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American Anthropological Association Supplement to AMERICAN AN'rHROPOLOGIST, Volume 39o. 2 NTTh1BER 47 1937 MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION IN OREGON BY JOEL V. BERREMAN PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION MENASHA, WIS., U.S.A. Entered as second class matter at Menasha, Wis. Accorded the special rate of postage provided for in Paragraph 4, Section 429 P. L. & R., authorized August 22, 1922. Issued quarterly during the months o January, April, July, and October. Printed by George Banta Publishing Company, 450 Ahnaip Street, Menasha, Wisconsin. Subscription only by membershipin American Anthropological Association (annual dues $6.00). OFFICERS of the AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION President: NELS C. NELSON, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y. First Vice-President (1937).' MATTHEW W. STIRLING, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C. Second Vice-President (1937-38): EDWARD SAPIR, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Third Vice-President (1937-39): DIAMOND JENNESS, Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Canada. Fourth Vice-President (1937-40): JOHN M. COOPER, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. Secretary: FRANK M. SETZLER, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Treasurer: CORNELIUS OSGooD, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven,onn. Editor: LESLIE SPIER, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Associate Editors: M. J. HERSKOVITS, Northwestern University, Evanston, III.; CORNELIUS OSGOOD, Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; F. H. H. ROBERTS, JR., Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D.C.; FRANK G. SPECK, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Executive Committee: The President, Secretary, Treasurer, Editor (ex officio), and HER- BERT J. SPINDEN, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, N.Y.; A. M. TOZZER, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; JOHN M. COOPER, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. The Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association are printed by the George Banta Publishing Company, 450-454 Ahnaip Street, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 1 Issued at irregular intervals. Subscription only by membership in the American Anthropological Association (annual dues, $6.00); includes the MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL AssocwrloN as issued and the quarterly issues of the American Anthrolopogist Manuscripts and editorial matter should be sent to the editor, Dr. Leslie Spier Subscriptions and orders for back numbers should be sent to the treasurer, Dr. Cornelius Osgood 'U NUMBER 47 1937 MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION IN OREGON BY JOEL V. BERREMAN PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION MENASHA, WIS., U.S.A. LESLIE SPIER, Editor MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, CORNELIUS OSGOOD, F. H. H. ROBERTS, JR., AND FRANK SPECK, Associate Editors FOREWORD This paper was first completed in the summer of 1933 at the University of Oregon and submitted to the faculty of the graduate school of that institution as a master's thesis. Since that time it has been revised in part on the basis of some further study undertaken at Stanford University, and a few valuable corrective notes and additions furnished by Melville Jacobs, Leslie Spier, and George Peter Murdock, based on recent unpublished studies. The writer is deeply indebted to Dr L. S. Cressman, under whose ditection the original thesis was prepared, for his advice and criticism as well as for the use of his unpublished material on the distribution of petroglyphs in Oregon. He wishes also to express his gratitude to Dr Melville Jacobs, Dr A. L. Kroeber, and Dr Leslie Spier for reading the manuscript; and to Dr C. N. Reynolds for constant counsel in the revision of the paper and its preparation for publication. Without the recommenda- tion and encouragement of these men the writer should not have had the temerity to offer this paper for publication. J. V. B. STANFOIm UNIvERsITY March 12, 1937 3 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 3 INTRODUCTION 7 Nature of the Problem 7 Importance of the Problem 8 Sources of Data 8 Method of Study 10 THE COLUMBIA RIvER AND WILLAMETTE VALLEY TRIBES 13 Chinookan Tribes 13 Clatsop 15 Kathiamet 15 Skilloot 16 Multnomah 16 Willamette Fal]s 17 Clackamas 17 Cascade Indians 18 Hood River 19 Wasco 19 Caapuyan Tribes 20 Tualati 21 Yamhill 21 Luckiamute 21 Mary's River 22 Long Tom Creek 22 Calapuya 22 Yoncalla 23 Santiam 23 Pudding River 23 Clatskanie 24 Summary 24 SOUTHWESTERN OREGON TRIBES 26 Hokan 26 Shasta 26 Karok 27 Takelman 27 Upland Takelma 27 Lowland Takelma 27 Athapascan 28 Galice Creek and Applegate Creek 29 Shasta Costa 29 Upper Coquille 29 Upper Tjmpqua 30 Tolowa 30 Chetco 30 Tututni 31 Summary 33 5 Page NORTH COAST TRIBES 35 Kusan 35 Lower Coquille 36 Coos 36 Siuslawan 36 Lower Umpqua 36 Siuslaw 37 Yakonan 37 Alsea 37 Yaquina 37 Coast Salish 37 Siletz 39 Tillamook 39 Summary 40 EASTERN OREGON BEFORE 1750 41 Salish Tribes 41 Nekutameux 41 Moses-Columbia 41 Sahaptin 42 Nez Percé 42 Kiamath 43 Modoc 43 Cayuse 44 Molalla 44 Other Sahaptin Tribes 46 Shoshonean Stock 47 Northern Paiute 51 Summary 53 TRIBAL MOVEMENTS AND FINAL DISTRIBUTION 55 Tribal Movements 55 Final Distribution 61 Cayuse 61 Umatilla 62 Lohim 62 Warm Springs 62 Wasco 63 Snake 63 Bannock 63 Molalla 63 Summary 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Tribal distribution in Oregon about 1750 14 Final tribal distribution in Oregon about 1840-50 57 6 TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION IN OREGON INTRODUCTION NATURE OF THE PROBLEM purpose of this study is to define in so far as possible the tribal THEdistribution of the aboriginal inhabitants of the state of Oregon pre- vious to the disturbing influences of exploration and settlement by the whites. The problem involved is a complicated one because our knowledge of the native peoples of Oregon is, with few exceptions, notoriously chaotic. This is true in regard to their ethnography as well as the identity of tribal groups and the areas they occupied. The reasons for this lie in the early movements of tribes, particularly in the eastern part of the state, the early extermination of many tribes by epidemics and wars, and the fact that the rich field here offered to the student of archaeology and ethnology has been largely neglected. The movements of tribes in eastern Oregon began before the arrival of the first explorers in the region, probably as early as 1750. These move- ments seem to have been intimately related to the early spread of the horse as an element of culture, particularly among the Shoshonean tribes of the northern and western plains, who were thus able successfully to invade large areas occupied by neighboring tribes. The consequent move- ments brought about the early displacement of tribes throughout the greater part of eastern Oregon, and its effects were felt also in the Columbia and Willamette Valleys, creating thereby an endless confusion of tribes and a relatively constant shifting during the period of colonization and ex- ploration. The epidemics referred to began to ravage the country after the first white contacts on the lower Columbia, at least as early as 1800. They were particularly disastrous in the next thirty years, in which time whole tribes seem to have completely disappeared, and the native population was reduced to a small fraction of its former numbers. It hardly need be pointed out that this disaster to the Indians was little less than catas- trophic also for the student who would reconstruct the culture and geo- graphic arrangement of these tribes. By the time any systematic ethno- logical work was undertaken on the Pacific coast, Oregon presented a most barren field for study as compared with California and western Canada, which have consequently received the major share of attention. Archaeology has been so slightly developed in this region that it has as yet but little to offer. Our problem thus becomes one of gleaning bits of information from 7 8 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [MEMoIRs, 47 many scattered and varied sources, evaluating their reliability, and cor- relating them as far as possible with one another. In spite of some few excellent and valuable ethnographic studies, the record is incomplete and many problems of tribal identity and areas of occupation must remain at present unsolved. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM The evidence seems to indicate that the earliest occupation of the American continent was on the northwest coast, and that the direction of early migration was south along that region. Oregon thus falls within the path of these early movements. Moreover, the existence here of numerous distinct and apparently unrelated languages may indicate a relatively long continued and undisturbed occupation of the area by these linguistic stocks. Researches in the archaeology of California and British Columbia, and the little that has recently been done in Oregon, would indicate a culture of considerable antiquity. Oregon, therefore, presents a regrettable gap in our knowledge of the prehistory of the continent. Much of the loss is of course irretrievable, but the field of archaeology is virtually untouched, and promises to yield valuable data bearing upon the problems involved. It seems that such a study as this one is a desirable preliminary step to- ward a systematic exploitation of the field. Aside from satisfying a certain popular interest in the prehistory of the state, it is hoped that it will con- tribute to further researches in the field, and through them to the wider problems of anthropology and history. SOURCES OF DATA There are two types of primary source material bearing upon the prob- lem at hand; the one historical, and the other anthropological. The most valuable of the historical material consists of the journals of Lewis and Clark, of the Wilkes expedition, andsome early fur trade literature. Comparatively little is to be obtained from later travelers, missionaries, and settlers, because of the fragmentary and unreliable nature of their reports, as well as the fact that tribal distribution was largely disturbed before they reached the country.
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