DOCSLIB.ORG

The Roman Slave in Early Times

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Roman Slave in Early Times Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Bind 36, no. 3 Hist. Filol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 36, no. 3 (1956) SOME NOTES ON THE ROMAN SLAVE IN EARLY TIMES A COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY BY C. W. WESTRUP København 1956 i kommission hos Ejnar Munksgaard Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab udgiver følgende publikationsrækker : L'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de Danemark publie les series suivantes: Bibliografisk forkortelse Abréviation bibliographique Oversigt over selskabets virksomhed (8°) Overs. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Annuaire) Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser (8°) Hist. Filol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Historisk-filologiske Skrifter (4°) Hist. Filol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Histoire et Philologie) Arkæologisk-kunsthistoriske Meddelelser (8°) Arkæol. Kunsthist. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Arkæologisk-kunsthistoriske Skrifter (4°) Arkæol. Kunsthist. Skr. Dan. Vid. (Archéologie et Histoire de l’Arl) Selsk. Filosofiske Meddelelser (8°) Filos. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Philosophie) Matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser (8°) Mat. Fys. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Mathématiques et Physique) Biologiske Meddelelser (8°) Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. Biologiske Skrifter (4°) Biol. Skr. Dan. Vid. Selsk. (Biologie) Selskabets sekretariat og postadresse: Dantes plads 5, København V. L'adresse postale du secrétariat de l’Académie est: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Dantes plads 5, København V, Danmark. Selskabets kommissionær: Ejnar Munksgaard’s forlag, Nørregade 6, København K. Les publications sont en vente chez le commissionnaire : Ejnar Munksgaard, éditeur, Nørregade 6, København K, Danmark. Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Bind 36, no. 3 Hist. Filol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 36, no. 3 (1956) SOME NOTES ON THE ROMAN SLAVE IN EARLY TIMES A COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY BY C. W. WESTRUP København 1956 i kommission hos Ejnar Munksgaard Printed in Denmark. Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri A/S. In memoriam H. F. Jolowicz 1. lavery was certainly a common institution from the earliest S times among the various Arvan-speaking peoples.1 Slavery developed, as now widely assumed, in primitive societies with a settled agricultural culture when it was seen that prisoners taken in war could be profitably utilized. In a warlike economy, warrior and agricultural slave-worker were complementary. The principal cause of slavery was in origin no doubt the war. Slaves were at first acquired as spoils by occupatio bellica. In the field of Greek lawr we have the ancient Homeric term for a slave, Spcbs- The word is by some scholars, probably rightly, supposed to be related to Sapoc^co (6apaco) “vanquish” (Lat. domo).2 The wrord would then originally have meant a person “taken in war”. Possibly the general Greek term for a slave, SoüÀoç, if it may be derived from Séco “bind” ( 6 e0 co, S ôàoç) 3, has a similar basic meaning. To this linguistic evidence may be added the evidence of literary tradition. The Sicilian historian Timaeus (died about 260 B. C.) relates that the ancient Greeks did not make use of slaves acquired by purchase.4 We are no doubt from this justified in drawing the conclusion a contrario that the main causes of slavery wrere in the earliest times in Greece capture in war or kidnapping by piracy.5 In the Homeric poems the prisoners 1 H ero do tus VI 137, indeed, relates of the Greeks in the earliest times that they had no slaves. Cf. A t h e n a e u s VI 267 c. However, these assertions were probably nothing but reflections of poetic ideas of a golden age. In the Homeric poems we find slavery fully established. Cf. L. B ea u c h e t , Histoire du droit privé de la république athénienne II (1892) 395 f. and the lit. quoted there. See, however, S chrader-N eh r in g , Reallexikon der indogerm. Altertumskunde2 II (1929) Art. “Stände” 458. 2 L id d e l l and S cott, Greek Etym. Lexikon (1945) v° Spcbç. B oisacq, Diet, étym. de la langue grecque (1907) v° Spcbç, however, connects Spcbç with Sôpoç (Lat. domus). 3 Etymologeum magnum (Oxf. 1848). Cf. B eauch et 401. 4 T im a e u s, fragm. 67. Edit. D ido t. 207. 5 F u st e l d e Co u la ng es, Nouvelles recherches (1891) 461. See further H er a - k litu s fragm. 44 Byw : iroAepos • • • t o u s pèv SoûAous èiroiriaa ... t o u s 5è êAeuSépous- 1* 4 Nr. 3 taken in war were retained as slaves, or sold or held at ransom by the captor.1 In the Odyssey we certainly read that Laertes with his wealth had bought Eurycleia, but it is expressly stated about Eumaius that he was kidnapped by pirates and sold.2 The original cause of slavery among the ancient Teutons, too, was capture. In Old Northern law the term for a slave was hcertakin (“captive of war”).3 An analogy of hcertakin is probably to be found in the ancient Roman term for a slave, mancipium, no doubt originally denoting not proprietary right but the mode of acquisition of property ( mancipatio), then the object of the mancipium, primarily and especially the slave, and then ex­ pressing the idea of the power acquired through the formal act of the mancipation.4 Mancipium ( manu-capium ) from m anu capio (cupo), possibly to be traced back to the unilateral occupatio, no doubt the earliest mode of acquisition of ownership, i. e. “by grasping with the hand to take possession of a thing,” was perhaps at first used about the slave captured with the hand (m anu) from the enemy (ex hostibus).5 The derivation of the general Latin term for a slave, serous, is uncertain. It has often been assumed that the word was cognate with seruare “g u ard ” : Serous then was the “guardian” (of the herd of cattle).6 Other scholars have supposed that serous is really related to H om eric sïpepoç “ captivity” and the verb eïpco with which the Latin word ser-o (“bind, fetter”) is to be connected: Serous was “the (war) captive.”7 The Romans themselves seemed 1 Iliad. XXIV 752. VI 327. 2 Odyssey I 429 fî. XV 385 fT. 3 Grim m , Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer I4 (1899) 418 f. K. L e h m a n n , H oops’ Reallexikon der germ. Altertumskunde IV (1918—19) 275.—F r . Ol iv ier Ma r t in , Précis d’Histoire du droit français4 (1945) n° 128: “The slave, that is to say the man vanquished in war”. 4 Cf. my paper “Notes sur la sponsio et le nexum dans l’ancien droit romain”, Hist. Filol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 31, no. 2 (1947) 12. 5 F l o r e n t in u s, Dig. I, 5 4 § 3: Mancipia vero dicta, quod ah hostibus manu capiantur. Cf. Ga i. Inst. II 69. IV 16 i. f. Edit. F. D e . Zu lueta 1946.—Cf. my Introduction to Early Roman Law II (1934) 48 f., 158 ff.—Comp, the Greek term XEÎpioç from xeip “hand”, “in the power of”, and Cymric caeth (= Lat. captus). E rnout et Me il l et , Diet. étym. lat. (1939) v° capio. 6 B réal-B a il l y , Dictionaire étymologique lat.s (1914) v° serous. E rno ut et Me il l et , D id. v° serous. 7 S chrader-N e h r in g , Reallexikon II 461. Cf. L id d e l l a n d S cott, Greek Etym. Lexikon v° eïpco. Lat. ser-o, serui.—B e n v e n is t e , “Le nom de l’esclave à Rome” in Reo. des. étym. lat. 1932 p. 429 il. supposes that the word serous is of Etruscan origin. Cf. R. H e n r io n , “Des origines du mot familia”, L’antiquité classique 1942 p. 2833. Nr. 3 5 to have traced the origins of slavery back to the war. The classical Roman jurists would even connect the basic meaning of the word servus with such an original cause of slavery. The victors were justified in killing the captives taken in war. But they used to “ grant” (servare) them their lives in order to employ them profit­ ably.1 Originally slaves were no doubt generally acquired as spoils of war.2 The slave was consequently a foreigner, Lat. peregrinus.3 In ancient Roman language the peregrinus was first, as the funda­ mental meaning of the word plainly indicates, a citizen of a “ country peregre", i. e. per agros, “outside the ager Romanus".4 In other words the peregrini were in origin the population living in the neighbouring countries of Rome—trans Tiberim.5 These neighbouring peregrini were in ancient times termed hostes. 6 The word did not mean, as later, that they were enemies. The ancient term for an enemy was perduellis.1 The hostes were simply for­ eigners.8 However, when taken as prisoners of war (capti), they became slaves in Rome.9 1 Inst. Just. I 3, 3: Serui ex eo appellati sunt quod imperatores seruos uendere iubent, ac per hos seruare, nee occidere, soient. Dig. I 5, 4 § 2. This derivation was adopted b y Ih e r in g . 2 Thus already R. von Ih e r in g , Geist des römischen Rechts II I2 162 fï. Otto K arlo w a, Römische Rechtsgeschichte II (1901 114. P. F. Gir a r d , Manuel élément, de droit romain8 (by F. S e n n ) 1929, 102 f. H. L é v y -B r u h l , “Esquisse d’une théorie sociologique de l’esclavage à Rome” in Rev. général de droit 1931 p. 8: “La seule source originaire véritable de l’esclavage est la guerre ou la piraterie, ce qui revient à dire que les esclaves ne peuvent être que des non-Romains”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Marriage in Roman Law
    YALE LAW JOURNAL VOL. XVI. MARCH, 1907. No. 5 MARRIAGE IN ROMAN LAW. 'TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL FRENCH TEXT BY ANDREW I'. BIRRKAN, D. C. L.; EDITED BY CHARLES P. SHERMAN, D. C. L., INSTRUCTOR IN ROMAN LAW, YALE LAW SCHOOL Monogamy was, among the Romans, a traditional custom, ordained by the positive law: Neminem, qui sub dicione sit Romani nominis, binas uxores habere posse vulgo patet, cum et in edicto praetoris huiusmodi viri infamia notati sint. Quam rem covpetensjudex, inultam esse non patietur. (Cod. 5, 5, 2.) In Roman Law, marriage is a status created by a simple pri- vate agreement. Its validity results from this understanding and is absolutely independent of the betrothal which ordinarily precedes, of physical cohabitation (nuptias non concubitus, sed con- sensusfadt, says Ulpian in the Digest), of the festivities or of the religious ceremony by which it may be accompanied; it is finally independent of any settlement which confirms the pecuniary terms of the union and serves as its evidence. However, accord- ing to the opinion of many authors, Roman marriage, even of the last period, was never formed simply by the mere exchange of consents; it presupposed a mode of living characterized by public acts of various kinds. That the concordant wills alone did not suffice is, in the first place, shown by the fact, that marriage may take place outside of the presence of the future husband, providing the bride should be brought to his house; finally, and above all, it could not take place in the absence of the bride, since in this case she could not possibly be at the hus- band's disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476)
    Impact of Empire 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd i 5-4-2007 8:35:52 Impact of Empire Editorial Board of the series Impact of Empire (= Management Team of the Network Impact of Empire) Lukas de Blois, Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt, Elio Lo Cascio, Michael Peachin John Rich, and Christian Witschel Executive Secretariat of the Series and the Network Lukas de Blois, Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn and John Rich Radboud University of Nijmegen, Erasmusplein 1, P.O. Box 9103, 6500 HD Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail addresses: [email protected] and [email protected] Academic Board of the International Network Impact of Empire geza alföldy – stéphane benoist – anthony birley christer bruun – john drinkwater – werner eck – peter funke andrea giardina – johannes hahn – fik meijer – onno van nijf marie-thérèse raepsaet-charlier – john richardson bert van der spek – richard talbert – willem zwalve VOLUME 6 IMEM-6-deBlois_CS2.indd ii 5-4-2007 8:35:52 The Impact of the Roman Army (200 BC – AD 476) Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 B.C. – A.D. 476) Capri, March 29 – April 2, 2005 Edited by Lukas de Blois & Elio Lo Cascio With the Aid of Olivier Hekster & Gerda de Kleijn LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
    Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaves, Coloni, and Status Confusion in the Late Roman Empire
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council --Online Archive National Collegiate Honors Council Spring 2017 Slaves, Coloni, and Status Confusion in the Late Roman Empire Hannah Basta Georgia State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nchcjournal Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Higher Education Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, and the Liberal Studies Commons Basta, Hannah, "Slaves, Coloni, and Status Confusion in the Late Roman Empire" (2017). Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council --Online Archive. 558. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nchcjournal/558 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Collegiate Honors Council at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council --Online Archive by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Journal OF THE National Collegiate Honors Council PORTZ-PRIZE-WINNING ESSAY, 2016 Slaves, Coloni, and Status Confusion in the Late Roman Empire Hannah Basta Georgia State University INTRODUCTION rom the dawn of the Roman Empire, slavery played a major and essen- tial role in Roman society . While slavery never completely disappeared fromF ancient Roman society, its position in the Roman economy shifted at the beginning of the period called Late Antiquity (14 CE–500 CE) . At this time, the slave system of the Roman world adjusted to a new category of labor . Overall, the numbers of slaves declined, an event that historian Ramsey MacMullen, drawing from legal debates and legislation of the period, attri- butes to the accumulation of debt and poverty among Roman citizens in the third century CE .
    [Show full text]
  • On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation
    On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation by Jared McCabe Hudson A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ellen Oliensis, chair Professor Maurizio Bettini Professor Dylan Sailor Professor Carlos Noreña Spring 2013 On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation © 2013 by Jared McCabe Hudson Abstract On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation By Jared McCabe Hudson Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Berkeley Professor Ellen Oliensis, Chair The first chapter examines the role played by the litter (lectica) and sedan chair (sella) in Roman literature and culture. The portrait of the wealthy freedman, lounging in his deluxe octaphoros (litter carried by eight imported slaves), is one which appears repeatedly, taking shape in the late Republic and reaching a climax of frequency in the satires of Juvenal and the epigrams of Martial, in the late first century CE. While by this stage the conveyance undeniably functions as a satirical symbol, the origins and constructedness of its role as such have been surprisingly under-examined by modern scholars. In order to excavate the litter’s developing identity, I first unravel Roman accounts of the vehicle’s origins. The lectica was repeatedly framed by Roman authors such as Cicero as an exotic import from the near east (Bithynia, in particular), only available to Romans upon their exposure, through the process of imperial expansion, to eastern softness. However, such a projection involved carefully distinguishing this “decadent” litter from already existing, sanctioned litter use: thus the lectica also encompasses a category closer to our “stretcher.” Indeed, the litter’s status as a newfangled import is belied by coexisting narratives of republican-era patriarchs riding in the lectica, usually because of injury, old age, or disability.
    [Show full text]
  • Hudson Dissertation Final Version
    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4rp2b2ws Author Hudson, Jared McCabe Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation by Jared McCabe Hudson A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ellen Oliensis, chair Professor Maurizio Bettini Professor Dylan Sailor Professor Carlos Noreña Spring 2013 On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation © 2013 by Jared McCabe Hudson Abstract On the Way: a Poetics of Roman Transportation By Jared McCabe Hudson Doctor of Philosophy in Classics University of California, Berkeley Professor Ellen Oliensis, Chair The first chapter examines the role played by the litter (lectica) and sedan chair (sella) in Roman literature and culture. The portrait of the wealthy freedman, lounging in his deluxe octaphoros (litter carried by eight imported slaves), is one which appears repeatedly, taking shape in the late Republic and reaching a climax of frequency in the satires of Juvenal and the epigrams of Martial, in the late first century CE. While by this stage the conveyance undeniably functions as a satirical symbol, the origins and constructedness of its role as such have been surprisingly under-examined by modern scholars. In order to excavate the litter’s developing identity, I first unravel Roman accounts of the vehicle’s origins.
    [Show full text]
  • Legionaries Living in Lutetia: a Study on the Socioeconomic Effects of The
    Legionaries Living in Lutetia: A Study on the Socioeconomic Effects of the Roman Army during the Principate Brian Wagner History Honors Thesis 1 Special thanks to: Professor Josiah Osgood, for all his inspiration, patience, and feedback, for without him this project would never have been possible. Professor Howard Spendelow, for his guidance, continued attention to detail, and consummate professionalism in his last year of service to the history honors seminar. My friends and family, who put up with me talking about Rome for the better part of a year, and who nodded and smiled whenever I tried to tell them that, yes, it really is interesting, I swear. (Front page: legionaries standing in formation while on campaign during the Second Dacian War of 105 CE. Scene 98, taken from Trajan’s Column - http://www.trajans-column.org/) 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Background 7 Chapter 2: Structure of the Roman Army 18 Chapter 3: Consumption and Production in the Roman Army 57 Chapter 4: Economic and Social Effects of the Army 89 Conclusion 109 Glossary 112 Bibliography 117 3 Introduction: During the reign of Augustus, the Roman military fielded approximately 400,000 soldiers, an impressive figure in both size and scope. Supplying and equipping such a massive force involved a logistical network on an unprecedented scale. These professional soldiers were stationed in every corner of the empire for decades at a time, serving as the defensive bastion against the “barbarians” beyond the frontiers. Establishing permanent bases and forts, they became integral parts of the local economy through trade, intermarriage, and the building of infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Mystical Rome V 2.0- July Release Morra Universal Cinematic Game System Contents Chapter Eight: Genre: Mystical Rome
    Mystical Rome V 2.0- July Release Morra Universal Cinematic Game System Contents Chapter Eight: Genre: Mystical Rome ................................................................ 4 Mystical Rome Credits .................................................................................... 5 Target Audience ............................................................................................ 5 Rating and Descriptors: R ............................................................................... 5 Mystical Rome Inspiration ............................................................................... 6 Mystical Rome Budget .................................................................................... 7 Mystical Rome Archetypes ............................................................................... 7 Artisan .................................................................................................... 7 Barbarian ................................................................................................. 9 Bureaucrat ..............................................................................................10 Clergy ....................................................................................................11 Criminal ..................................................................................................12 Druid ......................................................................................................13 Gladiator .................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • The Language of Roman Adultery
    THE LANGUAGE OF ROMAN ADULTERY A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 JESSICA E. DIXON SCHOOL OF ARTS, LANGUAGES AND CULTURES Contents CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... 4 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... 5 DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................. 6 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS ..................................................................................... 9 1.1) LAW AND SOCIETY ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2) MORAL REFORM ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Slavery: a Study of Roman Society and Its Dependence on Slaves
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2008 Roman Slavery: A Study of Roman Society and Its Dependence on slaves. Andrew Mason Burks East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Burks, Andrew Mason, "Roman Slavery: A Study of Roman Society and Its Dependence on slaves." (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1951. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1951 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Roman Slavery: A Study of Roman Society and Its Dependence on Slaves _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in History _____________________ by Andrew Mason Burks August 2008 _____________________ William Douglas Burgess Jr, Chair Melvin E. Page Andrew Slap Keywords: Rome, Roman, Slavery, Slave ABSTRACT Roman Slavery: A Study of Roman Society and Its Dependence on Slaves by Andrew Mason Burks Rome’s dependence upon slaves has been well established in terms of economics and general society. This paper, however, seeks to demonstrate this dependence, during the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire, through detailed examples of slave use in various areas of Roman life.
    [Show full text]
  • Gladiator's Challenge Camporee Schedule
    Lignum Regionis Gladiatoriis Provocation Conventus Centurion Documentum Wood District Gladiator’s Challenge Camporee Senior Patrol Leaders Guide October XVI-XVIII, MMXV (October 16-18, 2015) Basic Park, Luckey, OH “Carpe Diem” (Seize the Day) 1 Legatus - Scoutmaster Centurion – Senior Patrol Leader Legionary - Troops Decurion – Patrol Leader Contubernium – Patrols Camporees are a chance to join in one of the oldest traditions in Boy Scout history – Coming together as a District for Scouting competition. District gatherings provide an opportunity to match skills against others within our district. There will be fun, friendship, and fellowship. This guide is intended to help your Legionary prepare for the fun and excitement of this year’s Fall Camporee. The Scout oath and law will govern the behavior of all participants during this weekend. Failure to compete in this spirit can result in point deductions for a patrol. The principles of leave no trace should be practiced at all times. All events for will be based on basic Scouting skills and concepts as taught and used in the Scout to First Class rank advancement section of the handbook. They will also include fun type challenge events that will require effective communication, leadership, and teamwork to successfully complete. Passports will be given to each Contubernium listing the order of activities to visit. The score for each event will be recorded on the passport. Each Contubernium must turn in their passport to the Wood District Staff as they finish in order to be eligible for any awards. All participating Legionary must sponsor one event or activity and provide the necessary adults and materials required to run the activity or event.
    [Show full text]
  • Symmachus. Oration I. to Valentinian. 25 February 368 Or 369*
    Symmachus. Oration I. To Valentinian. 25 February 368 or 369* Introduction Oration I is probably the earliest of Symmachus' extant orations and may have been delivered at the same time as Oration III addressed to Gratian; it is earlier than Oration II, delivered 1 January 370. Symmachus covers the topics usual to a panegyric of an emperor, beginning with Valentinian's and Valens' family and earlier careers, especially Valentinian's. The 'deeds' portion of the oration, the part that is often of most interest to historians, includes Valentinian's election as emperor, his choice of his brother and son as co-rulers, his preference for the western provinces, rather vague assertions about his martial activities in defending the borders, and praise for his decision not to desert his chosen provinces to assist Valens in fighting off the usurpation of Procopius. For a brief outline noting topoi usual to panegyric, see Del Chicca 1985: 95–96. Translation 1 . You are natives1 of the whole world, an attainment reached in one place by birth, in another by benefit of your labors. Or should I not justly call Africa your native land as well, * C. Sogno p. 2 writes that Symmachus made the trip to Trier in the winter of 367–368; on p. 6 with n. 39 she notes that Praetextatus was still urban prefect in the fall of 368 and this would have helped Symmachus' selection as one of the envoys. So I am not sure if she thinks the travel was 367–368 or 368–369 and whether the oration was delivered in 368 or 369.
    [Show full text]