 1994. Only 28% of the unit walls were profiled. I have digitized all of the available drawings created in 1992 and edited them only minimally adding feature designations and clarifying language. I have also generated profiles for the south wall of the main block by referring to photographs, catalogs and the original report. They are a general representation of the stratigraphy.

Main Block N97-102/E104-112 (N=12) Total Volume: 56.575 m3 (62%)

98N/104E Unit 98N/104E measured 2x2 meters (m) and was located in the southwest corner of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 241 centimeters below the surface (cmbs). A single 50 centimeter (cm) wide step was created along the west and south wall at 131 cmbs, reducing the size of the unit to 1.5x1.5 m. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~8.075 m3. All of the material was screened through ¼ inch (in) hardwire mesh. Twenty 10 cm thick levels and two 20 cm thick levels were excavated. There were no features noted in this unit. The soil transition between Components II and I was diffuse and observed at 90 and 110 cmbs. Pumice from the eruption of Mt. Mazama was found to a depth of 161 cmbs. Shovel probe number D-2 was dug in this unit location in 1989.

Surface Elevation: 98.01 m Ending Elevation: 95.60 m (2.41 mbs), Level 22 Volume: 8.075 m3 Steps: Step 1- south and west wall, elevation 96.70 m (1.31 mbs) Level 13, 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 98.01 to 97.91 m, maximum 10 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.90-96.00 (0.11-2.01 mbs), Levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 96.00-95.60 (2.00-2.40 mbs), Levels 21, 22. Features: None

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100N/104E Unit 100N/104E measured 2x2 m and was located in the northwest corner of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 176 cmbs. A single 50 cm wide step was created along the north and west wall at 136 cmbs, reducing the size of the unit to 1.5x1.5 m. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~6.22 m3. Matrix from the southeast 1x1 m quadrant was screened through 1/8th in hardwire mesh between 146 to 176 cmbs. The remaining excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Sixteen 10 cm thick levels and one 20 cm thick level was excavated. There were no features noted in this unit. The soil transition between Components II and I was very wavy and observed between 30 and 100 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 126 cmbs. A single conventional C14 date of 7020±50 (7950 to 7730 BP, 2 sigma calibrated) was obtained for this unit. It was from a piece of charcoal (likely Pinus sp.) collected at 100.10N/104.85E 173 cmbs.

Surface Elevation: 98.16 m at N102/E104 Ending Elevation: 96.40 m (1.76 mbs), Level 17 Volume: 6.22 m3 Steps: north wall, elevation 96.80 m (1.36 mbs), 50 cm wide.

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1/8” hardwire mesh sample: 1x1 m SE quadrant (N100-101/E105-106), 96.90-96.80 m, 96.70-96.40 m (1.46 mbs to 1.76 mbs), Levels 13, 15, 16, 17. Level 1: 98.16 to 98.10 m, maximum 6 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.10-97.80 (0.06-0.36), 97.60-96.40 (0.56-1.76), Levels 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.80-97.60 (0.36-0.56), Level 5. Features: None

98N/106E Unit 98N/106E measured 2x2 m and was located on the south side of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 266 cmbs. Two 50 cm wide steps were created along the south wall: one at 116 cmbs, and one at 176 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~7.72 m3. Matrix from the 202

northeast 1x1 m quadrant was screened through 1/8th in hardwire mesh between 106 to 156 cmbs and again at 166 to 176 cmbs. The remaining excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Eighteen ~10 cm thick levels and four 20 cm thick level was excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was slightly sloped and observed between 46 and 82 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 146 cmbs. Shovel probe number D-6 was dug in this unit location in 1989. Feature 2 was recorded at the bottom of Level 4 at 46 cmbs. It consists of closely packed river cobbles of various sizes arranged in linear pattern running in a roughly northeast-southwest direction. It is located in the western half of the unit and measures roughly 50 cm wide and 1 m long. Two small discreet clusters of fire-modified and whole rock are at the same level on the unit. One is in the southeast corner of the unit and the other in the northeast. Two cobble tools were recovered near the feature, one just above (L4-421) and one just below (L5-653). Artifact 421 is a long and narrow ground and battered cobble with one large impact flake removed from its tip. It has polish on two flat sides and striations and ocher and black stain on the non-flaked end. Artifact 653 is a small cobble with one battered end.

Surface Elevation: 97.96 m at 100N/106E Ending Elevation: 95.30 m (2.66 mbs), Level 22 Volume: 7.72 m3 Steps: Step 1- south wall, elevation 96.80 m (1.16 mbs), 50 cm wide. Step 2- south wall, elevation 96.20 m (1.76 mbs), 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: 1x1 m NE quadrant (N99-100/E107-108), 96.90 m-96.40 m (1.06-1.56 mbs), Levels 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Described as being 50% of a 1x1 m unit 96.30-96.20 m (1.66-1.76 mbs), Level 17. Level 1: 97.96 to 97.80 m, maximum 16 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.80-96.10 (0.16-1.86 mbs), Levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 96.10-95.30 (1.86-2.66 mbs), Levels 19, 20, 21, 22.

100N/106N Unit 100N/106E measured 2x2 m and was located on the north side of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 297 cmbs. Two 50 cm wide steps were created along the north wall: one at 127 cmbs, and one at 197 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~9.04 m3. Matrix from the southwest 1x1 m quadrant was screened through 1/8th in hardwire mesh between 87 to 97 cmbs. Matrix from the northwest 1x1 m quadrant was screened through 1/8th in hardwire mesh between 97 to 107 cmbs. Matrix from the entire 2x2 m unit was screened through 1/8th in hardwire mesh between 107 to 117 cmbs. The remaining excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Eighteen ~10 cm thick levels and four 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was observed between 55 and 70 cmbs. The transition is interrupted by Feature A. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 127 cmbs. The unit terminated at bedrock. Feature A was observed in the northeastern portion of the unit. This feature consists of a large filled depression that was present in this unit, 100N/108E, and 100N/110E. The characteristics of this unit are provided in detail in the unit 100N/108E description. Feature A became smaller with 203

depth and was restricted to the very northeast corner by 127 cmbs. An effort was made to screen the material from Feature A separately, but record keeping did not provide clear information about which bagged debitage belonged to which aspect of the deposit. Formed tools were not identified as being from either deposit.

Surface Elevation: 98.07 m at 102N/106E Ending Elevation: 95.10 m (2.97 mbs), Level 24, bedrock, deepest on southern edge of unit Volume: 9.04 m3 Steps: Step 1- north wall, elevation 96.80 m (1.27 mbs), 50 cm wide. Step 2- north wall, elevation 96.10 m (1.97 mbs), 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: 1x1 m SW quadrant (100-101N/106-107E), 97.20-97.10 m, Level 9; 1x1 m NW quadrant (101-102N/106-107E), 97.10-97.00, Level 10; entire unit, 97.00-96.90 m, Level 11. Level 1: 98.07 to 98.00, maximum 7 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.00-97.80 (0.07-0.27 mbs), 97.60-96.10 (0.47-1.97 mbs), Levels 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.80-97.60 (0.27-0.47 mbs), 96.10-95.10 (1.97 mbs to 2.97 mbs), Levels 4, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.

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98N/108E Unit 98N/108E measured 2x2 m and was located on the south side of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 329 cmbs. Two 50 cm wide steps were created along the south wall: one at 109 cmbs, and one at 169 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~8.23 m3. All excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Fifteen ~10 cm thick levels and five 20 cm thick level was excavated. The last level was 70 cm thick going all the way down to bedrock. The soil transition between Components II and I sloped to the southeast and was observed between 68 and 120 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 129 cmbs. The matrix in the northeast portion of the unit has been disturbed by a 1x1 m unit excavated to a depth of 160 cmbs in 1989. Feature 3 extended across 98N/108E and 100N/108E on the transition from Component II to I at approximately 68 cmbs (Level 6). It consisted of fire-modified and whole river cobbles (N=25+) in a closely placed roughly linear arrangement running east-west in between the two units. Large charcoal fragments were not observed despite the obvious heat damage to the cobbles. Four 205

artifacts were found in situ associated with this scatter: an obsidian flake (L6-665), a semi- translucent white heat modified stage IV biface fragment (L7-812), an obsidian flake tool fragment (L7-811), and a complete obsidian Rogue River Barbed projectile point (L7-807). The presence of a Rogue River Barbed projectile point suggests the feature is less than 2000 years old. Two conventional C14 dates of 8240±50 (9410 to 9030 BP, 2 sigma calibrated) and 9610±60 (11,190 to 10,730 BP, 2 sigma calibrated) were obtained for this unit. The first was from a piece of carbonized organic material collected from 98.90N/108.12E and 134 cmbs. The second was from similar material collected 71 cm deeper from 99.38N/109.40E.

Surface Elevation: 97.89 m at 100N/108E Ending Elevation: 94.60 m (3.29 mbs), Level 22 Volume: 8.23 m3 Steps: Step 1- south wall, elevation 96.80 m (1.09 mbs), 50 cm wide. Step 2- south wall, elevation 96.20 m (1.69 mbs), 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.89 to 97.80, maximum 9 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.80-97.60 (0.09-0.29 mbs), 97.40-96.10 (0.49-1.79 mbs, Levels 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.60-97.40 (0.29-0.49 mbs), 96.10-94.60 (1.79-3.29 mbs), Levels 4, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22.

100N/108E Unit 100N/108E measured 2x2 m and was located on the north side of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 291 cmbs. Two 50 cm wide steps were created along the north wall: one at 117 cmbs, and one at 147 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~7.88 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Seventeen ~10 cm thick levels and four 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The last level was 44 cm thick going all the way down to bedrock. The soil transition between Components II and I was observed between 67 and 70 cmbs. The transition is interrupted by Feature A. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 97 cmbs. Bedrock was encountered at 247 cmbs. The bedrock sloped to the south to a depth of 291 cmbs. Feature 3 was recorded at 67 cmbs in Level 6 outside of Feature A. This river cobble feature was in a roughly northeast/southwest configuration. It extends southward into the adjacent excavation unit (98N/108N). Feature A was observed in the northern half of the unit. This feature consisted of a large filled depression that was present in this unit, 100N/106E, and 100N/110E. The boundaries were first noted in these units at the base of the plowzone contact line, roughly 20 cmbs. The presence of the feature decreased with depth. It was only visible in the northern half of unit 100N/108E by 40 cmbs. By 87 cmbs, the feature only extends 50 cm from the north wall of the unit. A small part of the feature remained at 140 cmbs where excavation in that part of the unit was halted. Overall, it measures a minimum of 5 m wide and a minimum of 140 m deep, penetrating approximately one meter into Component I deposits. Generally, the depression is filled with compact light brown soil

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and soft brown soil with pockets of the compact light brown soil. The boundaries between these are extremely complex.

Surface Elevation: 97.97 m at 102N/108E Ending Elevation: 95.06 m (2.91 mbs), Level 22 Volume: ~7.88 m3 Steps: Step 1- north wall, elevation 96.80 m (1.17 mbs), 50 cm wide. Step 2- north wall, elevation 96.50 m (1.47 mbs), 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.97 to 97.90, maximum 7 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.90-97.80 (0.07-0.17 mbs), 97.60-96.10 (0.37-1.87 mbs), Levels 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.80-97.60 (0.17-0.37 mbs), 96.10-95.50 (1.87-2.47 mbs), Levels 3, 19, 20, 21. Irregular Levels: 95.50-95.06 (2.47-2.91 mbs, 44 cm thick), Level 22.

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98N/110E Unit 98N/110E measured 2x2 m and was located in the southeast corner of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 101 cmbs. Excavation was halted in the eastern half of the unit at 91 cmbs. The excavation of the western half of the unit continued to 101 cmbs). This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~3.62 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Seven ~10 cm thick levels and two 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was slightly sloped and observed between 80 and 100 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 101 cmbs. Evidence of the 1989 1x1 m test unit shared with unit 98N/108E was visible in the northwest corner. A triangular bisection of the northwestern edge of the unit was excavated to roughly 141 mbs. Two features, 6 and 8, were documented in the unit. Feature 6 was located in the west half at 51 to 61 cmbs. It was made up of whole and fire modified river cobbles in a roughly northeast to southwest linear configuration, roughly 100 cm long and 30 cm wide. Feature 8, located at 71 to 91 cmbs, had a distinct pattern. Large, relatively flat, cobbles were tightly arranged in an oval depression. Fire modified and exhausted cobbles surround the paved depression. A gray CCS Willow Leaf Extra Large Projectile point (L8-1640) was found on one of the flat rocks. Feature 8 is similar to rock arrangements observed at Marial (Feature 5, Ross and Blalack 1994:21). That feature was located in Component 3 and dated to 5850±120 BP (Schreindorfer 1987:75).

Surface Elevation: 97.71 m at 100N/110E Ending Elevation: 96.70 m (1.01 mbs), Level 9 Volume: 3.62 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.71 to 97.60 m, maximum 11 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.60-97.50 (0.11-0.21 mbs), 97.30-96.70 (0.41-1.01 mbs), Level 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.50-97.30 (0.21-0.41 mbs), Level 3.

100N/110E Unit 100N/110E measured 2x2 m and was located in the northeast corner of the main block. The surface was depressed from the excavation of a looter pit and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 137 cmbs. Two 50 cm wide steps were created: one along the north wall at 112 cmbs, and one along the east wall at 117 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~4.79 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Seven ~10 cm thick levels and four 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was sloped steeply to the west and was observed between 80 and 137 cmbs. The transition is interrupted by Feature A. A shovel probe (C-5) from 1989 is visible in the northern wall. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to a depth of 97 cmbs. Feature A was observed in the northern portion of the unit. This feature consists of a large filled depression that was present in this unit, 100N/108E, and 100N/106E. The characteristics of

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this unit are provided in detail in the unit 100N/108E description. Feature A became smaller with depth and was restricted to the very northwest corner by 137 cmbs. Feature 5 consists of whole and fire modified river cobbles loosely scattered across the transition to Component I at 87 to 97 cmbs. It measures approximately 180 cm long and 60 cm wide. A large piece of pumice (L6-1046), obsidian flake (L6-1051), and pecked CVR pestle fragment (L5- 564) are associated with a small cluster of cobbles in the southern half of the unit.

Surface Elevation: 97.87 m Ending Elevation: 96.50 m (1.37 mbs), Level 11 Volume: 4.79 m3 Steps: Step 1-north wall, elevation 96.75 m (1.12 mbs), 50 cm wide. Step 2-east wall, elevation 96.70 m (1.17 mbs), 50 cm wide. 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.87 to 97.70, maximum 17 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.70-97.60 (0.17-0.27 mbs), 97.00-96.50 (0.87-1.37 mbs), Level 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.60-97.00 (0.27-0.87 mbs), Levels 3, 4, 5.

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97N/104-112E (South Wall Step) This 1x8 m unit was excavated to a depth of 50 cm to create safe access to the main block. Level 1 was 40 cm thick and Level 2 was 10 cm thick. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~4 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh.

Surface Elevation: Varying Ending Elevation: 97.3/4 (~0.50 mbs), Level 2 Volume: 4 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: Surface to 40 cm below surface 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.3/4-97.2/3, Level 2 20 cm-thick Levels: None

Satellite Units (N=8) Total Volume: 29.02 m3 (32%)

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88N/98E Unit 88N/98E measured 2x2 m and was located to the southwest of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 104 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~3.88 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Eight ~10 cm thick levels and one 20 cm thick level was excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was slightly undulating and observed between 50 and 70 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found at the bottom of the unit. Feature 9 was located at 84 to 94 cmbs. It consists of a tightly packed circular cluster of fire modified river cobbles in the eastern half of the unit. A single, large, vertically oriented fragment of shale was noted between the cobbles along the southern margin. The feature may have been dug unto the lighter soil of Component I.

Surface Elevation: 97.24 m at 90N/98E Ending Elevation: 96.20 m (1.04 mbs), Level 9 Volume: 3.88 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.24 to 97.10, maximum 14 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.10-97.00 (0.14-0.24 mbs), 97.00-96.20 (0.44-1.04 mbs), Levels 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.00-96.80 (0.24-0.44 mbs), Level 3.

90N/106E This 2x2 m unit is located 5 m south of the main block. Volunteers that visited the site were allowed to excavate this unit with supervision. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 114 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~4.56 m3. All of the excavated material was screened

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through ¼ in hardwire mesh. All levels were ~10 cm thick. Pumice was not collected from this unit. The transition between Components II and I was very wavy between 40 and 100 cmbs.

Surface Elevation: 97.34 m Ending Elevation: 96.20 m (1.14 mbs), Level 11 Volume: 4.28 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.34 to 97.20, maximum 14 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.20-96.20 (0.14-1.14 mbs), Levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 20 cm-thick Levels: None

96N/98E Unit 96N/98E measured 2x2 m and was located 4 m west of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 165 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~6.3 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Fourteen ~10 cm thick levels and one 20 cm thick level was excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was slightly undulating and observed between 80 and 100 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to 145 cmbs. Two features, 4 and 7, were documented in the unit. Feature 4 consists of scattered fire- modified cobbles, many of them exhausted, at a depth of 75 cmbs. The cobbles are distributed in the western half of the unit with a 40 cm diameter cluster in the northwest corner. Feature 7 is a linear scatter of relatively flat river cobbles, some quite large, at approximately 90 cmbs. They are oriented roughly northeast to southwest, measuring 80 to 100 cm wide. Some of the cobbles are fire cracked and many are fire modified. The feature appears to be in a 10 cm deep depression roughly 30 cm wide with no large charcoal deposits.

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Surface Elevation: 98.25 m at 98N/98E Ending Elevation: 96.60 m (1.65 mbs), Level 15 Volume: 6.3 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 98.25 to 98.10 m, maximum 15 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.10-98.00 (0.15-0.25 mbs), 97.80-96.6 (0.45-1.65 mbs), Level 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.00-97.80 (0.25-0.45 mbs), Level 3

98N/118E Unit 98N/118E measured 2x2 m and was located 6 m east of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 146 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~5.84 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Eleven ~10 cm thick levels and two 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was diffuse and undulating appearing between 60 and 80 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to 136 cmbs. Feature B was noted by the profiler in the north wall at 30 to 40 cmbs. It consists of a discreet cluster of large rounded cobbles and fire modified rock. No other information is available.

Surface Elevation: 97.36 m Ending Elevation: 95.90 m (1.46 mbs), Level 13 213

Volume: 5.84 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.36 to 97.30 m, maximum 6 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.30-97.20 and 96.80-95.90 (0.06-0.16 mbs and 0.56-1.46 mbs), Levels 2, 5-13 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.20-96.80 (0.16-0.56 mbs), Levels 3 & 4

100N/122E Unit 100N/122E measured 2x2 m and was located 10 m east of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. There was a large looter depression in the southwestern part of the unit. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 40 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~1.6 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Two ~10 cm thick levels and one 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The excavation was halted 2 cm into Level 4 due to the discovery of two human molars. The teeth were placed back and the unit was backfilled without further documentation. A profile was not drawn for this unit.

Surface Elevation: 97.18 m Ending Elevation: 96.78 m (0.40 mbs), Level 4 Volume: 1.6 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None

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Level 1: 97.18 to 97.10 m, maximum 8 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.10-97.00 (0.08-0.18 mbs), Level 2 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.00-96.80 (0.18-0.38 mbs), Level 3 Irregular Level: elevation 96.80-96.78 (0.38-0.40 mbs), Level 4.

104N/112E Unit 104N/112E measured 2x2 m and was located 2 m north of the main block. The surface was largely level and was covered in grasses and forbs. The southern margin of the unit had been disturbed by a looter pit. It was excavated to a maximum depth of 81 cmbs resulting in a total excavated volume of ~3.24 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Four ~10 cm thick levels and two 20 cm thick levels were excavated. The soil transition between Components II and I was slightly undulating and diffuse appearing between 50 and 80 cmbs. A fragment of pumice from Mt. Mazama was found at 70 cmbs.

Surface Elevation: 97.81 m Ending Elevation: 97.00 m (0.81 mbs), Level 6 Volume: 3.24 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 97.81 to 97.60, maximum 21 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.40-97.00 (0.41-0.81 mbs), Levels 3, 4, 5, 6. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.60-97.40 (0.21-0.41 mbs), Level 2.

106N/102E Unit 106N/102E measured 2x2 m and was located 4 m north of the main block. The surface gently sloped to the southeast and was covered in grasses and forbs. It was excavated to bedrock -- a maximum depth of 94 cmbs. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~3.48 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. Four ~10 cm thick levels, one 20 cm, and one 30 cm thick level was excavated.

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The soil transition between Components II and I was diffuse and undulating appearing between 30 and 40 cmbs. Fragments of pumice from Mt. Mazama were found to 62 cmbs. Feature 1 is a pair of associated artifacts, a hopper mortar (L2-400) and a cobble chopper (L2-397), located 14 to 44 cmbs. The hopper mortar is roughly 20 cm in diameter and located in the southwest corner of the unit. No other information is available.

Surface Elevation: 98.64 m Ending Elevation: 97.70 m (0.94 mbs), Level 6. Volume: 3.48 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 98.64 to 98.50 m, maximum 14 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: elevation 97.00-97.70 m (0.64-0.94 mbs), Levels 4, 5, 6. 20 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.20-97.00 m (0.44-0.64 mbs), Level 3. 30 cm-thick Levels: elevation 98.50-98.20m (0.14-0.44mbs), Level 2

120N/100E Unit 122N/100E measured 1x2 m oriented south to north and was located 19 m north of the main block just east of one of the historic walls. It was excavated to a depth of 20 cmbs where bedrock was reached. This resulted in a total excavated volume of ~0.4 m3. All of the excavated material was screened through ¼ in hardwire mesh. One 20 cm thick level was excavated. Profiles were not drawn for this unit. No additional information is available for this unit.

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Surface Elevation: 100.23 m Ending Elevation: 100.03 (0.20 mbs), Level 1 Volume: 0.4 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 100.23 to 100.03 m, maximum 20 cm thick 10 cm-thick Levels: None 20 cm-thick Levels: None Features: None

Test Pits (N=3) Total Volume: 2.6 m3 (3%)

Test Pit A The test pit measured 1x2 m oriented east-west. It was located on the west terrace roughly 60 m at 259˚ from the datum. A profile was not drawn for this unit.

Depth: 0.60 mbs, Level 3 Volume: 1.2 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None 10 cm-thick Levels: None 20 cm-thick Levels: 0-60 cmbs, Levels 1, 2 & 3 Features: None

Test Pit B The test pit measured 1x2 m oriented to true north. It was located in the eastern meadow, roughly 55 m at 91˚ from the datum. A profile was not drawn for this unit.

Depth: 0.20 mbs, Level 2 Volume: 0.4 m3 Steps: None 1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None Level 1: 0-10 cmbs 10 cm-thick Levels: 10-20 cmbs, Level 2 20 cm-thick Levels: None Features: None

Test Pit C The test pit measured 1x2 m oriented to true north. It was located in the eastern meadow, roughly 65 m at 98˚ from the datum. A profile was not drawn for this unit.

Depth: 0.50 mbs, Level 5 Volume: 1 m3 Steps: None 217

1/8” hardwire mesh sample: None 10 cm-thick Levels: 0-50cmbs, Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 20 cm-thick Levels: None Features: None

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APPENDIX B

35JO21: Main Block Artifact Attributes

Bifaces …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...220 Flake Tools ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..248 Cobble Tools …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266 Other Artifacts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….277

Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Base Length* Length* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Completeness N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque 7 Biface V Distal L1-7 Silicate yellow N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 13 Biface V Irregular >half opaque gray 19.4 3.1 L1-13 Silicate N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 18 Biface IV opaque red heat damaged L1-18 End Silicate N100/E106 21 Biface V Distal Obsidian L2-21 N100/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 22 V >half missing distal 75 14.9 8.3 L2-22 Point Leaf Large Silicate orange N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 33 Biface V Medial white massive L3-33 Silicate N100/E106 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 34 IV >half translucent missing end 40 impact 12.6 7.1 L3-34 Point Large Silicate N100/E106 long and narrow, edge 36 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete Obsidian obsidian awl 60 31 8.2 4.2 1.03 30 L3-36 awl? crushing semi- N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 45 Biface V Margin translucent heat modified L1-45 Silicate white N100/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 49 V Complete opaque red 55 25.4 14 5.4 1.75 55 L2-49 Point Leaf Large Silicate N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 50 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete opaque red straight-sided 65 35.8 24.5 7 6.37 50 L1-50 Silicate N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 51 V >half opaque red tip missing 45 14.7 5.1 L1-51 Point Leaf Large Silicate Gunther Series: N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque Gunther, 54 Contracting, V >half 30 22.2 2.85 3.8 4 5 45 90 120 25 L1-54 Point Silicate brown missing barbs Rogue River Barbed N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 56 Biface V Distal opaque gray heat treated L2-56 Silicate N98/E108 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 60 V Complete 25 28.6 14.4 4 1.25 50 L2-60 Point Leaf Large Silicate yellow yes N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline edge 61 Biface Unclassifiable II Irregular Complete opaque red bipolar thinning 29.1 23.7 7.2 4.96 L2-61 Silicate crushing Coquille Series: Broad- necked, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 10.2 62 Squaw Creek V >half shouldered 13.7 4.3 2.8 65 220 L2-62 Point Silicate brown 5 Contracting Stem Series: shouldered

220 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness crushing, N98/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline unifacial 67 V Lanceolate >half opaque red tip missing 40 10.6 4.4 L2-67 Point Leaf Medium Silicate microchippi ng N100/E108 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 70 V >half opaque red missing tip 45 11.35 5 L2-70 Point Leaf Large Silicate N100/E108 Crystalline 72 Biface III Proximal L2-72 Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Unclassifiable 73 Biface III Obsidian L2-73 End N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 86 Biface III L3-86 End Silicate yellow/red N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 103 Biface V Margin opaque pink L2-103 Silicate N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 104 Biface IV Margin opaque red L2-104 Silicate Broad neck: N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 117 diverging V Stem opaque red expanding 8 9.2 4.7 60 165 50 L3-117 Point Silicate stem N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 122 Biface V Margin opaque red L1-122 Silicate N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 126 Biface V L1-126 End Silicate brown N100/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 129 Biface V opaque red L2-129 End Silicate N100/E106 130 Biface IV Margin Obsidian L3-130 N98/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 132 Biface IV opaque red L2-132 End Silicate N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 140 Biface V Distal opaque red L2-140 Silicate semi- N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 142 Biface V Margin translucent L2-142 Silicate white N98/E106 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 147 V Complete 70 27.6 11.9 5.6 1.41 30 L2-147 Point Leaf Large Silicate orange Flake point, N98/E106 Projectile opaque 149 LS-3, Willow III Complete Obsidian 23.4 10.9 2.95 0.69 L2-149 Point mahogany yes Leaf Medium unifacial N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline cortex, heat 151 Biface IV Lanceolate Complete opaque white 55 microchippi 22 13.8 6.15 1.75 50 L2-151 Silicate treated ng N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark base and margin 154 Biface IV Lanceolate >half 50 4.9 L4-154 Silicate gray damaged N100/E104 Unclassifiable 155 Biface V Obsidian L4-155 End

221 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 156 Biface II L4-156 Fragment Silicate yellow/red N100/E104 157 Biface Graver IV >half Obsidian 4.2 L4-157 yes N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 159 Biface V Distal L3-159 Silicate brown semi- N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 160 Biface Graver V Beaked Complete translucent reworked 80 2013.6 6.7 1.93 35 L4-160 Silicate white N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline 169 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete opaque red long and narrow 75 29 10.55 5.75 1.66 30 L3-169 Silicate yes N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 171 Biface V Margin L3-171 Silicate red N100/E110 edge 174 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete Obsidian opaque black thin-bit 75 26.1 13.4 5.5 1.36 35 L3-174 crushing N100/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 178 V >half tip missing 45 11 4.3 L3-178 Point Leaf Medium Silicate yellow N100/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 180 Biface IV L3-180 Fragment Silicate green opaque N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline unfinished, tip 181 Biface McKee Series III Lanceolate Complete brown and 60 19 10.2 5.12 L3-181 Silicate missing gray Coquille Series: Broad- N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque pink tip missing, base edge 187 necked, V >half 55 15.5 6.35 50 L4-187 Point Silicate and brown dulled crushing yes Willow Leaf Extra Large semi- N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline translucent 190 Biface IV Medial L4-190 Silicate white with red spots semi- N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline base of a 191 Biface Drill V Proximal translucent 15.65 5.2 L4-191 Silicate 'keyhole' drill brown N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque tip and base 192 Biface V Lanceolate >half 50 18.9 7.7 L4-192 Silicate brown missing N100/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 194 Biface IV translucent L4-194 End Silicate N100/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 197 V Complete opaque white heat treated 70 24.65 12.1 5.4 1.52 55 L4-197 Point Leaf Large Silicate base edged LS-3, Willow dulled, same edge N100/E106 Projectile 198 Leaf Extra V Complete Obsidian gray banded material as 55 dulling/polis 38.45 16 5.9 2.57 45 L4-198 Point Large N98/E106 L6 h 825

222 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 222 Biface Graver V Beaked Complete 55 21.5 10.6 6 1.17 20 L4-222 Silicate brown N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, early 224 Biface I Complete 42.7 31 11 17.01 L3-224 Silicate brown stage N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark base and margin 227 Biface IV Lanceolate >half 60 6.6 75 L3-227 Silicate brown damaged N98/E106 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline pink and 228 IV >half tip missing 30 12.5 6.6 L3-228 Point Large Silicate brown N98/E106 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline heat modified, 229 V >half opaque white 40 12.4 5 40 L3-229 Point Leaf Large Silicate missing tip N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 230 Biface V Medial opaque red L3-230 Silicate N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 232 Biface V Medial opaque red L3-232 Silicate N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline white and 233 Biface IV Medial L5-233 Silicate orange Coquille semi- N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 234 Series: Broad- V Stem translucent 10.4 9.7 70 215 L5-234 Point Silicate necked white N100/E108 Unclassifiable 262 Biface V Obsidian L3-262 End N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 264 Biface IV Proximal L3-264 Silicate and yellow N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 265 Biface III Medial L3-265 Silicate and black edge N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 268 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete straight sided 85 dulling/polis 29 19.9 6.9 3.74 55 L3-268 Silicate green h N100/E108 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline missing tip and 269 V >half opaque red 35 13.7 4.15 L3-269 Point Large Silicate base N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 270 Biface V Distal L3-270 Silicate brown N100/E108 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline translucent tip and margins crushing, 271 V >half 10 5.3 L3-271 Point Leaf Medium Silicate white missing impact semi- N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 272 Biface IV Margin translucent L3-272 Silicate gray Coquille N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 273 Series: Broad- V Complete opaque gray Coquille series 65 31.6 14.2 7 2.31 7.2 3.5 9 45 70 190 L3-273 Point Silicate necked basal Coquille semi- N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline extreme retouch dulling, 13. 274 Series: Broad- V Complete translucent 45 30.4 17.6 6.2 2.15 13.8 40 70 215 L3-274 Point Silicate resulted in wings pressure 4 necked orange retouch N100/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 290 V Complete tip missing 55 14.4 6.5 45 L3-290 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown

223 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N102/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow weathered, 292 V Complete Obsidian 70 23 12.1 7.1 1.58 50 L6-292 Point Leaf Large mislabeled straight-sided, unifacial N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline translucent 295 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete opposing edges 75 microchippi 28.55 17 5 2.52 50 L4-295 Silicate clear crushed ng opaque N98/E108 302 Biface Graver IV Lenticular Complete Obsidian obsidian 45 26.6 18.3 7.9 2.88 30 L4-302 biface N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 303 Biface III Margin opaque tan L4-303 Silicate N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 306 Biface I Proximal cortex platform L4-306 Silicate yellow/red Gunther Series: N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 313 Contracting, V >half opaque red potlid, Gunther 30 25.5 13.6 2.8 3.4 3 2.8 20 75 130 65 L3-313 Point Silicate Rogue River Barbed Flake point, N98/E110 Projectile 314 LS-2, Willow III >half Obsidian 25.5 12.2 3.2 L3-314 Point Leaf Large long and narrow, N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark edge 318 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Medial missing tip and 70 10.3 5.9 45 L3-318 Silicate red crushing proximal Elk Creek missing square N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 319 Square V >half barb, serrated, 30 29.6 3 4.15 2.5 3.7 20 95 115 15 L3-319 Point Silicate brown yes Barbed Gunther N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 321 V >half tip missing potlid 35 11.4 3.9 L3-321 Point Leaf Large Silicate gray yes unifacial N100/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 327 Biface III opaque red microchippi L6-327 End Silicate ng semi- N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 328 Biface IV Ovate Complete translucent very irregular 65 20.6 17.8 5.6 1.89 L6-328 Silicate white N100/E106 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 331 V >half opaque tan tip missing 55 14 7.2 30 L6-331 Point Large Silicate unifacial N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 335 Biface V Margin 60 microchippi L5-335 Silicate and yellow ng LS-2, Willow N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 337 Leaf Extra V Complete 55 33 16.15 7 3.44 40 L5-337 Point Silicate brown Large N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 338 Biface V Proximal opaque red stage V L5-338 Silicate

224 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness Coquille N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 340 Series: Broad- V Stem contracting 9 7.4 65 210 L5-340 Point Silicate brown necked N100/E104 Unclassifiable 342 Biface V Obsidian translucent L5-342 End N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 19.7 413 Biface II Ovate Complete opaque red 45 69 43.35 51.53 L5-413 Silicate 5 N98/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 414 Biface III early stage L6-414 End Silicate yellow/red semi- N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 415 Biface V Margin translucent L7-415 Silicate white Broad neck: N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 423 diverging V Complete opaque red expanding stem 35 24 16.25 4.6 1.41 8.5 9 6.7 55 100 185 80 L6-423 Point Silicate stem, ST-2 Broad neck: opaque N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline square stem, 425 diverging V Complete yellow and 60 35.8 16.5 8.6 4.11 8.2 8.4 9 40 L6-425 Point Silicate shouldered stem, ST-3 red N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 426 Biface Graver IV Beaked Complete 60 20.5 12.3 5 1.31 30 L6-426 Silicate brown N100/E104 dorsal polish at 428 Biface McKee Series V Lanceolate Complete Obsidian 50 haft polish 29.5 10.2 4.7 1.3 40 L6-428 base yes Broad neck: opaque side notch, N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 10.3 13. 430 diverging V >half brown and missing tip and 50 6.6 10 35 135 170 50 L6-430 Point Silicate 5 7 stem, ST-1 red barb N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 434 Biface IV Margin potlided L6-434 Silicate purple N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 460 Biface I Ovate >half 60 21.1 20.3 L5-460 Silicate brown N100/E108 Projectile LS-2, Willow 463 V Complete Obsidian some cortex 25 25.4 12.7 5.4 1.42 35 L5-463 Point Leaf Large yes N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 465 Biface V opaque white heat treated L5-465 End Silicate N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline early stage, 466 Biface II Margin opaque red L5-466 Silicate cortex Obsidian Hydration N98/E108 Sample #29, 469 Biface III Proximal Obsidian opaque black L5-469 Silver Lake/Sycan Marsh N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark edge 470 Unclassifiable V >half L5-470 Point Silicate brown crushing N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque fine bit, missing 471 Biface Drill V >half 55 7.25 30 L5-471 Silicate brown proximal

225 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness Gunther Series: N100/E110 Projectile Gunther, 488 Contracting, V >half Obsidian translucent 25 12.3 1.6 2.7 2 2.8 38 80 130 65 L4-488 Point missing tip yes Rogue River Barbed N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 489 Biface V Proximal L4-489 Silicate and yellow fine bit, proximal N100/E110 490 Biface Drill V >half Obsidian and margin 65 4.4 60 L4-490 missing N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline 496 Biface I Irregular Proximal opaque red early stage 26.1 20.2 6.7 3.4 L4-496 Silicate N100/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 499 Biface V L4-499 Fragment Silicate red unifacial N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opposing edges 500 Biface Drill V Distal gray 65 microchippi 15 10 L4-500 Silicate with use wear ng edge N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 510 Biface McKee Series V Lanceolate >half 60 dulling/polis 6.4 L7-510 Silicate brown h N100/E104 514 Biface V Medial Obsidian L7-514 yes N100/E104 515 Biface McKee Series IV Lanceolate Complete Obsidian unfinished 55 34.7 12.4 5.15 1.66 30 L7-515 N100/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 523 Biface III opaque red L7-523 Fragment Silicate unifacial N100/E104 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline opaque 525 IV Complete 45 microchippi 23.15 10.3 4.25 1.1 40 L7-525 Point Medium Silicate brown ng N100/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 526 Biface II opaque red L7-526 End Silicate crushing, N100/E104 missing a unifacial 527 Biface Graver V Lanceolate >half Obsidian 30 26.36 4.7 90 L7-527 margin microchippi ng unifacial N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 532 Biface Drill V >half missing proximal 45 microchippi 45 L6-532 Silicate brown ng N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 537 Biface Graver IV Beaked >half opaque red 50 16.6 3.5 25 L6-537 Silicate N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline long and narrow, 538 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete red/brown 70 30.3 9.9 6.75 1.8 25 L5-538 Silicate awl? LS-3, Willow edge N100/E106 Projectile Crystalline 548 Leaf Extra V Complete base dulled 65 dulling/polis 64.3 20.5 9 11.51 35 L7-548 Point Volcanic Rock yes Large h

226 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 550 Biface IV Distal L7-550 Silicate and white expanding stem, N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 7.5 551 Side notched V Complete side notched, 35 23.85 14.15 4.9 1.37 9.2 13 40 140 195 50 L7-551 Point Silicate brown 5 SN-2 N100/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 554 Biface V opaque red L7-554 End Silicate N100/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline edge 555 V Complete translucent missing margin 50 21.6 10.4 2.25 40 L7-555 Point Leaf Medium Silicate crushing N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 556 V Complete opaque pink heat treated 45 30 12.5 6 1.88 30 L4-556 Point Leaf Large Silicate N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark contracting 584 Biface V Proximal L8-584 Silicate red stem? N100/E104 Unclassifiable Crystalline 585 Biface V potlided L8-585 End Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque wall, levels 1 to 592 V Complete 55 29.3 18.7 4.6 1.76 35 W-592 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown 4 N98/E106 Crystalline 593 Biface IV Medial L4-593 Volcanic Rock semi- N98/E106 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline missing piece of edge 596 V >half translucent 55 14.5 5 L4-596 Point Leaf Large Silicate margin crushing brown LS-3, Willow N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 597 Leaf Extra V >half opaque red damaged base 30 33 15.8 6.3 50 L4-597 Point Silicate Large semi- N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 599 Biface V translucent L4-599 End Silicate white N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 601 Biface IV L4-601 End Silicate brown N100/E106 Thin-bit 616 Biface IV Discoidal >half Obsidian missing distal 40 13.3 3.7 L8-616 scraper N100/E106 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 620 V Complete 40 37.7 14 5.2 2.4 40 L8-620 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown unifacial N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline one distal edge 622 Biface McKee Series V Lanceolate Complete opaque gray 45 microchippi 32 11.7 6.35 1.65 38 L6-622 Silicate heavily used ng N100/E106 Unclassifiable 637 Biface V Obsidian L9-637 End LS-1, Willow edge N100/E106 Projectile Crystalline missing distal 639 Leaf Extra V >half 40 dulling/polis 30 8.3 L9-639 Point Volcanic Rock end, base dulled yes Large h

227 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness Gunther Series: barbed, N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 647 Expanding, V Complete serrated, 45 17.15 16.2 3.1 0.65 4 5.5 4 52 95 135 40 L5-647 Point Silicate yellow yes Rogue River Gunther Barbed N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 648 Biface V Medial opaque red L5-648 Silicate N98/E106 fine bit, 649 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete Obsidian 65 21.1 19.4 6.1 1.25 40 L5-649 damaged tip N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 650 Biface V Medial L5-650 Silicate brown LS-3, Pollard Diamond N100/E108 Projectile obsidian 656 Shape, Willow V >half Obsidian tip broken off 35 impact 25.6 18.4 7.7 2.76 60 L6-656 Point point yes Leaf Extra Large N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline 674 Biface III Lanceolate >half opaque red missing margin 85 24.9 7.75 L5-674 Silicate Gunther Series: N100/E110 Projectile 675 Contracting, V Complete Obsidian translucent Gunther 40 18.2 12.6 3.8 0.35 3.5 3.3 2.8 30 75 125 55 L5-675 Point Rogue River Barbed N100/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque red 677 Biface III L5-677 End Silicate and yellow unifacial N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 678 Biface McKee Series V Lanceolate Complete 70 microchippi 33.3 13.3 6.4 2.82 45 L5-678 Silicate red ng point on Flake point, proximal end, N100/E110 Projectile 679 LS-2, Willow III Complete Obsidian twisted tip, 27.3 14 2.5 1.17 L5-679 Point Leaf Large projectile point? Drill? N100/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 681 V Complete 55 36.1 14.8 5.25 2.1 30 L5-681 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown yes N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline 684 Biface V Margin translucent L5-684 Silicate N100/E110 Unclassifiable 686 Biface IV Obsidian L5-686 End N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 688 Biface IV Proximal opaque red L9-688 Silicate

228 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness edge crushing, LS-3, Willow pressure N100/E104 Projectile water worn and 689 Leaf Extra V Complete Obsidian 48 retouch, 28.8 16.3 8.4 3.93 55 L9-689 Point then retouched Large unifacial microchippi ng N100/E104 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline edge 695 V Complete opaque gray 50 30.75 13.1 5.5 2.04 35 L9-695 Point Leaf Large Silicate crushing N100/E104 Unclassifiable 696 Biface V Obsidian L9-696 Fragment N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 701 Biface V Proximal opaque red base L9-701 Silicate N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 703 Biface V Proximal L9-703 Silicate brown yes N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 713 Biface IV L6-713 Fragment Silicate red N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque 716 Biface II Medial cortex L5-716 Silicate brown N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 719 Biface III Proximal white L9-719 Silicate N100/E106 721 Biface V Medial Obsidian L9-721 N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 722 Biface V Distal L9-722 Silicate gray not washed, large, wide N100/E108 Projectile Side notched, Cryptocrystalline semitransluc 43.4 32. 12. 723 V Complete stemmed, side 45 43.2 32.2 8.1 9.59 55 125 205 65 L6-723 Point SN-4 Silicate ent yellow 5 2 35 notched, madras sn N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 724 Biface McKee Series V Lanceolate Complete 50 35 10.6 5.9 1.93 35 L6-724 Silicate and white semi- N100/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 727 Biface IV translucent L6-727 End Silicate orange Gunther Series: N100/E108 Projectile Gunther, tip 728 Contracting, V >half Obsidian 45 12.2 3.75 4.2 3.3 3.3 25 75 135 70 L6-728 Point missing Rogue River Barbed N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 729 Biface Graver IV Beaked Complete 50 18 13.7 6.3 1.67 55 L6-729 Silicate brown N100/E104 Unclassifiable Crystalline 744 Biface IV L10-744 End Volcanic Rock

229 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

230 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness Broad neck: U-stem, Squaw Creek N101/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1/8", Houx 14. 783 Contracting V Proximal 14 9.9 105 190 125 L10-783 Point Silicate red contracting stem 5 Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 785 Biface V Margin opaque red L5-785 Silicate N100/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 800 Biface III L7-800 End Silicate purple unifacial N100/E108 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 803 V Complete potlids 60 microchippi 22.6 11.4 5.75 1.39 40 L7-803 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown ng N100/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 806 Biface III mid stage L7-806 Fragment Silicate brown Gunther Series: N100/E108 Projectile 807 Contracting, V Complete Obsidian tiny, Gunther 25 13.8 10.2 1.6 0.21 2.3 1.5 2.6 50 75 130 45 L7-807 Point Rogue River Barbed LS-1, Squaw Creek Contracting N100/E108 Projectile Crystalline 17. 809 Stem Series: V >half missing distal 50 21.8 9 18.8 7.4 L7-809 Point Volcanic Rock 2 shouldered, Willow Leaf Extra Large Coquille N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 11. 810 Series: Broad- V Stem contracting 9 70 220 L7-810 Point Silicate brown 1 necked semi- N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline heat treated, 812 Biface IV Proximal translucent L7-812 Silicate cortex platform white N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 813 Biface Unclassifiable I Lanceolate Complete 65 39.4 18.35 9.15 5.6 L7-813 Silicate yellow Coquille Series: Broad- same material necked, and general edge N98/E106 Projectile Pollard 825 V Complete Obsidian gray banded form as 32 dulling/polis 27.6 14.6 4.3 1.38 45 L6-825 Point Diamond N100/E106 L4 h Shape, Willow 198 Leaf Extra Large N98/E106 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline edge 826 V >half translucent tip missing 70 12.8 6.5 L6-826 Point Large Silicate crushing

231 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N98/E104 832 Biface McKee Series IV Lanceolate >half Obsidian 65 30.8 10.15 8 1.72 25 L7-832 N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline massive, 835 Biface V Medial opaque gray 75 L11-835 Silicate serrated, LS-1 yes Broad neck: U-stem, Squaw Creek N101/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1/8", missing a edge 838 Contracting V >half 70 42.4 18.2 8.35 10.1 6.1 7 35 110 192 125 L11-838 Point Silicate brown barb crushing Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 845 Biface V Margin opaque red L7-845 Silicate N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 846 Biface V L7-846 End Silicate brown heat treated, N98/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 864 V >half opaque white missing part of 60 29.2 14.7 7 50 L5-864 Point Leaf Large Silicate yes margin Broad neck: N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque red 877 diverging V Stem expanding 8.2 9 L7-877 Point Silicate and yellow stem Gunther Series: N98/E108 Projectile obsidian tip, stem, barb 878 Expanding, V >half Obsidian 40 2.5 3 35 95 120 30 L7-878 Point barbed point missing Rogue River Barbed side notched, expanding stem, N98/E108 Projectile Side notched, Cryptocrystalline opaque dark missing tip and 10. 879 V >half 55 impact 6.35 17 125 190 35 L7-879 Point SN-4 Silicate brown part of base, 4 madras side notched N100/E108 922 Biface V Medial Obsidian L8-922 N100/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque red 923 Biface IV L8-923 End Silicate and green N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 924 Biface V Medial L8-924 Silicate brown N100/E108 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 926 V Complete opaque red 45 54.55 9.9 4.7 1.01 35 L8-926 Point Leaf Medium Silicate long contracting stem, Coquille N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark shouldered, planar 10. 929 Series: Broad- V >half 50 28 2.5 55 75 195 L8-929 Point Silicate gray coquille, missing polish 8 necked part of margin, haft polish

232 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness problem! N100/E108 Elevation in 930 Biface V Margin Obsidian L9-930 level 7, some yes cortex N98/E106 Unclassifiable 933 Biface V Obsidian mahogany L7-933 End N98/E106 Projectile LS-2, Willow 934 V Complete Obsidian 57 30 11.4 5.5 1.52 35 L7-934 Point Leaf Large yes N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline edge 952 V Complete pink 45 32.55 12 5 1.8 30 L5-952 Point Leaf Large Silicate crushing N98/E110 Projectile missing margin, 956 Unclassifiable V Margin Obsidian L5-956 Point tang, base N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 957 Biface V Distal opaque red L5-957 Silicate N98/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 958 Biface V L5-958 End Silicate brown N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 986 Biface III Proximal purple cortex platform L9-986 Silicate LS-3, Willow N98/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline missing distal 987 Leaf Extra V >half opaque gray 45 16.2 4.9 L9-987 Point Silicate end Large N98/E104 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque heavily potlided, 988 V >half 60 14.8 L9-988 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown missing tip N98/E104 989 Biface V Proximal Obsidian L9-989 N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 990 Biface V Margin L9-990 Silicate gray opaque N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline mottled 995 Biface II Proximal L11-995 Silicate brown and white N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline white and 997 Biface III Margin L11-997 Silicate brown N100/E104 Crystalline 999 Biface III Distal L11-999 Volcanic Rock LS-1, Willow opaque N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1000 Leaf Extra V Complete yellow and 60 32.7 17 6.6 2.36 40 L11-1000 Point Silicate yes Large red N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1001 Biface V Proximal opaque gray L11-1001 Silicate N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1024 Biface V Medial wall W-1024 Silicate brown N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1025 Biface V Ovate Margin wall 44.78.9 W-1025 Silicate brown N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1027 Biface V opaque red L8-1027 End Silicate

233 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N98/E106 1028 Biface V Margin Obsidian L8-1028 N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1029 Unclassifiable III Margin L7-1029 Point Silicate red yes N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1033 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete brown straight-sided 53 34.521.8 5.75 4.72 65 L9-1033 Silicate N100/E108 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1035 Biface III weathered L9-1035 End Volcanic Rock N98/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline brown and 1070 Biface II L6-1070 End Silicate white Broad neck: N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark potlid, portion of 1080 contracting V >half 30 3.8 50 85 15 50 L9-1080 Point Silicate brown base missing stem, ST-1 problem! LS-1, Willow N98/E108 Projectile Crystalline Elevation is level 1081 Leaf Extra V >half 50 26.25 9.3 L9-1081 Point Volcanic Rock 8, massive, tip yes Large missing LS-1, Willow N98/E106 Projectile Crystalline unwashed, 1082 Leaf Extra V >half 45 20.8 7.8 L9-1082 Point Volcanic Rock missing tip yes Large N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1090 Biface III Lanceolate >half broken in half L10-1090 Silicate red N98/E104 Unclassifiable 1091 Biface V Obsidian 45 L10-1091 End N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1092 Biface V Medial opaque red L10-1092 Silicate yes N98/E104 Projectile LS-3, Willow edge 1095 V Complete Obsidian bit of tip missing 40 22.2 12.5 5.35 1.23 45 L10-1095 Point Leaf Large crushing N100/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque edge 1100 V Complete 40 29.8 13 4.6 1.61 50 L7-1100 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown crushing Broad neck: U-stem, large, Houx N100/E108 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque 11. 1108 V Complete contracting 45 65.6 23 6.5 9.79 9.6 7.5 35 110 185 105 L10-1108 Point Contracting Silicate brown yes 5 stem, beautiful Stem Series: barbed, ST-4c N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1109 Biface V Medial L10-1109 Silicate brown N100/E108 Crystalline 1112 Biface II Lanceolate >half 50 29.4 10 38 L10-1112 Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque massive, 1115 Biface V Medial 7.7 L10-1115 Silicate orange probable LS-1 yes N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1116 Biface Drill V Ovate Complete opaque red fine bit 55 47 26.8 10.5 12.17 50 L10-1116 Silicate N100/E108 Unclassifiable 1119 Biface III Obsidian gray banded L10-1119 End

234 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness LS-3, Willow N100/E104 Projectile Crystalline 1121 Leaf Extra IV Lanceolate Complete weathered 50 71.9 25 12.3 17.8 40 L11-1121 Point Volcanic Rock Large N100/E104 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque planar 1125 V Medial large 45 23.15 15 L12-1125 Point Fragment Silicate brown polish contracting stem N100/E104 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline Houx? Base and planar 11.3 1127 V Medial opaque gray 110 205 130 L12-1127 Point Fragment Silicate body missing, polish 5 haft polish N100/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline mottled 1130 Biface V stage V L12-1130 End Silicate brown N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1165 Biface V Medial L6-1165 Silicate brown missing distal N98/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 1167 V >half end and part of 45 9.6 4 L6-1167 Point Leaf Medium Silicate orange margin N98/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline missing tip, haft planar 1169 V Complete opaque red 60 31 15 7.5 50 L6-1169 Point Leaf Large Silicate polish polish yes N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 1171 Biface V Distal translucent L6-1171 Silicate N98/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1172 Biface IV L6-1172 End Silicate red LS-2, Pollard Diamond N98/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1185 Shape, Willow V >half missing tip 60 21.1 6.6 55 L11-1185 Point Silicate purple Leaf Extra Large N98/E104 Crystalline 15.1 1188 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 50 62.15 31.45 24.95 55 L11-1188 Volcanic Rock 5 Squaw Creek Contracting N98/E104 Projectile Stem Series: Cryptocrystalline 1191 V Complete opaque tan one shoulder 55 39.3 18.6 7.1 3.97 14.5 6.4 45 L11-1191 Point shouldered, Silicate yes Willow Leaf Extra Large square stem, pointed Broad neck: N98/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque shoulders, 10. 10. 1192 square stem, V >half 50 14.6 6 10.9 L11-1192 Point Silicate brown retouched, like 3 3 ST-4b barbed SC contracting stem N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque early stage, 1203 Biface I >half L10-1203 Silicate yellow cortex

235 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness 50% cortex on dorsal and N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1205 Biface I Lenticular >half opaque tan ventral sides, 55 24.5 16 L10-1205 Silicate formed on long pebble N98/E106 Unclassifiable Crystalline fine-grain 1210 Biface V wall W-1210 End Volcanic Rock black LS-3, Willow N98/E104 Projectile Crystalline 1222 Leaf Extra V Complete unwashed, large 50 31.35 26.1 10.7 16.71 45 L8-1222 Point Volcanic Rock yes Large coarse, not sure N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1226 Biface III light gray about the L8-1226 End Silicate material Flake point, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1228 LS-2, Willow III Complete 24 13.2 3.8 1.03 L8-1228 Point Silicate red yes Leaf Large N98/E108 Projectile Willow Leaf 1229 V >half Obsidian 45 17.2 6.4 L8-1229 Point Extra Large semi- N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1231 Biface IV Proximal translucent crystal surface L8-1231 Silicate purple N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1235 Biface V Margin opaque red L8-1235 Silicate N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1236 Biface III cortex L8-1236 End Silicate brown N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1238 Biface V step S-1238 End Silicate red problem! Elevation is for N100/E106 Crystalline Level 11, 1240 Biface IV Lanceolate Complete point-basalt 40 48.2 22.3 10 10.65 65 L12-1240 Volcanic Rock weathered, one yes side reworked to be straight N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline long and narrow, 1242 Biface Drill V Lanceolate >half opaque red 45 9 4.2 25 L8-1242 Silicate tip missing long only slightly Broad neck: N100/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque contracting 13. 1244 square stem, V Stem 20.9 17.6 19 L8-1244 Point Silicate yellow stem, platform 2 ST-4b obvious, thick N100/E110 Projectile LS-3, Willow tip and base 1245 V >half Obsidian 45 14.9 5 35 L8-1245 Point Leaf Large damaged N100/E108 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline opaque 1255 V >half tip missing 18.75 L11-1255 Point Extra Large Silicate brown N100/E108 Unclassifiable 1257 Biface IV Obsidian L11-1257 End

236 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E108 Crystalline 1259 Biface IV Lanceolate >half massive 25 12.8 60 L11-1259 Volcanic Rock Flake point, N100/E108 Projectile 1260 LS-3, Willow V Complete Obsidian weathered 25 29.8 11 3 0.86 40 L12-1260 Point Leaf Medium N98/E104 Crystalline fine-grain contracting 1261 Biface V Proximal L12-1261 Volcanic Rock black stem? N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1285 Biface V Margin opaque red L9-1285 Silicate N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1287 Biface V Margin opaque red L9-1287 Silicate yes Broad neck: N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 7.5 1288 contracting V Complete opaque red shouldered 45 7.9 15.1 4.9 1.77 9 8 45 L9-1288 Point Silicate 5 stem, ST-2 N98/E108 1291 Biface V Ovate >half Obsidian gray banded tip missing impact 14.7 6.6 L9-1291 N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1292 Biface IV Medial opaque red L9-1292 Silicate Broad neck: reddened tip, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 11.4 13. 1294 diverging V Complete wide expanding 40 39.9 20.6 4 2.14 7.4 50 75 195 65 L9-1294 Point Silicate yellow/red 5 6 stem, ST-1 stem N100/E110 Crystalline 12.5 1304 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 45 51.15 26.5 15.3 60 L8-1304 Volcanic Rock 5 N100/E106 Projectile Willow Leaf Crystalline 1311 IV Complete weathered 60 69.2 33.3 8.9 27.79 50 L12-1311 Point Extra Large Volcanic Rock N100/E106 Crystalline 1312 Biface III Lanceolate >half base missing 45 33.3 12.3 65 L12-1312 Volcanic Rock semi- N100/E106 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline contracting 1315 V Stem translucent L12-1315 Point square stem Silicate square white Broad neck: opaque N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline long contracting 12. 1316 square stem, V Proximal yellow and 10.6 9.3 L12-1316 Point Silicate square stem 6 ST-4b red N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1322 Biface V Margin opaque red l13-1322 Silicate missing tip and base, Obsidian Broad neck: N98/E104 Projectile Hydration 1323 contracting V >half Obsidian 12.3 5 7 L13-1323 Point Sample #15, stem Grasshopper Flat problem! N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 1327 Biface Drill IV Lanceolate Complete purple Elevation is level 80 19.9 12.45 5.9 1.19 50 L7-1327 Silicate 9, fine bit N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 1329 Biface II Lanceolate Complete opaque red bipolar crushing 68 38.25 21 9.9 8.39 L7-1329 Silicate

237 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1331 Biface III Margin L7-1331 Silicate brown small amount of N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque red cortex on both 1332 Biface I Complete 27 24.7 12.9 9.24 L7-1332 Silicate and black sides, early stage N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 1336 V Complete missing tip 65 13 6.2 35 L7-1336 Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E104 Unclassifiable Crystalline heavily 1337 Biface III L13-1337 End Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E108 Crystalline cortex on dorsal 1342 Biface I Ovate Complete 65 71.9 47.8 23.4 83.15 L12-1342 Volcanic Rock side N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1355 Biface III Proximal L11-1355 Silicate yellow N98/E106 1356 Biface IV Margin Obsidian L11-1356 N98/E106 1359 Biface V Medial Obsidian L11-1359 yes N98/E106 Unclassifiable 1360 Biface V Obsidian gray 1/8" L11-1360 End Broad neck: square stem, semi- missing barb N98/E106 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline translucent 10. 11. 1361 V >half and tip, slightly 50 6.85 14.3 L11-1361 Point Contracting Silicate orange and 9 2 contracting stem Stem Series: white barbed LS-1, Willow N100/E106 Projectile Crystalline large, missing 1376 Leaf Extra V >half 25.3 7.2 L12-1376 Point Volcanic Rock tip yes Large Broad neck: contracting stem, Squaw N100/E106 Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque 14. 1377 Stem convex stem 15.8 95 192 95 L13-1377 Point Contracting Silicate brown 8 Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c N100/E106 Level 13 artifact 1381 Biface V Margin Obsidian L13-1381 1447 N100/E108 1398 Biface V Proximal Obsidian L12-1398 N100/E108 Crystalline 1400 Biface IV Ovate Complete weathered 35 43.3 27.1 8.85 11.65 70 L12-1400 Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 11.5 1401 Biface III Discoidal >half opaque red 35 29 L12-1401 Silicate 5

238 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque white 1402 Biface V L12-1402 End Silicate and gray straight sides, slightly Broad neck: N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque expanding stem, 15. 1403 diverging V >half 55 30.55 9 15 11 80 190 65 L12-1403 Point Silicate yellow parallel flaking, 7 stem, ST-4b missing tip, too long to be ClCn N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1415 Biface V Proximal 1/8", potlided L14-1415 Silicate brown edge N100/E104 Projectile LS-2, Willow missing tip and 1416 IV >half Obsidian gray banded crushing, 14.8 7.6 L14-1416 Point Leaf Large margin impact N100/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1417 Biface V opaque white L14-1417 End Silicate N100/E105 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1418 Biface IV 1/8" L14-1418 End Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1425 Biface V Margin opaque red L10-1425 Silicate N98/E104 1426 Biface IV Ovate >half Obsidian opaque gray tip missing 45 impact 9.5 4.6 L14-1426 N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1427 Biface III opaque red L10-1427 End Silicate Broad neck: square stem, N98/E108 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline tip and bottom of 14. 1428 V Medial opaque pink 21.85 9.5 16.5 L10-1428 Point Contracting Silicate base missing 6 Stem Series: barbed, ST-4b potlided, N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1434 Biface V opaque red possible L11-1434 End Silicate contracting stem N99/E107 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1440 Biface V Margin stage V L12-1440 Silicate orange N98/E106 1442 Biface V Distal Obsidian L12-1442 Flake point, N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1446 LS-3, Willow III Complete opaque pink 16.7 8.65 2.1 0.29 L7-1446 Point Silicate Leaf Medium N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1463 Biface III Lanceolate >half opaque red potlid 30 37 20.4 7 L13-1463 Silicate

239 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness Squaw Creek missing tip, one Contracting shoulder, same N100/E108 Projectile Stem Series: Cryptocrystalline opaque light material, and 1464 V >half 30 20.8 7 14.2 4.6 L13-1464 Point shouldered, Silicate gray type as Willow Leaf N98/E104 L15 Extra Large 1520 N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1468 Biface V Distal opaque pink tip L13-1468 Silicate N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline white and contracting 1469 Biface V Proximal L13-1469 Silicate brown square stem Broad neck: N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 13. 1470 square stem, V Stem opaque red potlids 14.4 10 L13-1470 Point Silicate 2 ST-4b N100/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1472 Unclassifiable V Stem square L13-1472 Point Silicate brown N100/E110 Unclassifiable 1474 Biface V Obsidian L10-1474 Fragment Broad neck: missing base, 1/8", missing N99/E107 Projectile Crystalline 1476 Houx V >half bottom of stem, 45 48.15 25.4 9.3 16 55 L13-1476 Point Volcanic Rock Contracting Houx? 16 nw Stem, ST-4c N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1478 Biface III L13-1478 End Silicate brown 1/8" missing distal, margin N98/E106 Crystalline 1479 Biface V Lanceolate >half crushed, 55 19.8 8.8 L13-1479 Volcanic Rock yes weathered, was prob. LS-1 1/8", thick semi- diamond cross- N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline translucent, 12.4 1480 Biface V Medial section, possible 65 L13-1480 Silicate heavily 5 drill fragment, fractured heat modified N98/E104 Unclassifiable edge 1485 Biface V Lanceolate Obsidian opaque black thick L14-1485 End crushing N99.55/E10 Unclassifiable 1489 4.95 L15- Biface III Obsidian Fragment 1489 Problem! Labeled N100/E102 Crystalline N100/E102 L14- 1491 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 65 66.55 35 22.4 38.47 L14-1491 Volcanic Rock 1491 but early stage biface, CVR

240 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E106 1492 Biface V Proximal Obsidian mahogany L14-1492 N100/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1493 Biface V opaque white L14-1493 End Silicate N100/E106 Crystalline 1499 Biface III Proximal L14-1499 Volcanic Rock 1/8", stemmed with rounded tip, N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque edge 10.5 1501 Biface Unclassifiable V Ovate Complete looks like a 55 40 22.2 8.73 L14-1501 Silicate brown crushing 5 reworked stem point N98/E106 Crystalline 1504 Biface IV Lunate Complete weathered 40 58.2 28.5 10.7 17.62 75 L14-1504 Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1506 Biface IV Margin opaque gray L14-1506 Silicate LS-1, Willow N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1507 Leaf Extra V Medial opaque gray 1/8" 24.4 8.9 L14-1507 Point Silicate yes Large N100/E104 Projectile Unclassifiable Crystalline 1509 Unclassifiable V L15-1509 Point End Volcanic Rock N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1512 Biface III Lanceolate >half early stage 25 11 L15-1512 Silicate brown N100/E104 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1516 Biface III L15-1516 End Volcanic Rock long and narrow, N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline thick triangular 1519 Biface V Lanceolate Medial opaque tan L15-1519 Silicate cross-section, drill fragment? missing tip, one shoulder, same N98/E104 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline material and 10.6 1520 V >half opaque gray 45 23.4 L15-1520 Point Extra Large Silicate type as 5 N100/E108 L13 1464 LS-3, Willow N98/E108 Projectile Crystalline 10.7 1528 Leaf Extra IV >half unwashed, large 26.5 L11-1528 Point Volcanic Rock yes 5 Large N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1529 Biface V Medial L11-1529 Silicate orange N100/E104 Crystalline large, weathered 1533 Biface V Lanceolate Proximal L15-1533 Volcanic Rock or haft wear? LS-1, Willow N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1540 Leaf Extra V Complete 50 35.5 19.15 8.3 3.8 50 L15-1540 Point Silicate yellow yes Large N100/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1541 Biface V opaque tan L15-1541 End Silicate

241 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1542 Biface V Distal opaque red L15-1542 Silicate LS-2, Willow N100/E106 Projectile tip and base 1543 Leaf Extra V >half Obsidian opaque gray impact 15.9 7.1 L15-1543 Point missing yes Large N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1546 Biface IV Margin L15-1546 Silicate purple N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1562 Biface IV Stem potlided L12-1562 Silicate brown Elk Creek square barbs, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1564 Square V >half opaque red Gunther? 45 17.3 6.6 0.58 3.6 3.6 4 60 85 120 35 L12-1564 Point Silicate Barbed Missing tip N98/E108 Unclassifiable 1565 Biface III Obsidian translucent L12-1565 Fragment N98/E108 Crystalline edge 1569 Biface IV Lanceolate Complete 35 56 30 8.25 12.66 75 L12-1569 Volcanic Rock crushing N100/E105 Cryptocrystalline 1580 Biface IV Proximal opaque gray L16-1580 Silicate Broad neck: barbed, contracting N100/E105 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline red moss 12. 1581 V >half stem, missing tip 50 7.1 14.4 100 150 55 L16-1581 Point Contracting Silicate agate 6 and barb Stem Series: barbed Broad neck: barbed, N100/E104 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque contracting 1582 V Complete 45 36.9 23.3 7.2 4.9 12.7 9.8 9.3 60 L16-1582 Point Contracting Silicate yellow/red stem, eared Stem Series: barbed N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1594 Biface V Medial L11-1594 Silicate gray N100/E110 Cryptocrystalline 1595 Biface III Lanceolate Complete opaque red 65 34.9 18.85 9.55 5.31 L11-1595 Silicate Broad neck: square stem, massive, square ST-4b, stem, platform N100/E110 Projectile Widestem Cryptocrystalline opaque red 18. 1596 V Stem obvious, pit 10.3 17.7 14 90 130 L11-1596 Point Group: Silicate and brown 3 closed, Houx squared Square-stem expanding stem N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1597 Biface V Medial opaque gray L14-1597 Silicate yes N100/E108 Crystalline crescent, 1598 Biface IV Lunate Distal 40 19.5 10 40 L14-1598 Volcanic Rock weathered

242 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1602 Biface V Margin L14-1602 Silicate brown N100.03/E1 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1603 08.76 L14- Biface I early stage End Volcanic Rock 1603 stemmed, semi- Broad neck: shouldered, N98/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline translucent 1614 diverging V >half potlided, tip 55 22.4 7.2 11.4 12 9 L16-1614 Point Silicate pink and stem, ST-3 missing, brown coquille? N98/E108 Crystalline 1618 Biface IV Proximal straight edge L13-1618 Volcanic Rock massive, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1619 Unclassifiable V Medial probable LS-1 9.8 L13-1619 Point Silicate brown yes fragment N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1620 Biface IV Medial opaque red L13-1620 Silicate N98/E108 Crystalline fine-grain 1622 Biface V Lanceolate >half 17.5 7.5 L13-1622 Volcanic Rock black N98/E108 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque square stem, tip 1623 V >half 55 12 7.7 12 11 9.5 L13-1623 Point barbed Silicate brown missing yes N98/E108 Unclassifiable 1626 Biface IV Obsidian L13-1626 Fragment LS-3, Willow not washed, N98/E108 Projectile Crystalline 1627 Leaf Extra V >half massive, 50 73.1 26.9 8.6 60 L13-1627 Point Volcanic Rock yes Large missing tip N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline 1636 Biface V Margin opaque gray heat treated L8-1636 Silicate N99/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1637 Biface V Medial L8-1637 Silicate gray semi- N98/E111 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline edge 1639 Biface V translucent contracting stem L8-1639 End Silicate crushing white Coquille Series: Broad- necked, N99.43/E11 semi- in situ, found Projectile Pollard Cryptocrystalline edge 1640 1.55 L8- V Complete translucent resting on top of 45 30.3 16.45 5.6 2.23 13 9.5 50 Point Diamond Silicate crushing 1640 gray a river cobble Shape, Willow Leaf Extra Large N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1646 Biface III Proximal pink L16-1646 Silicate N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1657 Biface II Ovate >half opaque white heat shattered 29.4 10.6 L16-1657 Silicate

243 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness basalt biface N106/E106 Crystalline problem, edge 1658 Biface II Complete preform 45 66.3 34 12.1 26.23 L16-1658 Volcanic Rock mislabeled crushing fragment N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1660 Biface IV Margin opaque red L16-1660 Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifiable Crystalline basalt biface 1663 Biface III early stage L16-1663 End Volcanic Rock fragment Broad neck: Houx barbed, contracting N100/E108 Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque white 10. 1665 V >half stem, one barb 60 42.9 21 8.5 5.67 12.6 8.7 40 L15-1665 Point Contracting Silicate and brown yes 6 broken, platform Stem Series: on base barbed N100/E108 Crystalline 1667 Biface IV Lanceolate >half 40 50.8 9.7 70 L15-1667 Volcanic Rock N99/E107 Crystalline 1670 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 1/8", early stage 70 47.8 31.2 16.9 23.63 75 L15-1670 Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1673 Biface V Medial 1/8" L15-1673 Silicate brown N98.5/E106 Unclassifiable 1675 Biface IV Obsidian L15-1675 End N98.50/E10 Crystalline 1678 Biface IV Ovate Complete so cool! 35 crushing 57.3 45.6 8 21.72 105 6 L15-1678 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1692 Biface V Medial L17-1692 Silicate brown N98/E104 1693 Biface Graver IV Beaked Complete Obsidian 50 17.6 14.3 5.3 1.04 50 L17-1693 N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1694 Biface V Medial potlids L17-1694 Silicate brown N98/E104 Crystalline 1696 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 40 72.45 38 21.6 49.54 L17-1695 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Crystalline 1698 Biface IV Distal L17-1698 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque stem, missing tip 13. 1700 V >half 7.7 12 L17-1700 Point barbed Silicate purple and bit off base yes 1 N98/E104 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1703 Biface V L17-1703 End Silicate brown N100/E108 1706 Biface V Proximal Obsidian L16-1706 N100/E108 Projectile Broad neck: small pointed 13.5 1707 V Medial Obsidian opaque black 45 impact L16-1707 Point Fragment shoulders 5 N100/E106 Crystalline very large flake, 1720 Biface I Complete 73.8 57.5 23.4 99.92 L17-1720 Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque gray 1721 Biface V Margin L17-1721 Silicate and pink

244 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness N98/E108 Crystalline 1725 Biface IV Lunate >half 30 37.3 10.6 L14-1715 Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline potlided, 1727 V Proximal opaque red 23.3 L14-1727 Point Extra Large Silicate shouldered N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque touch of cortex 1732 Biface II Lanceolate Complete 45 66.2 35.1 17 34.49 55 L14-1732 Silicate tan/white on dorsal side N98/E110 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1734 Biface III opaque tan L9-1734 End Silicate N98/E110 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1735 Biface IV Margin L9-1735 Silicate purple N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow edge 1737 V >half Obsidian base damaged 50 12.1 5.4 35 L9-1737 Point Leaf Large crushing Flake point, N98/E110 Projectile 1738 LS-2, Willow III Complete Obsidian one shoulder 34 15 3.8 1.76 L9-1738 Point yes Leaf Large N98/E110 Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 1739 V Complete opaque red 52 32.4 14 6.7 2.94 50 L9-1739 Point Leaf Large Silicate LS-1, Willow N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1740 Leaf Extra V Complete 60 29.1 16.7 5.75 2.53 50 L9-1740 Point Silicate brown yes Large LS-1, Willow N98/E110 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1741 Leaf Extra V Complete 60 36.3 15.15 5.4 2.03 30 L9-1741 Point Silicate brown yes Large N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1745 Biface V Margin opaque white heat treated L14-1745 Silicate 1/8", same LS-2, Pollard material as Diamond N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark paleo point 1747 Shape, Willow V >half 18.9 5.8 L17-1747 Point Silicate gray 1878, missing Leaf Extra tip and flake off Large base LS-1, Willow N100/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1749 Leaf Extra V >half 1/8", tip missing 50 15.6 6.85 35 L17-1749 Point Silicate red yes Large 1/8", platform N100/E104 Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline brown and 12. 7.3 1750 V >half base, square 40 21.5 6.7 12 100 165 60 L17-1750 Point barbed Silicate red yes 4 5 stem N98/E104 Projectile Willow Leaf Crystalline 1755 V Complete one shoulder 55 47.1 16.5 7.3 5.73 40 L19-1755 Point Extra Large Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Crystalline 1756 Biface I Lanceolate Complete 50 55.15 35.35 19.9 31.76 75 L18-1756 Volcanic Rock semi- unifacial N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline scraper edges 1759 Biface Drill, Thick-bit V Complete translucent 60 microchippi 31.1 20.45 4.9 3.21 50 L19-1759 Silicate and drill tan ng

245 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness not washed, same material Broad neck: as convex N98/E104 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 14. 11. 1761 square stem, V >half base? Square 45 impact 40.520.6 6.65 6.01 14.3 45 L19-1761 Point Silicate gray 3 6 ST-4b wide stem 14.3 wide, 11.6 long, missing tip? semi- N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1762 Biface III Medial translucent L19-1762 Silicate white potlided both N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1764 Biface V >half ends, deep 50 6.5 L19-1764 Silicate red yes serration obsidian Obsidian N98/E104 basal end of Hydration 1765 Biface V Proximal Obsidian L19-1765 projectile Sample #3, point Spodue Mtn. 5.4 Coquille Series: Broad- necked, N98/E108 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque red 12. 1770 Squaw Creek V Stem potlided 13.1 4 60 210 L15-1770 Point Silicate and white 8 Contracting Stem Series: shouldered N98/E108 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1772 Biface III weathered L15-1772 End Volcanic Rock semi- some cortex, N98/E108 edge 1773 Biface Drill V Lanceolate Complete Obsidian transparent fine bit, base 60 15.8 5.8 45 L15-1773 crushing banded gray damaged N98/E108 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1774 Biface IV straight edge? L15-1774 End Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Projectile Crystalline 1776 Unclassifiable V Stem contracting L15-1776 Point Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Crystalline in situ, 1794 Biface III Lanceolate >half 50 30.5 10.6 70 L17-1784 Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1796 Biface II Ovate Complete in situ 50 55.75 42.85 25 53.19 L17-1796 Silicate brown unwashed, N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1799 Biface IV >half missing margin 11.5 L18-1799 Silicate red and base, knife? N98/E108 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline heat treated, 1805 Biface V opaque white L16-1805 End Silicate crazed N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1806 Biface IV Proximal early stage L17-1806 Silicate and yellow

246 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

II PSA DSA NOA Stage Shape Width* Width* Catalog Catalog Length* Length* Weight* Number Serrated Tip angle Tip angle Maximum Maximum Tool Style Style Tool Edge wear wear Edge Comments Thickness* Edge angle angle Edge Description Neck Width* Width* Neck Width* Base Artifact Label Label Artifact Material Type Length* Base Completeness hydration cut, N98/E108 Projectile Willow Leaf margin missing, unifacial 1807 V >half Obsidian opaque gray 26.9 14 4.6 L17-1807 Point Large Spodue microflaking Mountain N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1810 Biface III Margin opaque red L18-1810 Silicate N98/E106 Unclassifiable Crystalline 1/8", crescent, 1817 Biface IV L17-1817 End Volcanic Rock weathered N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1818 Biface V Medial L17-1818 Silicate brown N98/E106 Crystalline 75% cortex on 16.5 1819 Biface I Lanceolate Complete 50 55 32 23.09 L17-1819 Volcanic Rock dorsal 5 N98/E106 Crystalline 1821 Biface II Discoidal Complete 68 34.9 27.2 16.3 13.41 L17-1821 Volcanic Rock not washed, expanding wide stem, 15 nw, Broad neck: N98/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 16.1 bw, 33.5 1835 diverging V Complete 30 34.4 25.9 6.1 4.37 60 L19-1835 Point Silicate brown axial length, 125 stem, ST-2 psa, 185 dsa, 65 noa, long, 5.8 base length N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1844 Biface IV Margin opaque gray L18-1844 Silicate N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1845 Biface Graver V Beaked Complete 65 20.6 15.5 6.2 2.07 35 L20-1845 Silicate red microflaking Broad neck: U-stem, Squaw Creek Houx N100/E106 Projectile Cryptocrystalline 13.7 13. 1847 Contracting V >half brown contracting 45 24 7.9 7.6 65 140 150 L20-1847 Point Silicate 5 4 Stem Series: stem, tip missing shouldered, ST-4c not washed/labeled, square wide Broad neck: N100/E106 Projectile Crystalline stem, may be 17. 1849 square stem, V Complete 50 34.65 22.7 6.1 4.44 16.4 8 60 95 205 80 L20-1849 Point Volcanic Rock dark gray CCS, 3 ST-2 one barb missing, 12 nw, 16.3 bw, 8 bl N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1851 Biface III Margin potlids L20-1851 Silicate purple N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque gray potlids, 1864 Biface V Stem L21-1864 Silicate and red contracting stem

247 Bifaces – *Measurements in millimeters and grams. PSA = proximal shoulder angle. DSA = distal shoulder angle. NOA = notch opening angle.

Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Length* Length* Weight* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: simple Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 4 Complete on weathered flake 60 convex, straight 22.1 17.5 6.8 3.02 L1-4 Flake Tool scraper irregular tertiary Silicate yellow/red microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex unifacial 19 Beaked secondary Complete 60 15.9 16.4 6.8 1.62 L2-19 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red platform microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 23 secondary Complete opaque yellow keeled, early stage 60 32 14 8.8 3.7 L2-23 Flake Tool scraper lenticular Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline opaque white 27 Flake Tool >half straight L2-27 ous Silicate and red N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 35 Beaked indeterminate Complete opaque gray teardrop scraper 60 22.2 18 6.4 1.99 L3-35 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking semi- N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 37 indeterminate Complete translucent scraper 75 19.15 19 8.8 3.01 L3-37 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate microflaking white N98/E106 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 46 Teardrop secondary Complete translucent scraper 30 18.1 13.2 5 1.07 L1-46 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline white, red, unifacial 48 Teardrop Complete teardrop scraper 65 22.8 17 7.9 2.98 L2-48 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate brown microflaking semi- N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 52 Teardrop indeterminate Complete translucent teardrop scraper 45 18.5 17.4 4.5 1.52 L1-52 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking white edge crushing, N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline 53 indeterminate Complete mottled brown scraper 60 unifacial 19.4 17.8 6 2.27 L1-53 Flake Tool scraper irregular Silicate microflaking

248 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* Curvate: N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 32.6 57 general secondary Complete whitish 50% cortex 65 59.8 31.7 17.45 L2-57 Flake Tool scraper Silicate 7 ovate N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 59 Beaked Complete opaque purple teardrop scraper 45 19.5 18.7 4.4 1.71 L2-59 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Unclassifi unifacial 63 Flake Tool primary Complete Metasedimentary opaque brown cortical flake convex 39.532.4 9.2 9.13 L3-63 able microflaking semi- N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 68 Teardrop indeterminate Complete translucent scraper 65 11.7 11 4.4 0.61 L2-68 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking orange N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline teardrop scraper, unifacial 69 Beaked primary Complete opaque red 50 16.2 13.1 4.2 0.99 L2-69 Flake Tool scraper Silicate cortex microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 71 Beaked >half opaque brown missing some margin 45 23.9 19.3 4.4 L2-71 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 85 Teardrop secondary Complete bifacial 70 23.6 18.5 6.4 2.73 L3-85 Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray microflaking semi- N98/E104 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 87 Teardrop indeterminate Complete translucent scraper 40 14 15 3.6 0.93 L4-87 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking orange/white N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 89 Beaked indeterminate Complete teardrop scraper 75 20.9 15.2 6.8 2.49 L4-89 Flake Tool scraper Silicate white microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 90 Teardrop secondary Complete scraper 50 21 20.9 4.1 2.01 L4-90 Flake Tool scraper Silicate red/white microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline unifacial 99 Flake Tool opaque red straight L2-99 able Fragment Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline 102 Flake Tool >half opaque red scraper convex L2-102 ous Silicate N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 108 Flake Tool Margin straight L2-108 able Silicate brown N100/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 118 secondary Complete opaque purple concave L3-118 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit unifacial 121 >half Obsidian missing proximal 60 7.4 L3-121 Flake Tool scraper microflaking N98/E110 Used unifacial 123 >half Obsidian convex L1-123 Flake microflaking N98/E110 Used Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 124 indeterminate opaque green early stage L1-124 Flake Fragment Silicate semi- N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 125 >half translucent cortex platform straight L1-125 Flake Silicate microflaking white N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 127 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red scraper, 24% cortex convex 2924.1 11.2 9.65 L2-127 able Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 128 Beaked Complete opaque brown 65 19.3 20.5 7.4 2.87 L2-128 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking

249 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* edge crushing, N98/E106 Unclassifi simple 131 Flake Tool Complete Obsidian unifacial convex 20.717.5 6.2 1.88 L2-131 able tertiary microflaking N98/E110 Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline 134 Flake Tool >half opaque brown 40 convex L2-134 scraper Silicate N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 135 Beaked Complete scraper 50 11.5 13.9 3.9 0.67 L3-135 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate white microflaking N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 136 Beaked Complete opaque brown 50 19.4 15.8 6.3 1.39 L3-136 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 137 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque red scraper 75 19.5 18 5 1.94 L3-137 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque 138 Flake Tool secondary Complete secondary straight 2819.6 12.2 5.8 L2-138 able Silicate yellow/red N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 139 Flake Tool primary Complete opaque yellow weathered, cortical concave 24 25.5 5.5 4.82 L2-139 able Silicate planar polish, N100/E104 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline concave, 144 Flake Tool Complete opaque tan unifacial 36.2 32.7 12.2 9.94 L3-144 able tertiary Silicate straight microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 146 Flake Tool L3-146 able Fragment Silicate yellow/red edge N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 150 Teardrop primary Complete red/brown teardrop scraper 55 dulling/roundin 20.3 17.7 6.4 2.62 L2-150 Flake Tool scraper Silicate g N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque 158 Flake Tool Distal convex L4-158 able Silicate yellow/red semi- N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 161 Complete translucent scraper 55 19.1 14.8 5.6 1.46 L4-161 Flake Tool scraper irregular tertiary Silicate microflaking white N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 163 Flake Tool Proximal straight L4-163 able Silicate red microflaking Curvate: N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple scraper, working unifacial 173 general Complete Obsidian dark gray 75 22.5 18.8 6.5 2.25 L3-173 Flake Tool scraper tertiary edge on proximal end microflaking ovate N100/E110 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 175 Flake Tool >half convex 29.1 L3-175 ous Silicate white/brown microflaking N100/E110 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 176 Distal straight L3-176 Flake Silicate red microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thin-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 177 secondary Complete opaque brown scraper 35 20 17.2 5.5 2.07 L3-177 Flake Tool scraper irregular Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline opaque 179 Flake Tool Complete scraper convex 26.415.7 4.9 2.54 L3-179 able tertiary Silicate yellow/red N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 188 Teardrop indeterminate Complete teardrop scraper 50 16 12.5 5.1 1.12 L4-188 Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Unclassifiable 189 Flake Tool Obsidian scraper straight L4-189 able Fragment

250 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 199 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque gray secondary flake edge crushing straight 26.5 18.5 6.9 2.8 L4-199 able Silicate N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline mottled unifacial 200 Beaked indeterminate >half scraper 80 16 14 5.5 1.47 L4-200 Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange/white microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 225 secondary Complete opaque brown 55 23.6 19.5 5.6 2.53 L3-225 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate microflaking edge polish, N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 231 Beaked indeterminate Complete opaque brown teardrop scraper 55 unifacial 19 18.8 5.6 1.45 L3-231 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 10.4 235 Flake Tool primary Complete opaque red cortical flake, scraper convex 36.122.9 10.8 L5-235 able Silicate microflaking 1 N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Straight Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 236 secondary Complete scraper? 65 19.5 11 4.3 1 L5-236 Flake Tool scraper edged Silicate white microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 238 Beaked indeterminate Complete opaque brown 60 16.6 14.6 6.5 1.5 L5-238 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline 267 secondary Complete translucent edge crushing straight L3-267 Flake Silicate N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 275 Beaked secondary Complete opaque red scraper 55 17.9 15.7 7.6 1.92 L3-275 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 276 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown cortex straight 21.222.4 9.7 4.2 L3-276 able Silicate N100/E108 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 293 Teardrop indeterminate Complete opaque red scraper 35 15.8 13.4 4.8 1.05 L4-293 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 294 Flake Tool Beaked secondary >half opaque red missing proximal 60 15.7 4.3 L4-294 scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 296 Beaked Complete opaque brown teardrop 50 19.5 18.2 5.2 1.66 L4-296 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline 297 >half opaque white heat altered edge crushing straight L4-297 Flake Silicate N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 299 Flake Tool Distal opaque red scraper convex L4-299 able Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper with cortex 300 Flake Tool primary Margin convex L4-300 able Silicate yellow/red ventral side! Curvate: N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline cortex platform, unifacial 301 general secondary Complete opaque tan 45 38.3 24.9 7.9 8.71 L4-301 Flake Tool scraper Silicate bifacial microflaking ovate N98/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 305 >half opaque brown straight L4-305 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 307 Medial opaque brown straight L4-307 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 309 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red concave 1513 5.3 0.99 L5-309 able Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 310 Beaked secondary Complete opaque purple 45 18.5 15.2 4.3 1.51 L5-310 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 312 Beaked Complete opaque brown scraper 70 16.6 17 4.3 1.34 L5-312 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking

251 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* edge polish, N98/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 315 Flake Tool Distal red scraper unifacial straight L3-315 able Silicate microflaking N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 316 Teardrop primary Complete opaque red 60 28.4 23 7.2 6.37 L3-316 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking Curvate: scraper, double edge polish, N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 317 general Complete opaque brown ended, opposing 60 unifacial 31.2 20 6.7 4.77 L3-317 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate ovate sides! microflaking N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 320 Beaked indeterminate Complete opaque gray teardrop scraper 55 17.9 16 7.4 1.6 L3-320 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E110 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 322 Flake Tool heat treated convex L3-322 able Fragment Silicate red/white N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 323 Teardrop indeterminate >half opaque red scraper 65 18.2 4.2 6.7 L3-323 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking semi- N98/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 324 Flake Tool secondary Complete translucent edge crushing convex 28.3 22.8 12.6 7.06 L3-324 able Silicate white and red N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 325 Beaked indeterminate Complete translucent 50 14.5 16.4 5 1.27 L3-325 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 332 Flake Tool Beaked Complete opaque brown scraper convex 12 16.2 5.2 1.07 L5-332 scraper tertiary Silicate semi- N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 343 secondary Complete translucent scraper 60 13.5 13.6 7.7 1.35 L5-323 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate microflaking orange N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 344 Beaked secondary Complete 50 15.1 12.3 4.6 1.14 L5-344 Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 345 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque brown 60 14.9 10.9 4.3 0.64 L5-345 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, heat unifacial 407 Margin opaque red 65 L5-407 Flake Tool scraper Silicate modified, potlids microflaking N98/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 408 Flake Tool primary Complete scraper convex 13.516 4.4 0.99 L5-408 able Silicate yellow/red microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 409 Distal scraper 65 L5-409 Flake Tool scraper Silicate reddish brown microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 410 Beaked indeterminate Complete white mottled 55 20.4 18.2 5.6 1.89 L5-410 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 411 Beaked secondary Complete opaque yellow teardrop scraper 65 22.4 19.7 5.4 2.6 L5-411 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 412 Beaked indeterminate Complete opaque brown 60 18.3 20.4 6.3 1.73 L5-412 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 27.8 420 Complete opaque yellow convex, straight 50.3 43.2 15.3 L4-420 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking 7 N100/E104 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline 422 Proximal opaque brown 40 L6-422 Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 433 secondary Complete opaque red potlid straight 3327.9 12.1 9.38 L5-433 Flake Silicate microflaking

252 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* semi- N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 467 Flake Tool Margin translucent straight L5-467 able Silicate microflaking white semi- N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 468 Beaked indeterminate Complete translucent teardrop scraper 50 19.6 17.7 5.9 2.06 L5-468 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking moss brown N98/E108 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline translucent 473 Flake Tool some flaking L5-473 able Fragment Silicate white N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 486 Teardrop indeterminate Complete scraper 60 18.1 16.9 7.4 2.32 L4-486 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red microflaking semi- N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex unifacial 491 Beaked secondary Complete translucent 85 10.6 12.8 5.5 0.81 L4-491 Flake Tool scraper Silicate platform microflaking white N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 492 Beaked indeterminate >half scraper, potlids 70 17.2 16.5 6.8 L4-492 Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown microflaking bifacial N100/E110 Unclassifi microflaking, 493 Flake Tool Medial Obsidian convex L4-493 able unifacial microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 495 Teardrop Complete teardrop scraper 85 31 17.4 8.2 4.31 L4-495 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate red/white microflaking N100/E110 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline opaque 497 Flake Tool Complete straight 14.7 13.4 5.2 0.89 L4-497 able tertiary Silicate orange N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque mostly cortex, early unifacial 498 Flake Tool primary Complete concave 32.719 6.8 3.22 L4-498 able Silicate yellow/red stage microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 502 Beaked indeterminate Complete pink scraper 55 15.4 16.3 5 1.37 L4-502 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex on unifacial 511 Flake Tool secondary >half opaque brown convex L7-511 ous Silicate dorsal microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 517 >half missing proximal 65 L4-517 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline teardrop scraper, unifacial 518 Beaked secondary Complete opaque red 65 20.1 14.7 5.9 1.87 L7-518 Flake Tool scraper Silicate some cortex, potlid microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 519 Beaked secondary Complete 65 24.3 20.7 9.9 4.31 L7-519 Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi 521 Flake Tool secondary Proximal Metasedimentary cortex platform straight L7-521 able N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 531 Flake Tool Distal opaque white scraper convex L7-531 able Silicate semi- N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 534 Beaked Complete scraper 50 11.7 15.2 4.55 0.95 L6-534 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate white with red microflaking moss

253 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* semi- Curvate: N98/E104 Formed Thin-bit simple Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 536 general Complete scraper 30 18.2 14.1 2.3 0.7 L6-536 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate white and microflaking ovate brown N100/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline opaque yellow bifacial 31.1 546 Flake Tool Complete secondary flake straight 53.631.4 16.6 L7-546 able tertiary Silicate and red microflaking 2 N100/E106 Unclassifi simple unifacial 549 Flake Tool Complete Obsidian scraper convex 22.824.9 6.1 3.17 L7-549 able tertiary microflaking edge crushing, N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 557 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque peach some cortex 90 unifacial 21 21.1 8.7 3.24 L4-557 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline reddened surfaces unifacial 583 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque yellow 50 26.5 20.6 5.9 4.69 L8-583 Flake Tool scraper Silicate from heat treatment microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque red 586 Distal 65 L8-586 Flake Tool scraper Silicate and white N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 588 Beaked secondary Complete teardrop scraper 55 18.9 15.6 5.3 1.7 L4-588 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline mottled unifacial 589 Beaked indeterminate Complete scraper 55 17.2 16.4 5.5 1.48 L4-589 Flake Tool scraper Silicate grey/red/white microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 590 Flake Tool Proximal scraper concave L4-590 able Silicate red N98/E106 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 591 >half scraper 35 15.8 3.6 L4-591 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red semi- N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 594 Flake Tool indeterminate Complete translucent straight 30.8 15.6 10.2 3.34 L4-594 able Silicate microflaking white N98/E106 Used unifacial 598 Proximal Obsidian straight L4-598 Flake microflaking N98/E106 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 600 Complete opaque red scraper convex L4-600 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 617 Flake Tool indeterminate straight L8-617 able Fragment Silicate brown microflaking N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 625 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown early stage concave 20.3 24 10.5 4.07 L6-625 able Silicate N98/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex on unifacial 626 Flake Tool primary Complete opaque red convex 16.521.4 6.2 2.63 L4-626 able Silicate dorsal microflaking N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 627 Beaked secondary Complete teardrop scraper 70 18.4 13.3 6.3 1.47 L4-627 Flake Tool scraper Silicate red microflaking N101/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 638 Flake Tool indeterminate Complete 1/8", cortical concave 2326.8 11.6 7.03 L9-638 able Silicate white microflaking edge N100/E106 Used Crystalline dulling/roundin 642 secondary Complete 1/8", secondary flake straight L9-642 Flake Volcanic Rock g, unifacial microflaking N101/E106 Thick-bit Curvate: simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 643 Flake Tool Complete opaque brown 1/8", scraper 55 convex 1921.7 6.6 3.12 L9-643 scraper irregular tertiary Silicate microflaking

254 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N101/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 644 Flake Tool Margin 1/8" convex L9-644 able Silicate brown semi- N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline 651 secondary Complete translucent cortex platform edge crushing straight L5-651 Flake Silicate yellow N98/E106 Formed Thin-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline opaque 652 secondary Complete bifacial 30 33.5 14.9 4.7 2.24 L5-652 Flake Tool scraper lenticular Silicate yellow/red N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 676 Teardrop secondary Complete yellow scraper 50 23.8 16 5.3 2.12 L5-676 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking Curvate: N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple unifacial 680 general Complete Obsidian oval scraper 60 26.6 17.5 6 2.87 L6-680 Flake Tool scraper tertiary microflaking ovate N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 682 Flake Tool Distal straight L5-682 able Silicate brown N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark very large, cortex unifacial concave, 60.7 692 Flake Tool secondary Complete 93.7 39.9 18.5 L9-692 able Silicate red platform microflaking straight 1 N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 697 Teardrop indeterminate >half opaque white scraper, heat treated 80 16.1 8 L9-697 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Formed Miscellane complex Cryptocrystalline opaque 698 Complete convex 19.4 12.3 4.6 1.23 L9-698 Flake Tool ous tertiary Silicate yellow/red N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 699 >half opaque red cortex 55 convex, straight 28.6 18.8 L9-699 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 700 secondary Complete secondary flake straight L9-700 Flake Silicate brown microflaking N100/E104 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 702 Complete opaque yellow straight L9-702 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 711 Flake Tool Teardrop secondary Complete opaque red scraper convex 16.513.5 5.2 1.22 L6-711 able Silicate microflaking bifacial N98/E106 Formed Miscellane Straight simple 714 Complete Obsidian 25 microflaking, 19.7 13.5 2.5 0.76 L5-714 Flake Tool ous edged tertiary edge crushing N100/E110 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 715 Flake Tool opaque white straight L5-715 able Fragment Silicate edge polish, N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 717 secondary Complete scraper 50 unifacial 19.4 18.6 6.4 2.24 L5-717 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate brown microflaking N100/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 720 >half opaque brown convex L9-720 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Unclassifi Unclassifiable 726 Flake Tool secondary Obsidian scraper straight L6-726 able Fragment N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 730 Teardrop Complete opaque tan scraper 85 15.5 12.1 7.6 1.07 L6-730 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 747 Teardrop secondary Complete 45 21.4 25 10.2 5.24 L10-747 Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: ventral side is 748 secondary Complete Obsidian weathered 70 21.4 15.1 7.2 2.66 L10-748 Flake Tool scraper irregular scratched

255 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* semi- N100/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 767 >half translucent cortex platform straight L10-767 Flake Silicate microflaking white and red N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 770 Distal opaque yellow scraper L10-770 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 771 Flake Tool Complete convex 38.5 29.2 10.4 9.31 L10-771 able tertiary Silicate red edge crushing, Curvate: edge N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit scraper, cortex on 773 general secondary Complete Obsidian 85 dulling/roundin 28.4 15.7 6.8 3.85 L10-773 Flake Tool scraper dorsal ovate g, unifacial microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline 64.9 778 Flake Tool Complete opaque black straight 66.6 51 14.3 L10-778 able tertiary Silicate 3 N100/E106 Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark NW quad 1/8", unifacial 779 Flake Tool Beaked Complete 60 convex 19.216.4 4.9 1.56 L10-779 scraper tertiary Silicate red scraper microflaking 1/8" ed quad N101- N101/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque red unifacial 41.7 784 Flake Tool secondary Complete 102/E106-107, straight 55.7 40.5 16 L10-784 able Silicate and black microflaking 9 secondary flake N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex unifacial 801 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown convex 27.226.3 8.5 6.35 L7-801 able Silicate platform microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 802 Teardrop Complete opaque brown scraper 45 17.2 15.2 8 2.14 L7-802 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 804 >half opaque brown concave L7-804 Flake Silicate microflaking semi- N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 808 secondary Complete translucent cortex platform convex L7-808 Flake Silicate microflaking orange N100/E108 Miscellane simple unifacial 811 Flake Tool >half Obsidian scraper concave L7-811 ous tertiary microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 827 Complete opaque pink 45 22.1 20.5 5 2.32 L6-827 Flake Tool scraper irregular tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit unifacial 831 secondary Distal Obsidian proximal missing 60 L7-831 Flake Tool scraper microflaking N101/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 837 Flake Tool Distal opaque brown 1/8" , scraper straight L11-837 able Silicate N101/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 839 Beaked secondary Complete 1/8", teardrop scraper 50 18.4 14.4 4.2 1.22 L11-839 Flake Tool scraper Silicate red microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 842 Teardrop indeterminate >half scraper 30 11.4 L11-842 Flake Tool scraper Silicate black/white microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 844 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown convex 26.8 19.35 10.1 5.1 L7-844 able Silicate N98/E108 Used complex unifacial 880 Complete Obsidian convex L7-880 Flake tertiary microflaking

256 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* edge crushing, N98/E108 Used problem! Elevation is 881 >half Obsidian unifacial convex, straight L7-881 Flake level 6 microflaking Cobble N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 52.2 917 Flake Tool Spall Type primary Complete opaque green cortical 35 straight 48.3 90.2 13 L8-917 Silicate 6 2 opaque N100/E108 Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 925 Flake Tool Teardrop Complete red/white/blac teardrop scraper 65 convex 19.3 19 7.7 2.17 L8-925 scraper tertiary Silicate k N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 928 Medial opaque green straight L8-928 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline on thick piece of unifacial 932 Flake Tool Complete opaque red concave 34.543.6 18.8 21.9 L7-932 able tertiary Silicate shatter microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline might have had a unifacial 935 Teardrop indeterminate Complete opaque red 50 25.4 21.1 9.6 4.32 L7-935 Flake Tool scraper Silicate beak broken off microflaking N98/E104 Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 948 Flake Tool Beaked Complete translucent scraper 50 convex 13.4 14 6 0.8 L8-948 scraper tertiary Silicate N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 949 Teardrop secondary Complete 45 13.7 14.5 6.9 1.55 L8-949 Flake Tool scraper Silicate white microflaking Curvate: N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 12.3 953 general indeterminate >half black unwashed 90 36.3 25.7 10.1 L5-953 Flake Tool scraper Silicate 7 ovate N98/E110 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 954 Flake Tool opaque red heat damaged straight L5-954 able Fragment Silicate N98/E110 Unclassifi unifacial 955 Flake Tool Distal Obsidian straight L5-955 able microflaking N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 959 Teardrop indeterminate Complete scraper 75 15.1 16.8 4.4 1.42 L5-959 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 985 Teardrop primary Complete 65 31.4 21.7 11.5 7.82 L9-985 Flake Tool scraper Silicate purple N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 996 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red secondary edge crushing straight 23.7 17.5 8.7 4 L11-996 able Silicate N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1003 Flake Tool primary Complete opaque brown cortical straight 20.811.8 8 1.6 L11-1003 able Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1004 Distal opaque yellow straight L11-1004 Flake Silicate microflaking semi- N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex, early unifacial 1005 secondary Distal translucent 60 L11-1005 Flake Tool scraper Silicate stage microflaking brown N100/E104 Formed Thin-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1007 Beaked Complete opaque brown scraper 40 15.2 15.8 3.5 0.94 L11-1007 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1026 Teardrop indeterminate Complete dark brown unwashed, wall 70 22.3 19.2 6.8 3.13 L8-1026 Flake Tool scraper Silicate

257 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* edge modification N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Straight may be due to use unifacial 1031 secondary Complete Obsidian 65 44.7 34 11.3 11.4 L8-1031 Flake Tool scraper edged only, flake is microflaking unshaped bifacial N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline very large secondary 181. 1032 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown microflaking, straight 66.7122.2 21.1 L9-1032 able Silicate flake, cortex platform 34 edge crushing N100/E108 Used unifacial 1034 >half Obsidian convex L9-1034 Flake microflaking semi- N100/E108 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1040 Complete translucent straight L9-1040 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking gray N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1041 Beaked indeterminate Complete orange/white teardrop scraper 50 20.8 21.7 6.8 3.16 L9-1041 Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E110 Unclassifi Metasedimentary unifacial 14.2 1044 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque gray cortex platform convex 45.327.3 13.6 L6-1044 able ? microflaking 4 N100/E110 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1045 Flake Tool opaque yellow straight L6-1045 able Fragment Silicate N100/E110 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline scraper, proximal 1047 Flake Tool Complete opaque tan convex 13.6 17.5 5.3 1.16 L6-1047 able tertiary Silicate dorsal side worked N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1048 indeterminate >half opaque red scraper 50 16.1 16.3 6 L6-1048 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thin-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1049 Teardrop >half opaque yellow missing proximal 35 16.1 3.5 L6-1049 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1050 Flake Tool Margin straight L6-1050 able Silicate brown Curvate: edge crushing, N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 1075 general Complete opaque yellow 65 unifacial 20.4 12.6 9.9 1.34 L9-1075 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate ovate microflaking N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1076 Teardrop indeterminate Complete 65 27.3 19.6 14 4.02 L9-1076 Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1077 Beaked secondary Complete opaque red teardrop scraper 60 16.9 16.5 5.1 1.2 L9-1077 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1078 Flake Tool Complete opaque pink scraper convex 18.115.2 5.7 1.48 L9-1078 able tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Thick-bit Curvate: SW quad elevation 1089 Flake Tool >half Obsidian 50 L10-1089 scraper irregular 97 N98/E104 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1098 Flake Tool primary cortex straight L11-1098 able Fragment Silicate orange Curvate: N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark heat damaged, unifacial 1101 general >half 60 22.6 7.6 L7-1101 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate red potlids microflaking ovate N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1102 Flake Tool Margin opaque yellow scraper straight L7-1102 able Silicate N100/E108 Used complex unifacial 1106 Complete Obsidian straight L10-1106 Flake tertiary microflaking

258 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1110 Flake Tool Margin opaque yellow L10-1110 able Silicate N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1113 Beaked secondary Complete opaque gray scraper 45 18.7 18.8 4.8 1.5 L10-1113 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1114 Teardrop primary Complete opaque red 60 21 19 10 4.61 L10-1114 Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1118 secondary Complete opaque brown secondary flake straight L10-1118 Flake Silicate microflaking problem! Mislabeled, N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline 17.0 1123 secondary Complete opaque brown should be level 11, 70 42.4 40.7 8.3 L12-1123 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate 1 catalog was wrong problem! Second artifact with same N100/E104 Used Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque yellow label, opaque purple, unifacial 1124 straight L12-1124 Flake Fragment Silicate and red proximal flake microflaking fragment, this one correct edge cortex platform, N98/E110 Used Crystalline dulling/roundin concave, 1166 secondary Complete cortex on dorsal, L6-1166 Flake Volcanic Rock g, unifacial straight large flake off of core microflaking N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1170 Teardrop secondary Complete teardrop scraper 75 edge polish 23.6 18 7.8 3.06 L6-1170 Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange N98/E110 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline bifacial 1174 Flake Tool Complete opaque purple convex, straight 22.1 13.2 4 1.39 L6-1174 able tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1175 Flake Tool Distal opaque red convex L6-1175 able Silicate edge crushing, N98/E106 Formed Miscellane Crystalline fine-grain 1182 Distal unifacial convex L9-1182 Flake Tool ous Volcanic Rock black microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Unclassifiable 1183 Obsidian possible graver L11-1183 Flake Tool scraper Fragment Curvate: N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1184 general primary Complete scraper, cortex 55 14.2 14.4 5.3 1.21 L11-1184 Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red microflaking ovate N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1189 Teardrop Complete 65 25 18.6 6.6 2.64 L11-1189 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate gray microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1190 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque brown scraper 50 15.5 17.6 5.5 1.7 L11-1190 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1194 Flake Tool Distal opaque red scraper convex L11-1194 able Silicate N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1208 Beaked Complete opaque brown scraper 60 12.8 15.4 4.6 0.83 L10-1208 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking semi- N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1209 Distal translucent scraper 45 L10-1209 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking white

259 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque very large secondary 55.5 1211 Flake Tool secondary Complete edge polish straight 85.3 41.7 17 L10-1211 able Silicate yellow/red flake 3 N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1225 Flake Tool secondary Margin cortex straight L8-1225 able Silicate and yellow N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex 1227 Flake Tool secondary Complete edge polish convex 19.6 24.7 10.3 4.58 L8-1227 able Silicate caramel platform N98/E108 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1234 Flake Tool mottled brown straight L8-1234 able Fragment Silicate semi- N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 13.0 1237 Flake Tool secondary Complete translucent minimal modification straight TRUE 33.6 32.6 9 L8-1237 able Silicate 3 gray problem! Elevation is N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline for Level 11, very 77.1 1241 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque tan straight 72.5 64.5 16.6 L12-1241 able Silicate large flake, cortex 1 platform N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline cortex along margin, unifacial 36.5 1243 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque brown straight 46.242.7 13 L8-1243 able Silicate scraper microflaking 4 N100/E108 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1251 Complete straight L11-1251 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1252 Beaked Complete teardrop scraper 60 15.6 18 4.7 1.38 L11-1252 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate brown microflaking N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1253 Beaked indeterminate Complete 50 25.5 23 6.2 3.64 L11-1253 Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray microflaking semi- N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1256 Flake Tool Margin translucent straight L11-1256 able Silicate orange large weathered N100/E108 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline concave, 1258 Flake Tool secondary >half opaque red flake, shovel edge crushing L11-1258 ous Silicate straight damaged N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 1263 indeterminate >half 55 25.9 7 L12-1263 Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray microflaking N98/E104 Miscellane unifacial 1267 Flake Tool >half Obsidian scraper convex L12-1267 ous microflaking N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1279 >half opaque red potlid straight L13-1279 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E105 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1284 Flake Tool indeterminate >half opaque gray missing platform straight 35.6 L13-1284 ous Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Crystalline 31.0 1289 Flake Tool secondary Complete secondary flake straight 46.1 47.5 13.3 L9-1289 able Volcanic Rock 4 N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1293 Distal opaque red cortex 65 L9-1293 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1302 Teardrop indeterminate Complete scraper 65 17.2 14.7 6.5 1.87 L8-1302 Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray microflaking N100/E110 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline semi- 1303 Flake Tool >half cortex platform straight L8-1303 ous Silicate translucent

260 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N100/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1305 Distal opaque red scraper 45 L8-1305 Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline scraper, some cortex unifacial 1307 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque yellow convex, straight 19 19.4 8.1 3.24 L8-1307 able Silicate on dorsal microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1313 Flake Tool secondary Medial opaque red secondary flake straight L12-1313 able Silicate N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline mislabeled as L12, unifacial 1318 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red straight 4920.5 12 9.93 L12-1318 able Silicate cortex platform microflaking Curvate: N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 12.0 1320 general secondary Complete opaque brown scraper, 50% cortex 65 37.6 37.7 9.9 L13-1320 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking 6 ovate N98/E104 Used simple unifacial 1324 Complete Obsidian convex L13-1324 Flake tertiary microflaking N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1325 Teardrop indeterminate Complete opaque red scraper 55 19.8 14.9 6.6 1.65 L13-1325 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Unclassifi Unclassifiable 1326 Flake Tool Obsidian straight L13-1326 able Fragment N98/E110 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent unifacial 1333 Beaked indeterminate Complete scraper 60 16.4 14.5 4.6 1.05 L7-1333 Flake Tool scraper Silicate white microflaking N98/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1334 Flake Tool Distal opaque brown scraper convex L7-1334 able Silicate N100/E104 Formed Miscellane Cryptocrystalline 1339 secondary Proximal opaque peach little cortex L13-1339 Flake Tool ous Silicate cortex platform, N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1341 secondary Complete potlids, large edge crushing straight 54.6 43.2 13.7 28.8 L13-1341 Flake Silicate red secondary flake N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 46.2 1344 Flake Tool secondary Complete cortex edge crushing straight 8824.8 27.5 L12-1344 able Silicate red 1 N100/E108 Used Crystalline cortex, core unifacial 16.3 1345 secondary Complete straight 27.433.4 17.8 L12-1345 Flake Volcanic Rock fragment? microflaking 5 N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark bifacial 13.8 1346 Flake Tool secondary Complete secondary flake straight 3527.3 14.1 L12-1346 able Silicate red microflaking 4 N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1357 secondary Complete opaque yellow secondary flake straight L11-1357 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1358 Proximal opaque red cortex platform straight L11-1358 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline problem! Elevation is 1375 Flake Tool >half straight L12-1375 ous Silicate for Level 13 N100/E108 Formed Thick-bit Straight simple unifacial 1399 Complete Obsidian weathered scraper 45 22.3 22.8 5.3 2.83 L12-1399 Flake Tool scraper edged tertiary microflaking N100/E104 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1419 secondary Complete opaque yellow 70 36.4 31.3 12.45 14.6 L14-1419 Flake Tool scraper discoidal Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1420 >half straight L14-1420 Flake Silicate red microflaking

261 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* semi- N100/E110 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1422 Distal translucent straight L9-1422 Flake Silicate microflaking red N100/E110 Unclassifi unifacial 1423 Flake Tool Distal Obsidian straight L9-1423 able microflaking scraper, stemmed N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1429 Beaked secondary Complete dark purple (modified projectile 50 17.3 21.1 6.3 1.99 L10-1429 Flake Tool scraper Silicate microflaking point?) N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit unifacial 1431 Teardrop secondary Complete Obsidian weathered scraper, some cortex 85 20 18.8 8 2.67 L10-1431 Flake Tool scraper microflaking Curvate: N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 13.9 1432 general Complete opaque red 55 41 29 9.9 L10-1432 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate microflaking 7 ovate N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1441 Flake Tool secondary Complete scraper convex 22.717.7 12.4 4.82 L12-1441 able Silicate yellow/red microflaking N100/E106 Used simple Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1447 Complete straight L13-1447 Flake tertiary Silicate yellow/red microflaking N100/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1466 Flake Tool Distal scraper convex L13-1466 able Silicate red Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1467 secondary Complete opaque brown secondary flake straight Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1477 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red little cortex straight 33.5 11.6 8 3.67 L13-1477 able Silicate N98/E104 Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex unifacial 1486 Teardrop secondary Complete opaque red 45 20.9 18.6 4.5 1.86 L14-1486 Flake Tool scraper Silicate platform microflaking N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1487 Distal opaque red convex, straight L14-1487 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Used simple Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1500 Complete straight L14-1500 Flake tertiary Silicate orange microflaking N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline label looks like unifacial 1505 secondary Complete opaque red convex 30.418.6 9.5 5.81 L14-1505 Flake Silicate N98/E100 microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi 27.2 1511 Flake Tool primary Complete Quartz white convex 47.6 39.6 13.3 L15-1511 able 4 edge N100/E104 Used Crystalline 73.1 1514 secondary Complete secondary flake dulling/roundin convex 66.266.1 18.4 L15-1514 Flake Volcanic Rock 8 g N100/E104 Used Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline secondary flake, unifacial 1515 opaque red straight L15-1515 Flake Fragment Silicate potlids microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1517 Flake Tool Complete opaque pink straight 33.423 7 4.55 L15-1517 able tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E110 Used unifacial 1524 secondary Complete Obsidian weathered convex, straight L11-1524 Flake microflaking bifacial semi- missing distal and N100/E110 Formed Miscellane Straight Cryptocrystalline microflaking, 1525 blade-like >half translucent proximal, one edge 55 7.1 L11-1525 Flake Tool ous edged Silicate unifacial yellow uniface, one bi microflaking

262 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* semi- N98/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1526 secondary Complete translucent cortex platform straight L11-1526 Flake Silicate microflaking white edge crushing, N100/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline 1535 secondary Complete opaque red unifacial straight L15-1535 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E110 Unclassifi simple Crystalline 60.9 1558 Flake Tool Complete large secondary flake edge battering straight TRUE 57.1 44.6 20.4 L8-1558 able tertiary Volcanic Rock 6 N98/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1567 Distal opaque brown straight L12-1567 Flake Silicate microflaking contracting stem N98/E108 Formed Miscellane Curvate: Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1568 Complete converted into a 50 17.2 17.2 9.6 2.57 L12-1568 Flake Tool ous irregular Silicate orange microflaking scraper N100/E105 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1574 >half straight L16-1574 Flake Silicate orange microflaking N100/E104 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1575 Flake Tool Complete secondary flake straight 36.418 6.2 2.68 L16-1575 able tertiary Silicate red microflaking N100/E104 Cobble edge Crystalline 143. 1577 .50 L16- Flake Tool Spall Type primary Complete dulling/roundin 85.3 75.1 20 Volcanic Rock 43 1577 1 g N100/E104 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1578 Flake Tool Margin opaque white straight L16-1578 able Silicate N101.32/E Miscellane Cryptocrystalline scraper, 75% cortex unifacial 1579 96.52 L16- Flake Tool secondary >half opaque red convex, straight ous Silicate on dorsal, mislabeled microflaking 1579 N100.96/E Curvate: Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, 70% cortex unifacial 1583 105.84 general primary Complete opaque red 85 51.7 37.4 15.3 39.2 Flake Tool scraper Silicate on dorsal side microflaking L16-1583 ovate N100/E104 Unclassifi 11.0 1584 Flake Tool secondary Complete Quartz white cortex edge crushing straight 25.8 30.1 9.15 L16-1584 able 7 N100/E110 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline opaque 1592 Flake Tool >half straight L11-1592 ous Silicate yellow/red N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline 1600 >half opaque tan edge crushing straight L14-1600 Flake Silicate N100/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1601 >half opaque green straight L14-1601 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Unclassifi Crystalline opaque dark 1611 Flake Tool secondary Complete some cortex straight 32.2 21.4 5 3.82 L16-1611 able Volcanic Rock gray N98/E108 Miscellane Crystalline 1624 Flake Tool secondary >half convex L13-1624 ous Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1628 Flake Tool Distal straight L13-1628 able Silicate red N98/E110 Used Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1641 primary opaque red cortical convex L8-1641 Flake Fragment Silicate microflaking N99/E110 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1642 Flake Tool Margin opaque yellow straight L8-1642 able Silicate

263 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N98/E110 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1644 >half opaque red potlids straight L8-1644 Flake Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1659 Flake Tool secondary Complete tan/white scraper, some cortex convex 26.122.4 6.7 5.12 L16-1659 able Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: simple unifacial 1661 Complete Obsidian 70 19.7 22.4 6.3 5.18 L16-1661 Flake Tool scraper irregular tertiary microflaking Cobble N100/E108 Crystalline 1666 Flake Tool Spall Type indeterminate >half very large edge crushing 66 L15-1666 Volcanic Rock 1 Cobble N99/E107 Crystalline unifacial 63.6 1669 Flake Tool Spall Type secondary Complete 1/8" 53.1 38.3 29.2 L15-1659 Volcanic Rock microflaking 7 2 N100/E108 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline 1686 Flake Tool secondary >half opaque gray cortex convex 36.4 14.3 L15-1686 ous Silicate N100/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1688 Distal opaque red straight L16-1688 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1695 secondary Complete opaque pink cortex platform straight L17-1695 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1699 >half translucent convex L17-1699 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1701 secondary >half opaque yellow secondary flake convex L17-1701 Flake Silicate microflaking N98/E104 Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1702 Flake Tool secondary Complete cortex 70 straight L17-1702 scraper Silicate yellow/red N98/E108 Unclassifi Crystalline unifacial concave, 96.4 1724 Flake Tool secondary Complete cortex 72.7 44.5 28 L14-1724 able Volcanic Rock microflaking straight 1 N98/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1728 secondary Proximal cortex platform concave L14-1728 Flake Silicate red microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 41.9 1729 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque yellow secondary flake edge crushing concave 53.5 45.6 16.3 L14-1729 able Silicate 3 N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit simple Cryptocrystalline 1731 Teardrop Complete opaque brown scraper 45 29.7 32.3 7.8 7.06 L14-1731 Flake Tool scraper tertiary Silicate N98/E110 Used simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1736 Complete opaque tan straight L9-1736 Flake tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E104 Miscellane simple Cryptocrystalline 1746 Flake Tool >half opaque brown potlid straight 34.4 20.1 5.2 L17-1746 ous tertiary Silicate N98/E104 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial concave, 1752 Flake Tool Complete opaque yellow 36 18.5 5 3.62 L17-1752 able tertiary Silicate microflaking straight Cobble edge N98/E104 Crystalline 84.1 1760 Flake Tool Spall Type secondary Complete dulling/roundin 65 60 19.7 L19-1760 Volcanic Rock 5 2 g N98/E106 Used unifacial 1767 >half Obsidian 1/8" straight L16-1767 Flake microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1771 Flake Tool indeterminate Proximal opaque red convex L15-1771 able Silicate

264 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Catalog Artifact II Tool Style Shape Flake Type Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge angle Edge wear Edge Form Serrated Number Label Width* Width* Weight* Weight* Length* Length* Maximum Maximum Thickness* Thickness* N98/E108 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: Crystalline unifacial 31.7 1775 secondary Complete 65 68 37.2 13.4 L15-1775 Flake Tool scraper lenticular Volcanic Rock microflaking 2 N100/E108 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1793 Flake Tool indeterminate >half opaque gray convex, straight 36.6 5.3 L17-1793 ous Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Unclassifi simple Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1801 Flake Tool Complete opaque red wall convex 33.117.5 4 2.46 L19-1801 able tertiary Silicate microflaking N100/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex on unifacial 1802 secondary Complete opaque pink straight L19-1802 Flake Silicate dorsal microflaking Cobble problem! Elevation in N100/E106 Formed Crystalline 179. 1803 Spall Type primary Complete level 18, ventral side 93.1 77.1 20 L19-1803 Flake Tool Volcanic Rock 94 1 worked N98/E106 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark unifacial 1814 Proximal straight L18-1814 Flake Silicate red microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline opaque yellow 11.4 1815 Flake Tool secondary Complete cortex straight 46.929.5 11.4 L17-1815 able Silicate and red 8 edge crushing, N98/E106 Formed Thick-bit Curvate: simple Cryptocrystalline 1820 >half opaque yellow 50 unifacial 31.9 11 L17-1820 Flake Tool scraper lenticular tertiary Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1833 Flake Tool secondary Complete opaque red straight 31.321.3 9.6 4.96 L16-1833 able Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque white concave, 1834 Flake Tool L16-1834 able Fragment Silicate and pink straight edge crushing, N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline 1840 Flake Tool Medial opaque yellow scrapers unifacial concave L19-1840 able Silicate microflaking N98/E106 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1841 Flake Tool Distal opaque red secondary flake convex L19-1841 able Silicate microflaking N98/E108 Unclassifi Cryptocrystalline mostly cortex scraper 64.6 1843 Flake Tool primary Complete opaque brown edge crushing straight 48.2 45.4 21 L18-1843 able Silicate on weathered flake 7 edge crushing, N100/E106 Miscellane Cryptocrystalline 1846 Flake Tool >half opaque red unifacial straight L20-1846 ous Silicate microflaking Curvate: N100/E108 Formed Miscellane Cryptocrystalline 1863 general >half opaque brown 20 edge crushing L19-1863 Flake Tool ous Silicate ovate N98/E104 Used Crystalline fine grain broken in two, very unifacial 1865 blade-like Complete straight L21-1865 Flake Volcanic Rock black large blade microflaking edge crushing, N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1867 secondary Complete secondary flake unifacial straight L22-1867 Flake Silicate red microflaking N98/E104 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1871 secondary Complete opaque yellow secondary flake straight L22-1871 Flake Silicate microflaking N99/E108 Used Cryptocrystalline unifacial 1881 secondary Complete opaque brown secondary flake convex L20-1881 Flake Silicate microflaking

265 Flake Tools – *Measurements in millimeters and grams.

Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N98/E104 L2- 26 Core Core Complete Obsidian exhausted 22.5 18.4 15.3 5.23 26 N98/E104 L3- Crystalline edge polish, 44 Cobble Tool Mano Fragment edge ground flat, fire cracked 121.2 97.2 29.5 645.53 44 Volcanic Rock faceted N100/E104 Crystalline 55 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete battered end, round edge battering 43.6 39 32.4 76.95 L2-55 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L3- Crystalline 64 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete battered ends, round edge battering 43.4 36.8 30.7 67.27 64 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L3- Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 65 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 43.2 35.2 17 22.49 65 Silicate red hammerstone, battered ends, edge N100/E108 Hammer, Crystalline 76 Cobble Tool Complete possible edge polish and black battering, 42.2 36.3 24.6 57.8 L2-76 Mano Volcanic Rock stain edge polish

266 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width semi- N100/E106 Core-Cobble Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 119 Complete translucent exhausted core, mostly cortex 33.5 21.5 15 10.77 L3-119 Tool scraper Silicate microflaking white semi- N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 164 Core Core Complete translucent cortex, agate crystals 72.6 47.9 38 137.31 L3-164 Silicate white edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline battering, off- 168 Cobble Tool Complete 73.7 59.6 43.8 282.35 L4-168 Mano Volcanic Rock end battering, planar polish edge N100/E110 Hammer, Crystalline battering, 182 Cobble Tool Complete black stain 109 57.8 25.7 165.42 L3-182 Mano Volcanic Rock edge polish, impact N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 193 Core Core Complete much cortex 56 26.3 17.8 22.41 L4-193 Silicate brown N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 195 Core Core Fragment cortex dorsal surface 49 25.3 12.2 17.83 L4-195 Silicate gray edge N100/E106 Hammer, Crystalline battering, off- 201 Cobble Tool Complete battered ends, 97.7 54 47 363.84 L4-201 Mano Volcanic Rock end battering, planar polish edge marginal battering and polish, Anvil, battering, N100/E106 Crystalline ocher and black stain, appears 202 Cobble Tool Hammer, Fragment planar 91.2 64 66.1 411.84 L4-202 Volcanic Rock broken by anvil impact, or fire Mano battering, cracked planar polish N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 260 Core Core Complete cortex 70.2 45.5 24.9 67.25 L3-260 Silicate yellow semi- N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 261 Core Core Complete translucent cortex, agate crystals 43.6 42.4 32 55.18 L3-261 Silicate white semi- N100/E108 Core-Cobble Thin-bit Cryptocrystalline unifacial 263 Complete translucent exhausted core, secondary straight 31.6 27.8 11.5 9.16 L3-263 Tool scraper Silicate microflaking white and red N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 291 Core Core Complete cortex 50.2 46 29.2 55.84 L6-291 Silicate red Pebble Tool, N98/E108 L4- Cryptocrystalline opaque off a pebble, bifacial shaping, thick unifacial 298 Cobble Tool Thick-bit Ovate Complete 75 convex 35.6 24.8 9.9 8.16 298 Silicate yellow bit scraper microflaking scraper N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 416 Core Core Complete cortex, amorphous 61.4 49.3 36.4 103.53 L7-416 Silicate red edge One large flake removed from tip. battering, N98/E106 L4- Hammer, Crystalline Polish on both flat sides. Striations edge polish, 421 Cobble Tool Fragment 133.8 34.6 17 103.25 421 Mano Volcanic Rock and ocher and black stain on non- impact, planar flaked end, long and narrow polish, striation N100/E108 Core-Cobble Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 462 Complete exhausted bipolar core straight L5-462 Tool scraper Silicate yellow microflaking

267 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N100/E108 Crystalline fine grain 464 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 49.6 34.6 16.6 24.42 L5-464 Volcanic Rock black edge N100/E110 Hammer, Crystalline end and marginal battering, three battering, 485 Cobble Tool Complete 71.3 61 52.7 328.2 L4-485 Mano Volcanic Rock facets faceted, planar polish edge Anvil, battering, N98/E108 L5- Crystalline battered margins, some medial 504 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete planar 92.4 50 926.12 504 Volcanic Rock polish Mano battering, planar polish edge pestle, one large flake removed battering, opaque dark from thicker end. Striations from N100/E108 Crystalline edge polish, 506 Cobble Tool Pestle Complete green and grinding evident on both ends. 49 31.8 518.45 L5-506 Volcanic Rock impact, planar black Ocher staining on both ends. polish, Polished. striation N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 508 Core Core Complete amorphous 48.3 41 27.3 72.81 L7-508 Silicate yellow N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 509 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete opaque red cortex, pebble convex 41.3 28.4 24.1 30.64 L7-509 Silicate edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline 530 Cobble Tool Complete battered end battering, 57.8 42.3 31.8 110.7 L7-530 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish edge N100/E106 Hammer, Crystalline 547 Cobble Tool Fragment oblong battering, 69.3 41 23.4 92.16 L7-547 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline battered end, impact or fire 558 Cobble Tool Fragment battering, 100.4 88 55 554.06 L8-558 Mano Volcanic Rock cracked planar polish edge N100/E104 Anvil, Crystalline battering, 559 Cobble Tool Complete marginal and medial battering 118 81.2 60.3 740.56 L8-559 Hammer Volcanic Rock planar battering edge battering, off- N100/E110 Crystalline pestle, pecked end, large heat end battering, 564 Cobble Tool Pestle Fragment 104 64 48.8 413.25 L5-564 Volcanic Rock spall out of one side. planar battering, planar polish edge battering, N98/E106 L4- Crystalline pestle, 4 facets, oblong, end 565 Cobble Tool Pestle Fragment faceted, 94 48.1 37.7 308.55 565 Volcanic Rock battered, all sides ground, near F2 planar battering N98/E106 L4- Crystalline 1087.9 566 Cobble Tool Mano Complete planar polish 130 41.5 63.3 566 Volcanic Rock 7 edge N98/E106 L4- Crystalline pestle, possibly shaped, severely 567 Cobble Tool Pestle Complete battering, 67 64.1 764.25 567 Volcanic Rock battered ends, near F2 impact

268 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width edge battering, off- N98/E106 L4- Anvil, Crystalline 568 Cobble Tool Complete Faint red stain ocher end battering, 90 66 52 421.23 568 Hammer Volcanic Rock planar battering N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 581 Core Core Complete 50% cortex 63 46.4 24.8 101.78 L8-581 Silicate brown N100/E104 Crystalline 582 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete battered ends, round edge battering 51.5 37.6 30.1 83.89 L8-582 Volcanic Rock N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 640 Core Core Complete opaque red 51.7 39.4 33.1 56.2 L9-640 Silicate edge N100/E106 Hammer, Crystalline battering, 641 Cobble Tool Complete Faint red stain ocher 81 56.5 35.6 230.47 L9-641 Mano Volcanic Rock planar grinding N98/E106 L5- Crystalline teardrop shape, little end battering 653 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete edge battering 81.7 47.8 24.3 135.99 653 Volcanic Rock on narrow end edge N100/E110 W- Hammer, Crystalline battering, off- 687 Cobble Tool Complete east wall, ocher stain 73.5 68.6 43.7 311.26 687 Mano Volcanic Rock end battering, planar polish N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 691 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, exhausted 28 26.8 14.2 10.1 L9-691 Silicate N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 694 Core Core Complete opaque red exhausted 39.7 29.7 20.2 20.41 L9-694 Silicate N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 704 Core Core Complete opaque tan cortex, amorphous 65.9 51.9 31.4 96.12 L9-704 Silicate edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline end battered, medial polish, 705 Cobble Tool Fragment battering, 121.8 96.4 54.6 922.08 L9-705 Mano Volcanic Rock weathered, fire or impact cracked planar polish edge N98/E108 L6- Hammer, Crystalline 706 Cobble Tool Complete battered ends, dark gray stain battering, 76 51 35.1 201.65 706 Mano Volcanic Rock edge polish N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 718 Core Core Complete 73.7 33.4 26.4 56.99 L10-718 Silicate brown N100/E108 Core-Cobble Crystalline 731 Chopper Complete mostly cortex, chopper edge battering 119 112.2 70.8 1212.2 L6-731 Tool Volcanic Rock N102/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 751 Core Core Fragment mislabeled 33.4 26.7 18.2 14.92 L10-751 Silicate yellow edge oblong wedge or pestle? Flake off battering, N100/E104 Mano, Crystalline 753 Cobble Tool Fragment end and use wear, one margin edge crushing, 115.7 63.4 31.3 319.12 L10-753 Pestle Volcanic Rock battered impact, planar polish edge battering, Anvil, edge polish, N100/E106 Crystalline 774 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete red and black stain ocher off-end 71.5 50.4 39.3 189.4 L10-774 Volcanic Rock Mano battering, planar battering

269 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N101/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 781 Core Core Complete 1/8", some cortex, amorphous 50.8 35.3 29.2 55.53 L10-781 Silicate brown N100/E110 Core-Cobble Cryptocrystalline wedge, wedge end is polished, edge polish, 799 Wedge Complete dark red 74.8 73.8 22.1 120.84 L5-799 Tool Silicate flake at mallet end impact edge Anvil, battering, N100/E108 Crystalline 814 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete mislabeled, ocher stain edge polish, 116 61 35.4 380.45 L7-814 Volcanic Rock Mano planar battering N100/E108 Crystalline fire fragmented, black staining on 815 Cobble Tool Hammer Fragment edge battering 72.4 44 58.5 182.11 L7-815 Volcanic Rock margin edge battering, Anvil scarring is more weathered Anvil, edge polish, N100/E108 than the hammer marks. A large 816 Cobble Tool Hammer, Fragment Quartzite impact, off- 103 72 32 333.7 L7-816 flake was removed during Mano end battering, hammering. planar battering N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque 836 Core Core Complete cortex, exhausted 38.7 33.3 20.7 18.16 L11-836 Silicate yellow edge N101/E106 Hammer, Crystalline 1/8", large impact flake, ocher battering, 840 Cobble Tool Fragment 85.3 60.6 27.7 212.97 L11-840 Mano Volcanic Rock stain impact, planar polish edge battering, N101/E106 Hammer, Crystalline 1/8", much red and black stain 841 Cobble Tool Complete edge polish, 87.7 58 52.3 387.27 L11-841 Mano Volcanic Rock ocher off-end battering N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 843 Core Core Fragment opaque gray cortex, potlid, core fragment 36.1 18 13.4 7.04 L11-843 Silicate N100/E108 Core-Cobble Crystalline problem! Elevation in level 7, some 918 Chopper Complete edge crushing convex 82.8 77 41.3 268.06 L8-918 Tool Volcanic Rock cortex left edge Anvil, battering, N100/E108 Crystalline 919 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete battered margins and midsection planar 127.8 97.4 56 999.01 L8-919 Volcanic Rock Mano battering, planar polish N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 920 Core Core Complete opaque red in situ, cortical 48.4 28.8 12.8 25.02 L8-920 Silicate edge N98/E104 L8- Hammer, Crystalline 946 Cobble Tool Complete battered margin, round battering, 48.3 47 30.5 95.18 946 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish N98/E104 L8- Cryptocrystalline 947 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, exhausted 32.1 25.7 24.9 22.08 947 Silicate N98/E104 L9- Core-Cobble Crystalline 992 Chopper Complete minimal edge modification edge crushing convex 105.2 79.6 1766.3 992 Tool Volcanic Rock

270 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width edge battering, Anvil, N98/E104 L9- Crystalline battering around margins, ocher edge polish, 993 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete 117.3 86 44.2 587.06 993 Volcanic Rock stain planar Mano battering, planar polish N100/E104 Crystalline 994 Core Core Complete opaque black cortex, core fragment 43.7 31.2 19.2 28.98 L11-994 Volcanic Rock N100/E104 Crystalline 1008 Core Core Complete cortex 85.7 74.5 70.6 528 L11-1008 Volcanic Rock N100/E104 1009 Core Core Complete Obsidian exhausted 39.1 28.4 19.1 16.53 L11-1009 N98/E106 L8- 1030 Core Core Complete Obsidian core fragment 36.2 24.6 15.3 13.56 1030 flat rock with two flakes removed edge N100/E108 Crystalline 1042 Cobble Tool Net Weight Complete opposite sides, one removed from dulling/roundin 65.7 57 15.6 80.85 L9-1042 Volcanic Rock end, net sinker? g N100/E110 1052 Cobble Tool Hammer Fragment Quartz broken cobble edge battering 52 40 34.6 96.3 L6-1052 N100/E108 no Core-Cobble Crystalline 1071 Chopper Complete large cortical flake planar polish 70 59.6 25.6 118.69 elv. - 1071 Tool Volcanic Rock edge battering, Anvil, N98/E106 L8- Crystalline edge polish, 1073 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete battered ends, ocher stain 85.3 77 40.5 398.04 1073 Volcanic Rock planar Mano battering, planar polish edge battering, in situ, flat, battering on margin N98/E106 L9- Anvil, Crystalline impact, off- 1083 Cobble Tool Fragment and middle with some impact 84.3 58.1 22.9 163.4 1083 Hammer Volcanic Rock end battering, flakes planar battering semi- N98/E106 L9- Cryptocrystalline 1084 Core Core Complete translucent agate, much cortex 61.3 48.8 39.4 136.22 1084 Silicate white edge Anvil, battering, N98/E106 Crystalline 1085 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete margin battering, polish, and ocher edge polish, 83.4 87.8 50.4 520.84 L10-1085 Volcanic Rock Mano planar battering edge battering, Anvil, edge polish, N98/E106 Crystalline One large flake removed from the 1086 Cobble Tool Hammer, Fragment impact, off- 97 69.9 41.7 396.89 L10-1086 Volcanic Rock end due to hammering impact. Mano end battering, planar battering N98/E106 Crystalline 1087 Core Core Complete 50% cortex 67.4 71 59 276.1 L10-1087 Volcanic Rock

271 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N98/E106 Crystalline 1088 Cobble Tool Metate Fragment Metate planar polish 108 108 50.2 996.52 L10-1088 Volcanic Rock edge N98/E104 Hammer, Crystalline 1093 Cobble Tool Complete small round battering, 45 37.7 31.7 75.25 L10-1093 Mano Volcanic Rock edge polish N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1105 Core Core Complete 56.7 45.1 20.8 35.26 L10-1105 Silicate and white N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1111 Core Core Fragment exhausted, core fragment 27 23.8 19.6 11.69 L10-1111 Silicate brown N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1120 Core Core Complete opaque tan exhausted 44.2 27.7 20.9 24.49 L10-1120 Silicate opaque N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1122 Core Core Complete yellow and cortex 51.6 27.4 19.5 26.64 L11-1122 Silicate red N98/E104 Unclassifiable 1186 Core Core Obsidian bipolar damage L11-1186 Fragment N98/E104 Crystalline 1196 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete Faint reddish patina on one end. edge battering 79.6 65.7 25.5 202.76 L12-1196 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline 1197 Chopper Fragment opaque red potlided planar polish 78.1 53.7 15.7 63.67 L12-1197 Tool Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1198 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, core fragment 30.2 24.9 17 13.53 L11-1198 Silicate edge battering, N98/E110 L7- Hammer, Crystalline 3 facets, end battered, medial 1200 Cobble Tool Complete edge polish, 68.2 57.6 49.6 312.39 1200 Mano Volcanic Rock polish faceted, planar polish 4 facets, oblong, edge ground, edge polish, N98/E106 L9- Hammer, Crystalline 1201 Cobble Tool Fragment heavy red and black stain on the faceted, off- 1201 Mano Volcanic Rock end ocher end battering N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1212 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 43.6 41.7 19.8 32.48 L10-1212 Silicate brown edge battering, off- N98/E108 L8- Anvil, Crystalline battering on flat side of ends and 1223 Cobble Tool Complete end battering, 85.7 52.3 34.4 224.82 1223 Hammer Volcanic Rock median planar battering N98/E108 L8- Core-Cobble Crystalline 1224 Chopper Complete 50% cortex 78.2 65 48 286.16 1224 Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L8- Crystalline 1232 Core Core Complete cortex 60.6 38 28.5 55.5 1232 Volcanic Rock edge battering, Anvil, edge polish, N100/E106 Crystalline problem! Elevation is for Level 11, 1239 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete off-end 76.7 59.1 38.8 259.96 L12-1239 Volcanic Rock ocher stain Mano battering, planar battering N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1254 Core Core Complete exhausted, unidirectional 32.4 23.8 17.7 12.2 L11-1254 Silicate brown

272 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N98/E104 Core-Cobble Chopper, Crystalline 1264 >half mislabeled, fire modified edge battering L12-1266 Tool Hammer Volcanic Rock battered ends, round, Problem! N98/E104 Crystalline 1266 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete Two battered tools with the exact edge battering 58.6 44.4 39.2 158.32 L12-1266 Volcanic Rock same label! This one is correct N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1283 Core Core Complete exhausted 30.5 26.5 21.8 13.91 L13-1283 Silicate red edge N100/E110 Hammer, Crystalline dark red, 1308 Cobble Tool Fragment battered end battering, 60.5 39.4 30.5 106.84 L9-1308 Mano Volcanic Rock vesicular edge polish edge battering, edge polish, Anvil, N100/E110 Crystalline battering around margin, ocher off-end 1309 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete 101.1 72.2 46.7 564.11 L9-1309 Volcanic Rock stain battering, Mano planar battering, planar polish N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1310 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex 58.5 50.6 23.3 61.17 L12-1310 Silicate N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1319 Core Core Complete much cortex 37.4 36.4 24.2 28.72 L13-1319 Silicate brown edge battering, N98/E110 L7- Mano, Crystalline pestle, end battered, oblong, fire- 1330 Cobble Tool Fragment impact, off- 70 38.6 34.6 135.62 1330 Pestle Volcanic Rock reddened, one ground surface end battering, planar polish N98/E110 L7- Cryptocrystalline opaque dark see also p.207 lev 7 artifacts 1335 Core Core Complete 52 36.3 29.8 65.43 1335 Silicate red 1445/1446, cortex N100/E108 Crystalline 1343 Cobble Tool Hammer Fragment fire or impact cracked edge battering 78 73.3 32.7 197.3 L12-1343 Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1362 Core Core opaque red in situ, cortex 25.2 29.1 14.6 18.42 L11-1362 Fragment Silicate problem! Elevation is level 11, N98/E106 Crystalline metate frag? Large angular, fire 1363 Cobble Tool Metate Fragment planar polish 95 77.1 74.1 948.27 L12-1363 Volcanic Rock blackened and reddened, some cortex N100/E106 Crystalline 1364 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete ends battered, ocher stain edge battering 104.8 64 56.9 539.65 L12-1364 Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Core-Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque red unifacial 1365 Chopper Complete concave 42.3 29.6 19.6 19.03 L12-1365 Tool Silicate and yellow microflaking N100/E106 Core-Cobble Crystalline problem! Elevation in level 12, 1378 Chopper Complete 70 60.7 33.7 154.44 L13-1378 Tool Volcanic Rock cortex edge N100/E108 Hammer, Crystalline 1397 Cobble Tool Complete small, round, ocher stain battering, 55.2 47.7 29.4 110.78 L12-1397 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish semi- N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1404 Core Core Complete translucent cortex 67.3 41.6 34.6 107.48 L13-1404 Silicate white

273 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline 1414 Cobble Tool Complete battered ends, round battering, 50.2 44.6 31.7 100.05 L14-1414 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish N98/E108 Core-Cobble Crystalline much cortex, some battering on convex, 1430 Chopper Complete edge battering 121.5 87.3 47.8 655.86 L11-1430 Tool Volcanic Rock edges, chopper straight edge N98/E106 Crystalline Impact flakes missing from 1435 Cobble Tool Net Weight Fragment battering, 80 67.2 22 164.31 L12-1435 Volcanic Rock opposite ends/sides, flat and round impact N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1439 Core Core Complete 52.7 37.3 28 50.98 L12-1439 Silicate yellow N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1465 Core Core Complete exhausted 30.7 28.3 15.8 13.85 L13-1465 Silicate yellow N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1475 Core Core Fragment cortex L13-1475 Silicate yellow edge battering, Anvil, 1/8", ocher staining in two edge polish, N98/E106 Hammer, Crystalline 1481 Cobble Tool Complete locations, broken surface used as off-end 91.3 68 52.2 524.7 L13-1481 Mano, Volcanic Rock muller battering, Pestle planar battering N100/E108 Crystalline 1482 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 25.3 41 30.3 69.8 L13-1482 Volcanic Rock edge Anvil, battering, N98/E104 Crystalline heavily battered margins, much 1483 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete planar 112.6 102 45.2 738.21 L15-1483 Volcanic Rock red and some black stain ocher Mano battering, planar polish N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1490 Core Core Complete opaque red 50%+ cortex, amorphous 93.1 71.4 49.4 322.48 L14-1490 Silicate N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1498 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 49.8 45.7 26.7 40.27 L14-1498 Silicate red opaque N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1502 Core Core Complete yellow and exhausted 31.8 25.6 22.4 21.75 L14-1502 Silicate red N100/E104 Core-Cobble Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque unifacial 1510 Chopper cortex, 31.9 27.7 10.5 8.89 L15-1510 Tool End Silicate brown microflaking N100/E104 Crystalline 1513 Cobble Tool Mano Complete large, round, flat, modified? planar polish 128.2 30.7 969.86 L15-1573 Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1527 Core Core Fragment cortex, exhausted 38.4 23 25.7 20.11 L11-1527 Silicate red opaque N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1532 Core Core Complete yellow and cortex 30.7 27.2 17.4 15.85 L15-1532 Silicate red N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1536 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 48 37.3 29.5 37.03 L15-1536 Silicate brown

274 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width edge battering, Anvil, edge polish, N100/E106 1544 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete Quartzite ocher stain impact, off- 96 74.1 42.1 482.66 L15-1544 Mano end battering, planar battering N100/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1545 Core Core Complete opaque red core fragment 35 31.8 10.7 10.37 L15-1545 Silicate N98/E110 L8- Cryptocrystalline 1556 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, core fragment 50.6 32.4 21.9 54.91 1556 Silicate N98/E110 L8- Cryptocrystalline 1557 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, exhausted or fragment 40.4 34.2 23.2 26.36 1557 Silicate edge battering, N98/E108 L12 Hammer, Crystalline problem! Elevation is level 11, 1559 Cobble Tool Complete edge polish, 85.5 59.3 37.5 272.86 1559 Mano Volcanic Rock ocher staining around the margin off-end battering N98/E108 Core-Cobble Crystalline 1560 Chopper Fragment in situ, cortical straight 73.1 59.1 22.2 133.24 L12-1560 Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E108 Crystalline fine grain 1561 Core Core Complete in situ, cortex, unidirectional edge crushing 45.9 44.3 39 74.16 L12-1561 Volcanic Rock black N98/E106 problem! Elevation is level 13, 1566 Core Core Complete Obsidian 18.7 17.7 8 2.61 L12-1566 exhausted, cortex N100/E104 Core-Cobble 1576 Chopper Complete Metamorphic cortex, chopper edge crushing convex 91.9 90.7 37.5 333.15 L16-1576 Tool problem! Elevation is at level 14, N100.2/E109. Cryptocrystalline 1606 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete opaque red cortex on both sides, formed on 63.1 38.8 11 27.39 75 L14-1606 Silicate thin pebble, straight sided drill? semi- N98/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1612 Core Core Complete translucent cortex 33 31.1 29.8 21.56 L16-1612 Silicate white N98/E104 Crystalline cortex on both sides, formed from 1613 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete 47.3 43.3 11 32 L16-1613 Volcanic Rock flat pebble N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline convex, 1616 Chopper Complete much cortex, chopper? edge crushing 93 66.8 34.1 245.77 L17-1616 Tool Volcanic Rock straight edge N100.55/E106 Hammer, Crystalline battered and ground around 1645 Cobble Tool Complete battering, 82.3 73.7 34.5 293.65 .92 L16-1645 Mano Volcanic Rock margins, ocher stain edge polish N100/E108 problem! Elevation does not match 1664 Cobble Tool Mano Complete Quartzite edge battering 65 53.8 38.3 186.75 L15-1664 level N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1676 Core Core Complete tested pebble 47.6 40.4 14.2 31.97 L15-1676 Silicate red opaque dark N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1677 Core Core Complete brown and 1/8" section, in situ, cortex 48 32.2 13.6 22.98 L15-1677 Silicate red

275 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width edge battering, Anvil, edge polish, N98/E104 Crystalline battered ends and margins, polish 1704 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete planar 85 70.4 36.4 309.42 L18-1704 Volcanic Rock on interior margins Mano battering, planar grinding N98/E104 Crystalline 1705 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete flaked pebble convex 64.4 53.7 21.6 113.85 L17-1705 Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Crystalline 1716 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete flaked pebble edge crushing convex 56.4 50.2 18.6 69.86 L17-1716 Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Cryptocrystalline 1718 Core Core Complete opaque red cortex, hardly used 26.7 29.6 22.5 22.73 L16-1718 Silicate edge battering, Anvil, N100/E106 Crystalline edge polish, 1719 Cobble Tool Hammer, Complete red stain, one facet ocher 86.5 85.9 52.9 566.79 L17-1719 Volcanic Rock faceted, Mano planar battering N98/E108 Crystalline oblong, flake off one end from edge crushing, 1723 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete 124.4 57.7 29 289.3 L14-1723 Volcanic Rock impact or intentional? impact edge N100/E104 Anvil, Crystalline battering, 1742 Cobble Tool Complete 98 85.2 50 595.4 L17-1742 Hammer Volcanic Rock planar battering problem! Same as charcoal- edge elevation lower than unit ended, N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline battering, 1743 Cobble Tool Complete dyslexia? Changed it to 96.43. 88.4 52.2 31 219.27 L17-1743 Mano Volcanic Rock edge polish, 10cm from charcoal sample. Ocher planar polish stain edge N100/E104 Hammer, Crystalline end battered, some red stain, light battering, off- 1744 Cobble Tool Complete 72.2 55.6 39.9 223.99 L17-1744 Mano Volcanic Rock end polish ocher end battering, planar polish N100/E104 Cryptocrystalline 1748 Core Core Complete opaque red 1/8", cortex 38.3 30.5 13.25 14.07 L17-1748 Silicate edge N98/E106 Crystalline 1754 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete 1/8", flaked pebble battering, convex 56 52 18 81.98 L17-1754 Volcanic Rock edge crushing N98/E104 Crystalline cortex on both sides, flat pebble 1757 Cobble Tool Pebble Tool Complete 62.2 49.1 12.3 45.68 L18-1757 Volcanic Rock with modified edge N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline 1758 Chopper Complete chopper convex 99.7 63.1 30 252.88 L18-1758 Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E106 Core-Cobble Chopper, Crystalline edge polish, 1766 Fragment 1/4", cortex, core convex 65.4 48.4 33.5 121.84 L16-1766 Tool Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish N98/E108 Crystalline 1768 Cobble Tool Hammer Complete battered ends edge battering 41.4 30 27.5 46.55 L15-1768 Volcanic Rock edge N98/E108 l15- Hammer, Crystalline 1769 Cobble Tool Fragment battered margin battering, 74.4 33 26 94.38 1769 Mano Volcanic Rock planar polish

276 Cobble Tools ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Edge Edge Maximum Maximum Artifact Label II Tool Style Shape Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Thickness Weight Number angle Form Length Width N98/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1777 Core Core Complete cortex 60.9 51.3 35.8 110.22 L15-1777 Silicate red edge battering, edge crushing, N98/E108 Hammer, Crystalline broken by marginal battering or 1778 Cobble Tool Fragment edge 87.7 57.2 46.5 335.52 L15-1778 Mano Volcanic Rock fire, battered end dulling/roundin g, planar polish N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline 1795 Core Core Complete opaque red in situ, some cortex 52.5 29.3 18.6 48.31 L17-1795 Silicate N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline 1823 Chopper Complete chopper core with cortex 110.8 88 51 682.24 L21-1823 Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline problem! Elevation says level 21, 1827 Chopper Complete convex 84.2 45.3 722.16 L20-1827 Tool Volcanic Rock core flaked from both sides, cortex edge N98/E108 Anvil, Crystalline battering, 1831 Cobble Tool Fragment large grain 77.6 90.3 65 556.63 L16-1831 Hammer Volcanic Rock planar battering N100/E108 Crystalline 1122.8 1832 Core Core Complete massive, much cortex 110.7 93.1 87.61 L18-1832 Volcanic Rock 9 N98/E104 Core-Cobble Crystalline 1866 Chopper Complete cortex 64.1 44.7 30 90.45 L22-1866 Tool Volcanic Rock N99/E108 1879 Cobble Tool Mano Complete Quartzite edge polish 50.6 45.8 19.2 65.75 L19-1879 N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline opaque 1892 Core Core Complete amorphous 47.4 38.9 19.6 30.6 L21-1892 Silicate yellow N100/E108 Crystalline 1893 Core Core Complete cortex, core fragment 28.7 21 23.4 21.79 L21-1893 Volcanic Rock N100/E108 Cryptocrystalline problem! Elevation does not match 1894 Core Core Complete opaque tan 41.2 31.1 10.7 12.68 L21-1894 Silicate level, core fragment

Other Artifacts ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Number Artifact Label II Tool Style Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Maximum Length Maximum Width Thickness Weight N100/E106 L3- Miscellaneous Crystalline 116 Stone Ball Complete round 25 23.7 21.4 16.86 116 Stone Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L3- Miscellaneous Crystalline 143 Stone Disc Complete small disc 24 23 5.8 5.56 143 Stone Volcanic Rock N100/E110 L3- Miscellaneous Crystalline small round, flat 170 Stone Ball Complete 16.3 15.7 7.4 2.82 170 Stone Volcanic Rock pebble, ball N100/E104 L5- Miscellaneous Crystalline 308 Stone Disc Complete small disc 23.9 23.4 4.6 4.05 308 Stone Volcanic Rock edge dulling/rounding, N100/E104 Unclassifiable 1006 Incised Stone Shale elaborate edge polish, planar 25.7 17 2.8 1.57 L11-1006 Fragment polish N100/E108 L9- Miscellaneous Unclassifiable Crystalline flat thin flake with 1221 Perforated Stone 13.1 10 1.8 0.37 1221 Stone Fragment Volcanic Rock hole

277 Other Artifacts ‐ *Measurements in millimeters and grams. Catalog Number Artifact Label II Tool Style Completeness Material Type Description Comments Edge wear Maximum Length Maximum Width Thickness Weight Cinnabar? disc with 2.1mm N98-100 E111- Miscellaneous iridescent 1534 Perforated Stone Complete Unknown irregular hole in the 17.7 15.9 4.3 1.2 112 L8 1534 Stone orange, soft middle. laminate a-e, ocher on back, edge dulling/rounding, N100/E108 elaborate design, 1797 Incised Stone >half Shale edge polish, planar 80 49.4 5.5 19.07 L17-1797 measurements on grinding, planar polish assembled pieces N100/E106 Unclassifiable a-c, three fragments, 1798 Incised Stone Shale 33.8 25.8 2.7 4.08 L19-1798 Fragment simple lines N100/E106 edge dulling/rounding, 1848 Incised Stone >half Shale elaborate 24.2 21.2 2.8 1.47 L20-1848 planar polish N99/E108 L20- 1882 Incised Stone Complete Shale expedient design 73.1 39 5.5 22.86 1882 N98/E106 L21- Unclassifiable 1898 Incised Stone Shale straight lines 34.4 25 3.5 4.35 1898 Fragment

278 APPENDIX C

35JO21: Catalogs

Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block ………………………………………………………..……………….280 Carbonized Material Catalog …………………………………………………………………………………………….……361 Pumice Catalog ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..….364 Organic Material Remains Catalog ………………………………………………………………….………………….367 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block ……………………………………………………..………………….379

35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

98.01- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque on weathered 4 N98/E104 L1-4 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 1 0-10 Plow Zone Complete 97.91 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red flake Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 7 N98/E110 L1-7 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 97.71 0 Plow Zone Biface Distal Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L1- 97.97- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 13 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 1 0-7 Plow Zone Biface >half opaque gray 13 97.90 Artifact Silicate 97.89- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 18 N98/E108 L1-18 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 1 0-9 Plow Zone Biface opaque red heat damaged 97.80 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex 19 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Complete 19 97.90 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red platform N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked 21 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Distal Obsidian 21 97.90 Artifact N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 22 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone >half missing distal 22 97.90 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate orange N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque keeled, early 23 N100/E106 101.9 107 2 7-17 Plow Zone Complete 23 97.90 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow stage 97.89- Cobble 26 N98/E104 L2-26 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 2 12-21 Plow Zone Core Core Complete Obsidian exhausted 97.80 Artifact

97.89- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque white 27 N98/E104 L2-27 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 2 12-21 Plow Zone Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half 97.80 Artifact Silicate and red

N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 33 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Biface Medial white massive 33 97.80 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 34 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone >half translucent missing end 34 97.80 Artifact Point Large Silicate N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 35 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Complete opaque gray teardrop scraper 35 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked long and 36 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Biface Drill Complete Obsidian obsidian awl 36 97.80 Artifact narrow, awl?

semi- N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 37 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Complete translucent scraper 37 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white

280 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

97.80- Cobble Cobble Crystalline edge ground 44 N98/E104 L3-44 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 3 21-31 Plow Zone Mano Fragment 97.70 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock flat, fire cracked

semi- 97.96- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 45 N98/E106 L1-45 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 1 0-16 Plow Zone Biface Margin translucent heat modified 97.80 Artifact Silicate white

97.96- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline 46 N98/E106 L1-46 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 1 0-16 Plow Zone Thin-bit scraper Complete translucent scraper 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate N100/E110 L2- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline white, red, 48 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 2 17-27 pz+FA Complete teardrop scraper 48 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E110 L2- 97.70- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 49 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 2 17-27 pz+FA Complete opaque red 49 97.60 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate 97.71- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 50 N98/E110 L1-50 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Biface Drill Complete opaque red straight-sided 97.60 Artifact Silicate 97.71- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 51 N98/E110 L1-51 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone >half opaque red tip missing 97.60 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate

semi- 97.71- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 52 N98/E110 L1-52 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Complete translucent teardrop scraper 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white

97.71- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline mottled 53 N98/E110 L1-53 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Complete scraper 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

Gunther Series: 97.71- Flaked Projectile Contracting, Cryptocrystalline opaque Gunther, 54 N98/E110 L1-54 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone >half 97.60 Artifact Point Rogue River Silicate brown missing barbs Barbed

N100/E104 L2- 98.10- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered end, 55 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 2 6-16 Plow Zone Hammer Complete 55 98.60 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock round N100/E104 L2- 98.10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 56 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 2 6-16 Plow Zone Biface Distal opaque gray heat treated 56 98.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L2- 98.10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 57 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 2 6-16 Plow Zone Complete whitish 50% cortex 57 98.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E104 L2- 98.10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 59 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 2 6-16 Plow Zone Complete teardrop scraper 59 98.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate purple

281 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

97.80- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 60 N98/E108 L2-60 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 2 9-19 Plow Zone Complete 97.70 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate yellow 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 61 N98/E108 L2-61 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 2 9-19 Plow Zone Biface Unclassifiable Complete opaque red bipolar thinning 97.70 Artifact Silicate

Coquille Series: Broad-necked, 97.80- Flaked Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 62 N98/E108 L2-62 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 2 9-19 Plow Zone >half shouldered 97.70 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate brown Stem Series: shouldered

97.80- Flaked opaque 63 N98/E104 L3-63 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 3 21-31 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete Metasedimentary cortical flake 97.70 Artifact brown 97.80- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered ends, 64 N98/E104 L3-64 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 3 21-31 Plow Zone Hammer Complete 97.70 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock round 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, core 65 N98/E104 L3-65 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 3 21-31 Plow Zone Core Core Complete 97.70 Artifact Silicate red fragment 97.60- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 67 N98/E110 L2-67 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 2 11-21 Plow Zone >half opaque red tip missing 97.50 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate

semi- N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 68 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Complete translucent scraper 68 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange

N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline teardrop 69 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Complete opaque red 69 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate scraper, cortex N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 70 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone >half opaque red missing tip 70 97.80 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque missing some 71 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone >half 71 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown margin N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Crystalline 72 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Proximal 72 97.80 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Unclassifiable 73 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Obsidian 73 97.80 Artifact End

282 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

hammerstone, battered ends, N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 76 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Hammer, Mano Complete possible edge 76 97.80 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock polish and black stain

97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 85 N98/E108 L3-85 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 3 19-29 PZ-II mix Complete bifacial 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray 97.70- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 86 N98/E108 L3-86 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 3 19-29 PZ-II mix Biface 97.60 Artifact End Silicate yellow/red

semi- 97.70- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline 87 N98/E104 L4-87 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 4 31-41 PZ-II mix Thin-bit scraper Complete translucent scraper 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate orange/white

97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 89 N98/E104 L4-89 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 4 31-41 PZ-II mix Complete teardrop scraper 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 90 N98/E104 L4-90 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 4 31-41 PZ-II mix Complete scraper 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate red/white N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 99 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable opaque red 99 97.90 Artifact Fragment Silicate N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 102 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque red scraper 102 97.90 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 103 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Margin opaque pink 103 97.90 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 104 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Margin opaque red 104 97.90 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L2- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 108 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 2 7-17 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 108 97.90 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Other Miscellane Crystalline 116 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Stone Ball Complete round 116 97.80 Artifact ous Stone Volcanic Rock N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline 117 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Stem opaque red expanding 117 97.80 Artifact Point diverging stem Silicate N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 118 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Used Flake Complete 118 97.80 Artifact Silicate purple

283 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Core- semi- N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Cobble Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline exhausted core, 119 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Cobble Complete translucent 119 97.80 Artifact scraper Silicate mostly cortex Tool white

N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit missing 121 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone >half Obsidian 121 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper proximal N98/E110 L1- 97.71- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 122 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Biface Margin opaque red 122 97.60 Artifact Silicate N98/E110 L1- 97.71- Flaked 123 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Used Flake >half Obsidian 123 97.60 Artifact N98/E110 L1- 97.71- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 124 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 1 0-11 Plow Zone Used Flake early stage 124 97.60 Artifact Fragment Silicate green

semi- N98/E106 L1- 97.96- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 125 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 1 0-16 Plow Zone Used Flake >half translucent cortex platform 125 97.80 Artifact Silicate white

N98/E106 L1- 97.96- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 126 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 1 0-16 Plow Zone Biface 126 97.80 Artifact End Silicate brown N100/E110 L2- 97.70- Flaked Cryptocrystalline scraper, 24% 127 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 2 17-27 pz+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 127 97.60 Artifact Silicate cortex N100/E110 L2- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 128 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 2 17-27 pz+FA Complete 128 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E110 L2- 97.70- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 129 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 2 17-27 pz+FA Biface opaque red 129 97.60 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L3- 97.90- Flaked 130 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 3 17-27 Plow Zone Biface Margin Obsidian 130 97.80 Artifact N98/E106 L2- 97.80- Flaked 131 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 2 16-26 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete Obsidian 131 97.70 Artifact N98/E110 L2- 97.60- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 132 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 2 11-21 Plow Zone Biface opaque red 132 97.50 Artifact End Silicate N98/E110 L2- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 134 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 2 11-21 Plow Zone Flake Tool Thin-bit scraper >half 134 97.50 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E108 L3- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 135 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 3 19-29 PZ-II mix Complete scraper 135 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N98/E108 L3- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 136 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 3 19-29 PZ-II mix Complete 136 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

284 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E108 L3- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 137 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 3 19-29 PZ-II mix Complete opaque red scraper 137 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 138 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary 138 97.80 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque weathered, 139 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 139 97.80 Artifact Silicate yellow cortical N100/E108 L2- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 140 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 2 7-17 Plow Zone Biface Distal opaque red 140 97.80 Artifact Silicate

semi- N100/E104 L2- 98.10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 142 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 2 6-16 Plow Zone Biface Margin translucent 142 98.00 Artifact Silicate white

N100/E104 L3- 98.00- Other Miscellane Crystalline 143 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 3 16-26 Plow Zone Stone Disc Complete small disc 143 97.90 Artifact ous Stone Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L3- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 144 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 3 16-26 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque tan 144 97.90 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L3- 98.00- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 146 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 3 16-26 Plow Zone Flake Tool Unclassifiable 146 97.90 Artifact Fragment Silicate yellow/red N98/E106 L2- 97.80- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 147 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 2 16-26 Plow Zone Complete 147 97.70 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate orange

Flake point, LS- N98/E106 L2- 97.80- Flaked Projectile opaque 149 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 2 16-26 Plow Zone 3, Willow Leaf Complete Obsidian 149 97.70 Artifact Point mahogany Medium

N98/E106 L2- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 150 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 2 16-26 Plow Zone Complete red/brown teardrop scraper 150 97.70 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E106 L2- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline cortex, heat 151 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 2 16-26 Plow Zone Biface Complete opaque white 151 97.70 Artifact Silicate treated

base and N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 154 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface >half margin 154 97.80 Artifact Silicate gray damaged

N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Unclassifiable 155 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Obsidian 155 97.80 Artifact End N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 156 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface 156 97.80 Artifact Fragment Silicate yellow/red

285 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked 157 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Graver >half Obsidian 157 97.80 Artifact N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 158 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal 158 97.80 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N100/E104 L3- 98.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 159 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 3 16-26 Plow Zone Biface Distal 159 97.90 Artifact Silicate brown

semi- N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 160 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Graver Complete translucent reworked 160 97.80 Artifact Silicate white

semi- N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 161 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Complete translucent scraper 161 97.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white

N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 163 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Flake Tool Unclassifiable Proximal 163 97.80 Artifact Silicate red

semi- N100/E104 L3- 98.00- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, agate 164 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 3 16-26 Plow Zone Core Core Complete translucent 164 97.90 Artifact Silicate crystals white

N100/E104 L4- 97.90- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 168 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 4 26-36 PZ-II mix Hammer, Mano Complete 168 97.80 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 169 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Biface Drill Complete opaque red long and narrow 169 97.40 Artifact Silicate

N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Other Miscellane Crystalline small round, flat 170 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Stone Ball Complete 170 97.40 Artifact ous Stone Volcanic Rock pebble, ball

N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 171 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Biface Margin 171 97.40 Artifact Silicate red

scraper, working N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit 173 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Complete Obsidian dark gray edge on 173 97.40 Artifact Flake Tool scraper proximal end

N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked 174 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Biface Drill Complete Obsidian opaque black thin-bit 174 97.40 Artifact N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 175 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half 175 97.40 Artifact Silicate white/brown

286 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 176 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Used Flake Distal 176 97.40 Artifact Silicate red N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 177 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Thin-bit scraper Complete scraper 177 97.40 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate brown N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 178 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA >half tip missing 178 97.40 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate yellow N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 179 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete scraper 179 97.40 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 180 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Biface 180 97.40 Artifact Fragment Silicate green

opaque N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline unfinished, tip 181 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Biface McKee Series Complete brown and 181 97.40 Artifact Silicate missing gray

N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 182 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Hammer, Mano Complete black stain 182 97.40 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock

Coquille Series: N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Broad-necked, Cryptocrystalline opaque pink tip missing, 187 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II >half 187 97.60 Artifact Point Willow Leaf Silicate and brown base dulled Extra Large

N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 188 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Complete teardrop scraper 188 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Unclassifiable 189 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Obsidian scraper 189 97.60 Artifact Fragment

semi- N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline translucent 190 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Biface Medial 190 97.60 Artifact Silicate white with red spots

semi- N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline base of a 191 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Biface Drill Proximal translucent 191 97.60 Artifact Silicate 'keyhole' drill brown

N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque tip and base 192 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Biface >half 192 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown missing N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 193 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Core Core Complete much cortex 193 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown

287 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 194 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Biface translucent 194 97.60 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex dorsal 195 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Core Core Fragment 195 97.60 Artifact Silicate gray surface N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 197 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Complete opaque white heat treated 197 97.60 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate

base edged LS-3, Willow dulled, same N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Projectile 198 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Leaf Extra Complete Obsidian gray banded material as 198 97.60 Artifact Point Large N98/E106 L6 825

N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 199 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque gray secondary flake 199 97.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline mottled 200 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II >half scraper 200 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange/white N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 201 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Hammer, Mano Complete battered ends, 201 97.60 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock

marginal battering and polish, ocher N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 202 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Fragment and black stain, 202 97.60 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock appears broken by anvil impact, or fire cracked

N100/E106 L4- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 222 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 4 27-47 II Biface Graver Complete 222 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, early 224 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Complete 224 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown stage N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 225 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Complete 225 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

base and N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 227 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface >half margin 227 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown damaged

288 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline pink and 228 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix >half tip missing 228 97.60 Artifact Point Large Silicate brown N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline heat modified, 229 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix >half opaque white 229 97.60 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate missing tip N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 230 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Medial opaque red 230 97.60 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 231 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Complete teardrop scraper 231 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N98/E106 L3- 97.70- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 232 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 3 26-36 PZ-II mix Biface Medial opaque red 232 97.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L5- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline white and 233 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 5 47-57 II Biface Medial 233 97.50 Artifact Silicate orange

semi- N100/E106 L5- 97.60- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline 234 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 5 47-57 II Stem translucent 234 97.50 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate white

N100/E106 L5- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline cortical flake, 235 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 5 47-57 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 235 97.50 Artifact Silicate scraper N100/E106 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 236 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 5 47-57 II Complete scraper? 236 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N100/E106 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 238 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 5 47-57 II Complete 238 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 260 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Core Core Complete cortex 260 97.60 Artifact Silicate yellow

semi- N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, agate 261 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Core Core Complete translucent 261 97.60 Artifact Silicate crystals white

N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Unclassifiable 262 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Obsidian 262 97.60 Artifact End

Core- semi- N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Cobble Cryptocrystalline exhaused core, 263 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Cobble Thin-bit scraper Complete translucent 263 97.60 Artifact Silicate secondary Tool white and red

N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 264 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Proximal 264 97.60 Artifact Silicate and yellow

289 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 265 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Medial 265 97.60 Artifact Silicate and black N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 267 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Used Flake Complete translucent 267 97.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 268 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Drill Complete straight sided 268 97.60 Artifact Silicate green N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline missing tip and 269 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA >half opaque red 269 97.60 Artifact Point Large Silicate base N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 270 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Distal 270 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline translucent tip and margins 271 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA >half 271 97.60 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate white missing

semi- N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 272 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Biface Margin translucent 272 97.60 Artifact Silicate gray

N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline 273 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Complete opaque gray Coquille series 273 97.60 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate

semi- extreme retouch N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline 274 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Complete translucent resulted in 274 97.60 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate orange wings

N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 275 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Complete opaque red scraper 275 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E108 L3- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 276 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 3 17-37 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete cortex 276 97.60 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E110 L3- 97.60- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 290 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 3 27-47 pz+FA Complete tip missing 290 97.40 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E106 L6- 97.50- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 291 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 6 57-67 II-Ib Core Core Complete cortex 291 97.40 Artifact Silicate red N102/E106 L6- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow weathered, 292 N100/E106 102 106.45 6 97.44 63 II-Ib Complete Obsidian 292 Artifact Point Leaf Large misslabeled N100/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline 293 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 4 37-47 II+FA Thin-bit scraper Complete opaque red scraper 293 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate

290 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline missing 294 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 4 37-47 II+FA Flake Tool >half opaque red 294 97.50 Artifact scraper Silicate proximal

straight-sided, N100/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline translucent 295 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 4 37-47 II+FA Biface Drill Complete opposing edges 295 97.50 Artifact Silicate clear crushed

N100/E108 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 296 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 4 97.51 46 II+FA Complete teardrop 296 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 297 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 4 37-47 II+FA Used Flake >half opaque white heat altered 297 97.50 Artifact Silicate

Pebble Tool, off a pebble, N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Cobble Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 298 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Thick-bit Complete bifacial shaping, 298 97.40 Artifact Tool Silicate yellow scraper thick bit scraper

N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 299 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal opaque red scraper 299 97.40 Artifact Silicate

scraper with N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 300 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin cortex ventral 300 97.40 Artifact Silicate yellow/red side!

N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline cortex platform, 301 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Complete opaque tan 301 97.40 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate bifacial

opaque N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked 302 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Biface Graver Complete Obsidian obsidian 302 97.40 Artifact biface

N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 303 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Biface Margin opaque tan 303 97.40 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 305 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Used Flake >half 305 97.40 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 306 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Biface Proximal cortex platform 306 97.40 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N98/E108 L4- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 307 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 4 29-49 II Used Flake Medial 307 97.40 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Other Miscellane Crystalline 308 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Stone Disc Complete small disc 308 97.60 Artifact ous Stone Volcanic Rock

291 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 309 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 309 97.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 310 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Complete 310 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate purple N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 312 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Complete scraper 312 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

Gunther Series: N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Projectile Contracting, Cryptocrystalline 313 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II >half opaque red potlid, Gunther 313 97.30 Artifact Point Rogue River Silicate Barbed

Flake point, LS- N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Projectile 314 N98/E110 98-100 110-120 3 21-41 II 2, Willow Leaf >half Obsidian 314 97.30 Artifact Point Large

N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 315 N98/E110 98-100 110-120 3 21-41 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal red scraper 315 97.30 Artifact Silicate N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 316 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Complete opaque red 316 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

scraper, double N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 317 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Complete ended, opposing 317 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown sides!

long and N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 318 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Biface Drill Medial narrow, missing 318 97.30 Artifact Silicate red tip and proximal

missing square N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Projectile Elk Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque 319 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II >half barb, serrated, 319 97.30 Artifact Point Square Barbed Silicate brown Gunther

N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 320 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Complete opaque gray teardrop scraper 320 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 321 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II >half tip missing potlid 321 97.30 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate gray N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 322 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable heat treated 322 97.30 Artifact Fragment Silicate red/white

292 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 323 N98/E110 98-100 110-120 3 21-41 II >half opaque red scraper 323 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

semi- N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 324 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete translucent 324 97.30 Artifact Silicate white and red

N98/E110 L3- 97.50- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 325 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 3 21-41 II Complete translucent 325 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E106 L6- 97.50- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 327 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 6 57-67 II-Ib Biface opaque red 327 97.40 Artifact End Silicate

semi- N100/E106 L6- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 328 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 6 57-67 II-Ib Biface Complete translucent very irregular 328 97.40 Artifact Silicate white

N100/E106 L6- 97.50- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 331 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 6 57-67 II-Ib >half opaque tan tip missing 331 97.40 Artifact Point Large Silicate N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 332 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Flake Tool Complete scraper 332 97.60 Artifact scraper Silicate brown N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 335 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Biface Margin 335 97.60 Artifact Silicate and yellow LS-2, Willow N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 337 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Leaf Extra Complete 337 97.60 Artifact Point Silicate brown Large N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 338 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Biface Proximal opaque red stage V 338 97.60 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline opaque 340 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Stem contracting 340 97.60 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate brown N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Unclassifiable 342 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Biface Obsidian translucent 342 97.60 Artifact End

semi- N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 343 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Complete translucent scraper 323 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange

N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 344 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Complete 344 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E104 L5- 97.80- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 345 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 36-56 II Complete 345 97.60 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

293 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, heat 407 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Margin opaque red 407 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate modified, potlids

N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 408 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete scraper 408 97.50 Artifact Silicate yellow/red

opaque N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 409 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Distal reddish scraper 409 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 410 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Complete white mottled 410 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 411 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Complete teardrop scraper 411 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 412 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Complete 412 97.50 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N98/E104 L5- 97.60- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 413 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 5 41-51 II Biface Complete opaque red 413 97.50 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L6- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 414 N98/E104 98.48 104.13 6 97.47 54 II Biface early stage 414 Artifact End Silicate yellow/red

semi- N100/E106 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 415 N100/E106 100.56 107.65 7 97.34 73 Ib Biface Margin translucent 415 Artifact Silicate white

N100/E106 L7- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, 416 N100/E106 101.6 107.4 7 97.37 70 Ib Core Core Complete 416 Artifact Silicate red amorphous N98/E106 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 420 N98/E106 99.94 107.5 4 97.5 46 II Used Flake Complete 420 Artifact Silicate yellow

294 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

One large flake removed from tip. Polish on both flat sides. N98/E106 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 421 N98/E106 99.43 107.90 4 97.58 38 II 2 Hammer, Mano Fragment Striations and 421 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher and black stain on non- flaked end, long and narrow

N100/E104 L6- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 422 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib Thin-bit scraper Proximal 422 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate brown

Broad neck: N100/E104 L6- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 423 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib diverging stem, Complete opaque red expanding stem 423 Artifact Point Silicate ST-2

Broad neck: opaque N100/E104 L6- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline square stem, 425 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib diverging stem, Complete yellow and 425 Artifact Point Silicate shouldered ST-3 red

N100/E104 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 426 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib Biface Graver Complete 426 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L6- Flaked dorsal polish at 428 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib Biface McKee Series Complete Obsidian 428 Artifact base

Broad neck: opaque side notch, N100/E104 L6- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 430 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib diverging stem, >half brown and missing tip and 430 Artifact Point Silicate ST-1 red barb

N100/E104 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 433 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 5 97.8-97.6 36-56 II Used Flake Complete opaque red potlid 433 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 434 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 6 97.6-97.5 56-66 II-Ib Biface Margin potlided 434 Artifact Silicate purple N100/E108 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 460 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 5 97.5-97.4 47-57 II+FA Biface >half 460 Artifact Silicate brown Core- N100/E108 L5- Cobble Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque exhaused 462 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 5 97.5-97.4 47-57 II+FA Cobble Complete 462 Artifact scraper Silicate yellow bipolar core Tool

295 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L5- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow 463 N100/E108 101.33 108.27 5 97.42 55 II+FA Complete Obsidian some cortex 463 Artifact Point Leaf Large N100/E108 L5- Cobble Crystalline fine grain cortex, core 464 N100/E108 101.36 109.97 5 97.43 54 II+FA Core Core Complete 464 Artifact Volcanic Rock black fragment N98/E108 L5- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 465 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Biface opaque white heat treated 465 Artifact End Silicate N98/E108 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline early stage, 466 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Biface Margin opaque red 466 Artifact Silicate cortex

semi- N98/E108 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 467 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin translucent 467 Artifact Silicate white

semi- N98/E108 L5- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 468 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Complete translucent teardrop scraper 468 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate moss brown

Obsidian Hydration N98/E108 L5- Flaked Sample #29, 469 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Biface Proximal Obsidian opaque black 469 Artifact Silver Lake/Sycan Marsh

N98/E108 L5- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 470 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Unclassifiable >half 470 Artifact Point Silicate brown

N98/E108 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque fine bit, missing 471 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Biface Drill >half 471 Artifact Silicate brown proximal

N98/E108 L5- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline translucent 473 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 5 97.4-97.3 49-59 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable some flakeing 473 Artifact Fragment Silicate white

end and N100/E110 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline marginal 485 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Hammer, Mano Complete 485 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock battering, three facets

N100/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 486 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Complete scraper 486 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red

296 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Gunther Series: N100/E110 L4- Flaked Projectile Contracting, Gunther, 488 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA >half Obsidian translucent 488 Artifact Point Rogue River missing tip Barbed

N100/E110 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 489 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Biface Proximal 489 Artifact Silicate and yellow

fine bit, proximal N100/E110 L4- Flaked 490 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Biface Drill >half Obsidian and margin 490 Artifact missing

semi- N100/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex 491 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Complete translucent 491 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate platform white

N100/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 492 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA >half scraper, potlids 492 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E110 L4- Flaked 493 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Medial Obsidian 493 Artifact N100/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 495 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Complete teardrop scraper 495 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate red/white N100/E110 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 496 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Biface Proximal opaque red early stage 496 Artifact Silicate N100/E110 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 497 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 497 Artifact Silicate orange N100/E110 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque mostly cortex, 498 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 498 Artifact Silicate yellow/red early stage N100/E110 L4- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 499 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Biface 499 Artifact Fragment Silicate red

N100/E110 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opposing edges 500 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Biface Drill Distal gray 500 Artifact Silicate with usewear

N100/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 502 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 4 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA Complete pink scraper 502 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

battered N98/E108 L5- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 504 N98/E108 99.15 108.6 5 97.4 49 II Complete margins, some 504 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock medial polish

297 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

pestal, one large flake removed from thicker opaque dark end. Striations N100/E108 L5- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 506 N100/E108 100.10 108.07 5 97.50 47 II+FA Pestle Complete green and from grinding 506 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock black evident on both ends. Ocher staining on both ends. Polished.

N100/E104 L7- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 508 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Core Core Complete amorphous 508 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E104 L7- Cobble Cobble Cryptocrystalline 509 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Pebble Tool Complete opaque red cortex, pebble 509 Artifact Tool Silicate N100/E104 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 510 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Biface McKee Series >half 510 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex 511 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half 511 Artifact Silicate brown on dorsal N100/E104 L7- Flaked Unclassifia Unclassifiable 512 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Obsidian 512 Artifact ble Fragment N100/E104 L7- Flaked 514 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Biface Medial Obsidian 514 Artifact N100/E104 L7- Flaked 515 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Biface McKee Series Complete Obsidian unfinished 515 Artifact N100/E104 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque missing 517 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib >half 517 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red proximal

teardrop N100/E104 L7- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 518 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Complete opaque red scraper, some 518 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate cortex, potlid

N100/E104 L7- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 519 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Complete 519 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E104 L7- Flaked 521 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Proximal Metasedimentary cortex platform 521 Artifact

298 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 523 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Biface opaque red 523 Artifact Fragment Silicate N100/E104 L7- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline opaque 525 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 7 97.5-97.4 66-76 II-Ib Complete 525 Artifact Point Medium Silicate brown N100/E104 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 526 N100/E104 100.2 105.8 7 97.49 67 II-Ib Biface opaque red 526 Artifact End Silicate N100/E104 L7- Flaked missing a 527 N100/E104 101.16 104 7 97.47 69 II-Ib Biface Graver >half Obsidian 527 Artifact margin N100/E104 L7- 100.67- 104.14- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 530 N100/E104 7 97.43 73 II-Ib Hammer, Mano Complete battered end 530 100.71 104.19 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 531 N100/E104 101.21 105.46 7 97.39 77 II-Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal opaque white scraper 531 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque missing 532 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 6 97.5-97.4 51-61 II Biface Drill >half 532 Artifact Silicate brown proximal

semi- N98/E104 L6- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 534 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 6 97.5-97.4 51-61 II Complete scraper 534 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white with red moss

semi- N98/E104 L6- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline translucent 536 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 6 97.5-97.4 51-61 II Thin-bit scraper Complete scraper 536 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate white and brown

N98/E104 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 537 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 6 97.5-97.4 51-61 II Biface Graver >half opaque red 537 Artifact Silicate N100/E110 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline long and 538 N100/E110 100.91 110.34 5 97.16 71 II+FA Biface Drill Complete red/brown 538 Artifact Silicate narrow, awl?

opaque N100/E106 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 546 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete yellow and secondary flake 546 Artifact Silicate red

N100/E106 L7- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 547 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Hammer, Mano Fragment oblong 547 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock LS-3, Willow N100/E106 L7- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 548 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Leaf Extra Complete base dulled 548 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Large

299 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E106 L7- Flaked 549 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete Obsidian scraper 549 Artifact N100/E106 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 550 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Biface Distal 550 Artifact Silicate and white

expanding stem, N100/E106 L7- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 551 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Side notched Complete side notched, 551 Artifact Point Silicate brown SN-2

N100/E106 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 554 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 7 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib Biface opaque red 554 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L7- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 555 N100/E106 100.46 106.41 7 97.31 76 Ib Complete translucent missing margin 555 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate N98/E110 L4- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 556 N98/E110 98.57 111.5 4 97.27 44 II Complete opaque pink heat treated 556 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate N98/E110 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 557 N98/E110 98.97 111.55 4 97.25 46 II Complete some cortex 557 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate peach

battered end, N100/E104 L8- 100.81- 105.3- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 558 N100/E104 8 97.38 78 II-Ib Hammer, Mano Fragment impact or fire 558 100.91 105.22 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock cracked

N100/E104 L8- 100.73- 104.41- Cobble Cobble Crystalline marginal and 559 N100/E104 8 97.39 77 II-Ib Anvil, Hammer Complete 559 100.81 104.51 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock medial battering

pestle, pecked N100/E110 L5- Cobble Cobble Crystalline end, large heat 564 N100/E110 100.30 110.38 5 97.10 77 II+FA 5 Pestle Fragment 564 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock spall out of one side.

pestle, 4 facets, oblong, end N98/E106 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 565 N98/E106 99 106.47 4 97.55 41 II Pestle Fragment battered, all 565 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock sides ground, near F2

N98/E106 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 566 N98/E106 99.4 106.5 4 97.55 41 II Mano Complete 566 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock

300 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

pestle, possibly shapped, N98/E106 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 567 N98/E106 99.55 106.35 4 97.53 43 II Pestle Complete severely 567 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock battered ends, near F2

N98/E106 L4- Cobble Cobble Crystalline Faint red stain 568 N98/E106 99.37 106.4 4 97.55 41 II Anvil, Hammer Complete 568 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher N100/E104 L8- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 581 N100/E104 100.76 105.54 8 97.31 85 II-Ib Core Core Complete 50% cortex 581 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L8- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered ends, 582 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 8 97.4-97.3 76-86 II-Ib Hammer Complete 582 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock round

reddened N100/E104 L8- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 583 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 8 97.4-97.3 76-86 II-Ib Complete surfaces from 583 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow heat treatment

N100/E104 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark contracting 584 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 8 97.4-97.3 76-86 II-Ib Biface Proximal 584 Artifact Silicate red stem? N100/E104 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 585 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 8 97.4-97.3 76-86 II-Ib Biface potlided 585 Artifact End Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L8- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque red 586 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 8 97.4-97.3 76-86 II-Ib Distal 586 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate and white N98/E106 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 588 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Complete teardrop scraper 588 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red

mottled N98/E106 L4- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 589 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Complete grey/red/whit scraper 589 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate e

N98/E106 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 590 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Proximal scraper 590 Artifact Silicate red N98/E106 L4- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 591 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Thin-bit scraper >half scraper 591 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate yellow/red surface- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque wall, levels 1 to 592 N98/E106 W-592 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 Complete 97.5 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown 4 N98/E106 L4- Flaked Crystalline 593 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Biface Medial 593 Artifact Volcanic Rock

301 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N98/E106 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 594 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete translucent 594 Artifact Silicate white

semi- N98/E106 L4- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline missing piece of 596 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II >half translucent 596 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate margin brown LS-3, Willow N98/E106 L4- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 597 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Leaf Extra >half opaque red damaged base 597 Artifact Point Silicate Large N98/E106 L4- Flaked 598 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Used Flake Proximal Obsidian 598 Artifact

semi- N98/E106 L4- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 599 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Biface translucent 599 Artifact End Silicate white

N98/E106 L4- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 600 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Used Flake Complete opaque red scraper 600 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L4- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 601 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 4 97.6-97.5 36-46 II Biface 601 Artifact End Silicate brown N100/E106 L8- 97.30- Flaked 616 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 8 77-87 Ib Biface Thin-bit scraper >half Obsidian missing distal 616 97.20 Artifact N100/E106 L8- 97.30- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 617 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 8 77-87 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable 617 97.20 Artifact Fragment Silicate brown N100/E106 L8- 97.30- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 620 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 8 77-87 Ib Complete 620 97.20 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E108 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline one distal edge 622 N100/E108 100.08 109.25 6 97.37 60 II+FA Biface McKee Series Complete opaque gray 622 Artifact Silicate heavily used N100/E108 L6- 100- 108.23- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 625 N100/E108 6 97.36 61 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete early stage 625 100.15 108.41 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E110 L4- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex 626 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 4 41-51 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 626 97.20 Artifact Silicate on dorsal N98/E110 L4- 97.30- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 627 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 4 41-51 II Complete teardrop scraper 627 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate red N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Unclassifiable 637 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Biface Obsidian 637 97.10 Artifact End

302 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N101/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline translucent 638 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 9 87-97 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1/8", cortical 638 97.10 Artifact Silicate white

LS-1, Willow N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Projectile Crystalline missing distal 639 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Leaf Extra >half 639 97.10 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock end, base dulled Large

N100/E106 L9- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 640 N100/E106 101.3 106.6 9 97.16 91 Ib Core Core Complete opaque red 640 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L9- Cobble Cobble Crystalline Faint red stain 641 N100/E106 101.85 106.3 9 97.14 93 Ib Hammer, Mano Complete 641 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher

N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Crystalline 1/8", secondary 642 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 9 87-97 Ib Used Flake Complete 642 97.10 Artifact Volcanic Rock flake

N101/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 643 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 9 87-97 Ib Flake Tool Complete 1/8", scraper 643 97.10 Artifact scraper Silicate brown N101/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 644 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 9 87-97 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 1/8" 644 97.10 Artifact Silicate brown

Gunther Series: barbed, N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked Projectile Expanding, Cryptocrystalline opaque 647 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Complete serrated, 647 97.40 Artifact Point Rogue River Silicate yellow Gunther Barbed

N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 648 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Biface Medial opaque red 648 97.40 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked fine bit, 649 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Biface Drill Complete Obsidian 649 97.40 Artifact damaged tip N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 650 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Biface Medial 650 97.40 Artifact Silicate brown

semi- N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 651 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Used Flake Complete translucent cortex platform 651 97.40 Artifact Silicate yellow

N98/E106 L5- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 652 N98/E106 98.43 107.32 5 97.5 46 II Thin-bit scraper Complete bifacial 652 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate yellow/red

303 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

teardrop shape, N98/E106 L5- Cobble Cobble Crystalline little end 653 N98/E106 99.94 107.74 5 97.41 55 II 2 Hammer Complete 653 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock battering on narrow end

LS-3, Pollard Diamond N100/E108 L6- Flaked Projectile obsidian 656 N100/E108 100.88 108.77 6 97.3 67 II+FA Shape, Willow >half Obsidian tip broken off 656 Artifact Point point Leaf Extra Large N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 674 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Biface >half opaque red missing margin 674 97.00 Artifact Silicate

Gunther Series: N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Projectile Contracting, 675 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Complete Obsidian translucent Gunther 675 97.00 Artifact Point Rogue River Barbed

N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 676 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Complete yellow scraper 676 97.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque red 677 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Biface 677 97.00 Artifact End Silicate and yellow N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 678 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Biface McKee Series Complete 678 97.00 Artifact Silicate red

point on Flake point, LS- proximal end, N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Projectile 679 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA 2, Willow Leaf Complete Obsidian twisted tip, 679 97.00 Artifact Point Large projectile point? Drill?

N98/E108 L6- 97.30- Flaked Formed Thick-bit 680 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 6 59-69 II Complete Obsidian oval scraper 680 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool scraper N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 681 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Complete 681 97.00 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 682 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal 682 97.00 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 684 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Biface Margin translucent 684 97.00 Artifact Silicate

304 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E110 L5- Flaked Unclassifiable 686 N100/E110 100.7 110.14 5 97.01 86 II+FA Biface Obsidian 686 Artifact End N100/E110 W- surface- Cobble Cobble Crystalline east wall, ocher 687 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 0-87 Hammer, Mano Complete 687 97.00 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock stain N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 688 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Biface Proximal opaque red 688 97.20 Artifact Silicate

LS-3, Willow N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Projectile water worn and 689 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Leaf Extra Complete Obsidian 689 97.20 Artifact Point then retouched Large

N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, 691 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Core Core Complete opaque red 691 97.20 Artifact Silicate exhausted

N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark very large, 692 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 692 97.10 Artifact Silicate red cortex platform

N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 694 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Core Core Complete opaque red exhausted 694 97.20 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 695 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Complete opaque gray 695 97.20 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Unclassifiable 696 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Biface Obsidian 696 97.20 Artifact Fragment N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, heat 697 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib >half opaque white 697 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate treated N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 698 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Miscellaneous Complete 698 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate yellow/red N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 699 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib >half opaque red cortex 699 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 700 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Used Flake Complete secondary flake 700 97.20 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 701 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Biface Proximal opaque red base 701 97.20 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 702 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Used Flake Complete 702 97.20 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E104 L9- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 703 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 9 86-96 Ib Biface Proximal 703 97.20 Artifact Silicate brown

305 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L9- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, 704 N100/E104 100.79 105.51 9 97.24 92 Ib Core Core Complete opaque tan 704 Artifact Silicate amorphous

end battered, medial polish, N100/E104 L9- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 705 N100/E104 100.42 105.15 9 97.25 91 Ib Hammer, Mano Fragment weathered, fire 705 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock or impact cracked

N98/E108 L6- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered ends, 706 N98/E108 98.75 109.78` 6 97.25 64 II Hammer, Mano Complete 706 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock dark gray stain N98/E108 L6- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 711 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 6 59-69 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red scraper 711 97.20 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L6- 97.30- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 713 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 6 59-69 II Biface 713 97.20 Artifact Fragment Silicate red N98/E106 L5- 97.50- Flaked Formed 714 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 5 46-56 II Miscellaneous Complete Obsidian 714 97.40 Artifact Flake Tool N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 715 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable opaque white 715 97.00 Artifact Fragment Silicate N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 716 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Biface Medial cortex 716 97.00 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 717 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Complete scraper 717 97.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E104 L10- 97.20- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 718 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Core Core Complete 718 97.10 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 719 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Biface Proximal white 719 97.10 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 720 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Used Flake >half 720 97.10 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked 721 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 9 87-97 Ib Biface Medial Obsidian 721 97.10 Artifact N100/E106 L9- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 722 N100/E106 100-101 106-107 9 87-97 Ib Biface Distal 722 97.10 Artifact Silicate gray

306 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

not washed, large, wide N100/E108 L6- 108- 97.34- Flaked Projectile Side notched, Cryptocrystalline semitransluc 723 N100/E108 100-102 6 63-68 II+FA Complete stemmed, side 723 108.50 97.29 Artifact Point SN-4 Silicate ent yellow notched, madras sn

N100/E108 L6- 100- 108- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 724 N100/E108 6 97.38 59 II+FA Biface McKee Series Complete 724 100.62 109.80 Artifact Silicate and white N100/E108 L6- 97.40- Flaked Unclassifiable 726 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 6 57-67 II+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Obsidian scraper 726 97.30 Artifact Fragment

semi- N100/E108 L6- 97.40- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 727 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 6 57-67 II+FA Biface translucent 727 97.30 Artifact End Silicate orange

Gunther Series: N100/E108 L6- 97.40- Flaked Projectile Contracting, Gunther, tip 728 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 6 57-67 II+FA >half Obsidian 728 97.30 Artifact Point Rogue River missing Barbed

N100/E108 L6- 100- 97.40- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 729 N100/E108 108-109 6 57-67 II+FA Biface Graver Complete 729 100.5 97.30 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L6- 97.40- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 730 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 6 57-67 II+FA Complete opaque tan scraper 730 97.30 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate Core- N100/E108 L6- 97.40- Cobble Crystalline mostly cortex, 731 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 6 57-67 II+FA Cobble Chopper Complete 731 97.30 Artifact Volcanic Rock chopper Tool N100/E104 L10- 97.20- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 744 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Biface 744 97.10 Artifact End Volcanic Rock

Coquille Series: Broad-necked, N100/E104 L10- Flaked Projectile Squaw Creek 745 N100/E104 100-101 104-106 10 97.16 100 Ib Complete Obsidian 745 Artifact Point Contracting Stem Series: shouldered

semi- 97.20- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 746 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Unclassifiable Medial translucent tip 97.10 Artifact Point Silicate white

307 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L10- 97.20- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 747 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Complete 747 97.10 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N100/E104 L10- 97.20- Flaked Formed Thick-bit ventral side is 748 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Complete Obsidian weathered 748 97.10 Artifact Flake Tool scraper scratched

semi- 97.20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 749 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 10 96-106 Ib Biface Distal translucent 97.10 Artifact Silicate gray LS-1, Willow N100/E104 L10- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 750 N100/E104 101.19 104.4 10 97.2 96 Ib Leaf Extra Complete opaque gray unwashed 750 Artifact Point Silicate Large N102/E104 L10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 751 N100/E104 102 104.8 10 97.15 101 Ib Core Core Fragment misslabeled 751 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E104 L10- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 752 N100/E104 100.96 105.7 10 97.14 102 Ib Proximal opaque red shouldered 752 Artifact Point Extra Large Silicate

oblong wedge or pestle? Flake off N100/E104 L10- 100.07- 105.51- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 753 N100/E104 10 97.14 102 Ib Mano, Pestle Fragment end and use 753 100.12 105.81 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock wear, one margin battered

N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Unclassifiable 766 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Biface Obsidian 766 97.00 Artifact End

semi- N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 767 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Used Flake >half translucent cortex platform 767 97.00 Artifact Silicate white and red

N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Crystalline fine-grain 768 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Biface Distal 768 97.00 Artifact Volcanic Rock black N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 770 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Distal scraper 770 97.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 771 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 771 97.00 Artifact Silicate red N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 772 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Biface opaque gray potlids 772 97.00 Artifact End Silicate

308 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit scraper, cortex 773 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Complete Obsidian 773 97.00 Artifact Flake Tool scraper on dorsal N100/E106 L10- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline red and black 774 N100/E106 100.93 108 10 97.07 100 Ib Complete 774 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock stain ocher

one margin appears to have been reworked or exhaused by N100/E106 L10- Flaked Crystalline 775 N100/E106 101.56 106.77 10 97.06 101 Ib Biface Complete scraping, it is 775 Artifact Volcanic Rock now straight, would have originally been WL-XL

one side is ~95% cortex, N100/E106 L10- Flaked Crystalline large ovate 777 N100/E106 100.93 107.3 10 97.03 104 Ib Biface Complete some haft polish 777 Artifact Volcanic Rock point basalt on ventral side and edges, knife

N100/E106 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 778 N100/E106 101.7 107.57 10 97.02 105 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque black 778 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark NW quad 1/8", 779 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 10 97-107 Ib Flake Tool Complete 779 97.00 Artifact scraper Silicate red scraper N101/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Crystalline 780 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 10 97-107 Ib Biface Medial 1/8", 780 97.00 Artifact Volcanic Rock

1/8", some N101/E106 L10- 97.10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 781 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 10 97-107 Ib Core Core Complete cortex, 781 97.00 Artifact Silicate brown amorphous

309 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Broad neck: U- stem, Squaw Creek N101/E106 L10- 97.10- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1/8", Houx 783 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 10 97-107 Ib Contracting Proximal 783 97.00 Artifact Point Silicate red contracting stem Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c

1/8" ed quad N101/E106 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red N101-102/E106- 784 N100/E106 101.6 106.17 10 97.01 106 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 784 Artifact Silicate and black 107, secondary flake

N98/E110 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 785 N98/E110 98.9 111.95 5 97.18 53 II Biface Margin opaque red 785 Artifact Silicate

wedge, wedge Core- N100/E110 L5- 97.20- Cobble Cryptocrystalline end is polished, 799 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 5 67-87 II+FA Cobble Wedge Complete dark red 799 97.00 Artifact Silicate flake at mallet Tool end

N100/E108 L7- 97.30- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 800 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 67-77 Ib+FA Biface 800 97.20 Artifact End Silicate purple N100/E108 L7- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex 801 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 67-77 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 801 97.20 Artifact Silicate brown platform N100/E108 L7- 97.30- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 802 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 67-77 Ib+FA Complete scraper 802 97.20 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E108 L7- 97.30- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 803 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 67-77 Ib+FA Complete potlids 803 97.20 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E108 L7- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 804 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 67-77 Ib+FA Used Flake >half 804 97.20 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 806 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Biface mid stage 806 Artifact Fragment Silicate brown

Gunther Series: N100/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Contracting, 807 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA 3 Complete Obsidian tiny, Gunther 807 Artifact Point Rogue River Barbed

310 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N100/E108 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 808 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Used Flake Complete translucent cortex platform 808 Artifact Silicate orange

LS-1, Squaw Creek Contracting N100/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 809 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Stem Series: >half missing distal 809 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock shouldered, Willow Leaf Extra Large

N100/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline opaque 810 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Stem contracting 810 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate brown N100/E108 L7- Flaked 811 N100/E108 100.46 109.26 7 97.22 75 Ib+FA 3 Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half Obsidian scraper 811 Artifact

semi- N100/E108 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline heat treated, 812 N100/E108 100.26 108.32 7 97.22 75 Ib+FA 3 Biface Proximal translucent 812 Artifact Silicate cortex platform white

N100/E108 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 813 N100/E108 101.83 109.19 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Biface Unclassifiable Complete 813 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L7- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline misslabeled, 814 N100/E104 101.7 104.5 7 97.32 84 II-Ib Complete 814 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock ocher stain

fire fragmented, N100/E108 L7- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 815 N100/E108 100.94 109.93 7 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA Hammer Fragment black staining 815 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock on margin

311 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Anvil scarring is more weathered than the N100/E108 L7- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, hammer marks. 816 N100/E108 101.82 109.14 7 97.28 69 Ib+FA Fragment Quartzite 816 Artifact Tool Mano A large flake was removed during hammering.

Coquille Series: Broad-necked, same material Pollard and general N98/E106 L6- Flaked Projectile 825 N98/E106 99.03 107.59 6 97.34 62 II Diamond Complete Obsidian gray banded form as 825 Artifact Point Shape, Willow N100/E106 L4 Leaf Extra 198 Large

N98/E106 L6- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline 826 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 6 97.4-97.3 56-66 II >half translucent tip missing 826 Artifact Point Large Silicate N98/E106 L6- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 827 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 6 97.4-97.3 56-66 II Complete opaque pink 827 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E104 L7- Flaked Formed Thick-bit proximal 831 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 7 97.4-97.3 61-71 II Distal Obsidian 831 Artifact Flake Tool scraper missing N98/E104 L7- Flaked 832 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 7 97.4-97.3 61-71 II Biface McKee Series >half Obsidian 832 Artifact N100/E106 L11- Flaked Cryptocrystalline massive, 835 N100/E106 101.94 106.7 10 97.01 106 Ib Biface Medial opaque gray 835 Artifact Silicate serrated, LS-1 N100/E104 L11- 106- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque cortex, 836 N100/E104 100.11 104.4 11 97.1-97 Ib Core Core Complete 836 116 Artifact Silicate yellow exhausted N101/E106 L11- 107- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 837 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 11 97-96.9 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal 1/8" , scraper 837 117 Artifact Silicate brown

312 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Broad neck: U- stem, Squaw Creek N101/E106 L11- 107- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1/8", missing a 838 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 11 97-96.9 Ib Contracting >half 838 117 Artifact Point Silicate brown barb Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c

N101/E106 L11- 107- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1/8", teardrop 839 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 11 97-96.9 Ib Complete 839 117 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate red scraper

1/8", large N101/E106 L11- 107- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 840 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 11 97-96.9 Ib Hammer, Mano Fragment impact flake, 840 117 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher stain

1/8", much red N101/E106 L11- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 841 N100/E106 101.76 106.97 11 96.97 110 Ib Hammer, Mano Complete and black stain 841 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher

N100/E106 L11- 107- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 842 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 11 97-96.9 Ib Thin-bit scraper >half scraper 842 117 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate black/white N100/E106 L11- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, potlid, 843 N100/E106 101.66 106.34 11 96.94 113 Ib Core Core Fragment opaque gray 843 Artifact Silicate core fragment N98/E108 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 844 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 844 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E108 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 845 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II Biface Margin opaque red 845 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 846 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II Biface 846 Artifact End Silicate brown

heat treated, N98/E110 L5- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline 864 N98/E110 99.97 111.17 5 97.17 54 II >half opaque white missing part of 864 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate margin

N98/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque red 877 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II Stem expanding 877 Artifact Point diverging stem Silicate and yellow

Gunther Series: N98/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Expanding, obsidian tip, stem, barb 878 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II >half Obsidian 878 Artifact Point Rogue River barbed point missing Barbed

313 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

side notched, expanding stem, N98/E108 L7- Flaked Projectile Side notched, Cryptocrystalline opaque dark missing tip and 879 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 7 97.2-97.1 69-79 II >half 879 Artifact Point SN-4 Silicate brown part of base, madras side notched

N98/E108 L7- Flaked 880 N98/E108 99.64 108.26 7 97.13 76 II Used Flake Complete Obsidian 880 Artifact

problem! N98/E108 L7- Flaked 881 N98/E108 99.26 108.17 7 97.22 67 II Used Flake >half Obsidian Elevation is 881 Artifact level 6

N100/E108 L8- Flaked Cobble Spall Cryptocrystalline opaque 917 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Flake Tool Complete cortical 917 Artifact Type 2 Silicate green

problem! Core- N100/E108 L8- Cobble Crystalline Elevation in 918 N100/E108 101.65 108.93 8 97.23 74 Ib+FA Cobble Chopper Complete 918 Artifact Volcanic Rock level 7, some Tool cortex left

battered N100/E108 L8- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 919 N100/E108 101.54 109.63 8 97.19 78 Ib+FA Complete margins and 919 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock midsection

N100/E108 L8- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 920 N100/E108 100.1 109.6 8 97.12 85 Ib+FA Core Core Complete opaque red in situ, cortical 920 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L8- Flaked 922 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Biface Medial Obsidian 922 Artifact N100/E108 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque red 923 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Biface 923 Artifact End Silicate and green N100/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 924 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Biface Medial 924 Artifact Silicate brown

opaque N100/E108 L8- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 925 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Flake Tool Complete red/white/bla teardrop scraper 925 Artifact scraper Silicate ck

N100/E108 L8- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 926 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Complete opaque red 926 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate

314 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 928 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA Used Flake Medial 928 Artifact Silicate green

long contracting stem, N100/E108 L8- Flaked Projectile Coquille Series: Cryptocrystalline opaque dark shouldered, 929 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 8 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA >half 929 Artifact Point Broad-necked Silicate gray coquille, missing part of margin, haft polish

problem! N100/E108 L9- Flaked Elevation in 930 N100/E108 100 109.27 8 97.27 70 Ib+FA Biface Margin Obsidian 930 Artifact level 7, some cortex

N98/E106 L7- Flaked Cryptocrystalline on thick piece of 932 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 7 97.3-97.2 66-76 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 932 Artifact Silicate shatter N98/E106 L7- Flaked Unclassifiable 933 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 7 97.3-97.2 66-76 Ib Biface Obsidian mahogany 933 Artifact End N98/E106 L7- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow 934 N98/E106 98.72 106.18 7 97.21 75 Ib Complete Obsidian 934 Artifact Point Leaf Large

might have had N98/E106 L7- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 935 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 7 97.3-97.2 66-76 Ib Complete opaque red a beak broken 935 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate off

N98/E104 L8- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered margin, 946 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 8 97.3-97.2 71-81 II Hammer, Mano Complete 946 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock round N98/E104 L8- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, 947 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 8 97.3-97.2 71-81 II Core Core Complete opaque red 947 Artifact Silicate exhausted N98/E104 L8- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 948 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 8 97.3-97.2 71-81 II Flake Tool Complete translucent scraper 948 Artifact scraper Silicate N98/E104 L8- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 949 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 8 97.3-97.2 71-81 II Complete 949 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N98/E110 L5- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 952 N98/E110 98.66 111.69 5 97.11 60 II Complete pink 952 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate

315 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E110 L5- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 953 N98/E110 98.15 111.91 5 97.14 57 II >half black unwashed 953 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E110 L5- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 954 N98/E110 98.11 110.3 5 97.17 54 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable opaque red heat damaged 954 Artifact Fragment Silicate N98/E110 L5- Flaked 955 N98/E110 99.42 110.48 5 97.11 60 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal Obsidian 955 Artifact

N98/E110 L5- Flaked Projectile missing margin, 956 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 5 97.2-97.1 51-61 II Unclassifiable Margin Obsidian 956 Artifact Point tang, base

N98/E110 L5- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 957 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 5 97.2-97.1 51-61 II Biface Distal opaque red 957 Artifact Silicate N98/E110 L5- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 958 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 5 97.2-97.1 51-61 II Biface opaqe brown 958 Artifact End Silicate N98/E110 L5- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 959 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 5 97.2-97.1 51-61 II Complete scraper 959 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red N98/E104 L9- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 985 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Complete 985 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate purple N98/E104 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 986 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Biface Proximal purple cortex platform 986 Artifact Silicate LS-3, Willow N98/E104 L9- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline missing distal 987 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Leaf Extra >half opaque gray 987 Artifact Point Silicate end Large

N98/E104 L9- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque heavily potlided, 988 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib >half 988 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown missing tip

N98/E104 L9- Flaked 989 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Biface Proximal Obsidian 989 Artifact N98/E104 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 990 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Biface Margin 990 Artifact Silicate gray Core- N98/E104 L9- 98.48- 104.58- Cobble Crystalline minimal edge 992 N98/E104 9 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib Cobble Chopper Complete 992 100 106 Artifact Volcanic Rock modification Tool

316 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

battering around N98/E104 L9- 98.42- 104.63- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 993 N98/E104 9 97.11 90 Ib Complete margins, ocher 993 100 106 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock stain

N100/E104 L11- 106- Cobble Crystalline cortex, core 994 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Core Core Complete opaque black 994 116 Artifact Volcanic Rock fragment

opaque N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline mottled 995 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Biface Proximal 995 116 Artifact Silicate brown and white

N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 996 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red secondary 996 116 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline white and 997 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Biface Margin 997 116 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Crystalline 999 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Biface Distal 999 116 Artifact Volcanic Rock

LS-1, Willow opaque N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1000 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Leaf Extra Complete yellow and 1000 116 Artifact Point Silicate Large red

N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1001 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Biface Proximal opaque gray 1001 116 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1003 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete cortical 1003 116 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1004 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Used Flake Distal 1004 116 Artifact Silicate yellow

semi- N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex, 1005 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Distal translucent 1005 116 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate early stage brown

N100/E104 L11- 106- Other Incised Unclassifiable 1006 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Shale elaborate 1006 116 Artifact Stone Fragment N100/E104 L11- 106- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 1007 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Thin-bit scraper Complete scraper 1007 116 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate brown N100/E104 L11- 106- Cobble Crystalline 1008 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 11 97.1-97 Ib Core Core Complete cortex 1008 116 Artifact Volcanic Rock

317 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L11- Cobble 1009 N100/E104 101.49 105.35 10 97.11 105 Ib Core Core Complete Obsidian exhausted 1009 Artifact N98/E106 W- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1024 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.3-97.1 Biface Medial wall 1024 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E106 W- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1025 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.3-97.1 Biface Margin wall 1025 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E106 L8- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1026 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 8 97.2-97.1 76-86 Ib Complete dark brown unwashed, wall 1026 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E106 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1027 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 8 97.2-97.1 76-86 Ib Biface opaque red 1027 Artifact End Silicate N98/E106 L8- Flaked 1028 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 8 97.2-97.1 76-86 Ib Biface Margin Obsidian 1028 Artifact N98/E106 L7- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1029 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 7 97.3-97.2 66-76 Ib Unclassifiable Margin 1029 Artifact Point Silicate red N98/E106 L8- Cobble 1030 N98/E106 9?00 107.45 8 97.15 81 Ib Core Core Complete Obsidian core fragment 1030 Artifact

edge modification N98/E106 L8- Flaked Formed Thick-bit 1031 N98/E106 98.62 107.63 8 97.12 84 Ib Complete Obsidian may be due to 1031 Artifact Flake Tool scraper use only, flake is unshaped

very large N100/E108 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1032 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary flake, 1032 Artifact Silicate brown cortex platform

N100/E108 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1033 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Biface Drill Complete brown straight-sided 1033 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L9- Flaked 1034 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Used Flake >half Obsidian 1034 Artifact N100/E108 L9- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1035 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Biface weathered 1035 Artifact End Volcanic Rock

semi- N100/E108 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1040 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Used Flake Complete translucent 1040 Artifact Silicate gray

318 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L9- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1041 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA Complete orange/white teardrop scraper 1041 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

flat rock with two flakes removed N100/E108 L9- Cobble Cobble Crystalline opposite sides, 1042 N100/E108 101.87 109.13 9 97.09 88 Ib+FA Net Weight Complete 1042 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock one removed from end, net sinker?

N100/E110 L6- Flaked Metasedimentary 1044 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque gray cortex platform 1044 Artifact ? N100/E110 L6- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1045 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable 1045 Artifact Fragment Silicate yellow

scraper, N100/E110 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1047 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque tan proximal dorsal 1047 Artifact Silicate side worked

N100/E110 L6- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1048 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA >half opaque red scraper 1048 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E110 L6- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque missing 1049 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97.96.9 87-97 Ib+FA Thin-bit scraper >half 1049 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate yellow proximal N100/E110L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1050 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 6 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 1050 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E110 L6- Cobble Cobble 1052 N100/E110 100.78 110.70 6 96.92 95 Ib+FA Hammer Fragment Quartz broken cobble 1052 Artifact Tool N98/E110 L6- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline brown and 1070 N98/E110 98.85 111.63 6 97.05 66 II Biface 1070 Artifact End Silicate white Core- N100/E108 no no prov. Cobble Crystalline large cortical 1071 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 Cobble Chopper Complete elv. - 1071 97.1-97 Artifact Volcanic Rock flake Tool N98/E106 L8- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline battered ends, 1073 N98/E106 98.6 106.18 8 97.14 82 Ib Complete 1073 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock ocher stain N98/E106 L9- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1075 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Complete 1075 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow

319 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E106 L9- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1076 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Complete 1076 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N98/E106 L9- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1077 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Complete opaque red teardrop scraper 1077 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E106 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1078 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque pink scraper 1078 Artifact Silicate

Broad neck: N98/E106 L9- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark potlid, portion of 1080 N98/E106 98-100 106-10/8 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib contracting >half 1080 Artifact Point Silicate brown base missing stem, ST-1

problem! LS-1, Willow N98/E108 L9- Flaked Projectile Crystalline Elevation is 1081 N98/E108 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Leaf Extra >half 1081 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock level 8, massive, Large tip missing

LS-1, Willow N98/E106 L9- Flaked Projectile Crystalline unwashed, 1082 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Leaf Extra >half 1082 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock missing tip Large

in situ, flat, battering on N98/E106 L9- Cobble Cobble Crystalline margin and 1083 N98/E106 98.57 106.99 9 97.10 86 Ib Anvil, Hammer Fragment 1083 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock middle with some impact flakes

semi- N98/E106 L9- Cobble Cryptocrystalline agate, much 1084 N98/E106 99.27 106.27 9 97.04 92 Ib Core Core Complete translucent 1084 Artifact Silicate cortex white

margin N98/E106 L10- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 1085 N98/E106 99.49 107.32 10 97.02 94 Ib Complete battering, polish, 1085 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock and ocher

One large flake removed from N98/E106 L10- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 1086 N98/E106 99.47 106.7 10 97 96 Ib Fragment the end due to 1086 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock hammering impact.

320 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E106 L10- Cobble Crystalline 1087 N98/E106 99.75 107.43 10 96.94 102 Ib Core Core Complete 50% cortex 1087 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E106 L10- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1088 N98/E106 99.35 106.64 10 97.01 95 Ib Metate Fragment Metate 1088 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L10- Flaked Thick-bit SW quad 1089 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 10 97.1-97 91-101 Ib Flake Tool >half Obsidian 1089 Artifact scraper elevation 97 N100/E104 L10- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1090 N100/E104 100 105.07 11 97.1-97 Ib Biface >half broken in half 1090 116 Artifact Silicate red N98/E104 L10- Flaked Unclassifiable 1091 N98/E104 98.09 104.5 10 97.03 98 Ib Biface Obsidian 1091 Artifact End N98/E104 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1092 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 10 97.1-97 91-101 Ib Biface Medial opaque red 1092 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L10- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1093 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 10 97.1-97 91-101 Ib Hammer, Mano Complete small round 1093 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L10- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow 1095 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 10 97.1-97 91-101 Ib Complete Obsidian bit of tip missing 1095 Artifact Point Leaf Large N98/E104 L11- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1098 N98/E104 90.22 104.58 11 96.99 102 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable cortex 1098 Artifact Fragment Silicate orange N100/E110 L7- 96.97- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 1100 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 7 90-97 Ib+FA Complete 1100 96.9 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E110 L7- 96.97- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark heat damaged, 1101 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 7 90-97 Ib+FA >half 1101 96.9 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate red potlids N100/E110 L7- 96.97- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1102 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 7 90-97 Ib+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin scraper 1102 96.9 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1105 N100/E108 101.39 109.44 10 96.98 99 Ia+FA Core Core Complete 1105 Artifact Silicate and white N100/E108 L10- Flaked 1106 N100/E108 101.25 109.57 10 96.94 103 Ia+FA Used Flake Complete Obsidian 1106 Artifact

Broad neck: U- stem, Squaw large, Houx N100/E108 L10- Flaked Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque 1108 N100/E108 100.32 108.23 10 96.91 106 Ia+FA Complete contracting 1108 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate brown stem, beautiful Stem Series: barbed, ST-4c

321 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1109 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Biface Medial 1109 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1110 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 1110 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark exhausted, core 1111 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Core Core Fragment 1111 Artifact Silicate brown fragment N100/E108 L10- Flaked Crystalline 1112 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Biface >half 1112 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1113 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Complete opaque gray scraper 1113 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E108 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1114 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Complete opaque red 1114 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N100/E108 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque massive, 1115 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Biface Medial 1115 Artifact Silicate orange probable LS-1 N100/E108 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1116 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Biface Drill Complete opaque red fine bit 1116 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1118 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Used Flake Complete secondary flake 1118 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L10- Flaked Unclassifiable 1119 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Biface Obsidian gray banded 1119 Artifact End N100/E108 L10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1120 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 10 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA Core Core Complete opaque tan exhausted 1120 Artifact Silicate LS-3, Willow N100/E104 L11- 100.9- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1121 N100/E104 106 11 96.42 174 Ib Leaf Extra Complete weathered 1121 100.98 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Large opaque N100/E104 L11- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1122 N100/E104 102 104.31 11 96.94 122 Ib Core Core Complete yellow and cortex 1122 Artifact Silicate red

problem! Misslabeled, N100/E104 L12- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1123 N100/E104 101.24 105.77 11 96.95 121 Ib Complete should be level 1123 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown 11, cataloge was wrong

322 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

problem! Second artifact opaque with same label, N100/E104 L12- 116- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1124 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 12 97-96.9 Ib Used Flake yellow and opaque purple, 1124 126 Artifact Fragment Silicate red proximal flake fragment, this one correct

N100/E104 L12- 116- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque 1125 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 12 97-96.9 Ib Medial large 1125 126 Artifact Point Fragment Silicate brown

contracting stem N100/E104 L12- 116- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline Houx? Base and 1127 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 12 97-96.9 Ib Medial opaque gray 1127 126 Artifact Point Fragment Silicate body missing, haft polish

N100/E104 L12- 116- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline mottled 1130 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 12 97-96.9 Ib Biface stage V 1130 126 Artifact End Silicate brown N98/E110 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1165 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Biface Medial 1165 Artifact Silicate brown

cortex platform, N98/E110 L6- Flaked Crystalline cortex on dorsal, 1166 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Used Flake Complete 1166 Artifact Volcanic Rock large flake off of core

missing distal N98/E110 L6- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 1167 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II >half end and part of 1167 Artifact Point Leaf Medium Silicate orange margin

N98/E110 L6- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow Cryptocrystalline missing tip, haft 1169 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Complete opaque red 1169 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate polish N98/E110 L6- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1170 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Complete teardrop scraper 1170 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate orange N98/E110 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1171 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Biface Distal translucent 1171 Artifact Silicate

323 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E110 L6- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1172 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Biface 1172 Artifact End Silicate red N98/E110 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1174 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1174 Artifact Silicate purple N98/E110 L6- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1175 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 6 97.1-97 61-71 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal opaque red 1175 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L9- Flaked Formed Crystalline fine-grain 1182 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 9 97.1-97 86-96 Ib Miscellaneous Distal 1182 Artifact Flake Tool Volcanic Rock black N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Unclassifiable 1183 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Obsidian possible graver 1183 111 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Fragment N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1184 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Complete scraper, cortex 1184 111 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow/red LS-2, Pollard Diamond N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1185 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Shape, Willow >half missing tip 1185 111 Artifact Point Silicate purple Leaf Extra Large N98/E104 L11- 101- Cobble Unclassifiable 1186 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Core Core Obsidian bipolar damage 1186 111 Artifact Fragment N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Crystalline 1188 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Biface Complete 1188 111 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1189 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Complete 1189 111 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1190 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Complete scraper 1190 111 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

Squaw Creek Contracting N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Projectile Stem Series: Cryptocrystalline 1191 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Complete opaque tan one shoulder 1191 111 Artifact Point shouldered, Silicate Willow Leaf Extra Large

324 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

square stem, pointed Broad neck: N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque shoulders, 1192 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib square stem, >half 1192 111 Artifact Point Silicate brown retouched, like ST-4b barbed SC contracting stem

N98/E104 L11- 101- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1194 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 11 97-96.9 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal opaque red scraper 1194 111 Artifact Silicate

Faint reddish N98/E104 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1196 N98/E104 98.16 104.46 12 96.89 1.12 Ib Hammer Complete patina on one 1196 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock end. Core- N98/E104 L12- Cobble Crystalline 1197 N98/E104 98.25 105.77 12 96.87 1.14 Ib Cobble Chopper Fragment opaque red potlided 1197 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool N100/E108 L11- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, core 1198 N100/E108 100.04 109.35 11 96.89 108 Ia+FA Core Core Complete opaque red 1198 Artifact Silicate fragment

3 facets, end N98/E110 L7- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1200 N98/E110 99.05 111.12 7 96.99 72 II Hammer, Mano Complete battered, medial 1200 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock polish

4 facets, oblong, edge ground, N98/E106 L9- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1201 N98/E106 98 106.18 9 97.06 90 Ib Hammer, Mano Fragment heavy red and 1201 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock black stain on the end ocher

N98/E106 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque early stage, 1203 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 10 97-96.9 96-106 Ib Biface >half 1203 Artifact Silicate yellow cortex

50% cortex on dorsal and N98/E106 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1205 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 10 97-96.9 96-106 Ib Biface >half opaque tan ventral sides, 1205 Artifact Silicate formed on long pebble

N98/E106 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1208 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 10 97-96.9 96-106 Ib Complete scraper 1208 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown

325 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N98/E106 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1209 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 10 97-96.9 96-106 Ib Distal translucent scraper 1209 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white

N98/E106 W- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline fine-grain 1210 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 10 97-96.9 96-106 Ib Biface wall 1210 Artifact End Volcanic Rock black

N98/E106 L10- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque very large 1211 N98/E106 99.29 107.22 10 96.91 105 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1211 Artifact Silicate yellow/red secondary flake

N98/E106 L10- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque cortex, core 1212 N98/E106 98.84 107.91 10 96.91 105 Ib Core Core Complete 1212 Artifact Silicate brown fragment N100/E108 L9- Other Miscellane Perforated Unclassifiable Crystalline flat thin flake 1221 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 9 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA 1221 Artifact ous Stone Stone Fragment Volcanic Rock with hole LS-3, Willow N98/E104 L8- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1222 N98/E104 98.94 108.26 8 97.09 0.92 II Leaf Extra Complete unwashed, large 1222 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Large

battering on flat N98/E108 L8- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1223 N98/E108 99.94 108.3 8 97.08 81 Ib Anvil, Hammer Complete side of ends and 1223 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock median

Core- N98/E108 L8- Cobble Crystalline 1224 N98/E108 98.17 108.63 8 97.05 84 Ib Cobble Chopper Complete 50% cortex 1224 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool N98/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1225 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.10-97 79-89 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin cortex 1225 Artifact Silicate and yellow

coarse, not sure N98/E108 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1226 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Biface light gray about the 1226 Artifact End Silicate material

N98/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, cortex 1227 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1227 Artifact Silicate carmel platform

Flake point, LS- N98/E108 L8- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1228 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib 2, Willow Leaf Complete 1228 Artifact Point Silicate red Large

N98/E108 L8- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf 1229 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib >half Obsidian 1229 Artifact Point Extra Large

326 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N98/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1231 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Biface Proximal translucent crystal surface 1231 Artifact Silicate purple

N98/E108 L8- Cobble Crystalline 1232 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Core Core Complete cortex 1232 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline mottled 1234 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable 1234 Artifact Fragment Silicate brown N98/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1235 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Biface Margin opaque red 1235 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L8- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1236 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 8 97.1-97 79-89 Ib Biface cortex 1236 Artifact End Silicate brown

semi- N98/E108 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline minimal 1237 N98/E108 98.8 108.94 8 97 89 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete translucent 1237 Artifact Silicate modificaiton gray

N98/E108 S- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1238 N98/E108 98-100 118-120 ? Biface step 1238 Artifact End Silicate red

problem! N100/E106 L12- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline Elevation is for 1239 N100/E106 100.25 107.8 12 96.91 116 Ib Complete 1239 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock Level 11, ocher stain

problem! Elevation is for N100/E106 L12- Flaked Crystalline Level 11, 1240 N100/E106 100.53 107.58 12 96.92 115 Ib Biface Complete point-basalt 1240 Artifact Volcanic Rock weathered, one side reworked to be straight

problem! Elevation is for N100/E106 L12- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1241 N100/E106 101.3 107.8 12 96.91 116 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque tan Level 11, very 1241 Artifact Silicate large flake, cortex platform

327 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

long and N100/E110 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1242 N100/E110 100.42 110.24 8 96.86 101 Ia+FA Biface Drill >half opaque red narrow, tip 1242 Artifact Silicate missing

N100/E110 L8- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque cortex along 1243 N100/E110 101.83 111.28 8 96.85 102 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1243 Artifact Silicate brown margin, scraper

long only slightly Broad neck: N100/E110 L8- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque contracting 1244 N100/E110 100.78 111.8 8 96.84 103 Ia+FA square stem, Stem 1244 Artifact Point Silicate yellow stem, platform ST-4b obvious, thick

N100/E110 L8- Flaked Projectile LS-3, Willow tip and base 1245 N100/E110 101.03 110.83 8 96.83 104 Ia+FA >half Obsidian 1245 Artifact Point Leaf Large damaged N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1251 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Used Flake Complete 1251 101.5 117 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1252 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Complete teardrop scraper 1252 101.5 117 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1253 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Complete 1253 101.5 117 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque exhausted, 1254 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Core Core Complete 1254 101.5 117 Artifact Silicate brown unidirectional N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline opaque 1255 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA >half tip missing 1255 101.5 117 Artifact Point Extra Large Silicate brown

semi- N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1256 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin translucent 1256 101.5 117 Artifact Silicate orange

N100/E108 L11- 100- 107- Flaked Unclassifiable 1257 N100/E108 108-110 11 96.9-96.8 Ia+FA Biface Obsidian 1257 101.5 117 Artifact End

large weathered N100/E108 L11- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1258 N100/E108 100.24 108.94 11 96.84 113 Ia+FA Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque red flake, shovel 1258 Artifact Silicate damaged

N100/E108 L11- Flaked Crystalline 1259 N100/E108 100 108.97 11 96.83 114 Ia+FA Biface >half massive 1259 Artifact Volcanic Rock

328 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Flake point, LS- N100/E108 L12- Flaked Projectile 1260 N100/E108 101.3 108.97 12 96.8 117 Ia+FA 3, Willow Leaf Complete Obsidian weathered 1260 Artifact Point Medium

N98/E104 L12- 111- Flaked Crystalline fine-grain contracting 1261 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 12 96.9-96.8 Ib Biface Proximal 1261 121 Artifact Volcanic Rock black stem? N98/E104 L12- 111- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 1263 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 12 96.9-96.8 Ib >half 1263 121 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray Core- N98/E104 L12- 111- Cobble Chopper, Crystalline misslabeled, fire 1264 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 12 96.9-96.8 Ib Cobble >half 1266 121 Artifact Hammer Volcanic Rock modified Tool

battered ends, round, Problem! Two battered N98/E104 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1266 N98/E104 98.47 104.13 12 96.85 116 Ib Hammer Complete tools with the 1266 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock exact same label! This one is correct

N98/E104 L12- Flaked 1267 N98/E104 99.2 105.23 13 96.79 122 Ib Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half Obsidian scraper 1267 Artifact N100/E104 L13- 96.90- 126- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1279 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 13 Ia Used Flake >half opaque red potlid 1279 96.80 136 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L13- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1283 N100/E104 100.09 105.89 13 96.76 14 Ia Core Core Complete exhausted 1283 Artifact Silicate red N100/E105 L13- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1284 N100/E104 100.55 105.08 13 96.85 131 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque gray missing platform 1284 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1285 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Biface Margin opaque red 1285 96.90 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1287 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Biface Margin opaque red 1287 96.90 Artifact Silicate

Broad neck: N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1288 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib contracting Complete opaque red shouldered 1288 96.90 Artifact Point Silicate stem, ST-2

N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Crystalline 1289 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary flake 1289 96.90 Artifact Volcanic Rock

329 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked 1291 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Biface >half Obsidian gray banded tip missing 1291 96.90 Artifact N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1292 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Biface Medial opaque red 1292 96.90 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1293 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib Distal opaque red cortex 1293 96.90 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

Broad neck: reddened tip, N98/E108 L9- 97.00- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1294 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 9 89-99 Ib diverging stem, Complete wide expanding 1294 96.90 Artifact Point Silicate yellow/red ST-1 stem

N100/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1302 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 8 97-107 Ia+FA Complete scraper 1302 96.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate gray N100/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline semi- 1303 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 8 97-107 Ia+FA Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half cortex platform 1303 96.80 Artifact Silicate translucent N100/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Crystalline 1304 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 8 97-107 Ia+FA Biface Complete 1304 96.80 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1305 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 8 97-107 Ia+FA Distal opaque red scraper 1305 96.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

N100/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, some 1307 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 8 97-107 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1307 96.80 Artifact Silicate yellow cortex on dorsal

N100/E110 L9- 100- 96.80- 107- Cobble Cobble Crystalline dark red, 1308 N100/E110 110-112 9 Ia+FA Hammer, Mano Fragment battered end 1308 101.50 96.70 117 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock vesicular

battering around N100/E110 L9- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 1309 N100/E110 100.62 111.02 9 96.79 108 Ia+FA Complete margin, ocher 1309 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock stain

N100/E106 L12- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1310 N100/E106 100.2 107.56 12 96.82 125 Ib Core Core Complete opaque red cortex 1310 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L12- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Crystalline 1311 N100/E106 100.83 106.5 12 96.83 124 Ib Complete weathered 1311 Artifact Point Extra Large Volcanic Rock N100/E106 L12- Flaked Crystalline 1312 N100/E106 100.16 106.06 12 96.83 124 Ib Biface >half base missing 1312 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E106 L12- 96.90- 117- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1313 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 12 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Medial opaque red secondary flake 1313 96.80 127 Artifact Silicate

330 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N100/E106 L12- 96.90- 117- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline contracting 1315 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 12 Ib Stem translucent 1315 96.80 127 Artifact Point square stem Silicate square white

Broad neck: opaque N100/E106 L12- 100- 96.90- 117- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline long contracting 1316 N100/E106 106-108 12 Ib square stem, Proximal yellow and 1316 101.5 96.80 127 Artifact Point Silicate square stem ST-4b red

misslabeled as N100/E106 L12- 100- 97.30- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1318 N100/E106 106-108 8 77-87 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red L12, cortex 1318 101.5 97.20 Artifact Silicate platform

N98/E104 L13- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1319 N98/E104 98.3 105.22 13 96.75 126 Ib Core Core Complete much cortex 1319 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E104 L13- 96.80- 121- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque scraper, 50% 1320 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib Complete 1320 96.70 131 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown cortex N98/E104 l13- 96.80- 121- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1322 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib Biface Margin opaque red 1322 96.70 131 Artifact Silicate

missing tip and base, Obsidian Broad neck: N98/E104 L13- 96.80- 121- Flaked Projectile Hydration 1323 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib contracting >half Obsidian 1323 96.70 131 Artifact Point Sample #15, stem Grasshopper Flat

N98/E104 L13- 96.80- 121- Flaked 1324 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib Used Flake Complete Obsidian 1324 96.70 131 Artifact N98/E104 L13- 96.80- 121- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1325 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib Complete opaque red scraper 1325 96.70 131 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate N98/E104 L13- 96.80- 121- Flaked Unclassifiable 1326 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 13 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Obsidian 1326 96.70 131 Artifact Fragment

problem! N98/E110 L7- 96.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1327 N98/E110 98-100 104-106 7 91-101 II Biface Drill Complete purple Elevation is 1327 96.70 Artifact Silicate level 9, fine bit

N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1329 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Biface Complete opaque red bipolar crushing 1329 96.90 Artifact Silicate

331 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

pestle, end battered, N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1330 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Mano, Pestle Fragment oblong, fire- 1330 96.90 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock reddened, one ground surface

N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1331 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Biface Margin 1331 96.90 Artifact Silicate brown

small amount of N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red cortex on both 1332 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Biface Complete 1332 96.90 Artifact Silicate and black sides, early stage

N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline translucent 1333 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Complete scraper 1333 96.90 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate white N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1334 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal scraper 1334 96.90 Artifact Silicate brown

see also p.207 N98/E110 L7- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark lev 7 artifacts 1335 N98/E110 98.61 111.55 7 96.94 77 II Core Core Complete 1335 Artifact Silicate red 1445/1446, cortex

N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline opaque 1336 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II Complete missing tip 1336 96.90 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate brown N100/E104 L13- 100- 104.5- 96.90- 126- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline heavily 1337 N100/E104 13 Ia Biface 1337 101.5 106 96.80 136 Artifact End Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E104 L13- 100- 104.5- 96.90- 126- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 1339 N100/E104 13 Ia Miscellaneous Proximal little cortex 1339 101.5 106 96.80 136 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate peach

cortex platform, N100/E104 L13- 104.57- 96.90- 126- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1341 N100/E104 101.28 13 Ia Used Flake Complete potlids, large 1341 .60 96.80 136 Artifact Silicate red secondary flake

N100/E108 L12- Flaked Crystalline cortex on dorsal 1342 N100/E108 101.29 108.47 12 96.79 118 Ia+FA Biface Complete 1342 Artifact Volcanic Rock side N100/E108 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline fire or impact 1343 N100/E108 100.1 109.35 12 96.79 118 Ia+FA Hammer Fragment 1343 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock cracked

332 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L12- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1344 N100/E108 100.23 109.77 12 96.76 121 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete cortex 1344 Artifact Silicate red N100/E108 L12- Flaked Crystalline cortex, core 1345 N100/E108 100.6 109.74 12 96.71 126 Ia+FA Used Flake Complete 1345 Artifact Volcanic Rock fragment? N100/E108 L12- 96.80- 117- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1346 N100/E108 100.67 108.42 12 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary flake 1346 96.70 127 Artifact Silicate red N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1355 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 11 Ib Biface Proximal 1355 96.80 116 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked 1356 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 11 Ib Biface Margin Obsidian 1356 96.80 116 Artifact N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1357 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 11 Ib Used Flake Complete secondary flake 1357 96.80 116 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1358 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 11 Ib Used Flake Proximal opaque red cortex platform 1358 96.80 116 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked 1359 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 11 Ib Biface Medial Obsidian 1359 96.80 116 Artifact N98/E106 L11- 96.90- 106- Flaked Unclassifiable 1360 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 11 Ib Biface Obsidian gray 1/8" 1360 96.80 116 Artifact End

Broad neck: square stem, semi- missing barb N98/E106 L11- Flaked Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline translucent 1361 N98/E106 99.34 106.43 11 96.85 111 Ib >half and tip, slightly 1361 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate orange and contracting stem Stem Series: white barbed

N98/E106 L11- Cobble Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1362 N98/E106 99.63 106.62 11 96.81 115 Ib Core Core opaque red in situ, cortex 1362 Artifact Fragment Silicate

333 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

problem! Elevation is level 11, metate N98/E106 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline frag? Large 1363 N98/E106 99.29 107.34 12 96.83 113 Ib Metate Fragment 1363 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock angular, fire blackened and reddended, some cortex

N100/E106 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline ends battered, 1364 N100/E106 100 107.37 12 96.78 129 Ib Hammer Complete 1364 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher stain Core- N98/E106 L12- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1365 N98/E106 99.98 107.39 12 96.78 118 Ib Cobble Chopper Complete 1365 Artifact Silicate and yellow Tool problem! N100/E106 L12- 100- 96.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1375 N100/E106 106-108 12 Ib Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half Elevation is for 1375 101.5 96.70 Artifact Silicate Level 13 LS-1, Willow N100/E106 L12- Flaked Projectile Crystalline large, missing 1376 N100/E106 100.26 106.18 12 96.8 127 Ib Leaf Extra >half 1376 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock tip Large

Broad neck: contracting stem, Squaw N100/E106 L13- Flaked Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque 1377 N100/E106 100.08 106.6 13 96.77 130 Ia Stem convex stem 1377 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate brown Stem Series: shouldered, ST-4c

Core- problem! N100/E106 L13- Cobble Crystalline 1378 N100/E106 101.4 107.61 13 96.84 123 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete Elevation in 1378 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool level 12, cortex

N100/E106 L13- 100- 96.80- 127- Flaked Level 13 artifact 1381 N100/E106 106-108 13 Ia Biface Margin Obsidian 1381 101.5 96.70 137 Artifact 1447 N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Cobble Cobble Crystalline small, round, 1397 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Hammer, Mano Complete 1397 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ocher stain

334 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked 1398 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Biface Proximal Obsidian 1398 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked Formed Thick-bit 1399 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Complete Obsidian weathered scraper 1399 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact Flake Tool scraper N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked Crystalline 1400 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Biface Complete weathered 1400 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1401 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Biface >half opaque red 1401 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact Silicate

N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque white 1402 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA Biface 1402 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact End Silicate and gray

straight sides, slightly Broad neck: N100/E108 L12- 100- 96.80- 117- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque expanding stem, 1403 N100/E108 108-110 12 Ia+FA diverging stem, >half 1403 101.5 96.70 127 Artifact Point Silicate yellow parallel flaking, ST-4b missing tip, too long to be ClCn

semi- N100/E108 L13- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1404 N100/E108 100.92 108.65 13 96.7 127 Ia+FA Core Core Complete translucent cortex 1404 Artifact Silicate white

N100/E104 L14- Cobble Cobble Crystalline battered ends, 1414 N100/E104 101.1 105.7 14 96.8 136 Ia Hammer, Mano Complete 1414 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock round N100/E104 L14- 96.80- 136- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1415 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 14 Ia Biface Proximal 1/8", potlided 1415 96.70 146 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L14- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow missing tip and 1416 N100/E104 101.06 105.12 14 96.72 144 Ia >half Obsidian gray banded 1416 Artifact Point Leaf Large margin N100/E104 L14- 100- 104.5- 96.80- 136- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1417 N100/E104 14 Ia Biface opaque white 1417 101.5 106 96.70 146 Artifact End Silicate N100/E105 L14- 96.80- 136- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1418 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 14 Ia Biface 1/8" 1418 96.70 146 Artifact End Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L14- 100- 104.5- 96.80- 136- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1419 N100/E104 14 Ia Complete 1419 101.5 106 96.70 146 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow

335 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E104 L14- 100- 104.5- 96.80- 136- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1420 N100/E104 14 Ia Used Flake >half 1420 101.5 106 96.70 146 Artifact Silicate red

semi- N100/E110 L9- 100- 96.80- 107- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1422 N100/E110 110-112 9 Ia+FA Used Flake Distal translucent 1422 101.5 96.70 117 Artifact Silicate red

N100/E110 L9- 100- 96.80- 107- Flaked 1423 N100/E110 110-112 9 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal Obsidian 1423 101.5 96.70 117 Artifact N98/E108 L10- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1425 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 10 99-109 Ib Biface Margin opaque red 1425 96.80 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L14- Flaked 1426 N98/E104 98.24 105.24 14 96.69 132 Ib Biface >half Obsidian opaque gray tip missing 1426 Artifact N98/E108 L10- 96.90- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1427 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 10 99-109 Ib Biface opaque red 1427 96.80 Artifact End Silicate

Broad neck: square stem, N98/E108 L10- 96.90- Flaked Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline tip and bottom 1428 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 10 99-109 Ib Medial opaque pink 1428 96.80 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate of base missing Stem Series: barbed, ST-4b

scraper, N98/E108 L10- 96.90- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline stemmed 1429 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 10 99-109 Ib Complete dark purple 1429 96.80 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate (modified projectile point?)

much cortex, Core- N98/E108 L11- 96.80- 109- Cobble Crystalline some battering 1430 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 11 Ib Cobble Chopper Complete 1430 96.70 119 Artifact Volcanic Rock on edges, Tool chopper

N98/E108 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit scraper, some 1431 N98/E108 99.06 109.28 10 96.88 101 Ib Complete Obsidian weathered 1431 Artifact Flake Tool scraper cortex N98/E108 L10- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1432 N98/E108 99.09 108.1 10 96.85 104 Ib Complete opaque red 1432 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate

336 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

potlided, N98/E108 L11- 96.80- 109- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1434 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 11 Ib Biface opaque red possible 1434 96.70 119 Artifact End Silicate contracting stem

Impact flakes missing from N98/E106 L12- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1435 N98/E106 99.54 106.34 12 96.82 114 Ib Net Weight Fragment opposite 1435 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock ends/sides, flat and round

N98/E106 L12- 96.80- 116- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 1439 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 12 Ib Core Core Complete 1439 96.70 126 Artifact Silicate yellow N99/E107 L12- 96.80- 116- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1440 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 12 Ib Biface Margin stage V 1440 96.70 126 Artifact Silicate orange N98/E106 L12- 96.80- 116- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1441 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 12 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete scraper 1441 96.70 126 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N98/E106 L12- 116- Flaked 1442 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 12 96.8-96.7 Ib Biface Distal Obsidian 1442 126 Artifact

Flake point, LS- N98/E110 L7- 97.00- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1446 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 7 71-81 II 3, Willow Leaf Complete opaque pink 1446 96.90 Artifact Point Silicate Medium

N100/E106 L13- 100- 96.80- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1447 N100/E106 106-108 13 Ia Used Flake Complete 1447 101.5 96.70 137 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N100/E108 L13- 96.70- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1463 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 13 Ia+FA Biface >half opaque red potlid 1463 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate

Squaw Creek missing tip, one Contracting shoulder, same N100/E108 L13- Flaked Projectile Stem Series: Cryptocrystalline opaque light material, and 1464 N100/E108 100.4 109.43 13 96.63 134 Ia+FA >half 1464 Artifact Point shouldered, Silicate gray type as Willow Leaf N98/E104 L15 Extra Large 1520

N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 1465 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Core Core Complete exhausted 1465 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1466 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal scraper 1466 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate red

337 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1467 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Used Flake Complete secondary flake 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1468 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Biface Distal opaque pink tip 1468 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline white and contracting 1469 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Biface Proximal 1469 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Silicate brown square stem

Broad neck: N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1470 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA square stem, Stem opaque red potlids 1470 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Point Silicate ST-4b

N100/E108 L13- 100- 96.70- 127- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1472 N100/E108 108-110 13 Ia+FA Unclassifiable Stem square 1472 101.5 96.60 137 Artifact Point Silicate brown N100/E110 L10- Flaked Unclassifiable 1474 N100/E110 100.38 110.35 10 96.65 122 Ia+FA Biface Obsidian 1474 Artifact Fragment N98/E106 L13- 126- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 1475 N98/E106 98.5-100 106-108 13 96.7-96.6 Ib Core Core Fragment cortex 1475 136 Artifact Silicate yellow

Broad neck: missing base, 1/8", missing N99/E107 L13- 96.7- 126- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1476 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 13 Ib Houx >half bottom of stem, 1476 96.66 130 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Contracting Houx? 16 nw Stem, ST-4c

N98/E106 L13- 126- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1477 N98/E106 98.5-100 106-108 13 96.7-96.6 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red little cortex 1477 136 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L13- 126- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1478 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 13 96.7-96.6 Ib Biface 1478 136 Artifact End Silicate brown

1/8" missing distal, margin N98/E106 L13- 96.66- 130- Flaked Crystalline 1479 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 13 Ib Biface >half crushed, 1479 96.65 131 Artifact Volcanic Rock weathered, was prob. LS-1

338 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

1/8", thick semi- diamond cross- N98/E106 L13- Flaked Cryptocrystalline translucent, 1480 N98/E106 99.59 107.07 13 96.63 133 Ib Biface Medial section, possible 1480 Artifact Silicate heavily drill fragment, fractured heat modified

1/8", ocher staining in two N98/E106 L13- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 1481 N98/E106 99.12 107.07 13 96.69 127 Ib Complete locations, 1481 Artifact Tool Mano, Pestle Volcanic Rock broken surface used as muller

N100/E108 L13- 100- 127- Cobble Crystalline cortex, core 1482 N100/E108 108-110 13 96.7-96.6 Ia+FA Core Core Complete 1482 101.5 137 Artifact Volcanic Rock fragment

heavily battered margins, much N98/E104 L15- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline 1483 N98/E104 98.83 105.23 15 96.6 141 Ib Complete red and some 1483 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock black stain ocher

N98/E104 L14- 104.5- 131- Flaked Unclassifiable 1485 N98/E104 98.5-100 14 96.7-96.6 Ib Biface Obsidian opaque black thick 1485 106 141 Artifact End N98/E104 L14- 104.5- 131- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex 1486 N98/E104 98.5-100 14 96.7-96.6 Ib Complete opaque red 1486 106 141 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate platform N98/E104 L14- 104.5- 131- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1487 N98/E104 98.5-100 14 96.7-96.6 Ib Used Flake Distal opaque red 1487 106 141 Artifact Silicate N99.55/E104.95 Flaked Unclassifiable 1489 N98/E104 99.55 104.95 15 96.55 146 Ib Biface Obsidian L15-1489 Artifact Fragment N100/E106 L14- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 50%+ cortex, 1490 N100/E106 100.43 106.66 14 96.66 141 Ia Core Core Complete opaque red 1490 Artifact Silicate amorphous

339 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Problem! Labeled N100/E102 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Crystalline N100/E102 L14- 1491 N100/E106 106-108 14 96.7-96.6 Ia Biface Complete 1491 101.5 147 Artifact Volcanic Rock 1491 but early stage biface, CVR

N100/E106 L14- 100- 137- Flaked 1492 N100/E106 106-108 14 96.7-96.6 Ia Biface Proximal Obsidian mahogany 1492 101.5 147 Artifact N100/E106 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1493 N100/E106 106-108 14 96.7-96.6 Ia Biface opaque white 1493 101.5 147 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L14- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, core 1498 N100/E106 100.97 106.93 14 96.67 140 Ia Core Core Complete 1498 Artifact Silicate red fragment N100/E106 L14- Flaked Crystalline 1499 N100/E106 100.25 107.14 14 96.69 138 Ia Biface Proximal 1499 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E106 L14- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1500 N100/E106 101.1 107.9 14 96.66 141 Ia Used Flake Complete 1500 Artifact Silicate orange

1/8", stemmed with rounded tip, N98/E106 L14- 96.56- 140- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1501 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 14 Ib Biface Unclassifiable Complete looks like a 1501 96.50 146 Artifact Silicate brown reworked stem point

opaque N98/E106 L14- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1502 N98/E106 99.96 106.59 14 96.55 141 Ib Core Core Complete yellow and exhausted 1502 Artifact Silicate red

N98/E106 L14- Flaked Crystalline 1504 N98/E106 98.88 107.75 14 96.58 138 Ib Biface Complete weathered 1504 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E106 L14- Flaked Cryptocrystalline label looks like 1505 N98/E106 99.71 106.7 14 96.5 146 Ib Used Flake Complete opaque red 1505 Artifact Silicate N98/E100 N98/E106 L14- 136- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1506 N98/E106 98.5-100 106-108 14 96.6-96.5 Ib Biface Margin opaque gray 1506 146 Artifact Silicate LS-1, Willow N98/E106 L14- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1507 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 14 96.56 140 Ib Leaf Extra Medial opaque gray 1/8" 1507 Artifact Point Silicate Large N100/E104 L15- 100.5- Flaked Projectile Unclassifiable Crystalline 1509 N100/E104 104-106 15 96.61 155 Ia Unclassifiable 1509 101 Artifact Point End Volcanic Rock

340 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness Core- N100/E104 L15- 146- Cobble Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1510 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 15 96.7-96.6 Ia Cobble Chopper cortex, 1510 156 Artifact End Silicate brown Tool N100/E104 L15- 100.79- 105.88- Flaked 1511 N100/E104 16 96.59 157 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete Quartz white 1511 100.83 105.92 Artifact N100/E104 L15- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1512 N100/E104 100.28 105.23 16 96.52 164 Ia Biface >half early stage 1512 Artifact Silicate brown N100/E104 L15- 100.42- 105.48- Cobble Cobble Crystalline large, round, 1513 N100/E104 16 96.58 158 Ia Mano Complete 1573 100.55 105.63 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock flat, modified? N100/E104 L15- 100.24- 105.59- Flaked Crystalline 1514 N100/E104 16 96.57 159 Ia Used Flake Complete secondary flake 1514 100.30 105.65 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L15- 100- 104.5- 146- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline secondary flake, 1515 N100/E104 15 96.7-96.6 Ia Used Flake opaque red 1515 101.5 106 156 Artifact Fragment Silicate potlids N100/E104 L15- 100- 104.5- 146- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1516 N100/E104 15 96.7-96.6 Ia Biface 1516 101.5 106 156 Artifact End Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L15- 101- 105.65- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1517 N100/E104 15 96.68 148 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque pink 1517 101.5 106 Artifact Silicate

long and narrow, thick N98/E104 L15- 104.5- 141- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1519 N98/E104 98.5-100 15 96.6-96.5 Ib Biface Medial opaque tan triangular cross- 1519 106 151 Artifact Silicate section, drill fragment?

missing tip, one shoulder, same N98/E104 L15- 104.5- 141- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline material and 1520 N98/E104 98.5-100 15 96.6-96.5 Ib >half opaque gray 1520 106 151 Artifact Point Extra Large Silicate type as N100/E108 L13 1464

N100/E110 L11- Flaked 1524 N100/E110 100.43 110.72 11 96.5 137 Ia Used Flake Complete Obsidian weathered 1524 Artifact

missing distal semi- N100/E110 L11- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline and proximal, 1525 N100/E110 100.94 110.77 11 96.51 136 Ia Miscellaneous >half translucent 1525 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate one edge yellow uniface, one bi

341 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

semi- N98/E108 L11- 109- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1526 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 11 96.8-96.7 Ib Used Flake Complete translucent cortex platform 1526 119 Artifact Silicate white

N98/E108 L11- 109- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, 1527 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 11 96.8-96.7 Ib Core Core Fragment 1527 119 Artifact Silicate red exhausted LS-3, Willow N98/E108 L11- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1528 N98/E108 98.64 108.33 11 96.72 1.17 Ib Leaf Extra >half unwashed, large 1528 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Large N98/E108 L11- 109- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1529 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 11 96.8-96.7 Ib Biface Medial 1529 119 Artifact Silicate orange

opaque N100/E104 L15- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1532 N100/E104 100.14 104.65 15 96.65 151 Ia Core Core Complete yellow and cortex 1532 Artifact Silicate red

large, N100/E104 L15- 101- 104.5- 146- Flaked Crystalline 1533 N100/E104 15 96.7-96.6 Ia Biface Proximal weathered or 1533 101.5 106 156 Artifact Volcanic Rock haft wear?

Cinnabar? disc with 2.1mm N98-100 E111- Other Miscellane Perforated irridecent 1534 N98/E110 98-100 111-112 8 96.9-96.8 81-91 II Complete Unknown irregular hole in 112 L8 1534 Artifact ous Stone Stone orange, soft the middle. laminate

N100/E104 L15- 100- 104.5- 146- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1535 N100/E104 15 96.7-96.6 Ia Used Flake Complete opaque red 1535 101.5 106 156 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L15- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark cortex, core 1536 N100/E104 100.99 104.77 15 96.72 144 Ia Core Core Complete 1536 Artifact Silicate brown fragment LS-1, Willow N100/E106 L15- 100- 96.60- 147- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1540 N100/E106 106-108 15 Ia Leaf Extra Complete 1540 101.5 96.58 149 Artifact Point Silicate yellow Large N100/E106 L15- 100- 147- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1541 N100/E106 106-108 15 96.6-96.5 Ia Biface opaque tan 1541 101.5 157 Artifact End Silicate N100/E106 L15- 100- 147- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1542 N100/E106 106-108 15 96.6-96.5 Ia Biface Distal opaque red 1542 101.5 157 Artifact Silicate LS-2, Willow N100/E106 L15- 100- 147- Flaked Projectile tip and base 1543 N100/E106 106-108 15 96.6-96.5 Ia Leaf Extra >half Obsidian opaque gray 1543 101.5 157 Artifact Point missing Large N100/E106 L15- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, 1544 N100/E106 100.6 106.39 15 96.53 154 Ia Complete Quartzite ocher stain 1544 Artifact Tool Mano

342 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E106 L15- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1545 N100/E106 100.1 106.21 15 96.59 148 Ia Core Core Complete opaque red core fragment 1545 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L15- 100- 147- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1546 N100/E106 106-108 15 96.6-96.5 Ia Biface Margin 1546 101.5 157 Artifact Silicate purple N98/E110 L8- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, core 1556 N98/E110 98.67 110.63 8 96.86 85 II Core Core Complete opaque red 1556 Artifact Silicate fragment

cortex, N98/E110 L8- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1557 N98/E110 99.8 110.69 8 96.87 84 II Core Core Complete opaque red exhausted or 1557 Artifact Silicate fragment

N98/E110 L8- Flaked Crystalline large secondary 1558 N98/E110 98.76 110.85 8 96.85 86 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1558 Artifact Volcanic Rock flake

problem! Elevation is N98/E108 L12 Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1559 N98/E108 99.47 108.10 12 96.71 118 Ib Hammer, Mano Complete level 11, ocher 1559 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock staining around the margin

Core- N98/E108 L12- Cobble Crystalline 1560 N98/E108 99.65 109.4 12 96.66 123 Ib Cobble Chopper Fragment in situ, cortical 1560 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool N98/E108 L12- Cobble Crystalline fine grain in situ, cortex, 1561 N98/E108 99.5 109.04 12 96.67 122 Ib Core Core Complete 1561 Artifact Volcanic Rock black unidirectional N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1562 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib Biface Stem potlided 1562 96.60 129 Artifact Silicate brown

square barbs, N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Projectile Elk Creek Cryptocrystalline 1564 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib >half opaque red Gunther? 1564 96.60 129 Artifact Point Square Barbed Silicate Missing tip

N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Unclassifiable 1565 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib Biface Obsidian translucent 1565 96.60 129 Artifact Fragment

problem! Elevation is N98/E106 L12- Cobble 1566 N98/E106 98.75 109.49 12 96.65 131 Ib Core Core Complete Obsidian level 13, 1566 Artifact exhausted, cortex

343 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1567 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib Used Flake Distal 1567 96.60 129 Artifact Silicate brown

contracting stem N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 1568 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib Miscellaneous Complete convered into a 1568 96.60 129 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate orange scraper

N98/E108 L12- 96.70- 119- Flaked Crystalline 1569 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 12 Ib Biface Complete 1569 96.60 129 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E105 L16- 96.60- 156- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1574 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 16 Ia Used Flake >half 1574 96.50 166 Artifact Silicate orange N100/E104 L16- 96.60- 156- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1575 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 16 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary flake 1575 96.50 166 Artifact Silicate red Core- N100/E104 L16- 96.60- 156- Cobble 1576 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 16 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete Metamorphic cortex, chopper 1576 96.50 166 Artifact Tool N100/E104.50 100- 104.5- 96.60- 156- Flaked Cobble Spall Crystalline 1577 N100/E104 16 Ia Flake Tool Complete L16-1577 101.5 106 96.50 166 Artifact Type 1 Volcanic Rock N100/E104 L16- 100- 104.5- 96.60- 156- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1578 N100/E104 16 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin opaque white 1578 101.5 106 96.50 166 Artifact Silicate

scraper, 75% N101.32/E96.52 Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1579 N100/E104 101.32 104.88 16 96.52 164 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque red cortex on dorsal, L16-1579 Artifact Silicate misslabeled

N100/E105 L16- 96.60- 156- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1580 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 16 Ia Biface Proximal opaque gray 1580 96.50 166 Artifact Silicate

Broad neck: barbed, Squaw contracting N100/E105 L16- 96.60- 156- Flaked Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline red moss 1581 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 16 Ia >half stem, missing 1581 96.50 166 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate agate tip and barb Stem Series: barbed

344 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

Broad neck: barbed, Squaw N100/E104 L16- Flaked Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque contracting 1582 N100/E104 100.61 105.81 16 96.56 160 Ia Complete 1582 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate yellow/red stem, eared Stem Series: barbed

scraper, 70% N100.96/E105.84 100.96- 105.84- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline 1583 N100/E104 16 96.58 158 Ia Complete opaque red cortex on dorsal L16-1583 101 105.87 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate side

N100/E104 L16- Flaked 1584 N100/E104 101 105.2 16 96.56 160 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete Quartz white cortex 1584 Artifact N100/E110 L11- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1592 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 11 96.6-96.5 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half 1592 137 Artifact Silicate yellow/red N100/E110 L11- 100- 110- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1594 N100/E110 11 96.6-96.5 Ia Biface Medial 1594 101.5 111.5 137 Artifact Silicate gray N100/E110 L11- 100- 110- 127- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1595 N100/E110 11 96.6-96.5 Ia Biface Complete opaque red 1595 101.5 111.5 137 Artifact Silicate

Broad neck: square stem, massive, square ST-4b, stem, platform N100/E110 L11- 100- 110- 127- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1596 N100/E110 11 96.6-96.5 Ia Widestem Stem obvious, pit 1596 101.5 111.5 137 Artifact Point Silicate and brown Group: squared closed, Houx expanding Square-stem stem

N100/E108 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1597 N100/E108 108-110 14 96.6-96.5 Ia+FA Biface Medial opaque gray 1597 101.5 147 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Crystalline crecent, 1598 N100/E108 108-110 14 96.6-96.5 Ia+FA Biface Distal 1598 101.5 147 Artifact Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E108 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1600 N100/E108 108-110 14 96.6-96.5 Ia+FA Used Flake >half opaque tan 1600 101.5 147 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1601 N100/E108 108-110 14 96.6-96.5 Ia+FA Used Flake >half 1601 101.5 147 Artifact Silicate green N100/E108 L14- 100- 137- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1602 N100/E108 108-110 14 96.6-96.5 Ia+FA Biface Margin 1602 101.5 147 Artifact Silicate brown

345 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100.03/E108.76 Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1603 N100/E108 100.03 108.76 14 96.55 142 Ia+FA Biface early stage L14-1603 Artifact End Volcanic Rock

problem! Elevation is at level 14, cortex N100.2/E109.75 Cobble Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1606 N100/E108 88-90 98-100 7 96.45 152 Ib+FA Pebble Tool Complete opaque red on both sides, L14-1606 Artifact Tool Silicate formed on thin pebble, straight sided drill?

N98/E104 L16- 151- Flaked Crystalline opaque dark 1611 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 16 96.5-96.4 Ib Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete some cortex 1611 161 Artifact Volcanic Rock gray

semi- N98/E104 L16- 151- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1612 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 16 96.5-96.4 Ib Core Core Complete translucent cortex 1612 161 Artifact Silicate white

cortex on both N98/E104 L16- 151- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1613 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 16 96.5-96.4 Ib Pebble Tool Complete sides, formed 1613 161 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock from flat pebble

stemmed, semi- Broad neck: shouldered, N98/E104 L16- 151- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline translucent 1614 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 16 96.5-96.4 Ib diverging stem, >half potlided, tip 1614 161 Artifact Point Silicate pink and ST-3 missing, brown coquille?

Core- N98/E104 L17- Cobble Crystalline much cortex, 1616 N98/E104 99 104.78 17 96.39 162 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete 1616 Artifact Volcanic Rock chopper? Tool N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Crystalline 1618 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 13 Ia Biface Proximal straight edge 1618 96.50 139 Artifact Volcanic Rock

massive, N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1619 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 13 Ia Unclassifiable Medial probable LS-1 1619 96.50 139 Artifact Point Silicate brown fragment

N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1620 N98/E108 99?-100 108-110 13 Ia Biface Medial opaque red 1620 96.50 139 Artifact Silicate

346 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Crystalline fine-grain 1622 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 13 Ia Biface >half 1622 96.50 139 Artifact Volcanic Rock black N98/E108 L13- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque square stem, tip 1623 N98/E108 99.53 108.25 13 96.55 134 Ia >half 1623 Artifact Point barbed Silicate brown missing N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Crystalline 1624 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 13 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half 1624 96.50 139 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L13- 96.60- 129- Flaked Unclassifiable 1626 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 13 Ia Biface Obsidian 1626 96.50 139 Artifact Fragment

LS-3, Willow not washed, N98/E108 L13- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1627 N98/E108 99 109.05 13 96.54 135 Ia Leaf Extra >half massive, 1627 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock Large missing tip

N98/E108 L13- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1628 N98/E108 99.49 108.94 13 96.58 131 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal 1628 Artifact Silicate red N98/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1636 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 8 81-85 II Biface Margin opaque gray heat treated 1636 96.86 Artifact Silicate N99/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1637 N98/E110 99-100 110-111 8 81-91 II Biface Medial 1637 96.80 Artifact Silicate gray

semi- N98/E111 L8- 96.90- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1639 N98/E110 98-100 111-112 8 81-91 II Biface translucent contracting stem 1639 96.80 Artifact End Silicate white

Coquille Series: Broad-necked, Pollard semi- in situ, found N99.43/E111.55 Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline 1640 N98/E110 99.43 111.55 8 96.89 82 II 8 Diamond Complete translucent resting on top of L8-1640 Artifact Point Silicate Shape, Willow gray a river cobble Leaf Extra Large

N98/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1641 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 8 81-91 II Used Flake opaque red cortical 1641 96.80 Artifact Fragment Silicate N99/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1642 N98/E110 99-100 110-112 8 81-91 II Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 1642 96.80 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E110 L8- 96.90- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1644 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 8 81-91 II Used Flake >half opaque red potlids 1644 96.80 Artifact Silicate

347 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

battered and N100.55/E106.92 Cobble Cobble Crystalline ground around 1645 N100/E106 100.55 106.92 16 96.5 157 Ia Hammer, Mano Complete L16-1645 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock margins, ocher stain

N100/E106 L16- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1646 N100/E106 100.54 106.91 16 96.41 166 Ia Biface Proximal pink 1646 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L16- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1657 N100/E106 101.5 107 16 96.44 163 Ia Biface >half opaque white heat shattered 1657 Artifact Silicate

basalt biface N106/E106 L16- Flaked Crystalline problem, 1658 N100/E106 100.03 106.33 16 96.47 160 Ia Biface Complete preform 1658 Artifact Volcanic Rock misslabeled fragment

N100/E106 L16- Flaked Cryptocrystalline scraper, some 1659 N100/E106 100.11 107.6 16 96.42 165 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete tan/white 1659 Artifact Silicate cortex N100/E106 L16- 100- 96.50- 157- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1660 N100/E106 106-108 16 Ia Biface Margin opaque red 1660 101.50 96.40 167 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L16- Flaked Formed Thick-bit 1661 N100/E106 100.1 107.31 16 96.4 167 Ia Complete Obsidian 1661 Artifact Flake Tool scraper N100/E106 L16- 100- 96.50- 157- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline basalt biface 1663 N100/E106 106-108 16 Ia Biface early stage 1663 101.50 96.40 167 Artifact End Volcanic Rock fragment

problem! N100/E108 L15- Cobble Cobble 1664 N100/E108 100.30 109.73 15 97.47 50 Ia Mano Complete Quartzite Elevation does 1664 Artifact Tool not match level

Broad neck: Houx barbed, Squaw contracting N100/E108 L15- Flaked Projectile Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque white 1665 N100/E108 100.91 109.28 15 96.46 151 Ia >half stem, one barb 1665 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate and brown broken, platform Stem Series: on base barbed

N100/E108 L15- 96.50- 147- Flaked Cobble Spall Crystalline 1666 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 15 Ia Flake Tool >half very large 1666 96.40 157 Artifact Type 1 Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L15- 96.50- 147- Flaked Crystalline 1667 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 15 Ia Biface >half 1667 96.40 157 Artifact Volcanic Rock

348 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N99/E107 L15- 96.41- 155- Flaked Cobble Spall Crystalline 1669 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 15 Ia Flake Tool Complete 1/8" 1659 96.40 156 Artifact Type 2 Volcanic Rock N99/E107 L15- 96.44- 152- Flaked Crystalline 1670 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 15 Ia Biface Complete 1/8", early stage 1670 96.41 155 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E106 L15- 96.50- 146- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1673 N98/E106 99-100 106-107 15 Ia Biface Medial 1/8" 1673 96.44 152 Artifact Silicate brown N98.5/E106 L15- 98.50- 96.50- 146- Flaked Unclassifiable 1675 N98/E106 106-107 15 Ia Biface Obsidian 1675 99.00 96.40 156 Artifact End N98/E106 L15- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1676 N98/E106 99.78 106.17 15 96.43 153 Ia Core Core Complete tested pebble 1676 Artifact Silicate red

opaque dark N98/E106 L15- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1/8" section, in 1677 N98/E106 99.83 107.92 15 96.43 153 Ia Core Core Complete brown and 1677 Artifact Silicate situ, cortex red

N98.50/E106 98.50- 96.50- 146- Flaked Crystalline 1678 N98/E106 106-107 15 Ia Biface Complete so cool! L15-1678 99.00 96.40 156 Artifact Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L15- 96.50- 147- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1686 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 15 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque gray cortex 1686 96.40 157 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L16- 100- 96.50- 157- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1688 N100/E106 106-108 16 Ia Used Flake Distal opaque red 1688 101.50 96.40 167 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1692 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface Medial 1692 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked 1693 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface Graver Complete Obsidian 1693 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1694 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface Medial potlids 1694 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate borwn N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1695 N98/E104 17 Ia Used Flake Complete opaque pink cortex platform 1695 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Crystalline 1696 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface Complete 1695 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Crystalline 1698 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface Distal 1698 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1699 N98/E104 17 Ia Used Flake >half translucent 1699 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate

349 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

stem, missing N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline opaque 1700 N98/E104 17 Ia >half tip and bit off 1700 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Point barbed Silicate purple base

N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1701 N98/E104 17 Ia Used Flake >half secondary flake 1701 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1702 N98/E104 17 Ia Flake Tool Complete cortex 1702 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact scraper Silicate yellow/red N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque 1703 N98/E104 17 Ia Biface 1703 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact End Silicate brown

battered ends N98/E104 L18- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline and margins, 1704 N98/E104 98.86 105.36 18 96.26 175 Ia Complete 1704 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock polish on interior margins

N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1705 N98/E104 17 Ia Pebble Tool Complete flaked pebble 1705 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L16- 96.40- 157- Flaked 1706 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 16 Ia Biface Proximal Obsidian 1706 96.30 167 Artifact N100/E108 L16- 96.40- 157- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: small pointed 1707 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 16 Ia Medial Obsidian opaque black 1707 96.30 167 Artifact Point Fragment shoulders N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1716 N98/E104 17 Ia Pebble Tool Complete flaked pebble 1716 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E106 L16- Cobble Cryptocrystalline cortex, hardly 1718 N98/E106 99.07 106.51 16 96.34 162 Ia Core Core Complete opaque red 1718 Artifact Silicate used N100/E106 L17- Cobble Cobble Anvil, Hammer, Crystalline red stain, one 1719 N100/E106 100.56 106.15 17 96.32 175 Ia Complete 1719 Artifact Tool Mano Volcanic Rock facet ocher

N100/E106 L17- Flaked Crystalline very large flake, 1720 N100/E106 100.56 106.15 17 96.36 171 Ia Biface Complete 1720 Artifact Volcanic Rock weathered

N100/E106 L17- 100- 96.40- 167- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque gray 1721 N100/E106 106-108 17 Ia Biface Margin 1721 101.50 96.30 177 Artifact Silicate and pink

350 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

oblong, flake off N98/E108 L14- Cobble Cobble Crystalline one end from 1723 N98/E108 99.72 108.1 14 96.49 140 Ia Hammer Complete 1723 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock impact or intentional?

N98/E108 L14- 96.50- 139- Flaked Crystalline 1724 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 14 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete cortex 1724 96.40 149 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L14- 96.50- 139- Flaked Crystalline 1725 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 14 Ia Biface >half 1715 96.40 149 Artifact Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L14- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Cryptocrystalline potlided, 1727 N98/E108 98.89 108.56 14 96.41 148 Ia Proximal opaque red 1727 Artifact Point Extra Large Silicate shouldered N98/E108 L14- 96.50- 139- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1728 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 14 Ia Used Flake Proximal cortex platform 1728 96.40 149 Artifact Silicate red N98/E108 L14- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1729 N98/E108 99.77 108.6 14 96.45 144 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete secondary flake 1729 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E108 L14- 96.50- 139- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1731 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 14 Ia Complete scraper 1731 96.40 149 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate brown N98/E108 L14- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque touch of cortex 1732 N98/E108 99.88 108.67 14 96.47 142 Ia Biface Complete 1732 Artifact Silicate tan/white on dorsal side N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline 1734 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 9 91-101 Ib Biface opaque tan 1734 96.70 Artifact End Silicate N98/E110 L9- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1735 N98/E110 99.8 110.37 9 96.77 94 Ib Biface Margin 1735 Artifact Silicate purple N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1736 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 9 91-101 Ib Used Flake Complete opaque tan 1736 96.70 Artifact Silicate N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow 1737 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 9 91-101 Ib >half Obsidian base damaged 1737 96.70 Artifact Point Leaf Large

Flake point, LS- N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Projectile 1738 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 9 91-101 Ib 2, Willow Leaf Complete Obsidian one shoulder 1738 96.70 Artifact Point Large

N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Projectile LS-2, Willow Cryptocrystalline 1739 N98/E110 99-100 110-111 9 91-101 Ib Complete opaque red 1739 96.70 Artifact Point Leaf Large Silicate LS-1, Willow N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1740 N98/E110 99-100 110-111 9 91-101 Ib Leaf Extra Complete 1740 96.70 Artifact Point Silicate brown Large

351 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness LS-1, Willow N98/E110 L9- 96.80- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque 1741 N98/E110 98-99 110-111 9 91-101 Ib Leaf Extra Complete 1741 96.70 Artifact Point Silicate brown Large N100/E104 L17- 100.09- 105.82- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1742 N100/E104 17 96.47 169 Ia Anvil, Hammer Complete 1742 100.19 105.91 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock

problem! Same as charcoal- elevation lower than unit ended, N100/E104 L17- 100.16- 104.72- Cobble Cobble Crystalline dislexia? 1743 N100/E104 17 96.43 173 Ia Hammer, Mano Complete 1743 100.24 104.77 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock Changed it to 96.43. 10cm from charcoal sample. Ocher stain

end battered, N100/E104 L17- 100.05- 105.38- Cobble Cobble Crystalline some red stain, 1744 N100/E104 17 96.46 170 Ia Hammer, Mano Complete 1744 100.09 105.44 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock light end polish ocher

N100/E104 L14- 100- 104.50- 96.50- 166- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1745 N100/E104 17 Ia Biface Margin opaque white heat treated 1745 101.50 106 96.40 176 Artifact Silicate N100/E104 L17- 100- 104.50- 96.50- 166- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1746 N100/E104 17 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half potlid 1746 101.50 106 96.40 176 Artifact Silicate brown

1/8", same LS-2, Pollard material as Diamond N100/E104 L17- 96.50- 166- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark paleo point 1747 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 17 Ia Shape, Willow >half 1747 96.40 176 Artifact Point Silicate gray 1878, missing Leaf Extra tip and flake off Large base

N100/E104 L17- 96.50- 166- Cobble Cryptocrystalline 1748 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 17 Ia Core Core Complete opaque red 1/8", cortex 1748 96.40 176 Artifact Silicate LS-1, Willow N100/E104 L17- 96.50- 166- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1749 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 17 Ia Leaf Extra >half 1/8", tip missing 1749 96.40 176 Artifact Point Silicate red Large

352 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

1/8", platform N100/E104 L17- 96.50- 166- Flaked Projectile Broad neck: Cryptocrystalline brown and 1750 N100/E104 100-101 105-106 17 Ia >half base, square 1750 96.40 176 Artifact Point barbed Silicate red stem

N98/E104 L17- 98.50- 104.50- 96.40- 161- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1752 N98/E104 17 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1752 100 106 96.30 171 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E106 L17- 96.30- 166- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1/8", flaked 1754 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 17 Ia Pebble Tool Complete 1754 96.20 176 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock pebble N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf Crystalline 1755 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Complete one shoulder 1755 106 96.10 191 Artifact Point Extra Large Volcanic Rock N98/E104 L18- 104.5- 96.30- 171- Flaked Crystalline 1756 N98/E104 98.5-100 18 Ia Biface Complete 1756 106 96.20 181 Artifact Volcanic Rock

cortex on both N98/E104 L18- 104.5- 96.30- 171- Cobble Cobble Crystalline sides, flat 1757 N98/E104 98.5-100 18 Ia Pebble Tool Complete 1757 106 96.20 181 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock pebble with modifed edge Core- N98/E104 L18- 104.5- 96.30- 171- Cobble Crystalline 1758 N98/E104 98.5-100 18 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete chopper 1758 106 96.20 181 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool semi- N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Cryptocrystalline scraper edges 1759 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Biface Drill, Thick-bit Complete translucent 1759 106 96.10 191 Artifact Silicate and drill tan

N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Cobble Spall Crystalline 1760 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Flake Tool Complete 1760 106 96.10 191 Artifact Type 2 Volcanic Rock

not washed, same material Broad neck: as convex N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1761 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia square stem, >half base? Square 1761 106 96.10 191 Artifact Point Silicate gray ST-4b wide stem 14.3 wide, 11.6 long, missing tip?

semi- N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1762 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Biface Medial translucent 1762 106 96.10 191 Artifact Silicate white

353 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

potlided both N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1764 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Biface >half ends, deep 1764 106 96.10 191 Artifact Silicate red serration

obsidian Obsidian N98/E104 L19- 104.5- 96.20- 181- Flaked basal end of Hydration 1765 N98/E104 98.5-100 19 Ia Biface Proximal Obsidian 1765 106 96.10 191 Artifact projectile Sample #3, point Spodue Mtn. 5.4

Core- N98/E106 L16- 96.40- 156- Cobble Crystalline 1/4", cortex, 1766 N98/E106 98.5-100 106-108 16 Ia Cobble Chopper, Mano Fragment 1766 96.30 166 Artifact Volcanic Rock core Tool N98/E106 L16- 96.40- 156- Flaked 1767 N98/E106 99-100 107-108 16 Ia Used Flake >half Obsidian 1/8" 1767 96.30 166 Artifact N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1768 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Hammer Complete battered ends 1768 96.30 159 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N98/E108 l15- 96.40- 149- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1769 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Hammer, Mano Fragment battered margin 1769 96.30 159 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock

Coquille Series: Broad-necked, N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Projectile Squaw Creek Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1770 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Stem potlided 1770 96.30 159 Artifact Point Contracting Silicate and white Stem Series: shouldered

N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1771 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Proximal opaque red 1771 96.30 159 Artifact Silicate N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1772 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Biface weathered 1772 96.30 159 Artifact End Volcanic Rock

semi- some cortex, N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked 1773 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Biface Drill Complete Obsidian transparent fine bit, base 1773 96.30 159 Artifact banded gray damaged

N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1774 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Biface straight edge? 1774 96.30 159 Artifact End Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Crystalline 1775 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Complete 1775 96.30 159 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Volcanic Rock

354 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Flaked Projectile Crystalline 1776 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Unclassifiable Stem contracting 1776 96.30 159 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1777 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Core Core Complete cortex 1777 96.30 159 Artifact Silicate red

broken by N98/E108 L15- 96.40- 149- Cobble Cobble Crystalline marginal 1778 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 15 Ia Hammer, Mano Fragment 1778 96.30 159 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock battering or fire, battered end

N100/E108 L17- 96.30- 167- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1793 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 17 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque gray 1793 96.20 177 Artifact Silicate N100/E108 L17- Flaked Crystalline in situ, 1794 N100/E108 100.31 108.86 17 96.3 167 Ia Biface >half 1784 Artifact Volcanic Rock weathered N100/E108 L17- Cobble Cryptocrystalline in situ, some 1795 N100/E108 100.78 108.16 17 96.23 174 Ia Core Core Complete opaque red 1795 Artifact Silicate cortex N100/E108 L17- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1796 N100/E108 100.2 109.08 17 96.27 170 Ia Biface Complete in situ 1796 Artifact Silicate brown

a-e, ocher on back, elaborate N100/E108 L17- Other Incised design, 1797 N100/E108 100.92 108.25 17 96.22 175 Ia >half Shale 1797 Artifact Stone measurements on assembled pieces

a-c, three N100/E106 L19- Other Incised Unclassifiable 1798 N100/E106 100.38 106.16 19 96.14 193 Ia Shale fragments, 1798 Artifact Stone Fragment simple lines

unwashed, N98/E106 L18- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1799 N98/E106 99.5 107.66 18 96.17 179 Ia Biface >half missing margin 1799 Artifact Silicate red and base, knife?

N100/E106 L19- 100- 96.20- 187- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1801 N100/E106 106-108 19 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red wall 1801 101.5 96.10 197 Artifact Silicate N100/E106 L19- 100- 96.20- 187- Flaked Cryptocrystalline scraper, cortex 1802 N100/E106 106-108 19 Ia Used Flake Complete opaque pink 1802 101.5 96.10 197 Artifact Silicate on dorsal

355 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

problem! N100/E106 L19- Flaked Formed Cobble Spall Crystalline Elevation in 1803 N100/E106 100.1 106.16 19 96.21 186 Ia Complete 1803 Artifact Flake Tool Type 1 Volcanic Rock level 18, ventral side worked

N98/E108 L16- 96.30- 159- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline heat treated, 1805 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 16 Ia Biface opaque white 1805 96.20 169 Artifact End Silicate crazed N98/E108 L17- 96.20- 169- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque red 1806 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 17 Ia Biface Proximal early stage 1806 96.10 179 Artifact Silicate and yellow

hydration cut, N98/E108 L17- 96.20- 169- Flaked Projectile Willow Leaf margin missing, 1807 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 17 Ia >half Obsidian opaque gray 1807 96.10 179 Artifact Point Large Spodue Mountain

N100/E108 L18- 96.20- 177- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1810 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 18 Ia Biface Margin opaque red 1810 96.10 187 Artifact Silicate N98/E106 L18- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1814 N98/E106 99.62 107.89 18 96.13 183 Ia Used Flake Proximal 1814 Artifact Silicate red

opaque N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1815 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete yellow and cortex 1815 100 96.20 176 Artifact Silicate red

N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Unclassifiable Crystalline 1/8", crecent, 1817 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia Biface 1817 100 96.20 176 Artifact End Volcanic Rock weathered N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1818 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia Biface Medial 1818 100 96.20 176 Artifact Silicate brown N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Crystalline 75% cortex on 1819 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia Biface Complete 1819 100 96.20 176 Artifact Volcanic Rock dorsal N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Formed Thick-bit Cryptocrystalline opaque 1820 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia >half 1820 100 96.20 176 Artifact Flake Tool scraper Silicate yellow N98/E106 L17- 98.50- 96.30- 166- Flaked Crystalline 1821 N98/E106 106-108 17 Ia Biface Complete 1821 100 96.20 176 Artifact Volcanic Rock Core- N98/E104 L21- Cobble Crystalline chopper core 1823 N98/E104 99.1 105.16 21 95.86 215 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete 1823 Artifact Volcanic Rock with cortex Tool

356 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

problem! Core- Elevation says N98/E104 L20- Cobble Crystalline 1827 N98/E104 99.08 104.9 20 95.94 207 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete level 21, core 1827 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool flaked from both sides, cortex

N98/E108 L16- Cobble Cobble Crystalline 1831 N98/E108 99.85 109.4 16 96.31 158 Ia Anvil, Hammer Fragment large grain 1831 Artifact Tool Volcanic Rock N100/E108 L18- Cobble Crystalline massive, much 1832 N100/E108 100 108.52 18 96.16 181 Ia Core Core Complete 1832 Artifact Volcanic Rock cortex N98/E108 L16- 96.30- 159- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1833 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 16 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete opaque red 1833 96.20 169 Artifact Silicate

N98/E108 L16- 96.30- 159- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque white 1834 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 16 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable 1834 96.20 169 Artifact Fragment Silicate and pink

not washed, expanding wide stem, 15 nw, Broad neck: N98/E106 L19- 96.10- 186- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 16.1 bw, 33.5 1835 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 19 Ia diverging stem, Complete 1835 95.90 206 Artifact Point Silicate brown axial length, 125 ST-2 psa, 185 dsa, 65 noa, long, 5.8 base length

N98/E106 L19- 96.10- 186- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1840 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 19 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Medial scrapers 1840 95.90 206 Artifact Silicate yellow N98/E106 L19- 96.10- 186- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1841 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 19 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Distal opaque red secondary flake 1841 95.90 206 Artifact Silicate

mostly cortex N98/E108 L18- 96.10- 179- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1843 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 18 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete scraper on 1843 95.90 199 Artifact Silicate brown weathered flake

N98/E108 L18- 96.10- 179- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1844 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 18 Ia Biface Margin opaque gray 1844 95.90 199 Artifact Silicate

357 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N100/E106 L20- 96.10- 197- Flaked Cryptocrystalline oqaque dark 1845 N100/E106 100-101 106-108 20 Ia Biface Graver Complete 1845 95.90 217 Artifact Silicate red N100/E106 L20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline 1846 N100/E106 100.43 107.48 20 96.04 203 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half opaque red 1846 Artifact Silicate

Broad neck: U- stem, Squaw Houx Creek N100/E106 L20- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline contracting 1847 N100/E106 100.8 106.17 20 96.03 204 Ia Contracting >half brown 1847 Artifact Point Silicate stem, tip Stem Series: missing shouldered, ST-4c

N100/E106 L20- 96.10- 197- Other Incised 1848 N100/E106 100-101 106-108 20 Ia >half Shale elaborate 1848 95.90 217 Artifact Stone

not washed/labeled, square wide Broad neck: N100/E106 L20- 96.10- 197- Flaked Projectile Crystalline stem, may be 1849 N100/E106 100-101 106-108 20 Ia square stem, Complete 1849 95.90 217 Artifact Point Volcanic Rock dark gray CCS, ST-2 one barb missing, 12 nw, 16.3 bw, 8 bl

N100/E106 L20- 96.10- 197- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1851 N100/E106 100-101 106-108 20 Ia Biface Margin potlids 1851 95.90 217 Artifact Silicate purple N100/E108 L19- Flaked Formed Cryptocrystalline opaque 1863 N100/E108 100.49 109.63 19 95.97 200 Ia Miscellaneous >half 1863 Artifact Flake Tool Silicate brown

N98/E104 L21- 98.50- 104.5- 96.00- 201- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque gray potlids, 1864 N98/E104 21 Ia Biface Stem 1864 100 106 95.80 221 Artifact Silicate and red contractin stem

N98/E104 L21- 98.50- 104.50- 96.00- 201- Flaked Crystalline fine grain broken in two, 1865 N98/E104 21 Ia Used Flake Complete 1865 100 106 95.80 221 Artifact Volcanic Rock black very large blade

Core- N98/E104 L22- Cobble Crystalline 1866 N98/E104 98.78 105.05 22 95.69 232 Ia Cobble Chopper Complete cortex 1866 Artifact Volcanic Rock Tool

358 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

N98/E104 L22- 98.50- 104.50- 95.80- 221- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque dark 1867 N98/E104 22 Ia Used Flake Complete secodary flake 1867 100 106 95.60 241 Artifact Silicate red N98/E104 L22- 98.50- 104.50- 95.80- 221- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1871 N98/E104 22 Ia Used Flake Complete secondary flake 1871 100 106 95.60 241 Artifact Silicate yellow

straight-sided, N100/E108 L19- 96.10- 187- Flaked Projectile Cryptocrystalline concave base, 1878 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 19 Ia Concave Base Proximal opaque gray 1878 95.90 207 Artifact Point Silicate unfluted, Mendocino

N99/E108 L19- Cobble Cobble 1879 N98/E108 99.34 109.41 19 95.7 219 Ia Mano Complete Quartzite 1879 Artifact Tool N99/E108 L20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque 1881 N98/E108 99.31 108.45 20 95.67 222 Ia Used Flake Complete secondary flake 1881 Artifact Silicate brown N99/E108 L20- 95.70- 219- Other Incised expedient 1882 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 20 Ia Complete Shale 1882 95.50 239 Artifact Stone design

semi- N99/E108 l20- Flaked Cryptocrystalline translucent 1884 N98/E108 99.65 108.31 20 95.67 222 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1884 Artifact Silicate white and brown

problem! Misslabeled- should be N99/E108 L20- Flaked Cobble Spall Crystalline 1885 N100/E106 100 107.62 22 95.66 241 Ia Flake Tool Complete N100/E106 L22, 1885 Artifact Type 2 Volcanic Rock distal margin looks shaped into a drill bit

problem! N99/E108 L20- 95.90- 206- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque Misslabeled- 1886 N98/E106 99-100 106-108 20 Ia Used Flake Complete 1886 95.70 226 Artifact Silicate yellow should be N98/E106

problem! semi- N98/E108 L20- 95.90- 206- Flaked Cryptocrystalline Misslabeled- 1888 N98/E106 99-100 106-108 20 Ia Flake Tool Miscellaneous >half translucent 1888 95.70 226 Artifact Silicate should be pink N98/E106

359 35JO21 Prehistoric Artifact Catalog for the Main Block.

I II Unit Level (mbd) Easting Feature Catalog Catalog Number Northing Elevation Elevation Tool Style Comments Description Component Artifact Label Artifact (cmbs) Depth Type Material Completeness

problem! N99/E108 L20- Flaked Crystalline Misslabeled, 1889 N98/E106 99.31 107.38 20 95.85 211 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Complete 1889 Artifact Volcanic Rock very large flake, weathered

N98/E108 L19- 95.90- 199- Flaked Cryptocrystalline opaque white 1891 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 19 Ia Biface Margin 1891 95.70 219 Artifact Silicate and brown

N100/E108 L21- 95.70- 227- Cobble Cryptocrystalline opaque 1892 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 21 Ia Core Core Complete amorphous 1892 95.50 247 Artifact Silicate yellow N100/E108 L21- Cobble Crystalline cortex, core 1893 N100/E108 100.3 109.21 21 95.6 237 Ia Core Core Complete 1893 Artifact Volcanic Rock fragment

problem! N100/E108 L21- Cobble Cryptocrystalline Elevation does 1894 N100/E108 100.8 109.11 21 96.57 140 Ia Core Core Complete opaque tan 1894 Artifact Silicate not match level, core fragment

misslabeled, N110/E100 S- Flaked Cryptocrystalline from step 1895 N100/E110 101.46 110.60 11 96.55 132 Ia Biface >half opaque gray 1895 Artifact Silicate cleaning, haft polish, thick

N98/E106 L21- Flaked Crystalline fine-grain 1897 N98/E106 99.11 107.3 21 95.62 234 Ia Flake Tool Unclassifiable Margin 1897 Artifact Volcanic Rock black N98/E106 L21- 106- 95.60- 236- Other Incised Unclassifiable 1898 N98/E106 99-100 21 Ia Shale straight lines 1898 106.75 95.56 240 Artifact Stone Fragment N98/E108 L22- Flaked Unclassifiable Cryptocrystalline opaque NE center of 1901 N98/E108 99-100 108-109 22 95.2 269 Ia Biface 1901 Artifact End Silicate brown quad

N100.55- 100.55- 104.5- Flaked Formed Cobble Spall Crystalline 1906 101.50/E104.50- N100/E104 15 96.66 150 Ia Complete unwashed 101.50 106 Artifact Flake Tool Type 2 Volcanic Rock 106 L15-1906

360 35JO21 Carbonized Remains Catalog. Charcoal Weight Elevation Elevation Depth Catalog Unit North East Level Component Notes Name Date (g) Top Bottom (cmbs) Number 1 N106/E102 0.50 106-108 102-104 98.50 98.20 14-44 2 PZ-II mix screen Hedlund 7/9/1992 2 N98/E110 0.53 98-100 110-120 97.50 97.30 21-41 3 II screen Kiser 7/9/1992 3 N96/E98 0.65 96-98 98-100 97.70 97.60 45-55 4 II screen Chance 7/10/1992 4 98-100 100-110 97.40 97.30 5 !Problem, N/E is nonsensical. Screen Koenning 7/10/1992 5 N96/E98 1.15 96-98 98-100 97.70 97.60 45-55 4 II screen Chance 7/10/1992 6 N96/E98 3.94 96-98 98-100 97.60 55 5 II Chance 7/10/1992 7 N104/E112 0.24 104-106 112-114 97.50 97.60 21-41 2 PZ-II mix screen Russell 7/17/1992 8 100.00 102.00 97.20 97.10 8 !Problem, N/E is nonsensical. Screen Padgett 7/21/1992 9 N98/E110 2.73 99.01 110.84 97.13 58 5 II Kiser 7/21/1992 10 N98/E118 0.21 98-100 118-120 96.70 96.60 66-76 6 Ib screen Brown 7/22/1992 11 N100/E108 0.91 100-102 108-110 97.10 97.00 87-97 9 Ib+FA screen Padgett 7/22/1992 12 N98/E106 1.42 98-100 106-108 97.20 97.10 76-86 8 Ib screen Lehrbach 7/22/1992 Koenning/ 13 N98/E106 3.05 98-100 106-108 97.10 97.00 86-96 9 Ib screen/ some soil 7/23/1992 Lehrbach 14 N98/E104 0.83 98-100 104-106 97.10 97.00 91-101 10 Ib screen Formiller 7/23/1992 15 N100/E108 1.81 100-102 108-110 97.00 96.80 97-107 10 Ia+FA screen/ some soil Padgett 7/23/1992 16 N98/E108 1.14 98-100 108-110 97.10 97.00 79-89 8 Ib screen Reber 7/24/1992 17 N90/E106 0.58 90-91 106-108 84-94 9 II-I mix screen Ottis 7/24/1992 18 N98/E106 3.03 98-100 106-108 97.00 96.90 96-106 10 Ib screen/ some soil Lehrbach 7/24/1992 19 N98/E106 1.13 98-100 106-108 96.90 96.80 106-116 11 Ib screen Lehrbach 7/24/1992 20 N98/E106 0.61 98-100 106-108 96.90 96.80 106-116 11 Ib screen Lehrbach 7/24/1992 21 N96/E98 0.17 96-98 98-100 97.20 97.10 95-105 9 Ib screen Chance 7/25/1992 22 N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.30 97.20 85-95 8 II+Ib foil screen Chance 7/25/1992 23 N98/E108 0.85 98-100 108-110 97.00 96.90 89-99 9 Ib screen Reber 7/25/1992 24 N96/E98 0.57 96-98 98-100 97.30 97.20 85-95 8 II+Ib screen Chance 7/25/1992

361 35JO21 Carbonized Remains Catalog. Charcoal Weight Elevation Elevation Depth Catalog Unit North East Level Component Notes Name Date (g) Top Bottom (cmbs) Number 25 N88/E98 0.08 88-90 98-100 96.60 96.50 64-74 6 Ib screen Kelly 7/27/1992 26 N96/E98 0.21 96-98 98-100 97.20 97.10 105-115 10 Ib screen Chance 7/27/1992 27 N98/E106 0.63 99-100 107-108 96.90 96.80 106-116 11 Ib screen Lehrbach 7/27/1992 28 N100/E106 1.91 100-102 106-108 97.00 96.90 107-117 11 Ib out of sequence screen 7/17/1992 29 N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.30 97.20 85-95 8 II+Ib screen Chance 7/25/1992 screen, 1x1m in upper comp I strat, 30 N100/E104 0.45 100-101 105-106 96.80 96.70 136-146 14 Ia Bialas 7/27/1992 sent-lost by analyst 31 N96/E98 2.02 96-98 98-100 97.10 97.00 105-115 10 Ib screen/ some soil Chance 7/28/1992 32 N98/E108 0.28 98-100 108-110 96.90 96.80 99-109 10 Ib screen Reber 7/28/1992 33 N100/E104 0.90 100-101 105-106 96.70 96.60 146-156 15 Ia 1/8" screen soil/bone Bialas 7/31/1992 34 N96/E98 0.61 96-98 98-100 97.00 96.90 115-125 11 Ib screen/ some soil Chance 7/31/1992 35 N98/E108 0.61 98-100 108-110 96.80 96.70 109-119 11 Ib screen 36 N98/E108 0.05 98-100 108-110 96.70 96.60 119-129 12 Ib screen Reber 7/31/1992 37 N100/E104 0.67 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.60 96.50 156-166 16 Ia screen Bialas 7/31/1992 38 N88/E98 0.55 88-90 98-100 96.50 96.40 74-84 7 Ib screen Kelly 7/31/1992 39 N98/E108 1.30 98-100 108-109 96.70 96.60 119-129 12 Ib screen Reber 40 N98/E108 0.46 98-100 108-109 96.60 96.50 129-139 13 Ia screen Reber 8/4/1992 burnt resin, 8240+-50BPcrc, cal BP 41 N98/E108 0.59 98.90 108.12 96.55 134 13 Ia Reber 8/4/1992 9410-9030 some soil, likely Pinus sp. 7020+- 42 N100/E104 0.03 100.10 104.85 96.34 182 17 Ia Bialas 8/4/1992 50BPcrc, cal BP 7950-7730 43 N98/E104 0.55 98.5-100 104.5-106 96.40 96.30 161-171 17 Ia screen Formiller 8/5/1992 Bialas/Chanc 44 N100/E104 0.69 100-102 104-106 96.50 96.40 166-176 17 Ia 1/8" screen 8/5/1992 e 45 N88/E98 0.79 88-90 98-100 96.40 96.30 84-94 8 Ib screen Kelly 8/5/1992

362 35JO21 Carbonized Remains Catalog. Charcoal Weight Elevation Elevation Depth Catalog Unit North East Level Component Notes Name Date (g) Top Bottom (cmbs) Number 100.29- 105.54- 46 N100/E104 96.41 175 17 Ia in situ, 3 bags of burned soil Bialas 8/5/1992 100.39 105.42 Lehrback/Blal 47 N98/E106 1.31 98.5-100 106-108 96.40 96.30 156-166 16 Ia screen 8/6/1992 ack 48 N88/E98 0.52 88-90 98-100 96.40 96.30 84-94 8 Ib screen Kelly 8/6/1992 49 N88/E98 2.86 88.85 98.87 96.21 103 9 Ib in situ Kelly 8/7/1992 50 N88/E98 88-90 98-100 96.30 96.20 94-104 9 Ib screen Kelly 8/7/1992 51 N96/E98 0.42 96-98 98-100 96.60 96.50 155-165 15 Ia screen Chance 8/8/1992 52 N100/E108 0.01 100.03 109.22 95.99 198 19 Ia in situ Padgett 8/8/1992 109.8- 53 N98/E108 0.29 99-99.20 95.87 202 19 Ia in situ Reber/Kiser 8/8/1992 110.0 in situ, 9610+/-60 BPcrc, cal BP 54 N98/E108 0.37 99.38 109.40 95.84 205 19 Ia Reber/Kiser 8/8/1992 11190-10730, 55 N98/E108 0.45 99-100 108-110 95.70 95.50 219-239 20 Ia screen Reber 8/11/1992 56 N100/E108 0.01 100.30 109.61 95.68 229 21 Ia in situ Formiller 8/11/1992 57 30.00 40.00 4 !Problem, screen Hedland 8/8/1992

363 35JO21 Pumice. Extracted from the Primary Prehistoric Artifact Catalog of 1992. Catalog Number Material Type Elevation (mbd) Depth (cmbs) Level Unit Description Comments 141 Pumice 98.10-98.00 6-16 2 N100/E104 pumice 223 Pumice 97.70-97.60 26-36 3 N98/E106 pumice 237 Pumice 97.60-97.50 47-57 5 N100/E106 1 392 Pumice 98.50-98.20 14-44 2 N106/E102 3 nuggets pumice 442 Pumice 97.7-97.6 45-55 4 N96/E98 pumice 522 Pumice 97.5-97.4 66-76 7 N100/E104 pumice 553 Pumice 97.4-97.3 67-77 7 N100/E106 1 587 Pumice 97.4-97.3 76-86 8 N100/E104 pumice 619 Pumice 97.30-97.20 77-87 8 N100/E106 3 628 Pumice 97.30-97.40 41-51 4 N98/E110 pumice- some charred 635 Pumice 97.50-97.40 51-61 6 N98/E104 charred pumice 636 Pumice 97.20-97.10 87-97 9 N100/E106 4 683 Pumice surface-97.00 0-87 5 N100/E110 pumice 693 Pumice 97.20-97.10 87-97 9 N100/E106 1 NW quad 1/8" 712 Pumice 97.30-97.20 86-96 9 N100/E104 pumice 758 Pumice 97.60-97.50 55-65 5 N96/E98 Pumice 769 Pumice 97.10-97.00 97-107 10 N100/E106 1 charred 823 Pumice 96.8-96.7 56-66 5 N98/E118 pumice 833 Pumice 97.4-97.3 61-71 7 N98/E104 pumice 916 Pumice 97-96.9 107-117 11 N100/E106 6, 3 charred 921 Pumice 97.2-97.1 77-87 8 N100/E108 pumice 950 Pumice 97.3-97.2 71-81 8 N98/E104 pumice 960 Pumice 97.2-97.1 51-61 5 N98/E110 pumice 975 Pumice 98.2-98 44-64 3 N106/E102 pumice 991 Pumice 97.2-97.1 81-91 9 N98/E104 pumice 998 Pumice 97.1-97 106-116 11 N100/E104 pumice 1039 Pumice 97.1-97 87-97 9 N100/E108 pumice

364 35JO21 Pumice. Extracted from the Primary Prehistoric Artifact Catalog of 1992. Catalog Number Material Type Elevation (mbd) Depth (cmbs) Level Unit Description Comments 1046 Pumice 97-96.9 87-97 6 N100/E110 pumice 1058 Pumice 98.2-98 44-64 3 N106/E102 pumice 1079 Pumice 97.1-97 86-96 9 N98/E106 pumice 1094 Pumice 97.1-97 91-101 10 N98/E104 pumice 1104 Pumice 96.97-96.9 90-97 7 N100/E110 pumice 1126 Pumice 97-96.9 116-126 12 N100/E104 pumice 1173 Pumice 97.1-97 61-71 6 N98/E110 pumice black (scoria?) 1193 Pumice 97-96.9 101-111 11 N98/E104 pumice 1206 Pumice 97-96.9 96-106 10 N98/E106 pumice 1233 Pumice 97.1-97 79-89 8 N98/E108 pumice 1 piece with groove 1265 Pumice 96.9-96.8 111-121 12 N98/E104 Pumice 1272 Pumice 97.30-97.20 85-95 8 N96/E98 Pumice 1286 Pumice 97.00-96.90 89-99 9 N98/E108 Pumice 1317 Pumice 96.90-96.80 117-127 12 N100/E106 4, 3 charred 1382 Pumice 97.20-97.10 95-105 9 N96/E98 pumice Level 9 artifacts 1443, 1444 1412 Pumice 97.10-97.00 105-115 10 N96/E98 pumice 1413 Pumice 96.90-96.80 106-116 11 N98/E106 pumice Level 11 artifact 1448 1448 Pumice 97.00-96.90 115-125 11 N96/E98 Pumice 1484 Pumice 96.7-96.6 131-141 14 N98/E104 pumice 1503 Pumice 96.6-96.5 136-146 14 N98/E106 burned pumice? 1521 Pumice 96.6-96.5 141-151 15 N98/E104 pumice -4 1530 Pumice 96.8-96.7 109-119 11 N98/E108 pumice 1555 Pumice 96.3-96.2 106-116 10 N98/E118 pumice 1571 Pumice 96.70-96.60 119-129 12 N98/E108 pumice 1615 Pumice 96.5-96.4 151-161 16 N98/E104 burned pumice 1617 Pumice 96.9-96.8 81-91 8 N98/E110 strange pumice 1632 Pumice 97.20-97.10 61-71 5 N104/E112 pumice

365 35JO21 Pumice. Extracted from the Primary Prehistoric Artifact Catalog of 1992. Catalog Number Material Type Elevation (mbd) Depth (cmbs) Level Unit Description Comments 1643 Pumice 96.90-96.80 81-91 8 N98/E110 pumice, 4 pieces 1682 Pumice 96.90-96.80 125-135 12 N96/E98 burnt pumice, 5 pieces 1711 Pumice 96.80-96.70 135-145 13 N96/E98 pumice (4) 1733 Pumice 96.80-96.70 91-101 9 N98/E110 pumice 1781 Pumice 96.10-96.00 126-136 12 N98/E118 pumice 1830 Pumice 96.30-96.20 94-104 9 N88/E98 pumice 1874 Pumice 20-30 cm 20-30 3 Test Pit C bead pumice/clay? test pit C 1989 Pumice 97.00-96.90 71-81 7 N98/E110 white, ash? from faunal lot SB125 1990 Pumice 97.10-97.00 105-115 10 N96/E98 light yellow from faunal lot SB130 1991 Pumice 98.64-98.50 0-14 1 N106/E102 gray from faunal lot SB2

366 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB5 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98.10-98.00 6-16 Plow Zone 2 2 0.4 Bialas 7/1/1992 SB12 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98.10-98.00 6-16 Plow Zone 2 3 0.5 white Bialas 7/1/1992 SB14 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98.00-97.90 16-26 Plow Zone 3 1 0.22 Bialas 7/2/1992 4 white and large, 6 SB23 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98.00-97.90 16-26 Plow Zone 3 10 1.94 rodent (mandible, femur, Bialas 7/3/1992 pelvis and skull) 8 white, 1 rodent SB24 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.90-97.80 26-36 PZ-II mix 4 9 2.09 Bialas 7/3/1992 mandible SB25 shell N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.90-97.80 26-36 PZ-II mix 4 3 0.66 Bialas 7/3/1992 SB42 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.80-97.60 36-56 II 5 9 2.17 white/gray Bialas 7/9/1992 SB45a mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.60-97.50 56-66 II+Ib 6 7 4.33 white Bialas 7/11/1992 SB46 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.50-97.40 66-76 II+Ib 7 4 0.8 white Bialas 7/11/1992 Salmon vertebra, heat SB45b fish bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.60-97.50 56-66 II+Ib 6 1 0.19 Bialas 11/7/1992 modified SB67 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.30-97.20 86-96 Ib 9 5 0.96 white Bialas 7/14/1992 SB76 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.20-97.10 96-106 Ib 10 2 0.3 white Bialas 7/15/1992 SB77 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 surface-97.10 0-106 PZ-II-I mix 1-10 1 0.4 white, wall Bialas 7/15/1992 SB96 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.10-97.00 106-116 Ib 11 2 0.31 Bialas 7/21/1992 SB114 mammal bone N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.00-96.90 116-126 Ib 12 7 2.39 white/gray Bialas 7/23/1992 SB120 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.90-96.0 126-136 Ia 13 2 0.18 white Bialas 7/25/1992 100- 104.50- SB129 mammal bone N100/E104 96.90-96.80 126-136 Ia 13 1 0.22 white Bialas 7/27/1992 101.50 106 Bialas, SB134 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.80-96.70 136-146 Ia 14 20 1.44 white/gray, 1/8" screen 7/28/1992 Girard 100- 104.5- Bialas, SB135 mammal bone N100/E104 96.80-96.70 136-146 Ia 14 2 0.73 white 7/28/1992 101.5 106 Girard

367 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB143 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.70-96.60 146-156 Ia 15 11 1.26 white Bialas 7/30/1992 SB148 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.60-96.50 156-166 Ia 16 1 0.02 white, 1/8" screen Bialas 7/31/1992 100- 104.5- SB149 mammal bone N100/E104 96.60-96.50 156-166 Ia 16 1 0.34 white Bialas 7/31/1992 101.5 106 SB150 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.60-96.50 156-166 Ia 16 13 0.68 white/gray Bialas 7/31/1992 100- 104.50- Bialas, SB159 mammal bone N100/E104 96.50-96.40 166-176 Ia 17 1 0.04 white 8/5/1992 101.50 106 Chance Bialas, SB160 mammal bone N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.50-96.40 166-176 Ia 17 11 1.43 white, 1/8" screen 8/5/1992 Chance SB4 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.90-97.80 17-27 Plow Zone 3 1 0.5 Girard 7/1/1992 SB34 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.60-97.50 47-57 II 5 3 1.12 white with stripes Girard 7/8/1992 SB37 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.50-97.40 57-67 II+Ib 6 3 1.29 2 white Girard 7/9/1992 SB43 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.40-97.30 67-77 Ib 7 2 0.61 white/gray Girard 7/11/1992 SB56 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.30-97.20 77-87 Ib 8 2 0.51 white Girard 7/13/1992 SB70 mammal bone N100/E106 101-102 106-107 97.20-97.10 87-97 Ib 9 2 0.73 1/8" screen Girard 7/14/1992 SB71 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.20-97.10 87-97 Ib 9 4 0.44 white/gray Girard 7/14/1992 Girard, SB75 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.10-97.00 97-107 Ib 10 8 0.66 white 7/15/1992 Stepp SB83 mammal bone N100/E106 101-102 106-107 97.00-96.90 107-117 Ib 11 9 0.62 white/gray, 1/8" screen Girard 7/17/1992 SB84 mammal bone N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.00-96.90 107-117 Ib 11 5 0.57 white Girard 7/17/1992 100- SB156 mammal bone N100/E106 106-108 96.50-96.40 157-167 Ia 16 1 0.48 white Girard 8/4/1992 101.50 100- Girard, SB168 mammal bone N100/E106 106-108 96.30-96.20 177-187 Ia 18 1 0.05 white 8/6/1992 101.50 Crisp SB20 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.90-97.80 7-17 Plow Zone 2 1 0.12 white/gray Padgett 7/2/1992 possible freshwater SB36 shell N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.80-97.60 17-37 II+FA 3 1 0.41 Padgett 7/8/1992 mussel

368 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB79 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.30-97.20 67-77 Ib+FA 7 1 0.22 white Padgett 7/16/1992 SB97 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.20-97.10 77-87 Ib+FA 8 1 1.65 white Padgett 7/21/1992 SB100 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.10-97.00 87-97 Ib+FA 9 2 0.1 white Padgett 7/22/1992 SB112 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.00-96.90 97-107 Ia+FA 10 2 0.5 white with stripes Padgett 7/23/1992 100- SB132 mammal bone N100/E108 108-110 96.80-96.70 117-127 Ia+FA 12 2 0.9 white/gray Padgett 7/28/1992 101.50 SB140 mammal bone N100/E108 100-102 108-110 96.70-96.60 127-137 Ia+FA 13 2 1.12 Padgett 7/29/1992 100- SB147 mammal bone N100/E108 108-110 96.60-96.50 145-147 Ia+FA 14 1 0.21 white Padgett 7/31/1992 101.50 SB176 mammal bone N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.20-96.10 177-187 Ia 18 1 0.18 white Padgett 8/7/1992 SB182b mammal bone N100/E108 100-101 108-110 95.70-95.50 227-247 Ia 21 3 0.25 white Formiller 8/11/1992 SB7 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.70-97.60 17-27 pz+FA 2 1 0.59 Blalack 7/1/1992 SB26 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.60-97.40 27-47 pz+FA 3 2 2.64 white and gray Blalack 7/3/1992 SB51 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.40-97.20 47-67 II+FA 4 6 1.07 white/gray Blalack 7/10/1992 SB69 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.20-97.00 67-87 II+FA 5 8 3.18 white Blalack 7/14/1992 SB68 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 surface-97.00 0-87 PZ-II-I mix 1-5 1 0.2 white Blalack 7/14/1992 SB101 mammal bone N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.00-96.90 87-97 Ib+FA 6 3 0.57 white Blalack 7/22/1992 100- 110- SB145 mammal bone N100/E110 96.80-96.60 107-127 Ia+FA 9,10 1 0.18 wall Blalack 7/30/1992 101.50 111.50 100- 110- SB146 mammal bone N100/E110 96.70-96.60 117-127 Ia+FA 10 2 0.31 white/gray Blalack 7/30/1992 101.50 111.50 100- 110- SB152 mammal bone N100/E110 96.60-96.50 127-137 Ia 11 1 0.13 white Blalack 7/31/1992 101.50 111.50 possible fresh water SB10 shell N100/E122 100-102 122-124 97.10-97.00 8-18 np 2 2 0.34 Reber 7/1/1992 mussel, hinge SB15 shell N100/E122 100-102 122-124 97.10-97.00 8-18 np 2 1 0.35 Reber 6/26/1992

369 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number rodent skeleton nearly SB18 mammal bone N100/E122 100-102 122-124 97.00-96.90 18-38 np 3 2.24 Reber 7/2/1992 complete possible fresh water Reber, SB30 shell N100/E122 100-102 122-124 96.87-96.80 18-38 np 3 8 1.69 7/8/1992 mussel Roy Reber, SB31 mammal bone N100/E122 100-102 122-124 96.87-96.80 18-38 np 3 2 1.11 1 gray 7/8/1992 Roy Reber, SB32 shell N100/E122 100-102 122-124 96.80-96.78 38-40 np 4 2 0.52 1 hinge 7/8/1992 Roy Reber, SB33 mammal bone N100/E122 100-102 122-124 96.80-96.78 38-40 np 4 3 1.06 7/8/1992 Roy SB49 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.6-97.67 21-41 II-I mix 2 1 0.33 white/gray Russell 7/10/1992 SB82 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.60-97.40 21-41 II-I mix 2 5 1.16 white/gray Russell 7/17/1992 SB110 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.40-97.30 41-51 II-I mix 3 3 0.93 white Russell 7/23/1992 SB133 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.30-97.20 51-61 II-I mix 4 7 1.08 white Russell 7/28/1992 SB157 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.20-97.10 61-71 II-I mix 5 12 1.11 Russell 8/4/1992 SB165 mammal bone N104/E112 104-106 112-114 97.1-97.04 71-81 II-I mix 6 1 0.02 white/gray Russell 8/6/1992 SB1 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.64-98.50 0-14 Plow Zone 1 1 0.27 white Hedlund 6/27/1992 SB8 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.64-98.50 0-14 Plow Zone 1 2 0.42 white Hedlund 6/27/1992 SB92 fish bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.20-98.00 44-64 II-I mix 3 1 0.29 Salmon vertebra Hedlund 7/21/1992 14 white, mostly long SB54 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.50-98.20 14-44 PZ-II-I mix 2 38 17.75 bone, 1 possible rodent Hedlund 7/10/1992 bone mammal bone 7 tooth fragments, likely SB55 N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.50-98.20 14-44 PZ-II-I mix 2 8 4.07 Hedlund 7/10/1992 and tooth Artiodactyla SB93 mammal tooth N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.20-98.00 44-64 II-I mix 3 1 0.32 Hedlund 7/21/1992 SB94 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.20-98.00 44-64 II-I mix 3 48 11.89 41 white/gray Hedlund 7/21/1992

370 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB95 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 98.20-98.00 64-74 I 4 9 1.48 white Hedlund 7/21/1992 SB103 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 97.80-97.70 84-94 I 6 1 0.19 white Hedlund 7/23/1992 SB116 mammal bone N106/E102 106-108 102-104 97.90-97.80 74-84 I 5 11 2.27 white Hedlund 7/23/1992 SB13 shell N88/E98 88-90 98-100 97.10-97.00 14-24 Plow Zone 2 1 1.26 Kelly 7/2/1992 SB22 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 97.24-97.10 0-14 Plow Zone 1 1 0.99 Kelly 7/2/1992 SB53 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 wall 0-44 PZ-II-I mix 1-3 3 2.69 white, wall Kelly 7/10/1992 SB27 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 97.00-96.80 24-44 II-I mix 3 3 2.78 2 white Kelly 7/7/1992 SB52 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 97.00-96.80 24-44 II-I mix 3 1 0.31 white Kelly 7/10/1992 SB99 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 96.80-96.70 44-54 II-I mix 4 17 5.55 white/gray Crisp 7/22/1992 white, weathered, cut SB126 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 96.60-96.50 64-74 I 6 2 1.69 Crisp 7/25/1992 marks? SB127 mammal bone N88/E98 88-90 98-100 96.60-96.50 64-74 I 6 7 1.82 white/gray Kelly 7/27/1992 Tuttle, SB16 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.34-97.20 0-14 Plow Zone 1 1 0.29 white 6/30/1992 Ottis mammal bone Ottis, SB28 N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.20-97.10 14-24 PZ-II mix 2 5 1.46 fragments 7/7/1992 and tooth Tripp problem! Elevation is level Ottis, SB29a gastropod N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.20-97.10 14-24 Plow Zone 1 1 0.1 7/7/1992 2, terrestrial snail shell Tripp SB38 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.10-97.00 24-34 PZ-II mix 3 8 3.05 4 white/gray Ottis 7/9/1992 SB50 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.10-97.00 24-34 PZ-II mix 3 2 0.33 1 white Ottis 7/10/1992

371 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number 1 Artiodactyla tooth, 1 gray, Artiodactyla metapodial fragments mammal bone SB61 N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.00-96.90 34-44 PZ-II mix 4 47 33.22 (deer?), rodent chew Ottis 7/13/1992 and tooth marks, associated with SB106 bone and soil sample tooth fragments (deer?) SB62 mammal tooth N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.00-96.90 34-44 PZ-II mix 4 6 0.5 associated with SB61 and Ottis 7/13/1992 SB106 Ottis, 4 white, associated with SB63 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.00-96.90 34-44 PZ-II mix 4 13 8.07 Hitchcoc 7/13/1992 SB61, SB62, and SB106 k SB72 mammal bone N90/E106 91-92 106-108 96.90-96.80 44-54 II 5 6 0.91 white Ottis 7/14/1992 mammal bone Ottis, SB73 N90/E106 90-91 106-108 96.90-96.80 44-54 II 5 11 3 1 tooth, 8 white bone 7/14/1992 and tooth Tuttle SB74 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.80-96.70 54-64 II-I mix 6 13 3.96 12 white, 1 white/gray Ottis 7/15/1992 Ottis, SB85 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.70-96.60 65-74 II-I mix 7 4 1.2 white 7/17/1992 Tuttle SB89 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.60-96.50 74-84 II-I mix 8 18 6.84 white Ottis 7/21/1992 white, some possible Ottis, SB119 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.50-96.40 84-94 II-I mix 9 17 5.24 7/24/1992 cranial fragments? Tuttle SB124 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.40-96.30 94-104 II-I mix 10 10 1.43 white/gray, north 1/2 Tuttle 7/27/1992 soil sample and animal 90.73- 106- SB106 mammal bone N90/E106 97 34 PZ-II mix 4 bone, unprocessed, Ottis 7/13/1992 90.99 106.20 unexamined

372 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number Reber, SB161 mammal bone N90/E106 90-92 106-108 96.30-96.20 104-114 I 11 3 0.4 white Padgett, 8/5/1992 Tuttle problem! Elevation is level Ottis/Trip SB29b berry N90/E106 90-92 106-108 97.20-97.10 14-24 Plow Zone 1 1 0.12 7/7/1992 2, dried berry p problem! Elevation 10cm SB47 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.70-97.60 II 4 3 0.1 Chance 7/10/1992 too deep, white problem! Elevation 10cm SB48 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.70-97.60 II 4 1 0.3 too deep, hollow, too Chance 7/10/1992 robust to be bird?, rabbit? problem! Elevation 10cm SB86 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.40-97.30 II-I mix 7 3 0.64 Chance 7/21/1992 too deep problem! Elevation 10cm SB184 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.30-97.20 II-I mix 8 5 1.65 Chance 7/25/1992 too deep, white SB123 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.20-97.10 105-115 I 10 3 2.42 white Chance 7/27/1992 problem! Elevation 10cm SB130 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 97.10-97.00 I 10 1 0.21 Chance 7/28/1992 too deep 100- Chance, SB166 mammal bone N96/E98 96.30-97 7 2.33 white, step 8/6/1992 100.80 Bialas problem! Elevation 10cm SB177 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 96.70-96.60 I 14 1 0.01 Chance 8/7/1992 too deep, white problem! Elevation 10cm SB179 mammal bone N96/E98 96-98 98-100 96.60-96.50 I 15 1 0.15 Chance 8/8/1992 too deep, white right Odocoileus radius, surface-40 SB107 mammal bone N97/E108 97-98 108-110 0-40 PZ-II mix 1 1 40.92 distal, shovel damage, Reber 7/23/1992 cm possible cut marks, step

373 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB108 mammal bone N97/E108 97-98 108-110 97.40-97.30 40-50 PZ-II mix 2 3 0.99 white/gray, step Reber 7/23/1992 surface-40 tooth fragments (likely SB109 mammal tooth N97/E108 97-98 108-110 0-40 PZ-II mix 1 4 1.83 Reber 7/23/1992 cm Odocoileus), step SB137 mammal tooth N97/E110 97-98 110-112 97.30-97.20 40-50 PZ-II mix 2 6 0.89 teeth, step Kiser 7/29/1992 SB138 mammal bone N97/E110 97-98 110-112 surface-97.30 0-40 PZ-II mix 1 15 4.47 4 white, step Kiser 7/29/1992 SB139 mammal bone N97/E110 97-98 110-112 97.30-97.20 40-50 PZ-II mix 2 16 5.17 5 white/gray, step Kiser 7/29/1992 distal end of Artiodactyla SB141 mammal bone N97/E110 97.31 110.24 97.22 48 PZ-II mix 2 1 19.46 (likely Odocoileus) Kiser 7/29/1992 humerus, small, step SB3 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.89-97.80 12-21 Plow Zone 2 1 0.41 white Formiller 6/30/1992 SB11 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.80-97.76 21-25 Plow Zone 3 1 0.31 white Formiller 7/1/1992 99.24- 105.18- Artiodactyla calcaneus SB87 mammal bone N98/E104 97.17 84 Ib 9 1 5.73 Formiller 7/21/1992 100 106 (left?) 99.45- 105.20- SB88 mammal bone N98/E104 97.18 83 Ib 9 14 5.53 long bone fragments Formiller 7/21/1992 100 106 SB44 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.50-97.40 51-61 II 6 2 1.09 white/gray Formiller 7/11/1992 1 likely Artiodactyla SB91 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.20-97.10 81-91 Ib 9 7 6.34 astragalus, weathered and Formiller 7/21/1992 rodent chewed SB90 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.30-97.20 71-81 II 8 1 1.41 white Formiller 7/21/1992 SB113 mammal bone N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.10-97.00 91-101 Ib 10 2 0.28 1 white Formiller 7/23/1992 SB17 mammal bone N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.96-97.80 0-16 Plow Zone 1 2 0.76 white/gray Lehrbach 7/1/1992 SB80 mammal bone N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.40-97.30 56-66 II 6 1 0.1 white Lehrbach 7/16/1992 SB117 mammal bone N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.10-97.00 86-96 Ib 9 2 0.46 white/gray Lehrbach 7/23/1992

374 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number Koenning SB136 mammal bone N98/E106 98-100 106-108 96.80-96.70 116-126 Ib 12 1 0.29 white/gray , 7/28/1992 Lehrbach Lehrbach SB142 mammal bone N98/E106 99-100 107-108 96.60-96.50 136-146 Ib 14 3 0.14 white, 1/8" screen , 7/30/1992 Koenning Lehrbach SB155 mammal bone N98/E106 99-100 107-108 96.50-96.40 146-156 Ia 15 16 1.08 white, 1/8" screen 8/4/1992 , Blalack Blalack, SB169 mammal bone N98/E106 99-100 107-108 96.40-96.30 156-166 Ia 16 7 0.33 white, 1/8" screen 8/6/1992 Lehrbach 98.50- Blalack, SB174 mammal bone N98/E106 106-108 96.30-96.20 166-176 Ia 17 2 0.64 white 8/7/1992 100 Lehrbach 98.50- Blalack, SB175 mammal bone N98/E106 106-108 96.30-96.20 166-176 Ia 17 4 0.18 white 8/7/1992 100 Ottis SB178 mammal bone? N98/E106 99-100 106-108 96.20-96.10 176-186 Ia 18 2 0.34 white, caliche? Blalack 8/8/1992 Artiodactyla astragalus SB6 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.80-97.70 9-19 Plow Zone 2 1 10.56 Koenning 7/1/1992 (left) SB105 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 surface-97.00 0-89 PZ-II-I mix 1-8 2 0.78 white, wall Reber 7/24/1992 SB118 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.10-97.00 79-89 Ib 8 3 1.2 white/gray Reber 7/24/1992 SB121 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.00-96.90 89-99 Ib 9 2 0.55 white Reber 7/25/1992 SB131 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.90-96.80 99-109 Ib 10 2 1.31 white Reber 7/28/1992 Reber, SB144 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.80-96.70 109-119 Ib 11 15 2.6 white/gray 7/30/1992 Hedlund Reber, SB151 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.70-96.60 119-129 Ia 12 10 2.41 white 7/31/1992 Hedlund

375 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number Reber, SB158 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.60-96.50 129-139 Ia 13 15 2.34 white/gray 8/4/1992 Hedlund Reber, SB163 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.50-96.40 139-149 Ia 14 11 2.16 white 8/5/1992 Hedlund SB170 mammal bone N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.40-96.30 149-159 Ia 15 1 0.14 white Reber 8/6/1992 weathered long bone SB57 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.71-97.20 0-51 PZ-II mix 1-4 10 8.74 fragments with rodent Kiser 7/13/1992 chew marks 2 large canine roots (poss. SB58 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.71-97.20 0-51 PZ-II mix 1-4 4 4.04 Kiser 7/13/1992 Ursus) Artiodactyla (probably SB39 mammal tooth N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.50-97.30 21-41 II 3 4 6.99 Odocoileus) tooth Kiser 7/9/1992 fragments worn molar, possibly SB40 mammal tooth N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.50-97.30 21-41 II 3 1 1.47 Kiser 7/9/1992 Ursus mandibular M2 SB41 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.50-97.30 21-41 II 3 9 8.44 2 white Kiser 7/9/1992 weathered, rodent chew SB59 antler N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.30-97.20 41-51 II 4 1 6.08 Kiser 7/13/1992 marks SB60 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.30-97.20 41-51 II 4 6 3.32 5 white Kiser 7/13/1992 Artiodactyla astragalus, SB81 mammal bone N98/E110 98.4 111.58 97.14 51-61 II 5 1 3 smaller than deer, heavily Kiser 7/16/1992 weathered SB98 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.20-97.10 51-61 II 5 3 1.18 white Kiser 7/21/1992 SB115 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.10-97.00 61-71 II 6 8 2.03 white Kiser 7/23/1992 SB125 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.00-96.90 71-81 II 7 17 2.63 white/gray Kiser 7/27/1992 SB154 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-112 96.90-96.80 81-91 II 8 10 1.91 white Kiser 8/4/1992

376 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB162 mammal bone N98/E110 98 110 97.20-96.70 51-101 II 3 0.12 white, pedestal Kiser 8/5/1992 SB164 mammal bone N98/E110 98-100 110-111 96.80-96.70 91-101 Ib 9 5 1.53 white Kiser 8/5/1992 SB19 shell N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.30-97.20 6-16 PZ-II mix 2 9 1.76 Brown 7/2/1992 SB21 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.30-97.20 6-16 PZ-II mix 2 1 0.55 white Brown 7/2/1992 possible fresh water SB35 shell N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.20-97.00 16-36 PZ-II mix 3 18 4.29 Brown 7/8/1992 mussel SB102 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.70-96.60 66-76 I 6 2 0.46 white Brown 7/22/1992 mammal bone 1 white bone fragment, 2 SB104a N98/E118 98-100 118-120 ? 3 0.85 Brown 7/24/1992 and tooth tooth fragments, step SB111 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.60-96.50 76-86 I 7 1 0.08 Brown 7/23/1992 SB122 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.50-96.40 86-96 I 8 2 0.55 white/gray Brown 7/25/1992 SB128 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.50-96.40 96-106 I 9 1 0.03 white Brown 7/27/1992 SB153 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.20-96.10 116-126 I 11 3 0.43 white Brown 8/4/1992 SB64 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.00-96.80 36-56 II 4 11 3.54 white Brown 7/13/1992 possible freshwater SB65a shell N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.00-96.80 36-56 II 4 18 2.8 Brown 7/13/1992 mussel SB167 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 96.10-99.00 126-136 I 12 1 0.3 white Brown 8/6/1992 SB66 mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.00-96.80 36-56 II 4 2 0.34 white/gray Brown 7/14/1992 1 tooth fragment, cranial 99.15- 119.40- SB78 mammal bone N98/E118 96.77 59 II-I mix 5 221 118.34 fragments, some Brown 7/16/1992 99.50 119.90 fragments are white/gray SB65b mammal bone N98/E118 98-100 118-120 97.00-96.80 36-56 II 4 2 0.31 Brown 7/13/1992 possible freshwater SB104b shell N98/E118 98-100 118-120 ? 1 0.13 Brown 7/24/1992 mussel, step SB171 mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c np 2 1 0.74 Hedlund 8/7/1992

377 35JO21 Organic Material Remains Catalog Organics Unit Unit Weight Catalog Description Unit Elevation Depth Component Level NISP Notes Name Date North East (grams) Number SB172 mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c np 1 1 0.2 white, Hedlund 8/7/1992 Artiodactyla astragalus SB173 mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c np 1 1 5.22 Hedlund 8/7/1992 (right) SB180 mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c 20-30 np 3 1 0.12 white Hedlund 8/8/1992 SB181 mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c 30-40 np 4 5 1.35 white Hedlund 8/8/1992 SB182a mammal bone Test Pit C test pit c 40-50 np 5 2 1.72 white Hedlund 8/8/1992

378 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number

138 2 nuggets N98/E110 98 110 97.2-96.7 corner pedestal removed Kiser 8/5/1992

4 5 pebbles N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.71-97.6 0-11 Plow Zone 1 Kiser 7/1/1992 3 1 chunk N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.7-97.6 17-27 pz+FA 2 Blalack 7/1/1992 5 22 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98.1-98 6-16 Plow Zone 2 Bialas 7/1/1992 6 12 pebbles N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.6-97.5 11-21 Plow Zone 2 Kiser 7/2/1992 14 17 pebbles N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.8-97.6 17-37 II+FA 3 Padgett 7/8/1992 1 7 pieces N100/E106 100-102 106-108 98.90-98.70 17-27 Plow Zone 3 Girard 7/1/1992 20 10 nuggets N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.5-97.3 21-41 II 3 Kiser 7/9/1992

problem! Elevations off, L4 is 19 4 pebbles N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.5-97.3 PZ-II mix 3 Koenning 7/9/1992 .6-.4

18 4 pebbles N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.6-97.4 27-47 pz+FA 3 Blalack 7/7/1992 10 3 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 98-97.9 16-26 Plow Zone 3 Bialas 7/3/1992 7 9 pebbles N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.7-97.6 19-29 PZ-II mix 3 Koenning 7/2/1992 11 3 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.9-97.8 26-36 PZ-II mix 4 Bialas 7/3/1992 24 nuggets & 30 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.4-97.2 47-67 II+FA 4 Blalack 7/10/1992 pebbles 8 3 pebbles N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.7-97.6 31-41 PZ-II mix 4 Formiller 7/2/1992 Padgett, 21 13 pebbles N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.6-97.5 37-47 II+FA 4 7/9/1992 Brown 18 nuggets & 39 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.3-97.2 41-51 II 4 Kiser 7/13/1992 pebbles

379 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number 26 nuggets & 12 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97 27-47 II 4 Girard 7/7/1992 pebbles 33 nuggets & 69 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.2-97.1 51-61 II 5 Kiser 7/21/1992 pebbles 18 nuggets & 45 N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97.2-97 67-87 II+FA 5 Blalack 7/14/1992 pebbles 2 pebbles 1 42 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.5-97.4 46-56 II 5 Lehrbach 7/14/1992 nugget? 7 nuggets & 25 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.4-97.3 49-59 II 5 Koenning 7/10/1992 pebbles 14 pebbles & 22 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.8-97.6 36-56 II 5 Bialas 7/9/1992 nuggets 5 nuggets & 23 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.6-97.5 41-51 II 5 Formiller 7/10/1992 pebbles 8 nuggets & Padgett, 29 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.5-97.4 47-57 II+FA 5 7/10/1992 pebbles Brown 55 2 pebbles N98/E106 98-100 106-108 97.4-97.3 56-66 II 6 Lehrbach 7/16/1992 74 5 pebbles N100/E110 100-102 110-112 97-96.9 87-97 Ib+FA 6 Blalack 7/22/1992 16 nuggets & 49 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.4-97.3 57-67 II+FA 6 Padgett 7/15/1992 pebbles 28 19 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.6-97.5 56-66 II+Ib 6 Bialas 7/10/1992 Koenning, 41 2 pebbles N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.3-97.2 59-69 II 6 7/14/1992 Reber 45 nuggets & 84 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97.1-97 61-71 II 6 Kiser 7/23/1992 pebbles

380 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number 33 6 nuggets N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.5-97.4 51-61 II 6 Formiller 7/11/1992 4 nuggets & 56 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.4-97.3 61-71 II 7 Formiller 7/16/1992 pebbles 101 17 pebbles N98/E110 98-100 110-112 97-96.9 71-81 II 7 Kiser 7/27/1992 25 nuggets & 58 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.3-97.2 67-77 Ib+FA 7 Padgett 7/16/1992 pebbles 32 9 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.5-97.4 66-76 II+Ib 7 Bialas 7/11/1992 81 1 pebble N100/E110 100-102 110-112 96.97-96.9 90-97 Ib+FA 7 Blalack 7/23/1992 34 9 pebbles N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.4-97.3 67-77 Ib 7 Girard 7/11/1992 66 3 nuggets N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.3-97.2 71-81 II 8 Formiller 7/21/1992 40 7 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.4-97.3 76-86 II+Ib 8 Bialas 7/13/1992 12 nuggets & 37 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.3-97.2 77-87 Ib 8 Girard 7/13/1992 pebbles

95 6 pebbles, nuget N100/E110 100-102 110-112 96.9-96.8 97-107 Ia+FA 8 Blalack 7/25/1992

67 3 nuggets N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.2-97.1 77-87 Ib+FA 8 Padgett 7/21/1992 46 various 132 N98/E110 98-100 110-112 96.9-96.8 81-91 II 8 Kiser 8/4/1992 nuggets 6 pebbles, 89 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97.1-97 79-89 Ib 8 Reber 7/24/1992 nuggets 43 19 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.3-97.2 86-96 Ib 9 Bialas 7/14/1992 92 7 pebbles N98/E108 98-100 108-110 97-96.9 89-99 Ib 9 Reber 7/25/1992 8 nuggets & 47 N100/E106 101-102 106-107 97.2-97.1 87-97 Ib 9 1/8" Girard 7/14/1992 pebbles

381 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number 44 various 133 N98/E110 98-100 110-111 96.8-96.7 91-101 Ib 9 Kiser 8/5/1992 nuggets 8 nuggets & 71 N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.2-97.1 81-91 Ib 9 Formiller 7/21/1992 pebbles 76 13 pebbles N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97.1-97 87-97 Ib+FA 9 Padgett 7/22/1992 46 2 nuggets N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.2-97.1 87-97 Ib 9 Girard 7/14/1992 4 pebbles, 82 N100/E108 100-102 108-110 97-96.9 97-107 Ia+FA 10 Padgett 7/23/1992 nuggets 104 1 nugget N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.9-96.8 99-109 Ib 10 Reber 7/28/1992

79 6 pebbles, nugget N98/E104 98-100 104-106 97.1-97 91-101 Ib 10 Formiller 7/23/1992

113 2 N100/E110 100-101.5 110-111.5 96.7-96.6 117-127 Ia+FA 10 Blalack 7/30/1992 28 nuggets & Bialas, 48 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.2-97.1 96-106 Ib 10 7/15/1992 pebbles Chance 4 nuggets & 51 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.1-97 97-107 Ib 10 Girard 7/15/1992 pebbles 28 nuggets & 62 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97-96.9 107-117 Ib 11 1/8" Girard 7/17/1992 pebbles 63 37 pebbles N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97-96.9 107-117 Ib 11 Girard 7/17/1992 72 23 pebbles N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97.1-97 106-116 Ib 11 Bialas 7/21/1992

1 chunk red 1 121 N100/E110 100-101.5 110-111.5 96.6-96.5 127-137 Ia 11 Blalack 7/31/1992 chunk grey & red

96 1 nuget N98/E106 98-100 106-108 96.9-96.8 106-116 Ib 11 Lehrbach 7/27/1992

382 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number 17 nuggets & 83 N100/E104 100-102 104-106 97-96.9 116-126 Ib 12 Bialas 7/23/1992 pebbles 13 nuggets & Koenning, 103 N98/E106 98-100 106-108 96.8-96.7 116-126 Ib 12 7/28/1992 pebbles Lehrbach 93 2 pebbles N100/E106 100-101.5 106-108 96.9-96.8 117-127 Ib 12 Girard 7/25/1992 100 2 nuggets N100/E106 100-101.5 106-108 96.8-96.7 127-137 Ia 13 Girard 7/27/1992

107 2 nuggets, pebble N100/E108 100-101.5 108-110 96.7-96.6 127-137 Ia+FA 13 Padgett 7/29/1992

123 2 medium chunks N100/E108 100-102 108-110 96.6-96.5 137-147 Ia+FA 14 Padgett 7/31/1992

1 large 2 small 117 N98/E106 98.5-100 106-108 ~ 136-146 Ib 14 ~ Lehrbach nuggets 5 nuggets & 112 N100/E106 100-101.5 106-108 96.7-96.6 137-147 Ia 14 Girard 7/29/1992 pebbles 12 nuggets & 105 N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.8-96.7 136-146 Ia 14 Bialas 7/28/1992 pebbles 6 nuggets & 111 N98/E104 98.5-100 104.5-106 96.7-96.6 131-141 Ib 14 Formiller 7/29/1992 pebbles 128 16 nuggets N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.5-96.4 147-157 Ia 15 Padgett 8/4/1992 115 1 nugget N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.7-96.6 146-156 Ia 15 Bialas 7/30/1992 116 4 chunks N98/E104 98.5-100 104.5-106 96.6-96.5 141-151 Ib 15 Formiller 7/30/1992

119 7 medium nuggets N100/E106 100-101.5 106-108 96.6-96.5 147-157 Ia 15 Girard 7/30/1992

140 17 nuggets N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.40-96.30 149-159 Ia 15 Reber 8/6/1992 114 1 pebble N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.7-96.6 146-156 Ia 15 Bialas 7/30/1992

383 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number Reber, 152 6 N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.30-96.20 159-169 Ia 16 8/7/1992 Chance 125 4 chunks N98/E104 98.5-100 104.5-106 96.5-96.4 151-161 Ib 16 Formiller 7/31/1992 131 6 chunks N100/E106 100-101.5 106-108 96.5-96.4 157-167 Ia 16 Girard 8/4/1992 126 1 chunk N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.6-96.5 156-166 Ia 16 Bialas 7/31/1992 144 1 chunk N98/E106 98-100 106-108 96.40-96.30 156-166 Ia 16 1/8" N99/E107 Lehrbach 8/6/1992 120 1 large chunk N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.6-96.5 156-166 Ia 16 Bialas 7/31/1992 135 5 chunks N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.4-96.3 157-167 Ia 16 Padgett 8/5/1992

136 36 various chunks N100/E104 100-101.5 104.5-106 96.5-96.4 166-176 Ia 17 Bialas 8/5/1992

137 30 small N100/E104 100-101 105-106 96.5-96.4 166-176 Ia 17 1/8" Bialas 8/5/1992 3 nuggtes 1 large 139 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.3-96.2 167-177 Ia 17 Padgett 8/6/1992 piece Reber, 151 15 chunks N98/E108 98-100 108-110 96.20-96.10 169-179 Ia 17 8/7/1992 Padgett Blalack, 155 1 chunk N98/E106 98.50-100 106-108 96.30-96.20 166-176 Ia 17 8/7/1992 Ottis Blalack, 156 38 pebbles N98/E106 99-100 106-108 96.20-96.10 176-186 Ia 18 8/7/1992 Ottis Reber, 161 32 nuggets N98/E108 99-100 108-110 96.10-95.90 179-199 Ia 18 8/8/1992 Padgett 100- Girard, 145 1 N100/E106 106-108 96.30-96.20 177-187 Ia 18 8/6/1992 101.50 Crisp 146 67 nuggets N98/E104 98-100 104-106 96.30-96.20 171-181 Ia 18 Formiller 8/6/1992 150 3 chunks N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.20-96.10 177-187 Ia 18 Padgett 8/7/1992

384 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number Lehrbach, 164 28 pebbles N98/E106 99-100 106-108 96.10-95.90 186-206 Ia 19 8/10/1992 Ottis Girard, 153 1 large chunk N100/E106 100-102 106-108 96.20-96.10 187-197 Ia 19 8/7/1992 Crisp 147 48 nuggets N98/E104 98-100 104-106 96.20-96.10 181-191 Ia 19 Formiller 8/6/1992 157 11 pebbles N100/E108 100-101 108-110 96.1 - 95.9 187-207 Ia 19 Padgett 167 15 chunks N98/E108 99-100 108-110 95.90-95.70 199-219 Ia 19 Reber, Kiser 8/10/1992 Reber, 172 8 N98/E108 99-100 108-110 95.70-95.50 219-239 Ia 20 8/11/1992 Hedlund 166 25 chunks N98/E106 99-100 106-108 95.90-95.70 206-226 Ia 20 Lehrbach 8/10/1992 165 3 pebbles N100/E108 100-101 108-110 95.9 - 95.7 207-227 Ia 20 Formiller 8/10/1992 Girard, 158 5 pebbles N100/E106 100-101 106-108 ~ 197-217 Ia 20 8/8/1992 Crisp 104.50- 148 7 nuggets N98/E104 98.50-100 96.10-96.00 191-201 Ia 20 Formiller 8/7/1992 106 160 10 nuggets N98/E104 98.5-100 104.5-106 96.0-95.80 201-221 Ia 21 Formiller 8/8/1992 Lehrbach et 170 17 chunks N98/E106 99-100 106-108 95.70-95.50 226-246 Ia 21 8/11/1992 al 171 10 N100/E108 100-101 108-110 95.70-95.50 227-247 Ia 21 Formiller 8/11/1992 Girard, 163 2 pebbles N100/E106 100-101 106-108 95.90-95.70 217-237 Ia 21 8/10/1992 Crisp 159 8 nuggets N98/E104 98.5-100 104.5-106 ~ 221-241 Ia 22 Formiller 8/8/1992 168 1 chunk N100/E106 100-102 106-108 95.70-95.50 237-257 Ia 22 Girard 8/10/1992 173 1 bit N98/E106 99-100 107-108 95.40-95.30 246-266 Ia 22 Hedlund 8/12/1992 172 17 N100/E106 100-102 106-108 97.50-97.40 57-67 Ia 23 Girard 7/9/1992

385 35JO21 Mineral Earth Catalog for the Main Block. Mineral Unit Earth Catalog Description Unit Unit East Elevation Depth Component Level Notes Name Date North Number Girard, 169 3 chunks N100/E106 100-101 106-108 95.50-95.30 237-257 Ia 23 8/11/1992 Chance

386 APPENDIX D

Ethnobotanical and Radiometric Reports

Demeter Research Report: 12 April, 2009………………………………………………………………………387 Demeter Research Report: 25 July, 2009………………………………………………..………………………388 Mastrogiuseppe Report: April, 2010………………………………………………………….…………..………390 Beta Analytic Inc. Report: Radiocarbon Dating Result for Sample 35JO21L19C54………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………391 Beta Analytic Inc. Report: Radiocarbon Dating Result for Sample 35JO21L17C42………………………………………………..……………………………………………….……………..394 Beta Analytic Inc. Report: Radiocarbon Dating Result for Sample 35JO21L13C41………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………397

Demeter Research/Johannessen 12 April 2009

Charcoal samples from the Stratton Creek Site (35 JO 21)

Two small samples were submitted for analysis by Cathy Bialas from the Stratton Creek site (35 JO 21). The samples required no processing. They were examined under 35X magnification, with care taken to prevent any contamination between samples or from other sources of carbon.

Paleoethnobotany Lab #189. 35 JO 21, N98E108, L20-L55. (small plastic bag with one small dark nodule, 0.45g)

Unfortunately this is a nodule of a dark, gray-brown burnt clay. No organic material evident; mineral inclusions like sand grains are present in the interior. Not suitable for radiocarbon dating.

Paleoethnobotany Lab #190. 35 JO 21, N98E108, L19-C54. (small plastic bag with carbonized material fragments wrapped in aluminum foil- 0.37g)

The foil packet contained 11 small fragments of a amorphous locular carbonized organic material of plant origin. The fragments have no regular structure, but have rather the bubbly and irregularly amorphous appearance typical of a) a starchy or processed plant remains in which the starch grains have burst through the heat of the charring process, or b) resinous plant material that has been heated.

I cannot identify it further, since all the morphology is gone. However, it does appear to be suitable for radiocarbon dating (although the quantity is of course only suitable for AMS dating), in that it is carbonized plant material of some kind.

387 Demeter Research/Johannessen 25 July 2009

Charcoal samples from the Stratton Creek Site (35 JO 21)

Two small charcoal samples were submitted for analysis by Cathy Bialas from the Stratton Creek site (35 JO 21). The samples required no processing. They were examined under 35X magnification, with care taken to prevent any contamination between samples or from other sources of carbon.

Paleoethnobotany Lab #191. 35JO21; N100/E104; L17-C42 (3). (wood charcoal 0.10g); probably pine (Pinus sp.)

The sample was in a small plastic bag containing a few small fragments of charcoal wrapped in an aluminum foil pouch. The small fragments were removed from the foil and weighed (0.10g). The fragments were all the same material- a mature coniferous wood, with narrow annual rings, tending to break along the rings. The late-wood was distinctly denser than the early wood, and scattered resin canals showed throughout the rings. The small size of the fragments makes a positive identification difficult; however, the scattered resin canals indicate that the wood is a pine (cf. Pinus sp.) or a spruce (Picea sp.). The abundance of pines as opposed to spruce in the area may make pine a more likely identification. Pines are common in the Mixed Conifer-Hardwood forest of Southwest Oregon, including sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffrey). Brewer’s spruce (Picea breweri) is an uncommon element at high elevations.

Suitability for radiocarbon dating: The sample is clean and of sufficient quantity for an AMS date. There may be some problem with “old wood”, in other words the wood charcoal being from a long-lived tree, so radiocarbon age may be many hundreds of years older than it’s use by the inhabitants of the site. The dominant conifers of the area are commonly long-lived, for example ponderosa and sugar pines can live up to 800 years.

Paleoethnobotany Lab #192. 35JO21; N100/E105; L14-C30 (4). (wood charcoal 0.50g; taxon unidentified, shrub?)

This sample consisted of four small chunks of wood charcoal in a small plastic bag. Upon examination, all were of the same type of wood. The wood is dense, heavy, and fine- structured, and, in some cases, the grain of the wood is distorted, as though the wood was from a burl or a crotch. The very fine dense structure appears to be coniferous (i.e. composed of tracheids), but no structure of annual rings could be discerned. The rays appear close and prominent, and splitting occurs radially rather than transversely. Resin canals are scattered sparsely. It may be possible that these are pores rather than resin

388 canals, except that they appear too sparsely and irregularly scattered to be a regular pattern of pores.

I am unable to identify this wood taxon. Its structure does not match any of the dominant conifers known for the area: the pines (Pinus spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), the firs (Abies spp.), or Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). It does not match the structure of other locally important broad-leafed wood taxa: tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), or madrone (Arbutus menziesii).

The wood remains unidentified; but since the internal structure does not match that of any of the main tree taxa of the area, the wood may be from a woody shrub.

Suitability for radiocarbon dating: The wood charcoal is clean and more than sufficient (0.5g) for an AMS date (recommended weight (0.05g). The fragments, though unidentified, are not from any of the dominant large tree types of the area, which can be long-lived. They may be from a woody shrub, most likely shorter-lived than the dominant trees, and thus less unlikely to be old wood.

389 Sample #3 N98/E108 L13-C41 Joy Mastrogiuseppe April 2010

I can’t do too much with it, but it is what I call “burnt resin.” When a fire reaches a pitch pocket (or similar exudates), the burning of the resin causes a lot of bubbles to form and you get a shiny black product with many holes. It most likely is from coniferous wood. I’ve never seen charred bulbs or tubers do this. Some conifers (and probably flowering plants as well) do produce resinous cankers at the root crown in response to certain infections. I don’t know if similar things happen deeper in the soil, but I would say that certainly the “burnt resin” in your sample could be from the burning of either stem or root wood.

390 May 5, 2009

Ms. Cathy Bialas 2414 1/2 J Street Bellingham, WA 98225 USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Result For Sample 35J021L19C54

Dear Ms. Bialas:

Enclosed is the radiocarbon dating result for one sample recently sent to us. It provided plenty of carbon for an accurate measurement and the analysis proceeded normally. The report sheet contains the method used, material type, and applied pretreatments and, where applicable, the two-sigma calendar calibration range.

This report has been both mailed and sent electronically. All results (excluding some inappropriate material types) which are less than about 20,000 years BP and more than about ~250 BP include a calendar calibration page (also digitally available in Windows metafile (.wmf) format upon request). Calibration is calculated using the newest (2004) calibration database with references quoted on the bottom of the page. Multiple probability ranges may appear in some cases, due to short-term variations in the atmospheric 14C contents at certain time periods. Examining the calibration graph will help you understand this phenomenon. Don’t hesitate to contact us if you have questions about calibration.

We analyzed this sample on a sole priority basis. No students or intern researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities were used in the analysis. We analyzed it with the combined attention of our entire professional staff.

Information pages are also enclosed with the mailed copy of this report. If you have any specific questions about the analysis, please do not hesitate to contact us. Someone is always available to answer your questions.

The cost of the analysis was charged to the VISA card provided. A receipt is enclosed with the paper report copy. Thank you. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me. Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

391 Ms. Cathy Bialas Report Date: 5/5/2009

Material Received: 4/22/2009

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 258717 9630 +/- 60 BP -26.1 o/oo 9610 +/- 60 BP SAMPLE : 35J021L19C54 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2SIGMACALIBRATION : CalBC9240to8780(CalBP11190to10730) ______

392 CALIBRATIONOFRADIOCARBONAGETOCALENDARYEARS (Variables: C13/C12=-26.1:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-258717 Conventional radiocarbon age: 9610±60 BP 2 Sigma calibrated result: Cal BC 9240 to 8780 (CalBP 11190 to10730) (95% probability) Intercept data Intercepts of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal BC 9130 (Cal BP 11080) and Cal BC 8980 (Cal BP 10930) and Cal BC 8930 (Cal BP 10880) 1 Sigma calibrated results: Cal BC 9200 to 9100 (CalBP 11150 to 11050) and (68% probability) Cal BC 9090 to 8830 (CalBP 11040 to 10780)

961 0±60 B P Charred m aterial 9 800

9 750

9 700

9 650

9 600

9 550 aicro ageRadiocarbon (BP) 9 500

9 450

9 400

9 350 930 0 9 250 920 0 9 150 910 0 9 050 900 0 8 950 890 0 8 850 880 0 8 750 8700 Cal BC References: Database used INTCA L04 Calibration Database INTCAL04 Radiocarbon Age Calibration IntCal04: Calibration Issue of Radiocarbon (Volume 46, nr 3, 2004). Mathematics A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 •Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 •E-Mail: [email protected]

393 August 25, 2009

Ms. Cathy Bialas 1213 Xenia Street Bellingham, WA 98229 USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Result For Sample 35J021L17C42

Dear Ms. Bialas:

Enclosed is the radiocarbon dating result for one sample recently sent to us. It provided plenty of carbon for an accurate measurement and the analysis proceeded normally. As usual, the method of analysis is listed on the report sheet and calibration data is provided where applicable.

As always, no students or intern researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities were used in the analysis. It was analyzed with the combined attention of our entire professional staff.

If you have specific questions about the analyses, please contact us. We are always available to answer your questions.

The cost of the analysis was charged to the VISA card provided. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

394 Ms. Cathy Bialas Report Date: 8/25/2009

Material Received: 8/6/2009

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 262700 6990 +/- 50 BP -23.1 o/oo 7020 +/- 50 BP SAMPLE : 35J021L17C42 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2SIGMACALIBRATION : CalBC6000to5780(CalBP7950to7730) ______

395 CALIBRATIONOFRADIOCARBONAGETOCALENDARYEARS (Variables: C13/C12=-23.1:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-262700 Conventional radiocarbon age: 7020±50 BP 2 Sigma calibrated result: Cal BC 6000 to 5780(CalBP 7950 to 7730) (95% probability) Intercept data Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal BC 5900 (Cal BP 7850) 1 Sigma calibrated result: Cal BC 5980 to 5850 (CalBP 7930to 7800) (68% probability)

702 0±50 B P Charred m aterial 7 200

7 150

7 100

7 050

7 000

6 950 aicro ageRadiocarbon (BP)

6 900

6 850

6 800 602 0 60 00 59 80 59 60 5 940 5920 590 0 588 0 586 0 58 40 5 820 5 800 5 780 5760 Cal BC

References: Database used INTCA L04 Calibration Database INTCAL04 Radiocarbon Age Calibration IntCal04: Calibration Issue of Radiocarbon (Volume 46, nr 3, 2004). Mathematics A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 •Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 •E-Mail: [email protected]

396 February 15, 2011

Ms. Cathy Bialas 1213 Xenia Street Bellingham, WA 98229 USA

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Result For Sample 35J021L13C41

Dear Ms. Bialas:

If you have specific questions about the analyses, please contact us. We are always available to answer your questions.

The cost of the analysis was charged to the VISA card provided. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me.

Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

397 Page 1 of 3 Ms. Cathy Bialas Report Date: 2/15/2011

Material Received: 1/27/2011

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 292395 8240 +/- 50 BP -25.0 o/oo 8240 +/- 50 BP SAMPLE : 35J021L13C41 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 7460 to 7080 (Cal BP 9410 to 9030) ______

398 Page 2 of 3 CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables: C13/C12=-25:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-292395 Conventional radiocarbon age: 8240±50 BP 2Sigmacalibratedresult: Cal BC 7460 to 7080 (Cal BP 9410 to 9030) (95% probability) Intercept data Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal BC 7300 (Cal BP 9250) 1 Sigma calibrated result: Cal BC 7340 to 7180 (Cal BP 9290 to 9120) (68% p robability)

8240±50 BP Charred material 8400

8350

8300

8250

8200

8150 Radiocarbon age (BP)

8100

8050

8000 7500 7450 7400 7350 7300 7250 7200 7150 7100 7050 Cal BC

References: Database used INTCAL04 Calibration Database INTCAL04 Radiocarbon Age Calibration IntCal04: Calibration Issue of Radiocarbon (Volume 46, nr 3, 2004). Mathematics A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 • E-Mail: [email protected]

399 Page 3 of 3 APPENDIX E

35JO21: Metric Data for Debitage from Unit 100N/106E

400

Appendix E. Metric Data for Debitage from Unit 100N/106E.

Lot

(g)

weight - weight weight - Number -

weight primary secondary tertiary fragment weight primary secondary tertiary fragment weight primary secondary tertiary fragment ------

- - - - - Debitage Debitage Catalog Number Total Total weight Obsidian Obs Obs Obs Obs Obs CCS CCS CCS CCS CCS CCS Metasedamentary Meta CVR CVR CVR CVR CVR CVR Quartz Quartz Other Other 1/8" screen Elevation (mbd) Depth (cmbs) Level Component Comments Plow 4 5 1.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1.95 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98.07-98.00 0-7 01 Zone Plow 13 51 132.2 7 1.53 0 0 6 1 42 103.58 5 10 13 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 27.09 0 0 98.00-97.9 7-17 02 1 non-cultural, Zone 1 gray-banded, 1 mahogany Plow obsidian; 1 ccs core, 1 petrified 15 90 186.72 10 1.68 0 2 7 1 77 182.67 5 19 24 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.37 0 0 98.9-98.8 17-27 03 Zone wood flake; 1 quartz nonartifact 7 tools, 1 mahogany obs, fire 36 266 398.49 24 4.19 0 2 18 4 228 364.31 19 28 70 111 0 0 2 2.1 0 1 1 0 12 27.89 0 0 97.8-97.6 27-47 04 II modified flakes/shatter 38 153 187.65 24 7.42 0 3 17 4 122 142.83 8 15 49 50 0 0 3 11.95 0 1 2 0 4 25.45 0 0 97.6-97.5 47-57 05 II 3 shale non-artifacts, 5 tools 4 non-artifacts, 11 tools! 2 49 163 182 30 7.76 0 1 20 9 131 168.54 8 27 35 61 0 0 1 4.69 0 0 1 0 2 1.01 0 0 97.5-97.4 57-67 06 II+Ib petrified wood 3 petrified wood flakes, 2 shale 64 202 394.55 32 5.85 0 2 25 5 147 218.58 7 30 42 68 0 0 21 169.48 1 10 5 5 2 0.64 0 0 97.4-97.3 67-77 07 Ib non-artifacts, 3 tools 4 tools, much of the shatter is 68 165 300.62 28 6.73 0 2 20 6 131 244.35 7 33 43 48 0 0 4 48.15 0 2 1 1 2 1.39 0 0 97.3-97.2 77-87 08 Ib secondary 1/8" screen, 1 piece of 83 197 98.1 74 4.25 0 1 52 21 118 56.86 4 9 56 49 0 0 4 36.24 0 4 0 0 1 0.72 0 0 X 97.2-97.1 87-97 09 Ib mahogany obs, quartz is crystal, 2 tool frags 81 92 158.26 16 3.56 0 0 14 2 69 109.93 5 8 22 34 0 0 7 44.77 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 97.2-97.1 87-97 09 Ib 2 non-artifacts, 4 tools 82 11 11.89 3 0.42 0 0 1 2 6 8.01 0 2 1 3 0 0 1 2.57 0 0 0 1 1 0.89 0 0 97.2-97.1 87-97 09 Ib dark soil 89 10 27.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 22.42 0 3 4 2 0 0 1 4.61 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 97.1-97.00 97-107 10 Ib dark soil 2 sed/metasedamentary? 7 91 104 111.26 22 6.48 0 0 16 6 71 86.93 1 10 33 31 2 5.78 3 6.56 0 2 1 0 6 5.51 0 0 97.1-97.00 97-107 10 Ib tool fragments 90 202 72.38 84 4.38 0 2 59 23 114 56.91 2 8 46 58 0 0 3 10.92 0 1 0 2 1 0.17 0 0 X 97.1-97.00 97-107 10 Ib 1/8" 104 20 22.63 1 0.13 0 0 1 0 17 9.41 0 2 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13.09 0 0 97.00-96.9 107-117 11 Ib dark soil 105 167 50 103 12 2 X 97.00-96.9 107-117 11 Ib Missing, 1/8" 5 tool fragments, some heat 106 139 281.99 23 6.68 1 1 18 3 104 188.53 4 14 29 57 0 0 11 85.18 2 5 3 1 1 1.6 0 0 97.00-96.9 107-117 11 Ib damage 4 tool fragments, 2 meta?, one 160 149 214.93 15 2.5 0 0 12 3 126 187.47 6 12 43 65 2 5.08 6 19.88 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 96.9-96.8 117-127 12 Ib secondary petrified wood fragment 173 161 418.7 17 2.17 1 2 11 3 140 206.34 4 18 35 82 2 5.99 14 204.2 0 7 5 2 0 0 0 0 96.8-96.7 127-137 13 Ia bags a & b 189 153 248.13 14 3.27 0 0 10 4 115 156.08 3 16 36 60 0 0 21 83.14 1 5 5 9 4 5.64 0 0 96.7-96.6 137-147 14 Ia one nonartifact potlidding on many flakes, 200 175 244.64 13 1.5 0 0 11 2 140 168.44 3 9 62 66 6 7.45 13 53.18 1 5 6 1 3 14.07 0 0 96.6-96.5 147-157 15 Ia greenish obsidian, 5 shale

401

Appendix E. Metric Data for Debitage from Unit 100N/106E.

Lot

(g)

weight - weight weight - Number -

weight primary secondary tertiary fragment weight primary secondary tertiary fragment weight primary secondary tertiary fragment ------

- - - - - Debitage Debitage Catalog Number Total Total weight Obsidian Obs Obs Obs Obs Obs CCS CCS CCS CCS CCS CCS Metasedamentary Meta CVR CVR CVR CVR CVR CVR Quartz Quartz Other Other 1/8" screen Elevation (mbd) Depth (cmbs) Level Component Comments fragments were not artifacts, OH sample 93-29-11 1 tool, potlidding, 3 quartz 220 140 232.71 9 1.36 0 0 7 2 108 134.68 6 4 29 64 0 0 22 85.17 0 6 9 7 1 11.5 0 0 96.5-96.4 157-167 16 Ia nonartifacts 5 ccs tools, 1 obs tool; 4 non- 224 122 247.99 5 0.61 0 0 5 0 99 155.96 3 14 38 44 1 0.52 16 90.82 2 8 4 2 1 0.08 0 0 96.4-96.3 167-177 17 Ia artifacts (2 quartz, 2 shale); bags a & b, OH samples 93-29- 239 110 281.86 5 0.95 0 0 3 2 77 75.63 4 7 29 37 0 0 17 205.28 2 4 5 6 2 2.22 0 0 96.3-96.2 177-187 18 Ia 6, 93-29-5, 9 non-cultural quartz bags a & b, obsidian are biface 252 103 484.15 4 0.48 0 0 3 1 76 145.06 0 8 25 43 0 0 20 338.61 3 8 4 5 0 0 0 0 96.2-96.1 187-197 19 Ia thinning, 3 non-cultural quartz fragments, 1 non-cultural shale one very large CVR flake, 3 non- 260 51 217.23 1 0.01 0 0 0 1 46 78.4 1 1 16 28 0 0 4 138.82 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 96.1-95.9 197-217 20 Ia cultural shale fragments 1 CCS flake tool frag, straight. 1 265 16 20.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 11.46 0 0 7 8 0 0 1 8.66 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 95.9-95.7 217-237 21 Ia non-flake 271 9 7.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5.22 0 0 3 4 0 0 1 1.79 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 95.7-95.5 237-257 22 Ia 1 non-cultural quartz fragment 273 4 5 1 0.38 0 0 1 0 3 4.62 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95.5-95.3 257-277 23 Ia bedrock 279 2 1.84 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.84 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95.3-95.1 277-297 24 Ia bedrock

402