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Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, C.319–50 BC

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Ex senatu eiecti sunt: Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, c.319–50 BC Lee Christopher MOORE University College London (UCL) PhD, 2013 1 Declaration I, Lee Christopher MOORE, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Thesis abstract One of the major duties performed by the censors of the Roman Republic was that of the lectio senatus, the enrolment of the Senate. As part of this process they were able to expel from that body anyone whom they deemed unequal to the honour of continued membership. Those expelled were termed ‘praeteriti’. While various aspects of this important and at-times controversial process have attracted scholarly attention, a detailed survey has never been attempted. The work is divided into two major parts. Part I comprises four chapters relating to various aspects of the lectio. Chapter 1 sees a close analysis of the term ‘praeteritus’, shedding fresh light on senatorial demographics and turnover – primarily a demonstration of the correctness of the (minority) view that as early as the third century the quaestorship conveyed automatic membership of the Senate to those who held it. It was not a Sullan innovation. In Ch.2 we calculate that during the period under investigation, c.350 members were expelled. When factoring for life expectancy, this translates to a significant mean lifetime risk of expulsion: c.10%. Also, that mean risk was front-loaded, with praetorians and consulars significantly less likely to be expelled than subpraetorian members. In Ch.3 and 4 we discuss the mechanics of the lectio and review legislative and personal responses to expulsion, including the observations that censors were sensible to a number of societal constraints, among them the opinions of outside actors; also, that expulsion was not necessarily an insuperable setback. Part II comprises a single chapter, a catalogue of all known named praeteriti. An Appendix presents all source testimonia that allude to each praeteritus’ expulsion. The chronological range is bookended by the promulgation of the plebiscitum Ovinium (which gave censors the responsibility of performing the lectio) and the final censorship of the functioning Republic. 3 Contents INTRODUCTION 11-17 PART I – LECTIO SENATUS Chapter 1. Demographics (I): The definition of ‘praeteritus’ and qualification for the Senate 19-49 Chapter 2. Demographics (II): Frequency and risk of being expelled 50-78 Chapter 3. Lectio senatus: Procedure and timing 79-126 A. The procedure of the lectio senatus 79 1. Choosing the princeps senatus 79 2. Choosing the rest of the Senate 82 I. Confidentiality and publication 82 II. Notatio: Nota and subscriptio – the mark and the reason for the mark 84 III. Amelioration of censure 91 IV. Validity 91 V. Cognitiones apud censores 92 B. The timing of the lectio senatus 100 Chapter 4. Responses to expulsion 127-197 1. Primary and secondary targets, and the blurred distinction between the two 127 2. Regimen morum as a factor of censorial (un)popularity 131 3. Constraints and restraints on censoria potestas (I): 142 Legal and quasi-legal devices; ‘blunting the censors’ pens’ I. Ignominia, not infamia; iudicia, not res iudicatae 142 II. The lex Aemilia de censura minuenda of 434 146 4 III. The lex Marcia de censoribus of c.265 148 IV. The lex Clodia de censoria notione of 58 148 V. Vulnerability to intercessio and sacred law, and the issue of obnuntiatio 152 VI. Vulnerability to coercitio and prosecution, and the question of sponsiones 160 VII. The collegiate nature of decision-making 167 VIII. Assessments not binding on subsequent censors 168 4. Constraints and restraints on censoria potestas (II): Other normative devices 170 I. The potential for retaliation through physical violence 170 II. The potential for retaliation through politics and through the courts 172 5. Other responses 177 I. Pudor et verecundia 177 II. Public responses 184 III. Restoration: Re-election and adlection 192 PART II – REGISTER OF THE EXPELLED Chapter 5. Praeteriti certi; case studies of the expelled 199-316 1. L. An(to)nius 202 2. P. Cornelius Cn.f. P.n. Rufinus 204 3. L. Caecilius L.f. L.n. Metellus 208 4. (P.?) Manilius (P.f.?) 210 5. L. Quinctius T.f. L.n. Flamininus 225 6. L. Cornelius P.Africani.f. P.n. Scipio 226 7. M. Cornelius Scipio Maluginensis 230 8. M. Fulvius (Q.f. M.n.?) Flaccus or Nobilior 234 9. Cn. Tremellius 239 10. C. Atinius C.f. Labeo Macerio 247 11. Cassius Sabaco 252 12. C. Licinius P.f. (P.n.?) Geta 254 5 13. M. Duronius 258 14. C. Antonius M.f. M.n. Hybrida 260 15. M’. Aquillius M’.f. M’.n. (Florus?) 265 16. P. Cornelius P.f. P.n. Lentulus Sura 272 17. Q. Curius 277 18. Cn. Egnatius Cn.f. (C.n.) 281 19. Ti. (Albius?) Gutta 288 20. P. Popillius 298 21. M. Valerius M.f. M’.n. Messalla Niger 300 22. C. Ateius (L.f.) Capito 303 23. C. Sallustius Crispus 307 24. & 25. Ignotus (tr.pl. ann. incert.) & M. Lucilius 312 CONCLUSIONS 317-320 APPENDIX 322-350 Praeteriti testimonia 322 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 351-398 1. Ancient sources 351 2. Modern bibliography ` 360 6 Abbreviations used in this work I. Journals AAntHung =Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae AC =L’antiquite Classique AClass =Acta Classica AHB =Ancient History Bulletin AHR =American Historical Review AIRF =Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae AJA =American Journal of Archaeology AJAH =American Journal of Ancient History AJPh =American Journal of Philology Am J Leg Hist =American Journal of Legal History AncW =Ancient World Annales ESC =Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations ANRW =Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt ANSMN =American Numismatic Society Museum Notes BCH =Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique BICS =Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies BMCR =Bryn Mawr Classical Review BSL =Bollettino di Studi Latini C&M =Classica et Mediaevalia CJ =Classical Journal CP =Classical Philology CQ =Classical Quarterly 7 CR =Classical Review CW =Classical World DHA =Dialogues d’Histoire Ancienne DUJ =Durham University Journal EA =Epigraphica Anatolica G&R =Greece and Rome GRBS =Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HSPh =Harvard Studies in Classical Philology IJCT =International Journal of the Classical Tradition JRS =Journal of Roman Studies LCM =Liverpool Classical Monthly MAAR =Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome MEFRA =Mélanges de l’École Française de Rome, Antiquité MH =Museum Helveticum NC =Numismatic Chronicle OpRom =Opuscula Romana PACA =Proceedings of the African Classical Association PAPhS =Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society PCA =Proceedings of the Classical Association PCPhS =Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society PP =La Parola del Passato PSQ =Political Science Quarterly REA =Revue des Études Anciennes REL =Revue des Études Latines RhM =Rheinisches Museum für Philologie RN =Revue Numismatique 8 SHT =Studia Humaniora Tartuensia SNR =Revue Suisse de Numismatique SPh =Studies in Philology TAPhA =Transactions of the American Philological Association TAPS =Transactions of the American Philosophical Society TRG =Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis WS =Wiener Studien ZPE =Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik II. Journal articles and books CIL =Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, multiple volumes. Berlin: Berlin- Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1863-present) Cram =Cram, R.V., ‘The Roman censors’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 51 (1940), 71-110 CRR =Lintott, A.W., The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) El-Beheiri =El-Beheiri, N., ‘Die Römische zensur – ein entwicklungsgeschichtlicher abriss’, Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 44 (2004), 47-98 Grueber =Grueber, H.A., Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum, 2 volumes (London: British Museum, 1910) IG =Inscriptiones Graecae, multiple volumes. (Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1860-present) ILS =Dessau, H. (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 3 volumes (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892-1916) KP =Ziegler, K. & Sontheimer, W. (edd.), Der Kleine Pauly: Lexicon der Antike, 5 volumes (Munich: Druckmüller, 1964-1975) LGRR =Gruen, E.S., The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974) MRR =Broughton, T.R.S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, 3 volumes (Atlanta: American Philological Association, Scholars Press, 1951-1986) 9 NM =Wiseman, T.P., New Men in the Roman Senate: 139 BC-AD 14. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971) PIR2 =Groag, E., Stein, A., & Petersen, L. (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani 2nd edition, multiple volumes (Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1933-present) ORF1 =Meyer, H., Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta ab Appi inde Caeco usque ad Q. Aurelium Symmachum (Paris: Bourgeois-Maze, 1837) ORF2 =Meyer, H., Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta ab Appi inde Caeco et M. Porcio Catone usque ad Q. Aurelium Symmachum (Turin: Orelli, 1842) ORF3 =Malcovati, H., Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta 3rd edition (Turin: Societa per Azioni G.B. Paravia, 1967) ORF4 =Malcovati, H., Oratorum Romanorum Fragmenta 4th edition (Turin: Societa per Azioni G.B. Paravia, 1976) RE =Von Pauly, A.F., Wissowa, G., Kroll, W., Mittelhaus, K., Ziegler, K., & Gärtner, H. (edd.), Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, multiple volumes (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1894-1980) Rotondi =Rotondi, G., Leges Publicae Populi Romani: Elenco Cronologico con una Introduzione sull’attività Legislativa dei Comizi
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  • Governors of Asia in the Nineties B.C. Sumner, G V Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 2; Periodicals Archive Online Pg

    Governors of Asia in the Nineties B.C. Sumner, G V Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 2; Periodicals Archive Online Pg

    Governors of Asia in the Nineties B.C. Sumner, G V Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 2; Periodicals Archive Online pg. 147 Governors of Asia in the Nineties B.C. G. V. Sumner HE CASE for attaching the governorship of Q. Mucius P.f. Scaevola T to his consulship (95 B.C.) is not as good as the case for connecting it with his praetorship. The decisive point is that, according to Asconius (15 Clark), Scaevola as consul vetoed the senatus consultum granting his colleague a triumph (late 95) and had refused to take up his own province.1 Scaevola, then, did not administer a consular province, and his administration of Asia must have been a praetorian provincia. Asia, of course, normally was a praetorian province in this period. The date of Scaevola's praetorship happens not to be attested, but it can be defined within close limits by reference to the normal oper­ ation of the cursus honorum. He and L. Crassus were aequales and were colleagues in the quaestorship, curule aedilate, praetorship and con­ sulate (Cic. Brut. 145, 161), and this suggests that their careers followed the normal pattern particularly closely. They were both born in 140,2 so could not have held the praetorship before 100. By virtue of the requisite biennium between praetorship and consulate they could not have been praetors after 98, since they were consuls in 95. Of the three years 100, 99 and 98, the least likely is 100, but there is no obvious reason to prefer 98 over 99, or vice versa.