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De Lingua Sabina A Reappraisal of the Sabine Glosses Annie Cecilia Burman King’s College University of Cambridge 5 May 2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. !i Annie Cecilia Burman De Lingua Sabina: A Reappraisal of the Sabine Glosses This thesis offers a reappraisal of the Sabine glosses through the analysis of thirty-nine words, all glossed explicitly as Sabine in ancient sources ranging from the first century BCE to the sixth century CE. The study of the Sabine glosses found in ancient grammarians and antiquarians goes back to the beginnings of Italic scholarship. Over time, two positions on the Sabine glosses have crystallised: (a) the Sabine glosses are evidence of a personal obsession of the Republican author Varro, in whose work many Sabine glosses survive, and (b) the Sabine glosses are true remnants of a single language of which little or no epigraphic evidence has survived. By using the neogrammarian observation that sound-change is regular and exceptionless, it is possible to ascertain whether or not the Sabine glosses are likely to be from the same language. This thesis finds that the sound-changes undergone by the Sabine glosses show no broad agreement. The developments are characteristic of different languages – Latin, Faliscan and various Sabellic languages – and many changes are mutually exclusive. This consequently throws doubt on the assertion that the Sabine glosses are all taken from one language. Instead, the glosses should be seen as part of a discourse of the relationships between Romans, Sabines and Sabellic-speaking peoples. During the Republic, Sabines were central to Roman myth, historiography and political rhetoric. As the Sabines were a distinct people in the Roman foundation myths, but were largely Romanised in the Republican present, they became a convenient bridge between Rome and the Sabellic-speaking peoples of Central and Southern Italy, to whom Greek and Roman writers ascribed myths tracing origin back to the Sabines. This continued into the Empire, when emperors such as Claudius and Vespasian utilised their (supposed) Sabine heritage to gain ideological capital. In light of this, the phenomenon of Sabine glosses cannot be seen as one man’s interest, but as a means of reflecting on Rome’s relations with Sabellic- speaking Italy. Keywords: antiquarianism, glosses, Italic languages, history of linguistics, Paulus-Festus, Sabine, Sabellic languages, Varro, Verrius Flaccus !ii Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted or that is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text The length of this thesis is 79 723 words, including footnotes and appendices, but excluding front-matter and bibliography. Therefore it does not exceed the prescribed word limit of 80 000 words as set by the Degree Committee. !iii Acknowledgements The writing of this thesis was made possibly by the generous funding of the Arts and Humanities Research Council Doctoral Award (AH/J500094/1, 2013-2016) and the Faculty of Classics at Cambridge (2013-2016). Throughout my PhD, I have consulted a great number of libraries. I am grateful for the help that I have received from librarians and other personnel at Cambridge University Library, Classical Faculty Library, English Faculty Library, Modern and Medieval Languages Library, Faculty of Arabic and Middle-Eastern Studies Library and King’s College Library; Uppsala University Library, in particular the Carolina Rediviva and the Karin Boye Library; the libraries of British School at Rome, American Academy in Rome and Instituto Svedese di Studi Classici at Rome. I would like to give my deepest thanks to the people who have helped and supported me during the writing of this thesis. My supervisor James Clackson, and my secondary supervisors John Patterson and Torsten Meißner have provided invaluable insights and much encouragement. I would also like to thank my examiners David Langslow and Nicholas Zair. David Butterfield, Michael Crawford, Rebecca Flemming, Alexander Guttenplan, Geoffrey Horrocks, Minchul Kim, Katherine McDonald, Wolfgang de Melo, John North, Paolo Poccetti, Benjamin Smith, Lina Thorvaldson, Bram van der Velden and Andrew Wallace- Hadrill have helped me with bibliography, scholarly opinion, language questions and a variety of other queries, from the intricacies of textual criticism to the texture of a wolf ’s hide. Support, encouragement and a great variety of help, ranging from loan of books to new perspectives on antiquity, has been provided by Philip Boyes, Anna Judson, Jennie Marston, Talia Robertson, Matthew Scarborough and Daniel Unruh. My deepest thanks to my family, !iv Alice Burman Wallace, August Burman, Carina Burman and Lars Burman, for their support and help with proof-reading. This thesis is dedicated to my parents: my mother, Carina Burman, who brought me to my first Latin lectures when I was only a few weeks old, and my father, Lars Burman who, true to his Etruscan first name, encouraged me to pursue my interest in Classical linguistics. Annie Burman Cambridge April 2017 !v Abbreviations I use abbreviations from OCD (Hornblower and Spawforth 2012) throughout, with the following exceptions: CD Augustine, De Civitate Dei Columella, RR Columella, De Re Rustica DS Danielis Scholia DVS De Verborum Significatu EM Ernout and Meillet 1932 eDIL Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language EDLI de Vaan 2008 ET Meiser 2014 FP Manuwald 2001 FRH Cornell et al. 2013b GL Keil [1857-1870] 2009 GPC Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru GRF Funaioli 1907 Hesych. Hesychius IE Indo-European IEW Pokorny [1959] 1994 II Crawford et al. 2011 InscrIt Degrassi 1937-1947 L&S Lewis and Short [1879] 1951 LDAF Bakkum 2009 LIV Rix and Kümmel 2001 LL Varro, De Lingua Latina !vi Lyd. Ioannes Lydus OED Oxford English Dictionary OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary ORF Malcovati 1953 PIE Proto-Indo-European SAOB Svenska Akademiens Ordbok Schol. Veron. Baschera 1999 ST Rix 2002 TRF Ribbeck 1897 Varro, RR Varro, De Re Rustica WH Walde and Hofmann 1938-1956 Editions of Classical Texts I have used Teubner editions of Classical texts with the following exceptions: Isid. Etym. Lindsay 1911 Hesych. Schmidt 1965 Schol. Veron. Baschera 1999 Servius ad Aen. Thilo and Hagen 1878-1902; Rand et al. 1946; Stocker and Hartmann Travis 1965 Steph. Byz. Billerbeck 2006-2015 Varro LL Kent 1951a Where a text is cited only once and an edition other than the Teubner edition is used, the editor’s name is given after the reference. Translations are primarily from the Loeb Classical Library. When no source is given for the translation, it is my own. !vii Tables and Figures Tables Table 1. Inscriptions classified as Sabine in Sabellic corpora………………………………22 Table 2. Glosses displaying f/h variation…………………….……………………………. 42 Table 3. Distribution of -u- and -i- in South Picene, Umbrian, Paelignian, Marrucinian and ‘Sabine’ lexemes…………………….……………………… 61 Table 4. Non-Latin glosses in Varro’s LL…………………….……………………………. 80 Table 5. Units of measurement found in ancient Italy…………………….……………… 164 Table 6. Italian peoples mentioned in the writings of Servius, Macrobius, Pseudo-Acron and Ioannes Lydus………………………….………………….. 177 Table 7. Number of glosses ascribed to languages of Italy in antiquity………………..… 180 Table 8. Categorisation of Sabine glosses based on phonology and comparative material.. 186 Figures Figure 1. Towns and cities of the Sabine territory…………..…………..…………..…….. 11 Figure 2. Etymological connections proposed in ancient sources between curis, Quirites, Quirinus, Cures, Ianus Quirinus and Iuno Curitis………………..…………… 97 !viii Table of Contents Chapter One The Sabine Language in Ancient Narratives and Modern Scholarship……… 1 1.1. The nature of glosses……………………………………………………………$ 2 1.2. The Sabine mirage………………………………………………………………. 3 1.2.1 The Sabines and the foundation of Rome…………………………………… 3 1.2.2 The Ager Sabinus and its people……………………………………………… 9 1.2.3 Using Sabine myths to approach Sabellic Italy………………………………. 14 1.3. Sabines in epigraphy, archaeology and linguistics………………………………$ 21 1.3.1 Finding Sabine inscriptions…………………………………………………$ 21 1.3.2 Approaching and classifying Sabine glosses…………………………………. 24 1.3.3 Mythical influences on the study of Sabine…………………………………$ 27 1.4. Scope and methodology………………………………………………………… 31 Chapter Two Sabine Glosses in the Works of Marcus Terentius Varro……………………… 35 2.1 Life, work and times of M. Terentius Varro…………………………………………. 35 2.2 De Lingua Latina………………………………………………………………………… 36 2.2.1 Sol, *ausel, *sauel………………………………………………………………$ 36 2.2.2 Fircus……………………………………………………………………………. 40 2.2.3 Fedus……………………………………………………………………………$ 45 2.2.4 †Apruno porco por………………………………………………………………. 46 2.2.5 Lixula, similixula………………………………………………………………… 49 2.2.6 Lepesta…………………………………………………………………………$ 51 2.2.7 Ciprus…………………………………………………………………………… 58 2.2.8 Creper, crepusculum……………………………………………………………. 62 !ix 2.2.9 Februm…………………………………………………………………………$ 64 2.2.10 Idus……………………………………………………………………………$ 66 2.2.11
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