DOCSLIB.ORG

Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era Women in Criminal Trials in the Julio-Claudian Era by Tracy Lynn Deline B.A., University of Saskatchewan, 1994 M.A., University of Saskatchewan, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Classics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) September 2009 © Tracy Lynn Deline, 2009 Abstract This study focuses on the intersection of three general areas: elite Roman women, criminal law, and Julio-Claudian politics. Chapter one provides background material on the literary and legal source material used in this study and considers the cases of Augustus’ daughter and granddaughter as a backdrop to the legal and political thinking that follows. The remainder of the dissertation is divided according to women’s roles in criminal trials. Chapter two, encompassing the largest body of evidence, addresses the role of women as defendants, and this chapter is split into three thematic parts that concentrate on charges of adultery, treason, and other crimes. A recurring question is whether the defendants were indicted for reasons specific to them or the indictments were meant to injure their male family members politically. Analysis of these cases reveals that most of the accused women suffered harm without the damage being shared by their male family members. Chapter three considers that a handful of powerful women also filled the role of prosecutor, a role technically denied to them under the law. Resourceful and powerful imperial women like Messalina and Agrippina found ways to use criminal accusations to remove political enemies. Chapter four investigates women in the role of witnesses in criminal trials. The final part of the thesis is a prosopographical survey, presenting a case by case analysis of all the trials considered in this study. The conclusion emphasizes that the changing role of women in Roman politics is striking. The emergence of the senate as the court that heard trials like these is an important development. Women are now seen entering the senate and speaking at trials as witnesses and defendants, participating (intermittently, to be sure) in senatorial proceedings, from which they had been completely banned in the Republic. Women were perceived as more than capable of being agents in political intrigue, a perception confirmed and reinforced by the high-profile legal and political maneuvres of the younger Agrippina. This was a new level of public attention, and at a high cost for those who were convicted, whether they were actually guilty of a criminal offense or merely political targets. 11 Table of.Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Abbreviations iv Acknowledgements v Dedication vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Part 1: Sources for women on trial 5 Standard procedure of a criminal trial 14 Emperors in court 16 Part 2: Precedents without trials: the two Julias 19 Chapter 2 Women as Defendants 29 Part 1: On charges of adultery 32 Adultery legislation — old and new law 35 Cases of adultery 40 Adultery as a political charge 65 Part 2: On charges of maiestas 90 Defendants charged with maiestas alone 94 Defendants charged with maiestas as one of multiple charges 109 Defendants on probable charges of maiestas 117 Politically motivated charges 124 Part 3: On charges of veneficia et devotiones and others 132 Defendants on a single charge 134 Defendants on multiple charges 141 Defendants on unrecorded charges 149 Politically motivated charges 154 Chapter 3 Women pro accusatoribus 161 Antonia Tryphaena 167 Messalina 173 Agrippina the Younger 187 Junia Silana 199 The End: Messalina and Agrippina 204 Chapter 4 Women as Witnesses 209 Conclusion 225 Prosopographical Survey of Women in Criminal Trials 240 Bibliography 346 Appendix 1: Chronological Listing of Women in Criminal Trials 361 Appendix 2: Stemmata 363 111 List of Abbreviations: Abbreviations of classics journals follow the standards laid out in L ‘Année Philoiogique; abbreviations of classical authors and their works follow the standards laid out in the Oxford Classical Dictionary. CIL Corpus Inscr4’tionum Latinarum Dig. Digest ofJusitinian (1985) 4 vols., Latin text of Th. Mommsen and P. Krueger, trans. A. Watson, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. EJ Documents Illustrating the Reigns ofAugustus and Tiberius (1955) V. Ehrenberg and A.H.M. Jones (eds), Clarendon Press, Oxford. FIRA Fontes luris Romani Antejustiniani (1941-) 3 vols., S. Riccobono, J. Baviera, C. Ferrini, J. Furlani, V. Arangio-Ruiz, S.A.G. Barbera (eds), Florence. IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae adRes Romanas Pertinentes (1909-1927) vols 1, 3, 4, ed. R. Cagnat, Paris. ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vols 1-4 (1892-1916), Weidman’s, Berlin. Inst. Justinian ‘s Institutes (1987) Latin text of P. Kruger, trans. P. Birks and G. McLeod, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. ORF3 Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta, 31(1 ed. (1953) ed. H. Malcovati, G.B. Paravia, Torino. P]R’2 Prosopographia Imperii Romani (1897-1898) H. Dessau et al. (eds), Berlin. pjp Prosopographia Imperii Romani (1933-), second edition, F. Groag, A. Stein, L. Petersen (eds), Berlin. RC Raepsaet-Charlier, M.-Th. (1987) Prosopographie desfemmes de l’ordre qer senatorial — Jf siècles,), 2 vols, Peeters. RE Pauly ‘s Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, neue Bearbeitung, begonnen v.G. Wissowa, (1893-) Stuttgart. SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum Smaliwood Documents illustrating the Principates ofGaius, Claudius, and Nero (1967) ed. M. Smaliwood, Clarendon Press, Oxford. iv Acknowledgements I am grateful to the faculty, staff, and fellow graduate students in the Department of Classical, Near Eastern, and Religious Studies at UBC for inspiration and support through this doctoral journey. Particular thanks go to Dr. Anthony Barrett, whose erudition and expertise in Roman history are impressive and inspirational. I am grateful for a generous doctoral fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and for University Graduate Fellowships and other funding provided by the University of British Columbia. Special thanks to Drs. Leanne Bablitz, Charmaine Gome and Lyn Rae for asking tough questions and engaging in stimulating conversations in the reading room, hallways, stairwells, pubs, and various other dark corners. Very special thanks to Dr. Shelley “Are you done yet?” Reid whose unstinting support was critical in the writing process. Gratitude beyond words is owed to my family, especially my children: Kieran, Kaylee, and Kendra. Your love and support mean everything. My children and I also thank Mom, Jen, Melanie, and Shelley for preserving my sanity by providing me with conversation, crying towels, chocolate, and/or wine at the appropriate moments. v For my cliifcfren: 7(ieran 7(ay(ee 7(encfra vi CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Women in Criminal Trials Even a quick perusal of Tacitus’ Annales and Suetonius’ Vitae Caesarum gives the reader the sense of a huge number of trials1involving various members of the elite orders of Roman society (both senatorial and equestrian). A significant number of these cases involved women as defendants, co-defendants, and even as prosecutors. This study focuses on the intersection of three general areas: elite Roman women, criminal law, and Julio Claudian politics. Many historians have studied Tacitus, Suetonius, and other early imperial historians, and there are many scholarly publications on those topics. Similarly, many historians have studied Roman women, and others have studied Roman law. There are very few, however, who have paid close attention to the intersection of these three areas; in fact, no full length treatment of this subject has been published. A.J. Marshall’s 1990 article “Women on Trial in the Roman Senate” did indeed compile and briefly analyze information about trials held in the senate, but the subject warrants a more thorough treatment. The parameters of this dissertation fall into three categories. Temporally, it limits itself to the Julio-Claudian era (31 BC to AD 68). Socially, the focus is on elite women in Rome; the vast multitude of non-elite women who must have appeared in court have left virtually no trace in extant records. In the legal sphere, this study focuses on criminal trials only, and explores the historical, political, and legal contexts and consequences of these trials. Note that the term ‘trial’ refers to criminal proceedings rather than civil litigation. There are many examples of elite women’s involvement in private law, all of which are outside the scope of the present study. The Julio-Claudian period provides an opportune window in which to study women in a political and legal context because of the relatively plentiful narrative sources. We should not assume, however, that the political and legal activities of women disappeared at other times merely because the window was obscured. In Dio’s later books and in imperial rescripts preserved in Justinian’s Digest, ample evidence is available about politically and legally powerful women. They were full-contact players in the political game and were not scorned in the law either. We must recognize, however, that the Julio-Claudian era is unique because it marks the beginning of the Empire and therefore new definitions had to be created and clarified, particularly in the context of treason. It is no surprise to find a generation filled with treason trials as the boundaries of treason under the new order were explored and defined. The Julio-Claudian era is, therefore, unique and worthy of study, as are the politically-inclined women of the time. The Roman definition of crime is distinct from our own. Many actions that modern citizens might call crimes — theft, fraud and so on — were civil actions under the Roman legal code. Only actions that harmed the collective or the state were considered crimes by Roman definition; no crime, therefore, fails to be political. The frequency of women’s involvement in criminal trials during the Julio-Claudian period is thus a reflection of the heightened political involvement of women.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: the Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome Joseph V
    Macalester College DigitalCommons@Macalester College Classics Honors Projects Classics Department Spring 5-2-2014 Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome Joseph V. Frankl Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, and the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Frankl, Joseph V., "Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The eV spasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome" (2014). Classics Honors Projects. Paper 19. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/classics_honors/19 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Negotiating Julio-Claudian Memory: The Vespasianic Building Program and the Representation of Imperial Power in Ancient Rome By Joseph Frankl Advised by Professor Beth Severy-Hoven Macalester College Classics Department Submitted May 2, 2014 INTRODUCTION In 68 C.E., the Roman Emperor Nero died, marking the end of the Julio-Claudian imperial dynasty established by Augustus in 27 B.C.E (Suetonius, Nero 57.1). A year-long civil war ensued, concluding with the general Titus Flavius Vespasianus seizing power. Upon his succession, Vespasian faced several challenges to his legitimacy as emperor. Most importantly, Vespasian was not a member of the Julio-Claudian family, nor any noble Roman gens (Suetonius, Vespasian 1.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? 147
    Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? 147 Chapter 8 Eunuchs in the East, Men in the West? Dis/unity, Gender and Orientalism in the Fourth Century Shaun Tougher Introduction In the narrative of relations between East and West in the Roman Empire in the fourth century AD, the tensions between the eastern and western imperial courts at the end of the century loom large. The decision of Theodosius I to “split” the empire between his young sons Arcadius and Honorius (the teenage Arcadius in the east and the ten-year-old Honorius in the west) ushered in a period of intense hostility and competition between the courts, famously fo- cused on the figure of Stilicho.1 Stilicho, half-Vandal general and son-in-law of Theodosius I (Stilicho was married to Serena, Theodosius’ niece and adopted daughter), had been left as guardian of Honorius, but claimed guardianship of Arcadius too and concomitant authority over the east. In the political manoeu- vrings which followed the death of Theodosius I in 395, Stilicho was branded a public enemy by the eastern court. In the war of words between east and west a key figure was the (probably Alexandrian) poet Claudian, who acted as a ‘pro- pagandist’ (through panegyric and invective) for the western court, or rather Stilicho. Famously, Claudian wrote invectives on leading officials at the eastern court, namely Rufinus the praetorian prefect and Eutropius, the grand cham- berlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi), who was a eunuch. It is Claudian’s two at- tacks on Eutropius that are the inspiration and central focus of this paper which will examine the significance of the figure of the eunuch for the topic of the end of unity between east and west in the Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 Thrasyllus in Tacitus
    ) ) 10 THRASYLLUS IN TACITUS (ANN. 6.21 ) REVILO P. OLIVER We can only conjecture how many of the decisions and acts of Tiberius during his long principate were influenced or even determined by Thrasyllus, the one adviser in whom he appears to have had implicit and even unlimited confidence. The origin of this extraordinary friendship has been satis- factorily and, I am sure, correctly explained by Frederick H. Cramer. 1 When Tiberius, resenting the indignities put upon him by the man who was his stepfather and father-in-law, retired to Rhodes, Thrasyllus, an Alexandrian, perhaps of Greek an- cestry, was one of the most eminent of the competing profes- sors in that intellectual capital. According to Cramer, he "must be considered not only one of the most versatile, but also one of the most profound scholars of his era." We may doubt the profundity, which is not necessarily the same as subtlety, but we cannot question the versatility or the learning attested by Cramer's catalogue of his accomplish- ments, to which I add only the suggestion that the opinions and teaching of Thrasyllus may have changed in the course of a career of which the stages are summarized, I think, by a scholium on Juvenal: multarum artium scientiam professus postremo 2 se dedit Platonicae sectae ac deinde mathesi. A grammaticus with SO 1) Astrology in Roman Law and Politics (Philadelphia 1954), p. 94. For plausible conjectures concerning Thrasyllus' s possibly enormous in- fluence on historical events, see pp. 99-108. 2) Ad luv. 6.576. The scholiast is commonly disregarded because his concise note ends with a statement that when Thrasyllus thought himself in danger from Tiberius, dolum cum praesensit, fugit, which is taken to mean that he fled from Rhodes, whereas it is almost certain that he , Revilo P.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexsenhar-Mastersreport
    Copyright by Michael A. Flexsenhar III 2013 The Report Committee for Michael A. Flexsenhar III Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis report: No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: L. Michael White Steven J. Friesen No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul by Michael A. Flexsenhar III, B.A., M.T.S. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 Dedication In memoriam Janet Ruth Flexsenhar mea avia piissima Abstract No Longer a Slave: Manumission in the Social World of Paul Michael A. Flexsenhar III, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: L. Michael White The Roman Empire was a slave society. New Testament and Early Christian scholars have long recognized that slaves formed a substantial portion of the earliest Christian communities. Yet there has been extensive debate about manumission, the freeing of a slave, both in the wider context of the Roman Empire and more specifically in Paul’s context. 1 Cor. 7:20-23 is a key passage for understanding both slavery and manumission in Pauline communities, as well as Paul’s own thoughts on these two contentious issues. The pivotal verse is 1 Cor. 7:21. The majority opinion is that Paul is suggesting slaves should become free, i.e., manumitted, if they are able. In order to better understand this biblical passage and its social implications, this project explores the various types of manumissions operative the Roman world: the legal processes and results; the factors that galvanized and constrained manumissions; the political and social environment surrounding manumission in Corinth during Paul’s ministry; as well as the results of manumission as it relates to Paul’s communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Magical Practice in the Latin West Religions in the Graeco-Roman World
    Magical Practice in the Latin West Religions in the Graeco-Roman World Editors H.S. Versnel D. Frankfurter J. Hahn VOLUME 168 Magical Practice in the Latin West Papers from the International Conference held at the University of Zaragoza 30 Sept.–1 Oct. 2005 Edited by Richard L. Gordon and Francisco Marco Simón LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Magical practice in the Latin West : papers from the international conference held at the University of Zaragoza, 30 Sept.–1 Oct. 2005 / edited by Richard L. Gordon and Francisco Marco Simon. p. cm. — (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world, ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 168) Includes indexes. ISBN 978-90-04-17904-2 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Magic—Europe—History— Congresses. I. Gordon, R. L. (Richard Lindsay) II. Marco Simón, Francisco. III. Title. IV. Series. BF1591.M3444 2010 133.4’3094—dc22 2009041611 ISSN 0927-7633 ISBN 978 90 04 17904 2 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Livy and Tacitus
    Xavier University Exhibit Honors Bachelor of Arts Undergraduate 2021-5 Women in Livy and Tacitus STEPHEN ALEXANDER PREVOZNIK Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH Follow this and additional works at: https://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient Philosophy Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Other Classics Commons Recommended Citation PREVOZNIK, STEPHEN ALEXANDER, "Women in Livy and Tacitus" (2021). Honors Bachelor of Arts. 46. https://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab/46 This Capstone/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate at Exhibit. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Bachelor of Arts by an authorized administrator of Exhibit. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in Livy and Tacitus By Stephen Prevoznik Prevoznik 1 Introduction Livy and Tacitus are both influential and important Roman authors. They have written two of the most influential histories of Rome. Livy covers from the founding of Rome until the Reign of Augustus. Tacitus focuses on the early empire, writing from the end of Augustus’ reign through Nero. This sets up a nice symmetry, as Tacitus picks up where Livy stops. Much has been written about the men they include, but the women also play an important role. This essay plans to outline how the women in each work are used by the authors to attain their goals. In doing so, each author’s aim is exposed. Livy: Women as Exempla Livy’s most famous work, Ab Urbe Condita, is meant to be read as a guide.
    [Show full text]
  • Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre
    GB 1204 Ch 46 Medway Archives and Local Studies Centre This catalogue was digitised by The National Archives as part of the National Register of Archives digitisation project NRA 22324 ! National Arc F Kent Archives Offic Ch 46 Watts Charity MSS., 1579-1972 Deposited by Mr. Chinnery, Clerk to the Charity, Rochester, 1st May 1974, and 5th February, 1976 Catalogued by Alison Revell, June 1978 INTRODUCTION For information concerning the establishment of Watts's Charity, under Richard Watts of Rochester's will, in 1579 and its subsequent history, The Report of Commissioners for Inquiring Concerning Charities - Kent, 1815-39 Pp. 504-9, provides most of the basic facts. Other Rochester Charities are dealt with in the same Report (see pages 55-57, and 500-513). The Report also deals with various early legal cases concerning the Charity, and the uses to which its funds should be put, most notably the cases of the parishes of St. Margaret 's Rochester, and Strood, against the parishioners of St. Nicholas in 1680, and of the parishioners of Chatham against the Trustees of the Charity in 1808 (see L1-4B in this catalogue). The original will of Richard Watts, drawn up in 1579 and proved in the following year in the Consistory Court of Rochester, is kept in this Office under the catalogue mark, DRb PW12 (1579), with a registered copy in the volume of registered wills, DRb PWr 16 (ffl05-107). A copy is also catalogued in this collection as Ch46 L1A. Further Watts Charity material is found in the Dean and Chapter of Rochester MSS, under the KAO catalogue number, DRc Cl/1-65, and consists mainly of accounts of the Providers of the Poor of Rochester, between the years 1699 and 1819.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
    Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 1 of 111 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC, Case No. 17-17531 Plaintiff-Appellant, On Appeal from the United States v. District Court for the Northern District of California CARLA PETERMAN; MARTHA No. 3:13-cv-04934-JD GUZMAN ACEVES; LIANE Hon. James Donato RANDOLPH; CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN; MICHAEL PICKER, in their official capacities as Commissioners of the California Public Utilities Commission, Defendants-Appellees. Case No. 17-17532 WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC, On Appeal from the United States Plaintiff-Appellee, District Court for the Northern District v. of California No. 3:13-cv-04934-JD CARLA PETERMAN; MARTHA Hon. James Donato GUZMAN ACEVES; LIANE RANDOLPH; CLIFFORD RECHTSCHAFFEN; MICHAEL PICKER, in their official capacities as Commissioners of the California Public Utilities Commission, Defendants-Appellants. APPELLANT’S FIRST BRIEF ON CROSS-APPEAL Thomas Melone ALLCO RENEWABLE ENERGY LTD. 1740 Broadway, 15th Floor New York, NY 10019 Telephone: (212) 681-1120 Email: [email protected] Attorneys for Appellant WINDING CREEK SOLAR LLC Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 2 of 111 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Winding Creek Solar LLC is 100% owned by Allco Finance Limited, which is a privately held company in the business of developing solar energy projects. Allco Finance Limited has no parent companies, and no publicly held company owns 10 percent or more of its stock. /s/ Thomas Melone i Case: 17-17531, 04/02/2018, ID: 10821327, DktEntry: 13-1, Page 3 of 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Motions California State Retirees (Csr) Board of Directors Meeting
    SUMMARY OF MOTIONS CALIFORNIA STATE RETIREES (CSR) BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETING Holiday Inn, Sacramento February 22, 2018 7. Approval of October 26, 2017 Board Meeting Minutes CSR 1/18/1 MOTION: Oliveira, second by Hueg - that the CSR Board of Directors approve the minutes of the October 26, 2017 meeting as printed. CARRIED. 11. Program Reports - HQ CSR 2/18/1 MOTION: Fountain, second by Hueg – that the CSR Board of Directors buy the three promotion items, hats, totes and lapel pins, in bulk and send out numbers to chapters. CARRIED. 12. Political Action Committee CSR 3/18/1 MOTION: Oliveira, second by Fountain – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse incumbents Controller Betty Yee and Secretary of State Alex Padilla for reelection. CARRIED. CSR 4/18/1 MOTION: Umemoto, second by Jimenez – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse Treasurer Fiona Ma. CARRIED. CSR 5/18/1 MOTION: Jimenez, second by Oliveira – that the CSR Board of Directors endorse the following Assembly incumbents seeking reelection: AD 01 Brian Dahle (R-Bieber), AD 02 Jim Wood (D-Healdsburg), AD 03 James Gallagher (R-Nicolaus), AD 04 Cecilia Aguiar-Curry (D-Napa), AD 05 Frank Bigelow (R-O’Neals), AD 06 Kevin Kiley (R-El Dorado Hills), AD 07 Kevin McCarty (D-Sacramento), AD 08 Ken Cooley (D-Rancho Cordova), AD 09 Jim Cooper (D-Elk Grove), AD 10 Marc Levine (D-San Rafael), AD 11 Jim Frazier (D-Oakley), AD 12 Heath Flora (R-Modesto), AD 13 Susan Eggman (D-Stockton), AD 14 Tim Grayson (D-Concord), AD 16 Catharine Baker (D-Dublin), AD 17 David Chiu (D-San Francisco), AD 18 Rob Bonta (D-Alameda), AD 19 Phil Ting (D-San Francisco), AD 20 Bill Quirk (D- Hayward), AD 21 Adam Gray (D-Merced).
    [Show full text]
  • Tacitus, Annals, 4.1-4, 7-12, 39-41/TRANSLATION BOOK IV A.D
    Tacitus, Annals, 4.1-4, 7-12, 39-41 Tacitus, Annals, 4.1-4, 7-12, 39-41/TRANSLATION BOOK IV A.D. 23—28 1. THE year when Caius Asinius and Caius Antistius were consuls was the ninth of Tiberius's reign, a period of tranquillity for the State and prosperity for his own house, for he counted Germanicus's death a happy incident. Suddenly fortune deranged everything; the emperor became a cruel tyrant, as well as an abettor of cruelty in others. Of this the cause and origin was Ælius Sejanus, commander of the prætorian cohorts, of whose influence I have already spoken. I will now fully describe his extraction, his character, and the daring wickedness by which he grasped at power. Born at Vulsinii, the son of Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, he attached himself in his early youth to Caius Cæsar, grandson of the Divine Augustus, and the story went that he had sold his person to Apicius, a rich debauchee. Soon afterwards he won the heart of Tiberius so effectually by various artifices that the emperor, ever dark and mysterious towards others, was with Sejanus alone careless and freespoken. It was not through his craft, for it was by this very weapon that he was overthrown; it was rather from heaven's wrath against Rome, to whose welfare his elevation and his fall were alike disastrous. He had a body which could endure hardships, and a daring spirit. He was one who screened himself, while he was attacking others; he was as cringing as he was imperious; before the world he affected humility; in his heart he lusted after supremacy, for the sake of which he was sometimes lavish and luxurious, but oftener energetic and watchful, qualities quite as mischievous when hypocritically assumed for the attainment of sovereignty.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate
    Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: H Interdisciplinary Volume 15 Issue 8 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Human Rights, Social Welfare, and Greek Philosophy Legitimate Reasons for the Invasion of Britain by Claudius By Tomoyo Takahashi University of California, United States Abstract- In 43 AD, the fourth emperor of Imperial Rome, Tiberius Claudius Drusus, organized his military and invaded Britain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the legitimate reasons for The Invasion of Britain led by Claudius. Before the invasion, his had an unfortunate life. He was physically distorted, so no one gave him an official position. However, one day, something unimaginable happened. He found himself selected by the Praetorian Guard to be the new emperor of Roma. Many scholars generally agree Claudius was eager to overcome his physical disabilities and low expectations to secure his position as new Emperor in Rome by military success in Britain. Although his personal motivation was understandable, it was not sufficient enough for Imperial Rome to legitimize the invasion of Britain. It is important to separate personal reasons and official reasons. Keywords: (1) roman, (2) britain, (3) claudius, (4) roman emperor, (5) colonies, (6) slavery, (7) colchester, (8) veterans, (9) legitimacy. GJHSS-H Classification: FOR Code: 180114 HumanRightsSocialWelfareandGreekPhilosophyLegitimateReasonsfortheInvasionofBritainbyClaudius Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2015. Tomoyo Takahashi. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]