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336 Florida state horticultural society,

LITERATURE AND PERSONS CITED . The Garden Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pages 44-46, Mar, /Apr. 1. Barrett,O. W. 1928. The Tropical . The Mac- 6. Ruehle, G. D. 1958. Miscellaneous Tropical and Sub millan Co., New York. tropical Florida . Bulletin 156A. Agricultural Ex 2. Campbell, C. W. 1965. Sub-Tropical Experiment tension Service, Gainesville, Florida. Station. Unpublished correspondence. 7. Whitman and Biebel. 1962. Rare Council Ac 3. Popenoe, W. 1920. Manual of Tropical andSub tivities 1961-62. Fla. State Hort. Society, Vol. 75. tropical Fruits. The Macmillan Co., New York. 4. Popenoe, W. 1954. Unpublished correspondence. 5. Popenoe, W. 1965. Interesting Indigenous Fruits of

THE ( heterophyllus Lam.):* ITS CULTURE, VARIETIES AND UTILIZATION

Julia F. Morton appearance in Florida, presumably imported by the Reasoner nursery from Ceylon (30). The The jackfruit (also known as jack or jak) is Department of Agriculture's an excellent example of a prized in some Report on the Conditions of Tropical and Semi- areas of the world and allowed to go to waste in tropical Fruits in the United States in 1887 others. Where it is truly superfluous in the pres states: "There are but few specimens in the ence of an abundance of popular fruits, as in State. Mr. Bidwell, at Orlando, has a healthy South Florida, its neglect is reasonable; but in young , which was killed back to the ground, other warm regions, wherever there is a need for however, by the freeze of 1886" (54). There are nutriment or variety in the , knowledge of its today less than a dozen bearing jackfruit in preparation and products can enlarge its accept South Florida and these are valued mainly as ability and economic value. As a source of fine curiosities. Many have been planted over timber alsSfthe tree deserves consideration by the years but few seedlings have survived, foresters in Tropical America. 0. W. Barrett though thejackfruit is hardier than its close wrote in 1928; "The jaks ... are such large and relative, the . interesting fruits and the trees so well-behaved that itis difficult to explain the general lack of knowledge concerning them" (3). Description No one knows the jackfruit's place of origin The tree is handsome and stately, 30 to 70 ft. but it is believed indigenous to the of tall (6Q)f with glossy, somewhat leathery (40) the (36). It is cultivated at ele to 9 in. long (19), oval on mature wood, vations below 4,500 ft. throughout , Burma, sometimes oblong or deeply lobed on young shoots Ceylon, Malaya, southern and the East (46). All parts contain a sticky, white . Indies and to a limited extent in Queensland, Short, stout flowering twigs emerge from the , and Mauritius. In Africa, it is often trunk and large branches, or even from the soil- planted in Kenya, Uganda and former Zanzibar covered base of very old trees. The tree is mono but is unsuccessful in Nyasaland. Though ecious: tiny male fllowers are borne in oblong planted in Hawaii prior to 1888 (26), it is still clusters 2 to 4 in. in length; the female rare there and in other Pacific islands (46) as it clusters are elliptic or rounded (40). Largest of is in most of tropical America and the West all tree-borne fruits, the jackfruit may be 8 in. Indies. It was introduced into northern (43) to 3 ft. long (46) and 6 in. to 20 in. wide in the mid-seventeenth century and is more popu (19) and the weight ranges from 10 to 40 lbs. or lar there and in Surinam than elsewhere in the more. Some are reported to attain as much as 100 New World. In 1782, from a captured or 110 lbs. (16) but Singh et al. gives 60 lbs. as French ship destined for Martinique were taken the maximum (64). Naik says "an individual to Jamaica (36) where the tree is now common, fruit weighing even up to 80 lbs.is not unknown" and about 100 years later thejackfruit made its (45). The "rind" or exterior of the compound or is green (53) or when *Syns.: A. integrifolius, A. integrifola, A. integer, A. integra, of various authors (36). ripe* (19) and composed of numerous hard, cone- lDirector, Morton Collectanea, University of Miami, Coral like points attached to a thick and rubbery, pale- Gables, Fla. MORTON: JACKFRUIT 33?

yellow or whitish wall. The interior consists of able odor, resembling that of decayed onions, large "bulbs" (fully developed ) of while the pulp of the opened fruit smells of yellow, -flavored flesh (constituting 25 to and banana. 40% of the fruit's weight) (38), massed among narrow ribbons of thin, tough undeveloped peri Propagation, Culture and Season anths (or perigones), and a central, pithy core. Each bulb encloses a smooth, oval, light-brown The tree flourishes in rich, deep, well-drained "" (endocarp) covered by a thin, white soil; will grow, but more slowly (64) and not as membrane (exocarp). The seed is % to Wz in. tall (31) in shallow limestone (67); is sensitive long and V2 to % in. thick and is white and to frost in its early life; cannot tolerate drought crisp within. There may be 100 or up to 500 or "wet feet" (64). If the touch water, the seeds in a single fruit (33). When fully ripe, the tree will not bear fruit or may die (28). It is unopened jackfruit emits a strong and disagree a fairly rapid grower, reaching 58 ft. in height

thC °1?eS*f jackfr«it trees in Fl<»»da, planted by the late W. A. Hobbs who settled in Grove min 1896.lRQfi e many fruits on the upper branches as well as these within easy reach when this picture was taken in August, 1960. —Photo by Julia Morton 338 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1965 and 28 in. in girth in 20 years in Ceylon (67). It ripening and improve flavor (29). After harvest is said to live as long as 100 years (25). However, ing, the fruiting twigs should be cut back to the in , it is recommended that alternate trunk or branch to induce flowering the next sea rows be planted every 10 years so that 20-year- son (33). In the Cachar district of Assam, pro old trees may be routinely removed from the plan duction of female is stimulated by slash tation and replaced by a new generation (50). ing the tree with a hatchet, the shoots emerging Propagation is usually by seeds which can be from the wounds; and branches are lopped every kept no longer than a month before planting (25). 3 or 4 years to maintain fruitfulness (29). Horti Germination requires 3 to 8 weeks but is expe culturists in Madras have found that hand- dited by soaking seeds in water for 24 hrs. They pollination produces fruits with more of the may be sown in situ or may be nursery-germinat fully developed bulbs than does normal wind- ed and moved when no more than 4 leaves have pollination (56). Little attention has yet been appeared (33). A more advanced seedling, with given to the tree's fertilizer requirements (64). its long and delicate tap , is very difficult to transplant successfully. Seedling jackfruit trees Pests and Diseases in general may take from 4 to 14 years to bear Principal insect pests are the shoot-borer and their fruits are highly variable. Budding and caterpillar, mealy bug and jack scale (64). attempts have been mostly unsuccessful Others are the stem and fruit borer (Margaronia (45) though Ochse considers the modified Fork- caecalis) ; brown weevil (Ochyromera artocarpio) ert method of budding feasible (47). Inarching (29) ; the beetle, Batocera rufomaculata; and has been practiced and advocated but presents the larvae of the moth, Perina nuda (29). the same problem of transplanting after separa Diseases, which are of minor importance, include tion from the scion-parent. To avoid this and pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor) (48), yet achieve consistently early bearing (at about stem rot, fruit rot and male rot 4 1/2 years in most varieties) of fruits of known (64) caused by Rhizopus artoca/rpi, and brown quality, air-layers produced with the aid of spot due to Phomopsis artocarpina (33). .025% Seradix A or .025% alphanaphthalene acetic acid, are now being distributed in India (62). In Florida, cuttings of young wood have Varieties been rooted under mist. Some have soft flesh, considered too In plantations, trees are set 40 ft. apart (64). mushy, sweet and insipid when ripe; those of Young plantings require protection from sun- another type have firm or crisp flesh and more scald and from grazing animals, hares, deer, etc. pronounced flavor; and there -is a small-fruited (29, 67). Seeds in the field may be eaten by rats variety called Rudrakshi with a relatively smooth (76). Firminger describes the quaint practice of rind and flesh of inferior quality (64). Macmillan raising a young seedling in a 3- to 4-ft. identifies the two principal types of Ceylon as tube, then bending over and coiling the pliant the Waraka, with a firm rind, and the less sweet stem beneath the soil, with only the tip showing. Vela with a soft rind, and adds that the Peni- In 5 years, such a is said to produce large waraka, or jak, has sweet pulp; the Kuru- and fine fruits on the spiral underground (31). waraka has small, rounded fruits (41). Drury and In , the whole fruit is buried, the others acclaim the honey jak as the sweetest and many seedlings which spring up are bound to best (28, 30).* The Vela predominates in the gether with straw and they gradually fuse into West Indies (3). Firminger describes two one tree which bears in 6 to 7 years (28). types, the Khuja, green, hard and smooth, In Asia, jackfruits ripen principally from with juicy pulp and small seeds; the Ghila, rough, March to June, April to September, or June to soft, with thin pulp, not very juicy, and large August, depending on the climatic region (45), seeds (31). Dutta says Khujja or Karcha has with some off-season crops from September to pale-brown or occasionally pale-green rind, and December (64), or a few fruits at other times

of the year (45). In the West Indies, I have seen *Dr. David Fairchild, writing of this variety in Ceylon, many ripening in June; in Florida the season is describes the rind as dark-green in contrast to the golden- yellow pulp when cut open for eating (30) but the fruits of late summer and fall. In Jamaica, an "X" is his own tree in Coconut Grove and those of the Matheson tree which he maintained were honey jacks are definitely sometimes cut in the apex of the fruit to speed yellow when ripe. MORTON: JACKFRUIT 339 pulp as hard as an apple; Ghila or Ghula is usu the hands (44). The equivalent types in Thailand ally light-green, occasionally brownish, and has are known as Kanoon Nang and Kanoon Lamood soft pulp, sweet or acidulously sweet. He de (50). The Singapore or Ceylon jack, a remark scribes 8 varieties, only one with a name. This is ably early bearer producing fruit in 18 months to Hazari, similar to Rudrakshi, above (29). In the 2 1/2 years (33, 45) from transplanting, was be Wealth of India, it is stated that there are "two ing set out extensively in India in 1949 (45). In common varieties: Kapa and Barka; the former 1961, the Horticultural Research Institute at has a sweet fleshy and crisp pericarp [], Saharanpur reported the acquisition of air- and the latter, which is considered inferior, has layered plants of the excellent varieties Safeda, a thin mucilaginous and sour pericarp [perianth]. Khaja, Bhusila, Bhadaiyan and Handia and Several variations occur within these two types" others. In Assam, nurserymen have given names (74). These are apparently the same two types such as Mammoth, Everbearer, and Rose-scented cited by Munshi: Kapiya, which must be cut with to preferred types (29). If the last of the three a knife; Berka, which can be broken open with names can be taken literally, this variety should 340 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1965 be worthy of introduction. It is often stated that mentally canned in brine (5) or with (38). any jackfruits grown above 4,000 ft. are poor and It may also be dried and kept in tins for a year usable only for (45). (6). Tender young fruits may be pickled (53), with or without (6, 38). If the jackfruit is allowed to ripen, the bulbs Status and seeds may be extracted outdoors; or, if in In , the jackfruit is a popular food doors, the odorous residue should be removed ranking next to the and banana in total from the kitchen at once. The bulbs may then be annual production (33). There are more than enjoyed raw or cooked (with or 100,000 trees in backyards and grown for shade otherwise), preserved as chutney (8), jam (7), in areca palm, coffee, pepper and cardamon plan paste (71) or "leather", or "papad" (5), or tations (64). The total area planted to jackfruit canned in sirup made with or honey (7) in all India is calculated at 63,130 acres (62). with citric acid added (38). The canned product is Each tree may bear from 20 to 250 fruits per more attractive than the fresh pulp and is some year (64), or even, as Dutta says, a fully mature times called " meat" (14). The ripe tree may produce as many as 500 (29). Govern bulbs are mechanically pulped to make jackfruit ment horticulturists are promoting the planting nectar (38) or reduced to concentrate or powder of far more jackfruit trees along highways, (10). If the bulbs are boiled in milk, the latter waterways and railroads to add to the country's when drained off and cooled will congeal and form a pleasant, -colore.d custard (31). A food supply. There are 11,000 acres planted to jackfruit in delicious is made from jackfruit in Ceylon, mainly for timber, with the fruit a Brazil (30). By a method patented in India (38), much-appreciated by-product (67). Away from the ripe bulbs may be dried, fried in oil and the Far East, the. jackfruit has never gained the salted for eating like potato chips (64). Candied acceptance accorded the breadfruit (except in jackfruit pulp in one-pound boxes was being marketed in Brazil in 1917 (27). Improved meth settlements of people of East Indian origin). ods of preserving and candying jackfruit pulp This is due largely to the odor of the ripe fruit have been devised at the Central Food Techno (73) which in some countries is fed to cattle. logical Research Institute, Mysore, India (8). Even in India there is some resistance to the The bulbs, fermented and distilled, produce a jackfruit, attributed to the belief that overindul potent liquor (39, 73). gence in it causes digestive ailments (64). Burk- ill declares that it is the raw, unripe fruit that The seeds, which appeal to all tastes (4), is astringent and indigestible (16). The ripe may be boiled or roasted (5) and eaten, or boiled fruit is somewhat ; if eaten in excess and preserved in sirup like (64). They will cause diarrhea (53). have also been successfully canned in brine, in curry, and. like baked beans, in tomato sauce (9). They are often included in curried dishes. Culinary Uses Roasted, dried seeds are ground to make a (5, 64) which is blended with wheat flour for Westerners generally will find the jackfruit baking (38). Raw jackfruit seeds are indigestible most acceptable in the full-grown but unripe due to the presence of a powerful trypsin inhibi stage, when it has no objectionable odor (71) and tor. This element is destroyed by boiling or bak excels cooked green breadfruit and plantain. The ing (58). fruit at this time is simply cut into large chunks for cooking, the only handicap being its copious Where large quantities of jackfruit are avail gummy latex which accumulates on the knife and able, it is worthwhile to utilize the inedible the hands unless they are first rubbed with salad portion, and the rind has been found to yield a oil (38). The chunks are boiled in lightly salted fair jelly with citric acid (60). A pectin extract water until tender, when the really delicious flesh can be made from the , undeveloped peri is cut from the rind and served as a vegetable, anths and core (35) or just from the inner rind; including the seeds which, if thoroughly cooked, and also a sirup usable for tobacco curing (12). are mealy and agreeable. The latex clinging to Tender jackfruit leaves and young male flower the pot may be removed by rubbing with oil. clusters may be cooked and served as The flesh of the unripe fruit has been experi (22,46). MORTON: JACKFRUIT 341

Storage and Freezing perature (75 to 80° F.) (13), with only 3% loss of B-carotene (59). When frozen, the canned Jackfruits turn brown and deteriorate quickly pulp keeps well for two years (7). after ripening (71). Cold storage trials indicate that ripe fruits can be kept for 3 to 6 weeks at 52 to 55° F. and relative humidity of 85 to 95%. Food Value Ripe bulbs, sliced and packed in sirup with added FRUIT PULP: The following composition is citric acid and frozen, retain good color, flavor reported by Watt, Merrill et al. for 100 grams of and texture for one year (61). Canned jackfruit edible portion: water, 72.0%; , 98 cal retains good quality for 63 weeks at room tem ories; , 1.3 g.; , .3 g.; :

Figure 3.--A whole jackfruit, weighing: 9% lbs., and a quarter cut from another which weighed 13V4 lbs from Dr Daivid Fairchild's tree at the Kampong, Coconut Grove, July, 1956. At the lower right are two "bulbs'' one with th™ un dev

total, 25.4 g., fiber, 1.0 g.; ash, 1.0 g.; calcium, 22 calcium as CaO, 0.13%; iron as Fe203, 0.005%. mg.; , 38 ing.; sodium, 2 mg.; potas Ash: phosphorous as P2O5, 18.24%; calcium as sium, 407 mg.; , .03 mg.; niacin, 4 mg.; CaO, 4.39%; iron as F2O3, 0.17% (15). ascorbic acid, 8 mg. (72).

SEEDS: The seeds are high in starch, low in Sundry Uses calcium and iron (53). Brown shows the com position as follows: Fresh: moisture, 57.77%; Jackfruit rind is a good stock feed (64), as ash, 1.25%; phosphorus as P2O5, 0.23%; calcium are the leaves (22) which are said to be fatten as CaO, 0.55%; iron as Fe2O3, 0.002%. Oven- ing (28). In India, the leaves are used as food dried: ash, 2.96%; phosphorus as P2O5, 0.54%; wrappers in cooking (45) and they are also

Figure 4.—The sticky, white latex drips freely from the freshly cut stem of the jackfruit. —Photo by Julia Morton MORTON: JACKFRUIT 343 fastened together for use as plates (64). The contains the colorless cycmomaclurin (25), and latex serves as birdlime (34), alone or mixed a new yellow coloring matter, artocavpin was with Ficus and oil from Schleichera trijuga reported by workers in Bombay in 1955 (25). (22). The heated latex is employed as a house Flavones and other constituents have been iso hold cement (22) for mending chinaware (53) lated by Dave and co-workers in Poona (23, 24, and earthenware (64) and to caulk boats (29) 25). There is only 3.3% in the bark (74), and holes in buckets (64). The chemical con which is occasionally made into cordage or stituents of the latex have been reported in cloth (53). Manila (70). It is not a substitute for rubber but contains 82.6 to 86.4% which may have REFERENCES value in (74). Its bacteriolytic activity 1. Alston, A.H.G. 1938. The Kandy Flora. Ceylon Gov is equal to that of papaya latex (57). Dried jack- ernment Press, Colombo, p. 35. fruit latex yields artostenone, convertible t o 2. Baker, M. F. 1956. Common Exotic Trees of South Florida. Univ. of Fla. Press, Gainesville, pp. 233-234. artosterone, a compound with marked androgonic 3. Barrett, O. W. 1928. The Tropical Crops. The Mac- millan Co., N.Y. pp. 199-200. action (74). Mixed with vinegar, the latex pro 4. Benthall, A. P. 1946. Trees of Calcutta and Its Neighborhood. Thacker Spink & Co. (1933) Ltd., Calcutta motes healing of abscesses, snakebite and reduces pp. 399-401. glandular swellings. The root is a remedy for 5. Bhatia, B. S. and G. Lai. 1956. Development of Products from Jack Fruit: PL VI. Canned Green Jack skin diseases and asthma (53). An extract of the Fruit in Brine and in Curry. Indian Food Packer 10(8) : 7-8. roots is taken for fevers (16) and diarrhea 6. Bhatia, B. S. and G. Lai. 1956. Development of (12). The ash of jackfruit leaves, burned with Products from Jack Fruit: Pt. VII. Dried Green Jack Fruit and Jack Pickle. Indian Food Packer 10(9) : 13-14. corn and coconut shells (16), is used alone or 7. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa and G. Lai. 1955. De velopment of Products from Jack Fruit. Pt. I. Canned Jack mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers (53). The Fruit; Frozen Canned Jack Fruit and Jack Fruit Jam. bark is made into poultices, heated leaves are Indian Food Packer 9(9) : 8-12. 8. Bahtia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa and G. Lai. 1955. De placed on wounds. The wood has a sedative velopment of Products from Jack Fruit: Pt. II. Jack Fruit Preserve, Candy, Chutney and Dried Bulbs. Indian Food property; its pith is said to produce abortion Packer 9(11) : 7-9. (16). The seed starch is given for biliousness 9. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa, and G. Lai, 1956. De velopment of Products from Jack Fruit: Pt. III. Canned and the roasted seeds are regarded as aphro Jack Seeds in Brine, Tomato Sauce and Curry. Indian Food Packer 10(1): 9-10, 12. disiac (39, 53). 10. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa and G. Lai. 1956. Development of Products from Jack Fruit. Pt. IV. Jack Fruit Concentrate, Powder, Pulp, and Squash. Indian Timber Food Packer 10(6) : 11-12, 18. 11. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa, and G. Lai. 1956. Development of Products from Jack Fruit: Pt. V. Dried Jackwood is an important timber in Ceylon, Jack Seeds and Flower, Roasted and Jack "Papad" ("Papar"). Indian Food Packer 10(7) : 9. and to a lesser extent in India; some is exported 12. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa and G. Lai. 1960 Preparation of Pectin, Pectin Extract and Syrup from Jack to Europe (34). It changes with age from Fruit Rind. Food Sci. 9(12) : 421. orange or yellow to brown (74) or dark-red, 13. Bhatia, B. S., G. S. Siddappa and G. Lai. 1956. Some Physico-chemical Changes in Canned Jack-fruit Du weighs 33-44 lbs. per cu. ft. (34), is termite- ring Storage. J. Sci. & Indus. Res. 15C(4): 91-95. proof (34, 78), fairly resistant to fungal and 14. Bhutiani, R. C, Editor and Compiler. 1956. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation in India. Cent. Food bacterial decay (25), seasons without difficulty Tech. Res. Inst., Mysore, p. 52. 15. Brown, W. H. 1951. Useful Plants of the Philip (74), resembles mahogany (55) and is superior . Vol. 1. Tech. Bui. 10. Phil. Dept. Ag. & Nat. Res., Manila, pp. 463-467. to (34) for furniture, construction, turnery, 16. Burkill, I. H. 1935. Dictionary of the Economic masts, oars, implements (22), brush backs and Products of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 1. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, pp. 253-256. musical instruments (74). Palaces were built of 17. 1951. Ceylon Jack Fruit Can be Grown in India. Indian Food Packer 5 (12): 17-18. jack wood in and Macassar and the limited 18. Cook, O. F. and G. N. Collins. 1903. Economic supply was once reserved for temples in Indo- Plants of Rico. U. S. Nat'l Mus., Smith, Inst., Washington, p. 86. China (16). Its strength is 75 to 80% that of 19. Corner, E. J. H. 1951. Wayside Trees of Malaya. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Gov't. Ptg. Off., Singapore, pp. 654-655. teak (74). Though sharp tools are needed to 20. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1960. achieve a smooth surface (34), it polishes beau Progress Reports. J. Sci. & Indus. Res. 19A(6) : 293. 21. Dahlgren, B. E. Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. tifully (40). Roots of old trees are greatly prized 1947. Pop. Ser. Bot. 26. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago, p. 7. for carving and picture-framing (22, 28). From 22. Dastur, J. F. 1951. Useful Plants of India and the sawdust of jackwood or chips of the heart- Pakistan. 2nd ed. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Ltd., Bombay, p. 36. wood, boiled with alum, there is derived a rich 23. Dave, K. G., R. Mani and K. Venkataraman. 1961. The Colouring Matters of the Wood of Artocarpus inte- yellow dye commonly used for dyeing silk and grifolia. Pt. III. Constitution of Artocarpin and Synthesis of Tetrahydroartocarpin Dimethyl Ether. J. Sci. &. Indus. the cotton robes of Buddhist priests (22, 74). Res. 20B (3) : 112-121. Besides the yellow colorant, morin, the wood 24. Dave, K. G., S. A. Telang and K. Venkataraman. 1960. The Colouring Matters of the Wood of Artocarpus 344 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1965

integrif olia: Pt. II. Artocarpetin, a New Flavone, and Arto- 52. Popenoe, W. 1920 (reprinted 1938) Manual of carpanone, a New Flavanone. J. Sci. & Indus. Res. 19B Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. The Macmillan Co., N.Y. (12) : 470-476. pp. 414-419. 25. Dave, K. G. and K. Venkataraman. 1956. The 53. Quisumbing, E. 1951. Medicinal Plants of the Philip Colouring Matters of the Wood of Artocarpus integrif olia: pines. Tech. Bui. 16. Phil. Dept. Ag. & Nat. Res., Manila, Pt. I. Artocarpin. J. Sci. & Indus. Res. 15B (4) : 183-190. pp. 228-230. 26. Degener, O. 1946. Flora Hawaiiensis, 2nd ed. 54. 1891. Report on the Condition of Tropical and Semi- Author, Riverdale, N.Y. Fam. No. 96 (2 pp.) tropical Fruits in the U. S. in 1887. Bui. 1. U.S.D.A. Div. 27. Dorsett, P. H., A. D. Shamel and W. Popenoe. 1917. of Pomology, Washington, p. 51. Navel Orange of Bahia, with Notes on Some Little-known 55. Roxburgh, W. 1874. Flora Indica. Thacker Spink & Brazilian Fruits. Bui. 445. U.S.D.A. Bur. PI. Indus., Wash Co., Calcutta, pp. 633-634. ington, p. 19. 56. Sambamurty, K. and V. Ramalingam. 1954. Pre 28. Drury, H. 1873. The Useful Plants of India. 2nd liminary Studies in Blossom Biology of the Jack (Arto- ed. Wm. H. Allen &. Co., London, pp. 54-55. corpus heterophyllus Lam.) and Pollination Effects. Indian 29. Dutta, S. 1956. Cultivation of Jack Fruit in Assam. J. Hort. 11(1): 24-27. Indian J. Hort. 13(4) : 189-197. 57. Shukla, O. P. and C. R. Krishna Murti. 1961. 30. Fairchild, D. 1946. The Jack Fruit (Artocarpus inte- Bacteriolytic Activity of Plant Latices. J. Sci. & Indus. Res. gra Merrill), Its Planting in Coconut Grove, Fla. Occ. 20C (7) : 225-226. Paper 16, Fairchild Trop. Gard., Coconut Grove, Fla. 14 pp. 58. Siddappa, G. S. 1957. Effect of Processing on the 31. Firminger, T. A. 1947. Firminger's Manual of Trypsin Inhibitor in Jack Fruit Seed (Artocarpus integri- Gardening for India. 8th ed. Thacker Spink & Co. (1933) folia). J. Sci. & Indus. Res. 16C(10) : 199-201. 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