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Daniel Ruprecht 521 Lucan Reads

1. Lucan’s Bellum Civile as an Anti-Aeneid a. Aeneid: Epic as national monument i. Expression of fate-driven, Augustan teleology ii. Mythic/religious/historical foundation of (and especially of Augustan Golden Age iii. Imperial totality and closure (Hardie 1993) 1. A. 1.278-9: his ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pono: / sine fine dedi. (I place for them neither limits of things nor times: I have granted [them] empire-power without end.) 2. A. 4.229-31 … qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem / Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri / proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem. (So that he might rule Italy, a land pregnant with empire and roaring in war, that he, from the high blood of Teucer, might produce a race, and send the whole earth beneath their laws.) 3. A. 6.776 haec tum nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. (There will be then these names, (where) now there are lands without name. b. Bellum Civile: An epic to destroy the monument i. Antiphrastic epic 1. “adversarial imitation on a vast scale” (Hardie 1993, 118) ii. “Unmasking” the Aeneid’s deception (Hardie 2013) 1. Death of libertas, not birth of the state 2. “Cruel providence” destroys the iii. Mythic collapse; denunciation; amorality iv. Anti-totality; limited world 1. Luc. 1.21-3. tum, si tantus amor belli, tibi, , nefandi, / totum sub Latias leges cum miseris orbem, / in te verte manus: nondum tibi defuit hostem. 2. Luc. 7.391-3 tunc omne Latinum / fabula nomen erit: Gabios Veiosque Coramque / pulvere vix tectae poterunt monstrare ruinae. (Then every Latin name will be a fable: scarcely will the ruins covered by dust be able to show Gabii, Veii, and Cora). 3. Luc. 1.110-11 Struggle for totality destroys the republic/universe a. quae mare, quae terras, quae totum possidet orbem, / non cepit fortuna duos.

2. Inverse Characterizations in the Bellum Civile (Ahl 1976) a. Curio / Aeneas i. Luc. 4 reworking A. 8 ii. Curio’s expedition to Africa as the inverse of Aeneas’ to Italy 1. ’ conquests contextualize (Anteus / Cacus) 2. Africa and Scipio’s past glory / Roman countryside and future glory 3. Curio is “a shriveled, degraded caricature of” Aeneas (Ahl 1976, 93) Daniel Ruprecht Latin 521

a. “history” / fantasy b. Corpse / Anchises i. Luc. 6 reworking A. 6 ii. Anabasis / Katabasis 1. Corpse dead among living / Aeneas & the Sibyl living among dead iii. Sextus & fear / Aeneas & pietas iv. Death of the house of / greatness of Aenean/Roman race c. / Hannibal i. Crossing the Alps: Luc. 1.183 ii. Caesar as Libyan lion Luc 1.205-12 / Turnus as Libyan lion A. 12.4-9 iii. Names himself Hannibal Luc. 1.303-5

3. The Aeneid as Anti-Aeneid (?!) a. Reading the Bellum Civile as a commentary on the Aeneid, Lucan helps us see how Virgil “subtly and ambiguously subverts himself” (Casali 2014, 83) b. Lucan reads Virgil against himself, and allows us to as well (Casali 2014, 108) c. Civil War i. A. 6.833-4 Anchises to Aeneas, on the Roman heroes to come, cries out against civil war. 1. ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella, / neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires; (No, children, do not accustom your souls to such wars, nor turn your mighty strength against the innards of your country;) ii. Luc. narrates exactly that war 1. … populumque potentem / in sua victrici conversum viscera dextra / cognatasque acies et rupto foedere regni / certatum totis concussi viribus orbis / in commune nefas iii. Pulling the Aeneid’s ambiguity to the forefront d. Inconsistency as an epic trope (O’Hara 2007) i. Virgil’s inconsistencies reflect a variety of narrative viewpoints and established storied traditions ii. Lucan’s inconsistencies (and his use of Virgil’s) reflect his poetic project: depict an irrational, confused, illusory world

Selected Bibliography

Ahl, F.M. 1976. Lucan: An Introduction, Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press. Casali, S. 2014. “The Bellum Civile As An Anti-Aeneid.” In Brill’s Companion to Lucan, ed. P. Asso, 81-109. Leiden: Brill. Hardie, P. 1993. The Epic Successors of Virgil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hardie, P. 2013. “Lucan’s Bellum Civile.” In A Companion to the Neronian Age, ed. E. Buckley & M.T. Dinter, 225-40. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Hinds, S. 1998. Allusion and Intertext: Dynamics of Appropriation in Roman Poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Daniel Ruprecht Latin 521

Horsfall, N. 1995. A Companion to the Study of Virgil. Leiden: Brill. Johnson, W.R. 1987. Momentary Monsters: Lucan and his Heroes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Morford, M.P.O. 1967. The Lucan: Studies in Rhetorical Epic. New York: Barnes & Noble Press. Narducci, E. 2007. “Rhetoric and Epic: Vergil’s Aeneid and Lucan’s Bellum Civile.” In A Companion to Roman Rhetoric, ed. W. Dominik & J. Hall, 382-95. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell. O’Hara, J. 2007. Inconsistency in Roman Epic. Studies in , , Vergil, and Lucan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rossi, A. 2000. “The Aeneid Revisited: The Journey of Pompey in Lucan’s .” American Journal of Philology 121: 571-91 Roux, N. 2008. “The Vergilian Tradition in Lucan’s Representation of Italy.” Vergilius 54: 37- 48. Thomas, R. 1988. “Tree Violation and Ambivalence in Virgil.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 118: 261-73. Thompson, L., & Bruére, R.T. 1968. “Lucan’s Use of Virgilian Reminiscence.” In Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Lucan, ed. C. Tesoriero, 107-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.