The Use of Exempla from Cicero to Pliny the Younger

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Use of Exempla from Cicero to Pliny the Younger University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2011 The Use of Exempla from Cicero to Pliny the Younger David C. Urban University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons Recommended Citation Urban, David C., "The Use of Exempla from Cicero to Pliny the Younger" (2011). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 591. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/591 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/591 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Use of Exempla from Cicero to Pliny the Younger Abstract This dissertation expands our picture of Roman exemplarity by focusing on exempla as they are used to construct arguments. In contrast to recent studies of the practice, instead of focusing on repeatedly cited instances in a series of different texts, my argument centers on repeated patterns in which authors deploy exempla. I suggest that Roman exemplarity constructs a mode of moral and practical reasoning that conditions its users to repeat a pattern of imbuing and responding to meaning in the exempla they select for themselves. I focus on texts that present themselves as dealing directly with contemporary society: in particular forensic oratory, epistolography and satire. Cicero and Pliny the Younger provide the central anchors for my discussion. The chapters of this dissertation frame and supplement the current discussion by exploring several of the most prominent uses of exempla. The first chapter builds on Quintilian's discussion of exemplary comparison to demonstrate the malleable nature of moral arguments based in comparisons between narratives. The second chapter focuses on exempla featuring nameless figures which consequently emphasize patterns of action rather than the authority of the actor. Such exempla display close connections with declamations and fables, creating a triangle of relationships through which factual and fictional narratives influence one another. In my third chapter, I demonstrate that exempla which claim to illustrate how things are provide a powerful means to forestall judgment or obscure status distinctions. The final chapter explores the frequently superficial deployment of exempla as emblems: where anonymous exempla emphasize actions as opposed to actors, exempla deployed as emblems foreground the status and authority of the actor while downplaying the narrative details of the action. Exemplarity provides a useful window onto the patterns of Roman moralism. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Classical Studies First Advisor Joseph Farrell Subject Categories Classical Literature and Philology | Classics This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/591 THE USE OF EXEMPLA FROM CICERO TO PLINY THE YOUNGER David C. Urban A DISSERTATION in Classical Studies Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2011 Supervisor of Dissertation Signature ________________________ Joseph Farrell, Professor, Classical Studies Graduate Group Chairperson Signature ________________________ Emily Wilson, Associate Professor, Classical Studies Dissertation Committee Cynthia Damon, Professor, Classical Studies Joseph Farrell, Professor, Classical Studies James Ker, Associate Professor, Classical Studies Emily Wilson, Associate Professor, Classical Studies ABSTRACT THE USE OF EXEMPLA FROM CICERO TO PLINY THE YOUNGER David C. Urban Joseph Farrell This dissertation expands our picture of Roman exemplarity by focusing on exempla as they are used to construct arguments. In contrast to recent studies of the practice, instead of focusing on repeatedly cited instances in a series of different texts, my argument centers on repeated patterns in which authors deploy exempla. I suggest that Roman exemplarity constructs a mode of moral and practical reasoning that conditions its users to repeat a pattern of imbuing and responding to meaning in the exempla they select for themselves. I focus on texts that present themselves as dealing directly with contemporary society: in particular forensic oratory, epistolography and satire. Cicero and Pliny the Younger provide the central anchors for my discussion. The chapters of this dissertation frame and supplement the current discussion byexploring several of the most prominent uses of exempla. The first chapter builds on Quintilian’s discussion of exemplary comparison to demonstrate the malleable nature of moral arguments based in comparisons between narratives. The second chapter focuses on exempla featuring nameless figures which consequently emphasize patterns of action rather than the authority of the actor. Such exempla display close connections with declamations and fables, creating a triangle of relationships through which factual and fictional narratives influence one another. In my third chapter, I demonstrate that exempla which claim to illustrate how things are provide a powerful means to forestall judgment or obscure status distinctions. The final chapter explores the frequently superficial deployment of exempla as emblems: where anonymous exempla emphasize actions as opposed to actors, exempla deployed as emblems foreground the status and authority of the actor while downplaying the narrative details of the action. Exemplarity provides a useful window onto the patterns of Roman moralism. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . ii INTRODUCTION . 1 0.1: The Foundation of Exemplary Knowledge: Personal Observation . 5 0.2: Exemplary Theory and Cultural Memory in Theories of Roman Exemplarity. 11 0.3: Exempla as Local Knowledge . 20 0.4: Outline of Chapters . 28 EXEMPLA AS ARGUMENTS FROM COMPARISON . 32 1.1: Comparison as a Source of Flexibility in Arguments from Exempla . 33 1.2: The Standard of Credibility Enables the Manipulation of Narrative . 48 1.3: Manipulating Tradition to Fit Current Arguments . 58 1.4: Conclusion . 72 ANONYMOUS EXEMPLA . 74 2.1: The Indefinite Actor, or Someone Did Something . 76 2.2: Exempla, Declamation and the Mythologization of Narrative Models . 91 2.3: The Cross-Pollination of Exemplum and Fable in Phaedrus’ Fables . 102 2.4: Conclusion . 115 ILLUSTRATING MODERATION, TOLERANCE AND SOCIAL AUTHORITY . 117 3.1: Average vs. Extraordinary: Moral Decline or Moderation? . 118 3.2: Exemplum Hominis: Describing Human Fallibility through Exempla . 132 3.3: Equestrian Exempla. Illustrating Tolerance within the Roman Elite . 149 3.4: Conclusion . 166 iii EXEMPLA AS EMBLEMS . 167 4.1: You Are What You Own . 169 4.2: You Are What You Publish . 183 4.3: Collecting the Mos Maiorum . 195 4.4: Conclusion . 208 CONCLUSION . 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 216 iv Introduction Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else’s opinions, their lives a mimicry, their passions a quotation. Oscar Wilde, De profundis Most Romans were other Romans. By tradition and education, they were acculturated to adapt and adopt for themselves the behaviors, attitudes and opinions they approved in others. As a central element of this practice, Romans used exempla — examples of particular acts or attitudes they identified as models for emulation, illustrations, or symbolic emblems. Roman exemplarity constitutes a form of cultural modeling that unites both moral and practical decision-making under the belief that individual behavior should reflect and emulate that of other members of society. To explain the particularity of Roman exemplarity, we must examine how they used exempla. In this dissertation, I primarily discuss exempla of human actions, because such instances form the basis for moral reflection and argument. Central to the function of exempla is the process of analogy. Such comparisons may be direct, implied or merely potential. An exemplum may provide an example that serves as a model for emulation, or as an illustration. It mayalso serve in a more symbolic mode as an emblem that carries cultural authority. Virtually everyone, of course, uses examples as a method of argument. But the Romans are exceptional in the degree to which they promoted examples themselves as the core of their understanding of morality. Contrast this focus on examples as the basis for ethics with other methods used elsewhere in the ancient Mediterranean such as the proverbs of wisdom literature or the abstract definitions of philosophy. Romans often contrasted themselves with the Greeks, describing themselves as men of action, the Greeks as men of words. 1 They consequently formed their ethics through the analysis and comparison of particular actions, typically expressed in narrative form. The Roman attitude toward these models of behavior is primarily 1 E.g. Vergil, Aen. 6.847-53; Hor. Ars 323-330; Quintilian, IO 12.2.27-30. 1 practical; categorization or systemization only occur at a secondary level, removed from the day-to-day arguments and decisions in which exempla found their primary use. This emphasis on action paradoxically produces a more malleable value system than the supposedly slippery emphasis on the word. The Roman focus on actions — and consequentlyon narratives of those actions — in effect allows storytelling devices such as framing and editing to shape the ethical content of such acts. Cicero’s discussion of friendship in his dialogue De amicitia provides a cogent demonstration
Recommended publications
  • Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: the Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome Joseph V
    Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Classics Honors Projects Classics Department Spring 5-2-2014 Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome Joseph V. Frankl Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, and the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Frankl, Joseph V., "Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The eV spasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome" (2014). Classics Honors Projects. Paper 19. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/19 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome By Joseph Frankl Advised by Professor Beth Severy-Hoven Macalester College Classics Department Submitted May 2, 2014 INTRODUCTION In 68 C.E., the Roman Emperor Nero died, marking the end of the Julio-Claudian imperial dynasty established by Augustus in 27 B.C.E (Suetonius, Nero 57.1). A year-long civil war ensued, concluding with the general Titus Flavius Vespasianus seizing power. Upon his succession, Vespasian faced several challenges to his legitimacy as emperor. Most importantly, Vespasian was not a member of the Julio-Claudian family, nor any noble Roman gens (Suetonius, Vespasian 1.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era
    Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era by Tracy Lynn Deline B.A., University of Saskatchewan, 1994 M.A., University of Saskatchewan, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Classics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) September 2009 © Tracy Lynn Deline, 2009 Abstract This study focuses on the intersection of three general areas: elite Roman women, criminal law, and Julio-Claudian politics. Chapter one provides background material on the literary and legal source material used in this study and considers the cases of Augustus’ daughter and granddaughter as a backdrop to the legal and political thinking that follows. The remainder of the dissertation is divided according to women’s roles in criminal trials. Chapter two, encompassing the largest body of evidence, addresses the role of women as defendants, and this chapter is split into three thematic parts that concentrate on charges of adultery, treason, and other crimes. A recurring question is whether the defendants were indicted for reasons specific to them or the indictments were meant to injure their male family members politically. Analysis of these cases reveals that most of the accused women suffered harm without the damage being shared by their male family members. Chapter three considers that a handful of powerful women also filled the role of prosecutor, a role technically denied to them under the law. Resourceful and powerful imperial women like Messalina and Agrippina found ways to use criminal accusations to remove political enemies. Chapter four investigates women in the role of witnesses in criminal trials.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Revellers at New Year’S Eve 2018 – the Night Is Yours
    AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Revellers at New Year’s Eve 2018 – The Night is Yours. Image: Jared Leibowtiz Cover: Dianne Appleby, Yawuru Cultural Leader, and her grandson Zeke 11 September 2019 The Hon Paul Fletcher MP Minister for Communications, Cyber Safety and the Arts Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Minister The Board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation is pleased to present its Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2019. The report was prepared for section 46 of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013, in accordance with the requirements of that Act and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. It was approved by the Board on 11 September 2019 and provides a comprehensive review of the ABC’s performance and delivery in line with its Charter remit. The ABC continues to be the home and source of Australian stories, told across the nation and to the world. The Corporation’s commitment to innovation in both storytelling and broadcast delivery is stronger than ever, as the needs of its audiences rapidly evolve in line with technological change. Australians expect an independent, accessible public broadcasting service which produces quality drama, comedy and specialist content, entertaining and educational children’s programming, stories of local lives and issues, and news and current affairs coverage that holds power to account and contributes to a healthy democratic process. The ABC is proud to provide such a service. The ABC is truly Yours. Sincerely, Ita Buttrose AC OBE Chair Letter to the Minister iii ABC Radio Melbourne Drive presenter Raf Epstein.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Catalyst Magazine 2018
    PROJECT CATALYST 2018 – THE EVOLUTION OF INNOVATION – HARVESTING IDEAS IN SUGAR TEN YEARS HARVESTING IDEAS FOSTERING INNOVATION CORAL & CANDY Catalyst growers inspiring The innovation challenge EMBRACING TECHNOLOGY next gen to 2030 Why farmers need data Image: Jeppersen Farm visit with Coca-Cola, WWF and Catalyst growers Mackay. TEN YEARS As we meet again for Project Catalyst Forum They say it takes a village to raise a child flow freely across mill and regional boundaries – 2018, we reflect on 10 years since a group of well I think it takes a community to deliver a this is part of the glue that holds our community forward thinking growers and representatives program like Project Catalyst. We are a diverse together. The other is that like-minded growers from Reef Catchments, WWF and Coca-Cola community of growers across multiple mill areas share a bond through the trials and forums that got together to form what is now a highly / growing regions, with partners from industry strengthens the community. Growers are able regarded and successful sugar cane innovation and government as well as service providers to talk to each other all year because of these program. and supporters. There is a commitment to connections. our community’s brand just like there is for a I never cease to be amazed at how Project sporting team and there will always be highs and 2017 was another year of media exposure for Catalyst has grown over the 10 years to cover lows, but by working together collaboratively we Project Catalyst highlighted by the September the three regions and involve more than 100 have grown and protected our community.
    [Show full text]
  • Pliny the Elder and the Problem of Regnum Hereditarium*
    Pliny the Elder and the Problem of Regnum Hereditarium* MELINDA SZEKELY Pliny the Elder writes the following about the king of Taprobane1 in the sixth book of his Natural History: "eligi regem a populo senecta clementiaque, liberos non ha- bentem, et, si postea gignat, abdicari, ne fiat hereditarium regnum."2 This account es- caped the attention of the majority of scholars who studied Pliny in spite of the fact that this sentence raises three interesting and debated questions: the election of the king, deposal of the king and the heredity of the monarchy. The issue con- cerning the account of Taprobane is that Pliny here - unlike other reports on the East - does not only use the works of former Greek and Roman authors, but he also makes a note of the account of the envoys from Ceylon arriving in Rome in the first century A. D. in his work.3 We cannot exclude the possibility that Pliny himself met the envoys though this assumption is not verifiable.4 First let us consider whether the form of rule described by Pliny really existed in Taprobane. We have several sources dealing with India indicating that the idea of that old and gentle king depicted in Pliny's sentence seems to be just the oppo- * The study was supported by OTKA grant No. T13034550. 1 Ancient name of Sri Lanka (until 1972, Ceylon). 2 Plin. N. H. 6, 24, 89. Pliny, Natural History, Cambridge-London 1989, [19421], with an English translation by H. Rackham. 3 Plin. N. H. 6, 24, 85-91. Concerning the Singhalese envoys cf.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK 15 the Time of the Reign of Zeno to the Time of the Reign of Anastasios
    BOOK 15 The Time of the Reign of Zeno to the Time of the Reign of Anastasios 1. (377) After the reign of Leo the Younger, the most sacred Zeno reigned for 15 years. In the eighth month of his reign, he appointed Peter, the p!JrBmomr.ios of St Euphemia's in Chalkedon, as bishop and patriarch of Antioch the Great and sent him to Antioch. 2. After two years and ten months of his reign, he quarrelled with his mother-in-law, Verina, over a request she had made of him but which he had refused her, and so his mother-in-law, the lady Verina, began to plot against him. Terrified that he would be assassinated by someone in the palace, since his mother-in-law was living in the palace with him, he made a processusto Chalkedon and escaped from there using post-horses, and got away to Isauria even though he was emperor. (378) The empress Ariadne, who had also secretly fled from her mother, caught up with him in Isauria and remained with her husband. 3, After the emperor Zeno and Ariadne had fled, the lady Verina inunediately chose an emperor by crowning her brother Basiliscus. Basiliscus, the brother of Zeno's mother-in-law Verina, reigned for two years. When Verina had made Basiliscus emperor, she also named him as consul, together with Armatus who had been appointed by Basiliscus as AD476 senior lllc1q.ister mii1"tum prBesentalis. These two held the consulship. As soon as Basiliscus began to reign, he crowned his son, named Marcus, as emperor.
    [Show full text]
  • Brutus, Cassius, Judas, and Cremutius Cordus: How
    BRUTUS, CASSIUS, JUDAS, AND CREMUTIUS CORDUS: HOW SHIFTING PRECEDENTS ALLOWED THE LEX MAIESTATIS TO GROUP WRITERS WITH TRAITORS by Hunter Myers A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford, Mississippi May 2018 Approved by ______________________________ Advisor: Professor Molly Pasco-Pranger ______________________________ Reader: Professor John Lobur ______________________________ Reader: Professor Steven Skultety © 2018 Hunter Ross Myers ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Pasco-Pranger, For your wise advice and helpful guidance through the thesis process Dr. Lobur & Dr. Skultety, For your time reading my work My parents, Robin Myers and Tracy Myers For your calm nature and encouragement Sally-McDonnell Barksdale Honors College For an incredible undergraduate academic experience iii ABSTRACT In either 103 or 100 B.C., a concept known as Maiestas minuta populi Romani (diminution of the majesty of the Roman people) is invented by Saturninus to accompany charges of perduellio (treason). Just over a century later, this same law is used by Tiberius to criminalize behavior and speech that he found disrespectful. This thesis offers an answer to the question as to how the maiestas law evolved during the late republic and early empire to present the threat that it did to Tiberius’ political enemies. First, the application of Roman precedent in regards to judicial decisions will be examined, as it plays a guiding role in the transformation of the law. Next, I will discuss how the law was invented in the late republic, and increasingly used for autocratic purposes. The bulk of the thesis will focus on maiestas proceedings in Tacitus’ Annales, in which a total of ten men lose their lives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2017 The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula. Erin Leigh Wotring University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Gender Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the Women's History Commons Recommended Citation Wotring, Erin Leigh, "The cultural creation of Fulvia Flacca Bambula." (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2691. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2691 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, KY May, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Erin Leigh Wotring All rights reserved THE CULTURAL CREATION OF FULVIA FLACCA BAMBULA By Erin Leigh Wotring A Thesis Approved on April 14, 2017 by the following Thesis Committee: Dr. Jennifer Westerfeld, Director Dr. Blake Beattie Dr. Carmen Hardin ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Perspective on the Early Roman Dictatorship, 501-300 B.C
    A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP, 501-300 B.C. BY Jeffrey A. Easton Submitted to the graduate degree program in Classics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts. Anthony Corbeill Chairperson Committee Members Tara Welch Carolyn Nelson Date defended: April 26, 2010 The Thesis Committee for Jeffrey A. Easton certifies that this is the approved Version of the following thesis: A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON THE EARLY ROMAN DICTATORSHIP, 501-300 B.C. Committee: Anthony Corbeill Chairperson Tara Welch Carolyn Nelson Date approved: April 27, 2010 ii Page left intentionally blank. iii ABSTRACT According to sources writing during the late Republic, Roman dictators exercised supreme authority over all other magistrates in the Roman polity for the duration of their term. Modern scholars have followed this traditional paradigm. A close reading of narratives describing early dictatorships and an analysis of ancient epigraphic evidence, however, reveal inconsistencies in the traditional model. The purpose of this thesis is to introduce a new model of the early Roman dictatorship that is based upon a reexamination of the evidence for the nature of dictatorial imperium and the relationship between consuls and dictators in the period 501-300 BC. Originally, dictators functioned as ad hoc magistrates, were equipped with standard consular imperium, and, above all, were intended to supplement consuls. Furthermore, I demonstrate that Sulla’s dictatorship, a new and genuinely absolute form of the office introduced in the 80s BC, inspired subsequent late Republican perceptions of an autocratic dictatorship.
    [Show full text]
  • LAT 300.01: Tacitus - Agricola
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Syllabi Course Syllabi 1-2002 LAT 300.01: Tacitus - Agricola Linda W. Gillison University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Gillison, Linda W., "LAT 300.01: Tacitus - Agricola" (2002). Syllabi. 3395. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi/3395 This Syllabus is brought to you for free and open access by the Course Syllabi at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syllabi by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Latin 300: Tacitus, Agricola Spring, 2002 Gillison Course objectives: The text for this semester is Tacitus’ Agricola, a work which combines biography, ethnography, and political critique in a particularly “Tacitean” manner. Central to our discussions will be the concept of “rhetorical history” as the Romans knew and composed it, and you will learn to compare and contrast Roman historiography and it’s modern relative. We will translate the monograph and investigate in the process various elements of Roman history, historiography, and historical research. We will read Cicero’s recommendations about the writing of history and you will learn to discuss Tacitus’ relationship to those recommendations. We will look into numismatics epigraphy and you will learn to discuss their uses in the modern historian’s hands. We will place Tacitus’ works in historical context.. Each student will make an oral presentation to the class and will write an essay focused on Tacitus’ mode of historiography.
    [Show full text]
  • The Complexity of Roman Suicide Carmine Anthony Ruff
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 1974 The complexity of Roman suicide Carmine Anthony Ruff Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Ruff, Carmine Anthony, "The ompc lexity of Roman suicide" (1974). Master's Theses. Paper 937. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE COMPLEXITY OF ROMAN SUICIDE BY CARMINE ANTHONY RUFFA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CLASSICAL STUDIES MAY 1974 APPROVAL SHEET ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE • . • • . .iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . • . • • • • . • • • • • . • 1 II. ANCIENT SUICIDE: A PROBLEM OF SEMANTICS. • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Latin Citations to Suicide The Absence of A Standard Word Or Phrase III. PHILOSOPHIC SUICIDE . • .11 The Attitude of the Latin Philosophers Toward Suicide The Divergent Views of the Stoic Philosophers The Effect of Cato's Suicide on Stoicism IV. THE TREATMENT OF LUCRETIA'S SUICIDE BY LIVY AND AUGUSTINE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 4 Section I: Livy's Lucretia Section II: Augustine's Denunciation of Lucretia v. SUICIDE IN THE AENEID • • • • • • . .61 Vergii's Development of Dido's Suicidal Personality The Condemnation of Suicides in the Underworld Amata's Suicide CONCLUSION. .80 APPENDIX I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 83 APPENDIX II • . .86 BIBLIOGRAPHY . .91 VITA . .99 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge two people who have influenced and inspired his academic and professional life.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage in Roman Law
    YALE LAW JOURNAL VOL. XVI. MARCH, 1907. No. 5 MARRIAGE IN ROMAN LAW. 'TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL FRENCH TEXT BY ANDREW I'. BIRRKAN, D. C. L.; EDITED BY CHARLES P. SHERMAN, D. C. L., INSTRUCTOR IN ROMAN LAW, YALE LAW SCHOOL Monogamy was, among the Romans, a traditional custom, ordained by the positive law: Neminem, qui sub dicione sit Romani nominis, binas uxores habere posse vulgo patet, cum et in edicto praetoris huiusmodi viri infamia notati sint. Quam rem covpetensjudex, inultam esse non patietur. (Cod. 5, 5, 2.) In Roman Law, marriage is a status created by a simple pri- vate agreement. Its validity results from this understanding and is absolutely independent of the betrothal which ordinarily precedes, of physical cohabitation (nuptias non concubitus, sed con- sensusfadt, says Ulpian in the Digest), of the festivities or of the religious ceremony by which it may be accompanied; it is finally independent of any settlement which confirms the pecuniary terms of the union and serves as its evidence. However, accord- ing to the opinion of many authors, Roman marriage, even of the last period, was never formed simply by the mere exchange of consents; it presupposed a mode of living characterized by public acts of various kinds. That the concordant wills alone did not suffice is, in the first place, shown by the fact, that marriage may take place outside of the presence of the future husband, providing the bride should be brought to his house; finally, and above all, it could not take place in the absence of the bride, since in this case she could not possibly be at the hus- band's disposal.
    [Show full text]