DOCSLIB.ORG

Brazil Nuts Technical Information Brazil Nuts 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brazil Nuts Technical Information Brazil Nuts 1 Brazil Nuts Technical Information Brazil Nuts 1. General Information The Brazil nut, the edible seed of the Brazil nut tree, is a triangular nut 1which Brazil Nuts / General Information comes from the Amazonian rainforest. They are collected mainly by natives from wild trees in the forest since there are no economically viable plantations. Today the largest producer of Brazil nuts is Bolivia, representing about 75% of world total production, followed by Peru and Brazil. These nuts are consumed directly (raw, salted, roasted, etc.) or as an ingredient in chocolate and cereal bars, cakes or biscuits, as well as in a variety of recipes. The Brazil nut tree, Bertholletia excelsa, family Lecithidaceae, is one of the most important economic plants of the Amazonian forest due to its valuable edible seeds, commonly known as Brazil nuts. It is one of the tallest trees of the Amazon Basin’s tropical rainforest, reaching up to 50 m in height, and can reach an age of 1,000 years. Its straight cylindrical unbranched trunk has a rough gray-brown bark with S.A. © Tahuamanu longitudinal fissures and its canopy may have a diameter of 20-30 m. Nearly all Brazil nuts come from natural forests. They represent one of the most important non-timber forest products and have an important role in the preservation of the Amazonian rainforest. The nuts are an important source of income for the local communities, which depend directly or indirectly on the Brazil nut trade. Brazil nuts have a tender, rich and mild flavor and can be used for direct consumption, as a snack, or used as an ingredient in chocolate bars, cakes or biscuits. © Tahuamanu S.A. © Tahuamanu Brazil Nuts / 1. General Information Overview of Brazil Nut Production The Brazil nut is the most economically important plan product that is sustainably harvested in the Amazonian rainforest. Close to 70% of the world’s supply comes from the Pando region, an area that represents only 3% of the Amazon forest. On average, world Brazil nut production was 24,350 metric tons annually during the period 2013/14-2017/18. Bolivia, with 19,000 MT, accounted for 78% of world production, followed by Peru Main Brazil Nut Growing Areas. Source: INC (16% share) and Brazil (6% share). Seasons Brazil nuts are almost exclusively harvested in natural forests, making them one of the most important products of extractive reserves in Amazonia. Although some plantations have been developed, the production is still low and not economically viable. Brazil nut flowers during the dry season with the greatest intensity in October-December. Since Brazil nut trees are angiosperms, their flowers need to be pollinated by specific bees. Once the flower has been pollinated, the fruit takes 15 months to maturate, so the fruit starts to fall at the beginning of the rainy season (January - February). Southern Collecting Hemisphere Flowering Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec The chart shows the most common flowering and harvesting months in eastern Amazonia. However, as the Brazil nut flowers during the dry season, the fruit takes 15 months to maturate and falls during the wet season, flowering and collecting times vary depending on the area. The fruit of the Brazil nut tree is a large, round capsule (10-12 cm in both diameters), with a hard, woody capsule wall. Each fruit (pod) weighs 0.5-2.5 kg and contains 10-25 seeds, which have a hard shell and triangular shape (three-sided) of about 3.5-5 cm long and 2 cm wide. The outer woody casing is so hard that only one animal, the agouti, can crack it open with its sharp, chisel-like teeth. The survival of Brazil nut trees is dependent on bees, which help pollination, and agouti, which help the dispersal South American agouti. Wikimedia. Benard. Source: Author: Pierre S.A. © Tahuamanu of seeds. Sources: • Arrus, K., Blank, G., Clear, R., Holley, R. A., & Abramson, D. (2005). Microbiological and aflatoxin evaluation of Brazil nut pods and the effects of unit processing operations. Journal of food protection, 68(5), 1060-1065. • Clay, J. W., & Clement, C. R. (1993). Selected species and strategies to enhance income generation from Amazonian forests. Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. • Mori, S. A. (1992). The Brazil nut industry-past, present and future. Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products, 241-251. • Taitson B. (2007). Harvesting nuts improving lives in Brazil. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature). http://wwf.panda.org/?92320/Harvesting-nuts-improving-lives-in-Brazil Copyright © INC International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, August 2019. www.nutfruit.org Brazil Nuts 2. Products Brazil Nuts / Products The Brazil nut tree produces round pods with a hard, woody wall which contains2 10-25 angular seeds (nuts) protected by a hard shell. Brazil nuts are a great snack (raw or processed) and a good ingredient to complement pastries, salads, ice creams and yogurts. They are high in unsaturated fat, fiber, vitamin E, thiamin and minerals such as selenium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and manganese. They are also a source of calcium and iron. Brazil nuts are a delicious nut with a tender, rich and mild flavor. They can be consumed directly as a NUTRIENTS IN 100 g OF DRIED snack or in mixed-ingredient snacks without further UNBLANCHED BRAZIL NUTS processing, salting, sugaring, flavoring or roasting. Energy 659 kcal They also combine perfectly with confectionary and Proteins 14.32 g baked goods. Brazil nuts are easily adaptable to many Saturated fat 16.134 g different dishes. Monounsaturated fat 23.879 g Polyunsaturated fat 24.399 g Of all nuts, Brazil nuts contain the highest amount of Carbohydrate 11.74 g magnesium (376 mg/100 g). Moreover, they contain more selenium (1,917 µg /100 g) than any other food. Fiber 7.5 g In fact, a Brazil nut kernel (5 g) provides 95.8 µg of Calcium 160 mg selenium and the Recommended Dietary Allowance Selenium 1,917 µg (RDA) of selenium for both men and women is 55 µg/ Phosphorus 725 mg day (1,2). Magnesium 376 mg Zinc 4.06 mg When crushed, Brazil nuts produce a clear yellowish Potassium 659 mg oil which is attractive for culinary uses and for the Vitamin E 5.65 mg manufacture of soaps, shampoos, hair conditioning products, as well as for skin-care products, since it Thiamin 0.617 mg acts as a good moisturizer. Source: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference 1 Release April, 2018 Brazil Nuts / 2. Products Used as a Snack Examples of Brazil Nut Snacks Commercialized Raw Brazil nuts Brazil nuts in nut and dried fruit mixtures Chocolate-coated Brazil nuts Roasted and salted Brazil nuts Uses as an Ingredient Baked Goods Industry Brazil nuts are a good ingredient in bread, cookies, cakes and pastries. Confectionary Industry Brazil nuts are used as an ingredient in chocolates and chocolate bars. Recipes Salads, rice, vegetable dishes, smoothies. Spreads Brazil-nut butter. Uses as an Oil Oil Industry The oil made from Brazil nuts can be raw used or for cooking. Its nutty flavor and aroma are perfect for a variety of foods and recipes and make it great for drizzling on salads. Cosmetic The oil obtained from Brazil nuts can be used in cosmetic products such as moisturizing milk and shampoo. Sources: (1) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference 1 Release April, 2018. (2) U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Selenium Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225470/ Copyright © INC International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, August 2019. www.nutfruit.org Brazil Nuts 3. Varieties & Forms Brazil Nuts / Varieties & Forms Brazil Nuts / Varieties Brazil nuts are mainly marketed as shelled nuts. Due to their delicate 3buttery taste and smooth texture, they are excellent as a snack but can also be found chopped, in baked goods, salads and different recipes. 1. Whole Kernels: According to the UNECE Standard DDP-271, whole kernels can be sized as follows: Large size Size Code Kernels per kg Kernels per lb Large or Giants 176 - 242 80 - 110 Mediums 242 - 286 110 - 130 Smalls 308 - 352 140 - 160 Midgets 352 - 396 160 - 180 Medium size Tiny 396 - 484 180 - 220 1Organizations, such as the US Association of Food Industries Inc. (AFI), have developed industry standards available on the internet: AFI Specifications for Shelled Brazil Nuts. https://www.afius.org/AFI-Food-Standards Midget size Some applications: • Raw, roasted (salted or unsalted) and coated snacks. • Nut and dried fruit mixtures. Tiny size Pictures by courtesy of Tahuamanu S.A. Brazil Nuts / 3. Varieties & Forms 2. Pieces: Some applications: • Snacking • Baking • Cooking Brazil nut pieces 3. Flour/Meal: Some applications: • Baking • Cooking Brazil nut meal 4. Paste: Some applications: • Snacking • Baking 5. Oil: Some applications: • Cosmetic products: moisturizing milk, shampoo, etc. Sources: • UNECE STANDARD DDP-27 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of Brazil nut kernels, 2013 Edition. • Pictures by courtesy of Tahuamanu S.A. Copyright © INC International Nut and Dried Fruit Council, August 2019. www.nutfruit.org Brazil Nuts 4. Processing Brazil Nuts / Processing Brazil nuts are collected from the ground during the rainy season. Thus,4 it is important to pick them up as soon as possible in order to protect them from heat and humidity, which can jeopardize their quality. Residual pods from the former crop should never be mixed with pods from the present crop. Their transportation to the storage facility should be also completed as soon as possible. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROCESSING, PACKAGING, AND STORAGE PROCESSING Processing Brazil nuts into kernels comprises the following steps (Figure 1): cylinder pre-drying, sorting conveyor belt, in-shell size sorting, thermal shock (autoclave), drying, shelling, grading, oven drying, hand sorting/selection and packaging.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calophyllum Inophyllum L
    Calophyllum inophyllum L. Guttiferae poon, beach calophyllum LOCAL NAMES Bengali (sultanachampa,punnang,kathchampa); Burmese (ph’ông,ponnyet); English (oil nut tree,beauty leaf,Borneo mahogany,dilo oil tree,alexandrian laurel); Filipino (bitaog,palo maria); Hindi (surpunka,pinnai,undi,surpan,sultanachampa,polanga); Javanese (njamplung); Malay (bentagor bunga,penaga pudek,pegana laut); Sanskrit (punnaga,nagachampa); Sinhala (domba); Swahili (mtondoo,mtomondo); Tamil (punnai,punnagam,pinnay); Thai (saraphee neen,naowakan,krathing); Trade name (poon,beach calophyllum); Vietnamese (c[aa]y m[uf]u) Calophyllum inophyllum leaves and fruit (Zhou Guangyi) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION Calophyllum inophyllum is a medium-sized tree up to 25 m tall, sometimes as large as 35 m, with sticky latex either clear or opaque and white, cream or yellow; bole usually twisted or leaning, up to 150 cm in diameter, without buttresses. Outer bark often with characteristic diamond to boat- shaped fissures becoming confluent with age, smooth, often with a yellowish or ochre tint, inner bark usually thick, soft, firm, fibrous and laminated, pink to red, darkening to brownish on exposure. Crown evenly conical to narrowly hemispherical; twigs 4-angled and rounded, with plump terminal buds 4-9 mm long. Shade tree in park (Rafael T. Cadiz) Leaves elliptical, thick, smooth and polished, ovate, obovate or oblong (min. 5.5) 8-20 (max. 23) cm long, rounded to cuneate at base, rounded, retuse or subacute at apex with latex canals that are usually less prominent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary, racemose, usually unbranched but occasionally with 3-flowered branches, 5-15 (max. 30)-flowered. Flowers usually bisexual but sometimes functionally unisexual, sweetly scented, with perianth of 8 (max.
    [Show full text]
  • The Miracle Resource Eco-Link
    Since 1989 Eco-Link Linking Social, Economic, and Ecological Issues The Miracle Resource Volume 14, Number 1 In the children’s book “The Giving Tree” by Shel Silverstein the main character is shown to beneÞ t in several ways from the generosity of one tree. The tree is a source of recreation, commodities, and solace. In this parable of giving, one is impressed by the wealth that a simple tree has to offer people: shade, food, lumber, comfort. And if we look beyond the wealth of a single tree to the benefits that we derive from entire forests one cannot help but be impressed by the bounty unmatched by any other natural resource in the world. That’s why trees are called the miracle resource. The forest is a factory where trees manufacture wood using energy from the sun, water and nutrients from the soil, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In healthy growing forests, trees produce pure oxygen for us to breathe. Forests also provide clean air and water, wildlife habitat, and recreation opportunities to renew our spirits. Forests, trees, and wood have always been essential to civilization. In ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq), the value of wood was equal to that of precious gems, stones, and metals. In Mycenaean Greece, wood was used to feed the great bronze furnaces that forged Greek culture. Rome’s monetary system was based on silver which required huge quantities of wood to convert ore into metal. For thousands of years, wood has been used for weapons and ships of war. Nations rose and fell based on their use and misuse of the forest resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Comparison Chart
    NUTRIENT COMPARISON CHART for tree nuts You may know how to measure the perfect one-ounce portion of almonds, but did you know those 23 almonds come packed with nutrients? When compared ounce for ounce, almonds are the tree nut highest in fiber, calcium, vitamin E, riboflavin and niacin, and they are among the lowest in calories. Almonds provide a powerful nutrient package along with tasty crunch to keep you going strong, making them a satisfying snack you can feel good about. The following chart shows how almonds measure up against other tree nuts. BRAZIL MACADAMIA Based on a ALMOND CASHEW HAZELNUT PECAN PISTACHIO WALNUT one-ounce portion1 NUT NUT CALORIES 1602 190 160 180 200 200 160 190 PROTEIN (g) 6 4 4 4 2 3 6 4 TOTAL FAT (g) 14 19 13 17 22 20 13 19 SATURATED FAT (g) 1 4.5 3 1.5 3.5 2 1.5 1.5 POLYUNSATURATED FAT (g) 3.5 7 2 2 0.5 6 4 13 MONOUNSATURATED FAT (g) 9 7 8 13 17 12 7 2.5 CARBOHYDRATES (g) 6 3 9 5 4 4 8 4 DIETARY FIBER (g) 4 2 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3 2 POTASSIUM (mg) 208 187 160 193 103 116 285 125 MAGNESIUM (mg) 77 107 74 46 33 34 31 45 ZINC (mg) 0.9 1.2 1.6 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 VITAMIN B6 (mg) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 FOLATE (mcg) 12 6 20 32 3 6 14 28 RIBOFLAVIN (mg) 0.3 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 0 NIACIN (mg) 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 VITAMIN E (mg) 7.3 1.6 0.3 4.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 CALCIUM (mg) 76 45 13 32 20 20 30 28 IRON (mg) 1.1 0.7 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.8 Source: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioactive Compounds in Nuts and Edible Seeds: Focusing on Brazil Nuts and Baru Almond of the Amazon and Cerrado Brazilian Biomes
    Review Article SM Journal of Bioactive Compounds in Nuts and Nutrition and Edible Seeds: Focusing on Brazil Nuts Metabolism and Baru Almond of the Amazon and Cerrado Brazilian Biomes Egea MB1*, Lima DS1, Lodete AR1 and Takeuchi K1,2* 1Science and Technology, Goiano Institute of Education, Brazil 2Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil Article Information Abstract Received date: Oct 09, 2017 The biodiversity of the Amazon and Cerrado biomes is extremely important for the populations that inhabit Accepted date: Nov 14, 2017 these areas, through the extractive collection of non-timber forest products such as fruits, nuts and edible seeds, which generate income and employment. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is native from South America being Published date: Nov 20, 2017 found in the Amazon biome and baru almond (Dipteryx alata Vog.) is native from the Cerrado biome; these are part of the group of oleaginous that can be classified as true nuts and edible seeds, respectively. Both *Corresponding author are important sources of micronutrients that have been associated with several benefits to human health due to the presence of high levels of biologically active compounds such as minerals and vitamins. Minerals act Egea MB, Science and Technology, mostly as cofactors in various reactions, selenium has high availability in Brazil nuts and from selenocysteine Goiano Institute of Education, Brazil, and its enzymes, it exerts functions in the human body as an antioxidant, regulator of thyroid hormones and Tel: +55 64 36205636; protection of cardiovascular diseases. Among vitamins, tocopherol is a precursor to vitamin E, present in both Brazil nut and baru almond, being found in the form of α-tocopherol and having a role in the prevention of various Email: [email protected] diseases, including: cancer, diabetes, cataracts and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • UNECE Standard for Pine Nuts (DDP-12)
    UNECE STANDARD DDP-12 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of PINE NUT KERNELS 2013 EDITION UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2013 NOTE Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards The commercial quality standards developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards help facilitate international trade, encourage high-quality production, improve profitability and protect consumer interests. UNECE standards are used by Governments, producers, traders, importers and exporters, and other international organizations. They cover a wide range of agricultural products, including fresh fruit and vegetables, dry and dried produce, seed potatoes, meat, cut flowers, eggs and egg products. Any member of the United Nations can participate, on an equal footing, in the activities of the Working Party. For more information on agricultural standards, please visit our website http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/welcome.html. The new Standard for Pine Nut Kernels is based on document ECE/TRADE/C/WP.7/2013/31, reviewed and adopted by the Working Party at its sixty-ninth session. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of company
    [Show full text]
  • Fats Ebook Feb 02.Pdf
    2 DRHYMAN.COM Contents Contents INTRODUCTION ................................. 8 PART I ........................................... 11 Dietary Fats: The Good, Bad and the Ugly ............................................ 11 Fatty Acids ............................................................................................ 11 Saturated Fat ........................................................................................ 12 Polyunsaturated Fats ............................................................................ 14 Essential Fatty Acids 101- Omega-3 and Omega-6 ............................... 14 The Beneficial Omega-6 Fatty Acid: GLA ............................................... 16 How Fatty Acids Affect Brain Health ..................................................... 17 Omega-7 Fatty Acids ............................................................................ 18 Monounsaturated Fat ............................................................................ 18 Trans Fats ............................................................................................. 20 Trans Fats and Health ........................................................................... 21 Toxins in Fat .......................................................................................... 22 A Case for Organic ................................................................................ 23 DRHYMAN.COM 3 PART II .......................................... 24 Animal Fats .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Various Terminologies Associated with Areca Nut and Tobacco Chewing: a Review
    Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Vol. 19 Issue 1 Jan ‑ Apr 2015 69 REVIEW ARTICLE Various terminologies associated with areca nut and tobacco chewing: A review Kalpana A Patidar, Rajkumar Parwani, Sangeeta P Wanjari, Atul P Patidar Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Modern Dental College and Research Center, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Address for correspondence: ABSTRACT Dr. Kalpana A Patidar, Globally, arecanut and tobacco are among the most common addictions. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tobacco and arecanut alone or in combination are practiced in different regions Modern Dental College and Research Centre, in various forms. Subsequently, oral mucosal lesions also show marked Airport Road, Gandhi Nagar, Indore ‑ 452 001, Madhya Pradesh, India. variations in their clinical as well as histopathological appearance. However, it E‑mail: [email protected] has been found that there is no uniformity and awareness while reporting these habits. Various terminologies used by investigators like ‘betel chewing’,‘betel Received: 26‑02‑2014 quid chewing’,‘betel nut chewing’,‘betel nut habit’,‘tobacco chewing’and ‘paan Accepted: 28‑03‑2015 chewing’ clearly indicate that there is lack of knowledge and lots of confusion about the exact terminology and content of the habit. If the health promotion initiatives are to be considered, a thorough knowledge of composition and way of practicing the habit is essential. In this article we reviewed composition and various terminologies associated with areca nut and tobacco habits in an effort to clearly delineate various habits. Key words: Areca nut, habit, paan, quid, tobacco INTRODUCTION Tobacco plant, probably cultivated by man about 1,000 years back have now crept into each and every part of world.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtually Bringing the Nut & Dried Fruit Sector Together
    Edition 81. Nº 3 November 2020 INC ONLINE CONFERENCE Virtually Bringing the Nut & Dried Fruit Sector Together p. 57 www.nutfruit.org November 2020 | NUTFRUIT November 2020 | NUTFRUIT Edition 81. Nº 3 November 2020 The INC is the international umbrella organization for the nut and dried fruit industry and the source for information on health, nutrition, statistics, food safety, and international standards and regulations regarding nuts and dried fruits. BOARD OF TRUSTEES Michael Waring - Chairman Business News 9 INC Congress 54 MWT Foods, Australia Ashok Krishen - 1st Vice Chairman 9 Partnership Besana-Importaco 54 Dubai, INC XXXIX World Nut and Dried Olam International Limited, Singapore Fruit Congress Pino Calcagni - 2nd Vice Chairman 10 PepsiCo Targets 100% Renewable Besana Group, Italy Electricity Globally Riccardo Calcagni Besana Group, Italy 11 Danone’s Alpro Celebrates 40 Years INC News 57 Bill Carriere Carriere Family Farms, USA 12 Creamy, Crunchy, Chewy: Introducing 57 INC Online Conference Karsten Dankert Nature Valley Packed, a New Sustained Max Kiene GmbH, Germany Energy Bar 60 INC Academia: The Best Training Program in Roby Danon the Nut and Dried Fruit Industry Voicevale Ltd, UK Cao Derong 62 INC Webinars China Chamber of Commerce, China Gourmet 14 Joan Fortuny Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nuts (BAIN), Spain 63 Trend Research: International Market Giles Hacking 14 Carme Ruscalleda, Barcelona, Spain Opportunities CG Hacking & Sons Limited, UK Mike Hohmann 64 Real Power for Real People: Boost your The Wonderful Company,
    [Show full text]
  • 'Whole Nut' Processing of Coconut
    All ACP Agriculture Commodities Programme AAACP Pacific Brief No. 5 October 2011 ‘Whole nut’ processing of coconut – opportunities and challenges for the Pacific region Key messages • Reorienting coconut industries to produce multiple high-value products (‘whole nut’ processing) has the potential to stimulate economic growth in the Pacific region. • Some high-value products can be made at the village level, directly addressing rural poverty. • A new initiative aims to develop pilot multipurpose processing centres in six countries, to demonstrate technical and commercial viability of ‘whole nut’ processing. • Success will depend on support from governments, the private sector, and regional research and development organisations. Compared to other parts of the world, notably tropical ‘Whole nut’ processing – i.e. processing the different Asia, coconut-based industries in the Pacific region parts of the coconut to produce multiple high-value are stagnating. Pacific island countries have mostly products – has the potential to revitalise coconut failed to invest in new developments, and copra and industries in the region. If opportunities can be low-quality coconut oil continue to be the main created at the village level, and viable market chains products. Low global prices for these commodities developed for products, this will also contribute to create little incentive for producers, and failure to reducing rural poverty. replant coconut palms has led to an overall picture of senile trees and declining production. Coconuts are currently mostly processed into copra and low-grade coconut oil. Photo: Richard Markham 1 | AAACP PACIFIC BRIEF No. 5 The ‘whole-nut’ concept • Changes the focus of coconut industries to higher value products • By multipurpose processing, maximises the returns on each coconut Products and markets With the focus on copra and coconut oil, the parts of the coconut that are currently going to waste are the husks, shells and coconut water.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Stores Review and Journal of Trade
    NAVAL STORES REVIEW AND JOURNAL OF TRADE A Weekly Paper for Naval Stores Producers, Factors, Exporters, Dealers, and Manufacturers of Soaps, Varnishes, Paper, Printing Inks, Etc. VOL. XXIV, No. 23. SAVANNAH, GA., Saturday, September 5, 1914. Price, $5.00 Per Annum W. D. KRENSON. H. D. WEED : J. A. Gd. CARSON, President. J. D. WEED & CO.. H.L.KAYTON, 1st Vice-President. J. A. G. CARSON, Jr., 2nd Vice=President W. L. McDOWELL, 3d Vice-President H. F. E. SCHUSTER, Secretary Savannah, Georgia. W. A. CHRISTIAN, Treasurer. Wholesale Hardware Cason Naval Stores Railroad Spikes. Bar Band and Hoop Iron, ...Factors and Wholesale Grocers... Turpentine Tools, Ete. ORGANIZED IN 1879. OLDEST HOUSE IN THE BUSINESS. Principal Office, SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, National Bank Building. OHHH MA Branch Office, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, OHO a Atlantic National Bank Building. NIV £1) OHHH 1 With an organization unsurpassed and ample means at our 0) 301340 command, our facilities for handling your business are HHH TTVAVN ALS second to none. SONINNAC ‘dL .... WE INVITE YOUR CORRESPONDENCE.... HH “ J pure ‘V100VSNId CHE terrier trstropesbotentestesbstrrteofesetente frosted |B INEST OH UOIISBISIIBS ‘V1 ‘XQ TYAUN 1U6PISOIJ-00TA CHESNUTT & O'NEILL, 0) ITVSITOHM SSIPUBYDIII Ino HH NAVAL STORES FACTORS, A HoNvao HOH S3HOLS -00T HH SUPPLIES. daddies Suosjed 20140 HO UI ‘NOXIAT'V'H SIH0LS JUOPISOIJ sjuawilsedsap Ship your naval stores to mus at MIN OHH Savannah, the Leading Market of the Yjoq World, and thus aid in keeping up HHH SHIOOYUD ‘DM Competition and maintaining High HH [BARN deeds Prices. ‘SNVITHO £3,008 HHO PUB V1 HOH ‘HEHLVE $31031S * Send Us Your Orders at Savannah, Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Seeds
    List of edible seeds This list of edible seeds includes seeds that are directly 1 Cereals foodstuffs, rather than yielding derived products. See also: Category:Cereals True cereals are the seeds of certain species of grass. Quinoa, a pseudocereal Maize A variety of species can provide edible seeds. Of the six major plant parts, seeds are the dominant source of human calories and protein.[1] The other five major plant parts are roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most ed- ible seeds are angiosperms, but a few are gymnosperms. The most important global seed food source, by weight, is cereals, followed by legumes, and nuts.[2] The list is divided into the following categories: • Cereals (or grains) are grass-like crops that are har- vested for their dry seeds. These seeds are often ground to make flour. Cereals provide almost half of all calories consumed in the world.[3] Botanically, true cereals are members of the Poaceae, the true grass family. A mixture of rices, including brown, white, red indica and wild rice (Zizania species) • Pseudocereals are cereal crops that are not Maize, wheat, and rice account for about half of the grasses. calories consumed by people every year.[3] Grains can be ground into flour for bread, cake, noodles, and other • Legumes including beans and other protein-rich food products. They can also be boiled or steamed, ei- soft seeds. ther whole or ground, and eaten as is. Many cereals are present or past staple foods, providing a large fraction of the calories in the places that they are eaten.
    [Show full text]
  • Breadfruit Production Guide
    BREADFRUIT PRODUCTION RECOMMENDED PRACTICES GUIDE FOR GROWING, HARVESTING, AND HANDLING 2nd Edition By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole Breadfruit Production Guide: Recommended Acknowledgments practices for growing, harvesting, and handling We are indebted to the many reviewers of this work, who con- tributed numerous corrections and suggestions that shaped By Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole the final publication: Failautusi Avegalio, Jr., Heidi Bornhorst, © 2013, 2014 Craig Elevitch, Diane Ragone, and Ian Cole. All John Cadman, Jesus Castro, Jim Currie, Andrea Dean, Emih- Rights Reserved. Second Edition 2014. ner Johnson, Shirley Kauhaihao, Robert Paull, Grant Percival, the Pacific Breadfruit Project (Andrew McGregor, Livai Tora, Photographs are copyright their respective owners. Kyle Stice, and Kaitu Erasito), and the Scientific Research Or- ISBN: 978-1939618030 ganisation of Samoa (Tilafono David Hunter, Kenneth Wong, Gaufa Salesa Fetu, Kuinimeri Asora Finau). The authors grate- This is a publication of Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu—Revitalizing fully acknowledge Andrea Dean for input in formulating the Breadfruit, a project of Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network content of this guide. Photo contributions by Jim Wiseman, Ric and Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical Rocker, and Kamaui Aiona, are greatly appreciated. The kapa Garden. The Ho‘oulu ka ‘Ulu project is directed by Andrea ‘ulu artwork pictured on cover was crafted by Kumu Wesley Sen. Dean, Craig Elevitch, and Diane Ragone. Finally, our deepest gratitude to all of the Pacific Island farmers Recommended citation who have contributed to the knowledge base for breadfruit for generations. Elevitch, C., D. Ragone, and I. Cole. 2014. Breadfruit Produc- tion Guide: Recommended practices for growing, harvest- Author bios ing, and handling (2nd Edition).
    [Show full text]