Volume 16 Winter 2014

Tomb 6423 At right, the Below is the A Digger’s View: lastra sealing chamber as The Tomb of the Hanging the chamber found at the The perspective of a field , shown in situ. moment of archaeologist by Alessandro Mandolesi Above it is the opening, by Maria Rosa Lucidi another lastra on the back The University of Turin and the possibly reut- wall a little The discovery of the tomb of the Superintendency for the Archaeological ilzed spolia aryballos still “hanging aryballos" has aroused great Heritage of Southern have been interest among the public in both taken from hangs on its investigating the of the Queen and internationally. The integrity of the original nail. and the surrounding it, the the tumulus unviolated tomb is definitely one of the Doganaccia, since 2008. The excava- of the queen, (photographs reasons for the attention it has received. tions have brought forth many important which stands by Massimo The uniqueness is even more pro- and unexpected results, thanks to subse- nearby. Legni). nounced when one considers that since quent research, and the infor- the second half of the nine- mation relating to the differ- teenth century the English ent phases of its use has made traveler George Dennis it possible to clarify many blamed the inability to recov- obscure points about the great er the contexts from intact era of the monumental tumuli chamber tombs in Etruscan at Tarquinia. Tarquinia on repeated looting Archaeologists working since ancient times. The phe- on the sixth excavation cam- nomenon of illegal excava- paign at the necropolis of the tions is a plague known to all Doganaccia discovered, in major Etruscan archaeologi- September of 2013, an cal sites (and more generally exceptionally intact chamber to all those countries rich in tomb, a small tumulus of the history and late Archaic period, that is the across the Mediterranean), continued on page 6 c continued on page 7 The lost vehicles cemetery of rewrites the The Etruscans and Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), in col- archaeological history of the extraordi- laboration with the Superintendence of the Vatican nary artifacts found in 1836 and now on the Mediterranean meridionale per i Beni archeologici by Adriana Emiliozzi display in the . Under The city of Cerveteri dell'Etruria and with the special partici- and Maurizio Sannibale consideration in particular were the Louvre-Lens pation of the Università di Sapienza reconstructions done in the past, which 5 December 2013 - 10 March 2014 Roma, this exhibition traces the history Recent research carried out on the brought to light a surprising result. by Francois Gaultier of Cerveteri, one the largest cities of Regolini-Galassi tomb group from the A magnificent tumulus Etruria best continued on page 16 These burial objects came to light The exhibition, Etruscans and the nearly two centuries ago, when the tomb Mediterranean - the city of Cerveteri is was discovered in April 1836. Ever the first archaeological exhibition at the since that time visitors to the Vatican Louvre-Lens. Anxious to give Etruria, Museums have been able to view composed of major city-states, like aspects of the life, the signs of power those of Greece, a lively yet precise and the sacred symbols of an Etruscan image, it abandons the general approach family of princely rank from ancient most often used to describe the major , Cisra to the Etruscans. The mon- civilizations of the ancient umental mound, about 60 meters in Mediterranean, and seeks to recount the diameter, had remained intact, sealed evolution of an Etruscan city, from its and hidden from the eyes and the mem- origins to the Roman conquest. ory of posterity, full of gold, of Conceived as an initiative of the figures, furniture and ceramics; it Louvre and the Instituto di Studi sul amazed the two continued on page 4 Mediterraneo Antico (ISMA), Centro LETTERS TO THE EDITORS

Dear Editors: Dear Editors: My dissertation in 1982 at the The last issue of Etruscan News was Archeology Department of the just fantastic. It is so newsy, with so University Graz was on the topic many color pictures and great informa- “Ikonographie zum Musikleben und tion. I really like the picture of Jane and zum Instrumentarium der Etrusker.” Larissa as well. Thanks so much for And this was actually the final point of working so hard on this, too. I can’t my career as an archeologist, because I believe that it is already the 10th had to continue my way as a musician Anniversary. I have given my issue to (harpsichord, organ and composition). the woman who first told me about the Only after my retirement as a teacher at finds that led to you printing a “letter to Musikuniversität Graz my interests on the editor” from me. Since Larissa sent Etruscan culture began to newly awake. the issue to me, I am asking her for Together with my wife I made several another and sending in some dues. It travels to and in order makes me feel so good to be included. I to see what had developed in Etruscan wish that I could be in in June research. It was thrilling for me to notice for the tribute to Nancy de Grummond. the huge amount of new results. Most importantly, here’s to your very Of course I eagerly read the books of Celebrating left to right: Fulvia Lo Schiavo, Larissa Bonfante, good health. Ambros Pfiffig (Religio etrusca, Marc Kaadi, Orlando Cerasuolo and Salvatore Napolitano. Con affetto, Etruskische Sprache etc.). One time I Barb Dear Editors: played harpsichord in a concert in Editor's Note: For the story of the Barbara Martini Johnson Lower near Stift Geras (where Here is a picture of some of the guests Giganti, see Etruscan News 15, Winter he was staying as a monk then). at Professor Bonfante's house following 2013, page 40. Somebody told me that he was in the the lecture of Fulvia Lo Schiavo on the Giganti of Sardinia. Also present were audience. He seems to have been a great ETRUSCAN NEWS lover of music. It’s a pity I was too shy Francesco de Angelis and other mem- to speak to him. bers of the audience. Editorial Board, Issue #16, January 2014 Luciana Aigner-Foresti I remember Yours truly, very well as a friendly middle-aged Salvatore Napolitano woman (ten years older than me! I was Dear Editors: Editor-in-Chief Jane Whitehead [email protected] about thirty then) always busily running One of my students, here at University Modern and Classical Languages to and fro between the Institutes of Alte of California, Berkeley, Eri Kaku decid- Valdosta State University Geschichte and Klassische Archäologie ed to make me an Etruscan egg out of Valdosta, GA 31698 in Graz when I was a student of Prof. terra-cotta, which I am holding here. Erna Diez there. I think she was an Inspired by my class on President of the U.S. Larissa Bonfante [email protected] assistant professor in the Institute of and Archaeology, Kaku, an Art History Section of the Istituto Classics Department Ancient History and I’m not sure if she Major, applied some of the themes she di Studi Etruschi ed noticed me at all. Lately I read with learned in Etruscan art to her studio art Italici, ex officio 100 Washington Square East great admiration her book Die Etrusker practice. The small egg is painted with Building, Room 503 und das frühe Rom. I know that she is the figures from the back wall of the New York, NY 10003 “Präsidentin” of the Vienna Section of Tomb of the Lionesses from Tarquinia. Studi Etruschi. Kaku was influenced by my study of the Language Page Editor Rex Wallace [email protected] I am very happy that you put me on egg in Etruscan art, which was the Classics Department your list. Etruscan News is among the theme of my lecture this year at the University of Massachusetts best sources of information about 2013-14 Cinelli Lecture in Etruscan Art Amherst, MA 01003 Etruscan archeology! From now on I and Archaeology (November, 2013 at want to subscribe to Etruscan News. the University of Milwaukee). Book Review Editor Francesco de Angelis [email protected] Please be so kind as to send it to my Ciao, Art History and Archaeology address. Lisa Pieraccini With my best wishes, New York, NY 10027 Dr. Franz Zebinger Eichenweg 2 Layout-Design Editor Gary Enea [email protected] A-8062 Kumberg AUSTRIA Submissions, news, pictures, or other material appropriate to this newsletter may be sent to any of the editors listed above. The email address is preferred. For submissions guidelines, see Etruscan News 3 (2003).

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Page 2 Dear Editors: Letter to our Readers I am sending you a picture of Jean MacIntosh Turfa, taken on the occasion Dear Readers: of the lecture she presented at the Department of Classics at the University This latest issue sees us at work on Thanksgiving weekend with our layout of Mississippi in October on “An editor Gary Enea and our guest editor Orlando Cerasuolo, whose book reviews Etruscan Book of Omens Revealed: the and announcement of the conference that he is organizing for Buffalo appear Brontoscopic Calendar," based on her here. The room is full of energy, alternating boisterous laughter and intense con- recent book Divining the Etruscan centration. World: the Brontoscopic Calendar and The excitement spills over into this issue, which is full of novelties and sur- Religious Practice (Cambridge). Jean Turfa explains the thunder. prises. We present for the first time a remarkable new museum, Louvre-Lens, a Sincerely, provincial branch of the Louvre in Paris. It has gathered, re-conserved and re- Hilary Becker photographed many of the most well known Etruscan artifacts from around the Dear Editors: world, and is displaying them in an exhibit, “Les Etrusques et la Mediterranée,” A delayed thank you for the two nice which will travel next to the . Another new museum presents unu- issues of Etruscan News that I received sual ideas on how to exhibit absent antiquities; MAVNA (Museo Archeologo- and have read. I have watched "EN" Virtuale di Narce) is reassembling scattered collections by juxtaposing real arti- grow wider and stronger over the years. facts with 3-dimensional scans of their missing companions. It represents the kind of immediate con- We note the intriguing exhibit on the Gorga collection in , “A Life in tact with issues and people that the more 10,000 Pieces,” which captures the idiosyncrasy and taste of a wealthy, single- traditional publications just can't match. Lunch at Ole Miss from left, Elle minded opera singer at the turn of the century. It documents the history of col- I've been remiss about my subscription. Leatherman, Amanda Griffith, lecting during a period when the eye of the collector turns toward the smaller But, "subito"! With all good wishes and Juliana Norton, Jean Turfa, Hilary scale objects closer to the everyday life of the ancient people. good cheer for the New Year, Becker. International newspapers featured the spectacular recovery of the Tomba Ross Cacni at and its 23 new Hellenistic urns. Tarquinia also yielded front- (R. Ross Holloway) page news with the surprising discovery of an early intact tomb, the Tomb of the Hanging aryballos, which has escaped the notice of the tombaroli. Also from Dear Editors: Tarquinia comes the stunning final publication of the excavations at the Ara Eve Gran Aymerich and Larissa della Regina temple, the vast scale of which has brought new insights into the Bonfante standing by the famous Vix earliest foundations of the city. crater, the largest container from antiq- The chariots of the Regolini-Galassi Tomb, displayed in the Museo uity (1,100 liters). It was taken in May Gregoriano Etrusco at the Vatican, have just been increased in number by not 2013, at the Museum of Chatillon sur one, but three! The article by Adriana Emiliozzi, who reconstructed them, Seine, when Larissa was our guest details the analysis that led to their discovery. while visiting Celtic sites in Burgundy. Two important museum have new directors: the ever-expanding Louvre in Salutations, Paris welcomes Jean-Luc Martinez, while the Villa Giulia Museum warmly Jean Gran Aymerich receives a new direttrice/soprintendente, Alfonsina Russo, who continues the Editor's Note: See page 14 for the story rapid pace of imaginative projects and presentations of the Etruscan material. on the of French . Many of you will be seeing Etruscan News 16 for the first time at the 2014 Annual Meeting of the AIA in Chicago. We call your attention to two panels of Dear Editors: papers on pre-Roman Italy, one of which features the Etruscan city of . In reply for your request for pictures of These panels include Italians and other scholars from Europe who have come to the celebrations for Mario Del Chiaro, Chicago to present their new finds, and we wish to thank them their participation here are a few. You will find pictures of and welcome them to the AIA and Chicago. the Second Annual Mario Del Chiaro Lecture at UC Berkeley; the Caere panel Jane K. Whitehead at the AIA; and the Lifetime Larissa Bonfante Achievement Reception for Del Chiaro Above, from left Paolo Visonà, (I like the one of the Two Marios!), and Mario Del Chiaro, Lisa Pieraccini. for the 10 years of Etruscan News at the SUBSCRIPTION FORM AIA, which brought together over 100 At left, Alessandro Naso, Mario The suggested contribution for an individual subscription to Etruscan News is $ 25.00 per year. Del Chiaro, Nancy Winter, We welcome donations of any amount. Please remit this form with a check payable to: people. ISSEI- Etruscan News, to Larissa Bonfante, Classics Department, 100 Washington Square East, Yours truly, Vincenzo Bellelli. Below, Mario Silver Building , Rooom 503, New York University, New York NY 10003. Lisa Pieraccini Torelli with Mario Del Chiaro. Please send me Etruscan News. 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Page 3 Chariots, continued from page 1 cremated remains of a man, as befitted ARCHAEOCAT discoverers that penetrated it for the first warriors and heroes. The cell on the left time. Since then the tomb has been - did not contain any burials, while the versally known by their names: rear chamber was reserved for the inter- Alessandro Regolini, archpriest of ment of a woman. In the antechamber Cerveteri, and Vincenzo Galassi, retired lay a bronze funeral bier and extrava- military general. Their method of the gant furnishings for ritual use in the excavation was a product of the times: course of the aristocratic banquet. chaotic, with more attention paid to the Luigi Canina was the first to publish objects, especially the precious ones, the Regolini-Galassi tomb (Description than to the context. Although this prac- of Cere Antica, Rome 1838) and to tice was regarded as normal, there was describe a chariot among the items no lack of criticism by contemporaries, found there. In fact in 1836 parts of the since the extraordinary nature of the dis- wheels, decorated with bronze sheets covery, monumental in scope and and other functional and ornamental wealth, the value and uniqueness of the components, were also collected. Yet finds, as well as the questions raised - the presence of wagons in Regolini- the identity and status of the owners, the Galassi tomb remained one of its most ritual and symbolic aspects, and the con- nebulous aspects; for a long time even nections between culture and history — information on the only wagon that had led to unprecedented attention regarding been recognized at the time of discovery the original context of the tomb. disappeared from the publications. Oldest species of big cat discovered. The four to six million years old Dialogue between cultures New finds pantherine fossils, the oldest ever found, were discovered in the Today the tomb and its contents rep- When the paleontologist Giovanni Himalaya Mountains of Tibet. They belong to a new species of ancient resent one of the richest and most mean- Pinza returned to the tomb, he discov- prehistoric cat, now called Panthera blytheae. Dr. Jack Tseng from the ingful contexts for our understanding of ered items forgotten by the first excava- American Museum of Natural History, together with his team made the Orientializing period in Etruria. tion, and retrieved forgotten information this important discovery. (Graphics: Julie Selan and Mauricio Anton). This far-reaching artistic and cultural from the archives. Around 1912 he phenomenon (730-580 BC) involved the reconstructed a monumental wagon sur- more evolved cultures of the ancient mounted by a throne, and identified a POETRY Mediterranean in an extraordinary chariot among the fragments that process of acquisition and reworking of remained forgotten and misunderstood. motifs of Near Eastern origin. Goods circulated, and so did people — and with them, knowledge and ideas, of technology, art, science, medicine and religion. East and West met, and the Regolini-Galassi tomb is a witness to this meeting. Inside, we find Eastern symbols and themes along with ele- ments of clearly Hellenic influence, all mediated by Rasna, the Etruscans, who communicated with both these cultures. This Orientalizing character had not escaped the first scholars of the 19th century, who immediately noticed the style of the Egyptian silver gilt cups (we now know that they are of Phoenician production), as well as other elements of Eastern origin. The high rank of the owners was linked to some form of Larthia the Etruscan priestly class. The architect Luigi We recognize in Pinza’s reconstruc- Canina, the first to publish the tomb in a tion a projection of another ceremony comprehensive way, thought that the familiar to him: the Etruscan throne, monument preceded the time of the raised between fans, which closely , because the construction recalls the sedia gestatoria of papal technique of its false vault reminded processions. In fact, the throne had him of Mycenaean architecture. been assembled from bronze fragments The tomb is long and narrow, with found in the tomb. At the same time, an antechamber for the room intended “Larthia” Regolini , the model dressed for the main burial. At the sides of the in Etruscan fashion according to ideas antechamber are two smaller elliptical suggested by Pinza, was depicted on the “niches” or cells. The right one held a Regolini-Galassi throne adorned in large ceramic olla, which contained the originals jewels from the tomb. by Nicole Cuddeback, "Looking for Etruria 2," The Seattle Review. continued on page 40 Page 4 ARTICLES

OTEM that could only be translated in In Tarquinia, Rites of the one way: O(rdinis) TEM(pli), i.e. Order Knights Templar in an of the Templars.” Carlo Tedeschi then brings together Etruscan tomb all the pieces of the puzzle and arrives at by Maria Grazia Filippi, Il Messaggero his conclusion: in an Etruscan tomb in Tarquinia, a corpus of graffiti refers to In the necropolis of Tarquinia, in the acts of a sexual nature relating to mem- first thirty years of the 13th century, the bers of the order of the Knights Templar. Knights Templar held initiation rituals “To convince me that it was the first in which initiates performed oaths and recorded evidence for rituals of a sexual sexual practices to gain entry into their nature by the Knights Templar,” admits order; to reconstruct these facts is the Tedeschi, “I almost had to wrestle with goal of the book edited by paleographer myself. It is a thorny issue, controver- Carlo Tedeschi. The banquet scene on the rear wall pediment of the Bartoccini tomb, sial, that slips easily from history to An Etruscan tomb in the necropolis Tarquinia: scratched in are Templar graffiti both sacred and profane. myth, and is destined to raise a hornet’s of Tarquinia contains medieval graffiti fully restored in 2004. Yet, just as in a novel, Dr. Tedesco nest. I was confronted by many scholars that refer to sexual acts of a ritual “When I went back in 2009, things had the feeling that the mystery was not and I have to thank Maria Cataldi and nature, crosses, symbols and an inscrip- started to become clearer: these were completely revealed. “There were two Gabriella Scapaticci of the tion, O.T.E.M, which translates easily as certainly graffiti in the vernacular of the words, frater (brother) and magister Soprintendenza Archeologica of Order of the Knights Templar. period, and it was the first time that they (teacher), which appeared in more graf- Southern Etruria who facilitated my It is not the latest Dan Brown thriller were found in area of northern . fiti. The visitors to the tomb were thus research. Certainly there will be those combining history and myth. It is not But there was one word, a verb that part of a religious order whose hierarchy who will disagree, as is always the case romantic fictional literature or that unequivocally alluded to sexual acts and also included the figure of the magister. when it comes to the Templars. But I trendy documentary-style evidence, was repeated in almost all of the inscrip- “I rethought the decorations, from the am a paleographer. I collected data and tions. I concluded large cross that the purpose of above the entrance to this tomb must the inner room to the have changed, decoration of the been transformed tomb walls check- from a sacred bur- ered in red and white, ial place in which refer unequiv- Etruscan times into ocally to the symbol- a meeting place of ic colors of the sensual pleasure in Knights Templar, to the .” the symbols and ritu- But not every- als found in ancient thing was that texts that correlate clear. Indeed, “a lot with life in that reli- which lacks any scientific rigor. It is the of things did not make much sense to gious order. I just needed a final key that the data pointed unequivocally in one result of the long work of dedicated me. It was evident that the markings certified the truth of my hypothesis. direction.” analysis and painstaking research that were all by the same hand. And from an “The key came from graffito No. 13: “SI “That the Etruscan tombs can still Carlo Tedeschi, professor of Latin examination of the decorations that line FOTEO QUESTA GROTA F. RAINERI give us a lot of satisfaction and continue Paleography at the University of Chieti- the walls, it was clear that, besides the RANIERUS OTEM.” This can be to provide new avenues of study is not a Pescara, presents in his new book large number of profane inscriptions, translated to mean that a certain Ranieri surprise to anyone,” says the superin- Templar Graffiti. Structures and there were also many explicit religious had performed sexual practices in what tendent of the Archaeological Heritage medieval symbols in an Etruscan tomb symbols: crosses everywhere, many he called the “grotto.” But the name of Southern Etruria, Alfonsina Russo, in Tarquinia (published by Viella). five-pointed stars, the cornucopia.” Ranieri is followed by an abbreviation who has made available the Villa Giulia “The first time I walked into the Museum in Rome for the presentation of Bartoccini Tomb was back in 2000,” the book. “It is certain that these studies says Carlo Tedeschi. “I had seen pic- are particularly important because they tures of it in the Catalogue of Etruscan prove for the first time that these rituals Painting of Tarquinia by Stefan were carried out in a Tarquinian tomb by Steingraber, and there I immediately the Knights Templar. To open new recognized some graffiti related to the avenues of interpretation, unknown and Middle Ages. But when for the first time unpublished, it is essential to continue to I set foot in the tomb these ideas were maintain our attention on a precious her- not clear to me at all.” The Bartoccini itage as unique in the world as our tomb, discovered in July 1959, is a well Etruscan one, a heritage that is not only known Etruscan frescoed chamber tomb preserved but also enhanced through of the 6th century BC, which was in fact new research.

Page 5 Tomb 6423, continued from page 1 refers to the practice of preparing the years between the 6th and 5th centuries kykeion, a heroic beverage par excel- BC. Almost 6 meters in diameter, it had lence mentioned by Homer. been largely destroyed over time by After the careful excavation and human activities. The structure con- removal of these symposium vases, the tained a small burial chamber carved excavators proceeded to the burial entirely into the limestone. The discov- chamber and removed the heavy slab ery of an intact burial of this type is a that had sealed it for centuries. The rare occurrence and therefore under- intact tomb appeared before the eyes of standably arouses great curiosity and the archaeologists. The conditions of attention. Since ancient times “treasure preservation of the chamber were excel- Cutaway graphic shows the position of 6423 and its unexcavated hunters” have scoured this Etruscan lent, except for a slight structural failure necropolis in search of objects buried dromos in relation to the Queens tumulus. The archaeologists salute. of the vault and the left jamb of the door. with the dead, often carrying out looting known, is undoubtedly the majestic chamber, archaeologists in recent years The room, rather small in size (about 2.3 in the area. The importance of the dis- open-air entrance way brought to light have focused their efforts not just on the x 1.8 meters), is completely carved out covery of an intact tomb lies in the pos- during the first excavation campaigns. It main monument, which served as an of the limestone. It has a rectangular sibility for archaeologists to study a is a large courtyard entered from a grand important cornerstone in the topography plan, with a raised threshold at the completely preserved context, recon- staircase carved into the rock, on which of the necropolis of 7th century BC doorstep, and two funeral platforms cut structing the rituals and funeral cere- took place the ceremonies in honor of Tarquinia, but have also extended the into the rock, on both side walls. monies through the arrangement of the the deceased aristocrat. investigation around the monument; this Carved at the top of the platform are two objects. Especially important is the On the exterior walls of this area, has allowed them to pinpoint a part of low steps shaped like the pillows of a analysis of organic residues, which called the piazzaletto, or “little square” the cemetery of aristocratic nature, con- bed. The ceiling is vaulted. Of great allow the investigation of aspects of were discovered the remains of a rare sisting of chamber tombs of various interest are the remains of paint on the daily life otherwise unknown. alabaster gypsum plaster, a wall cover- types. This discovery represents some- walls of the small room, minimalist and ing then unknown in Italy, presumably thing new in the archaeology of applied by skilled workers coming from Etruscan Tarquinia, because we have the the eastern Mediterranean. The structure opportunity, for the first time, to learn of the tomb itself holds significant com- about the funeral organization around a parisons with the royal tombs of large princely tumulus. Salamis in Cyprus. Still visible on the The Tomb plaster are the oldest traces of Here in this burial ground, a few Tarquinian funeral painting, executed in meters from the base of the main monu- red and black, with architectural, floral, ment, tomb 6423 was discovered plant and figural motifs, unfortunately untouched, presumably belonging to a difficult to read because of the poor state person of rank related to the owner of of preservation of the paintings, which the large tumulus. had been exposed to the elements. The The exterior entrance vestibule at main chamber of the princely tomb the end of the dromos was dominated by Symposium ware left out for the remains to be explored, but would seem a large, intact monolithic limestone door Symposium ware outside in the to have been intended to house the dead, just inside the tomb door. nearly 2 meters high and 90 cm. wide. In vestibule, was used by the living. remains of its owner. The excavation of the vestibule in front of the door lay a The area of the Doganaccia stands this tomb is proving to be very complex, full symposium service, concentrated architectural in character, ideologically at the center of the vast necropolis of because the monument has suffered along the right wall of the entrance, referring to the “house of the dead.” The Monterozzi, famous for its painted major internal structural damage and composed of about twenty vases of red space of the pediment of the back wall tombs and designated a UNESCO would require substantial funds, which , and painted . still retains nine iron nails, which were World Heritage Site. Less well known are currently not available. A significant find was the only metal probably used for hanging pots or orna- are the large tumuli of the Orientalizing While waiting for significant funding object, a small and seldom attested mental material, floral or vegetable. period, situated along the main urban for the excavation of the main burial bronze grater, the presence of which Confirming this hypothesis was a small roads in antiquity, easily visible and in a ointment jar, an aryballos, which amaz- position allowing them to control the Arrow indicates the front of the tomb before excavation; insets show ingly still hung from its handle to one of area. Situated along one of the main various phases of the excavation. The small vestibule is unusual. the nails. For this reason, the tomb was routes that lead from the Etruscan city called the Tomb of the Hanging (La Civita) to the sea, the two twin Aryballos. tumuli known as La Tomba del Re and After the clearing of the Etrusco- La Tomba della Regina (the tombs of Corinthian and bucchero vases from the “the King” and “the Queen”), rise floor of the small corridor between the majestically on two large limestone ter- platforms, it was possible to carry out an races. While the first monument, La investigation and documentation of the Tomba del Re, was excavated in 1928, funeral beds. On the left platform were the tumulus of the Queen (see Etruscan the remains of an inhumation whose News 14) has only recently and for the bones were poorly preserved, due to the first time been scientifically investigat- corrosive effect of the bedrock. Lying ed by the University of Turin. The most alongside the osteological remains were outstanding feature of this tomb, the found bronze fibulae, some of them cov- largest tumulus in Tarquinia so far ered in gold leaf, others with beads of Page 6 amber and bone, which were meant to symbolic object, whose meaning is still adorn the sumptuous robes of the unclear, linking together the two deposi- deceased. Placed near the right leg fac- tions found within the room. ing down was a iron spear tip, no longer For now, an initial analysis of the functional; at the feet were placed a finds and pictorial decoration place the bronze basin filled with burnt offerings, tomb in the early decades of the 6th cen- a rare sheet bronze with an elegant tury BC, although based on the cham- embossed decoration of Orientalizing ber’s architecture an older date for the design, as well as a painted kotyle con- structure cannot be excluded. taining fibulae and other metal objects. The discovery this year has con- The preliminary analysis of the anthro- firmed the importance of the pologist who documented and removed Doganaccia, a site with tombs and the osteological remains allowed us to material that may shed new light on the define the sex and age of the skeleton: it Orientalizing period of Tarquinia. Since is probably a woman, about 35 to 40 2010, the large tumuli are included in a years old. redevelopment project called the “Via On the right side platform were the dei Principi.” As part of this initiative, ashes of a second deceased individual. we will soon begin the restoration of a Near these ashes (see below) was a large section of the base of the tumulus of the Etruscan-Corinthian oinochoe, found Queen, so that this monument can resting on its side. The ashes perhaps become accessible to the general public. belong to a male individual, whose Top, The iron spear head found at the side of the Lady of the tomb. A tourist itinerary of the grandiose remains were to be originally enclosed Above left, the kotyle found at her feet containing gold and bronze princely tombs of Tarquinia will give inside a container, perhaps perishable. jewelry. Above right, The little aryballos still hangs on its iron nail. tangible evidence of the splendor of the The spear found next to the interred Orientalizing period in this area. woman may presumably represent a X-rays show that the pyxis con- The remains of the male crema- tains sewing needles and other tion and its organic container. items pertaining to a seamstress.

Digger’s, continued from page 1 the funerary ritual adopted, but it is also still not eradicated despite the constant a further step to understanding the monitoring of the police and state sur- organization of this section of the veillance. Doganaccia cemetery which surrounds Fortunately, the tomb was covered by the Tumulus of the Queen. The key to a very hard, compact soil that has pre- the entire funeral complex is in fact that served it well, unlike the tumuli of the this major monument still remains to be King and Queen that rise above the sur- fully excavated in the coming years. face of the plain overlooking the sea. So The Doganaccia campaign raises the it came as a great surprise to the entire The excavation team of Tomb 6423, moments before removing the hope of possibilities especially in the archaeological team when the limestone tomb door. Front row from left Amy Rodighiero, Arancia Boffa, context of the "Via dei Principi" proj- slab at the bottom of the dromos was Eleonora Altilia, Erio Marchisiello. Back row, volunteers of the ect, which exists due to the efforts of still sealed in its original position. The Associazione Culturale Fontana Antica di Tarquinia, descending from various institutions: universities, super- amount of objects placed in the exterior left, Carlo e Sandro Blasi, G. Bartoli, V. Naccarato and G."Bazzica" intendecies, the region and municipality. vestibule in front of the door confirmed Archaeological research in fact can Sardini. Top center Rosa Lucidi, excavation team leader on her right, that in some way for us, time had not lose sight of goals such as the devel- stopped, at the very moment they (the Massimo Legni, photographer. (see Mandolesi comments, page 38). opment and enhancement of the site Etruscans) had carried out the ritual of front of the entrance, but many vessels pyxis (x-rays show it contains 5 sewing itself, and in this respect I remember the the closing of the grave. Nowadays, were still well placed and stacked next needles), a basin containing remains of thoughts of Theodor Adorno, who archaeologists strive to comprehend the to each other in the space between the organic material, and a full of reflected that culture is the only asset subject of their research with the same beds. It was dark but we could see the fibulae. But above all, at least a dozen that, the more widespread it becomes, patient attitude of understanding, leg bones of the skeleton on the left bed bronze fibulae composed of bone and the more value it acquires. I close by whether it is an Etruscan tomb or a with the tip of the spear laid at its feet. amber covered in gold leaf, were placed thanking all of the excavation team Roman sewer, but I must admit that at Immediately some observers thought it along the skeletal remains of the torso. especially the young archaeologists who the time of the removal of the door to be warrior, and this started the early The anthropological analysis then con- discovered the Tomb of the Hanging there was much anticipation among the “media frenzy,” but the excavation firmed what we assumed early on... it Aryballos, Eleanor Altilia, Emy entire team. Small chunks of stone had would hold more surprises. In fact, was a young woman. From a scientific Rodighiero, Arancia Boffa, and Erio fallen from the vault above and dis- placed on the shelf at the feet of the point of view the tomb raises several Daniel Marchisiello, with the hope that turbed the first group of material just in body was a set of bronze vessels, a points for reflection on architecture and they can achieve their dreams. Page 7 workshop for textile production and another was a kitchen. Some of the Rofalco: the Etruscan rooms have a central pillar, while most fortress and the Roman have pits at the corners and stone ben- ches along the walls, probably to sup- conquest of port furniture or stairways to upper flo- by Orlando Cerasuolo ors. Among the more interesting findings Between the 4th and the 3rd centu- (newly displayed in the local Museum ries BC, Southern Etruria was affected of Farnese since 2010) there are several by the military expansion of the inscribed vases (we know the actual Romans. In the territory of Vulci the names of two Etruscan men and two threat of Rome led to the foundation of women living in Rofalco!), a Sicilian medium and small strategic settlements Punic coin, an aes signatum, a stone controlling the territory. scale weight with incised X, a carnelian The site of Rofalco, about 20 km. scarab, pins, anatomical votives, minia- northeast of Vulci, on the edge of the ture vases, bronze and iron tools, a door- volcanic plateau of the Lamone (not far 1. key, clay lamps, grinders and whetsto- from the town of Farnese, ), is nes and several unusual vases, such as one of the major fortresses of the area Fig. 1. General plan of Rofalco. The defensive walls and different sec- the gliraria (for breeding dormice) and for both its size and location; furthermo- tors of the settlement are highlighted in grays, greens and brown. the “honey pot” (for storing the honey re, it is one of the best preserved Late Fig. 2. Archaeologist dealing with perhaps for cooking dormice). Etruscan settlements known so far. The a collapsed roof. Estimated from the dates of the finds site, now nestled in a dense and char- (particularly grey bucchero, “Genucilia” Fig. 3. Reconstruction drawing of ming forest (a Natural Reserve), con- plates, silhouette, black gloss and over- trols the southeastern portion of the a , a type of jar used by painted pottery), the overall duration of ancient territory of Vulci and overlooks the Etruscans to breed dormice. the site is only around 70 years, from the the valley of the Olpeta. The river con- Fig. 4. Votive face found in 2013. mid-4th to early 3rd century BC. This stitutes an important natural route lin- close dating makes Rofalco a key site king the river Fiora and the major city of for understanding the architecture, Vulci with the Lake, in the material culture and history of that spe- direction of and the val- cific archaeological phase. The burning ley. and swift collapse of the buildings The excavation of the site was begun represent a clear evidence of the violent in 1996 by the Gruppo Archeologico conquest of the fortress; this is also evi- Romano and regular excavation seasons 3. denced by the discovery in the destruc- continue. The most impressive eviden- tion levels of a few spearheads and ce are the remains of the walls, about numerous clay sling bullets. This evi- 330 meters long, enclosing about 1.5 dence, together with the lack of pottery hectares. The ramparts have a maximum later than the first quarter of the 3rd cen- width of 6 m. and a preserved height of tury BC, precisely links the defeat of 4 m. Three squared massive towers (uni- Rofalco to the conquest of Vulci, which que in Etruscan times) and a huge loo- was celebrated by the kout bastion stand along the walls, the Tiberius Coruncanio in 280 BC with the latter overlooking the gate of the settle- triumph De Vulsiniensibus et ment. The bastion has two aligned Vulcientibus. While several other settle- rooms paved with a sort of basolato, ments in the territory of Vulci (i.e. very similar to that in the gates of Sovana, Saturnia, Ghiaccioforte, Ghiaccio Forte, another fortress of Vulci Doganella) show evident traces of first excavated by the University of destruction at the same date, only California and now by the local 2. 4. Rofalco gives such a complex image of Superintendency. The military structu- a late Etruscan fortress. res of Rofalco and Ghiaccio Forte, toge- ment there was a building with a paved waterproof revetment that is one of the The Rofalco Project, by the Gruppo ther with the complex western gate of courtyard (similar to one at Saturnia) earliest examples of cocciopesto in Archeologico Romano, strives to exca- Vulci, illustrate the advanced level of and four identical storerooms containing Etruria. vate, study, restore, enhance and promo- military techniques of the Etruscans. a large number of dolia and other jars. The buildings are generally well pre- te the site and its finds. Results have Inside the walls, several clusters of The latest research (2012-2013) has per- served, and the stratigraphy is a text- been extensively published and presen- buildings and roads have been excava- mitted us to add three new features to book sequence with pots and objects on ted at international conferences; English ted so far. A residential block in the the plan: another series of buildings near the floors, which are covered by the bur- annual reports can be found at the western part of the site consists of at the gate (where has been found a votive ned timbers of the roof and collapsed International Association of Classical least six rooms around a small cour- face); another building east of the store- roof tiles and, finally, the stones of the Archaeology website. www.aiac.org tyard; on the west side lies a small servi- rooms; and, north of the storerooms, a walls. It is thanks to the extraordinary then proceed to www.fastionline.org ce building with a circular tank for large courtyard containing a huge circu- preservation of the contexts that is To participate in the excavation water, and on the east, a cluster of lar cistern (4 m. in both height and dia- rather easy to define the function of please contact:rofalco@gruppoarcheo- rooms. In the central area of the settle- meter), constructed of tufa blocks with a many of the chambers: i.e. one was a logico.it Page 8 This is how the Etruscans considerable tonnage. Its full set of sails shows that it was meant to be sailed at sailed the seas sea,” remarks the archaeologist Alessio A vase with the design De Cristofaro. “It could navigate the of an Etruscan ship open sea from to the by Laura Larcan, Il Messaggero Cote d’Azur. We see for the first time horses on board, in the cargo hold of the The ceiling of the 7th-century BC ship, and each horse has its own feeding chamber tomb had caved in, and the trough.” Another curiosity is the figure vases inside had been crushed into a of a man with a checkered mantle: a mass of rubble. This was probably why The impasto with Necropolis of Via d’Avack, tomb 3 type of clothing that denotes aristocratic it had been neglected by the tomb rob- rank. But the ship provides an enigma: a with its door still sealed in place. bers. But those shapeless fragments, ram’s head finials on the handles. cryptic symbol, on which scholars still found in a tomb of a necropolis on via cy and trade – it even had a harbor, at the stern, a bearded figure holds a lad- debate, perhaps an episema pertaining to Alfredo D’Avack — on the road to Veii, recently discovered between der with 11 rungs. Another figure at the the family of the deceased. 20 kilometers outside of Rome — along and Fregene. All of this can be deduced stern holds a rudder. There are four oars- Because it depicts the life of the with seven other graves, allowed the from these images, says Rossi, affec- men sitting with legs out, and a heron owner of the tomb, everything becomes team of the Soprintendenza ai Beni tionately stroking the vase. “The ship is appears as a good luck sign bringing clear. "The vessel is the autobiography Archeologici of Rome, led by Daniela vaguely Eastern in style, with rounded smooth sailing. of the deceased; he tells a story; he tells Rossi, to reconstruct a kantharos vase, ends, prepared for either commerce or Horses and Cargo us that he went to sea,” stresses Rossi. like a puzzle from a thousand pieces. On war. On the top bridge are two human The mast has a complete set of sails, And since on both sides of the vase are it was a spectacular image of a ship. “It figures: standing at the bow is a beard- showing that the ship could be navigat- scenes of ships, he had to have a fleet, is the most important picture of a ship in ed, helmeted warrior with a rounded ed either by the wind or by oars. “The not only for the transport of goods but all antiquity, because it is the first time shield and two spears, holding a ladder; ship was at least 20 meters long, and has also for raids. "You have to imagine that we see a picture of a ship of this him commissioning a local potter for a period that is so complete. Certain vase that would express his entire pro- details show that it was used at sea,” fessional career, a vase which celebrated says Daniela Rossi. his memory during the rite of the final This discovery is a crucial one for the symposium, where diners passed from history of Veii, the city of southern hand to hand the vessel from which to Etruria situated in the Tiber Valley. drink wine mixed with water," says “Whether the people of Veii ever went Mark Arizza (CNR- ISCIMA), who to sea is a topic that has divided schol- with Alessandra Piergrossi led the exca- ars,” notes Rossi. “Everyone agrees that vation. they used to travel on the river, but it The contents of the tomb reveal a was still an open question as to whether detailed profile of a man, a princeps, a they were powerful on the Tyrrhenian leader of the noble aristocracy of Veii. Sea.” The “princely vase of Tomb 3 of "He cultivated wine and olives because via Avack,” as archaeologists are calling we found iron sickles, and he raised cat- it, is changing our view of ancient mar- tle because we found knives of a type itime history, and the chapter on Veii used for butchering meat,” recalls now needs to be rewritten. Arizza. Veii’s Fleet This discovery came out during one of Italy was said to be the land of saints, those routine preventive excavations poets and sailors. Ancient Veii might conducted to investigate an area under a not have been a city of poets and saints, construction project. As fate would have but it had sailors, involved in both pira- it, the builder is also a ship owner.

Ship A: At the bow on the top towards the bow, is an object dif- deck, a helmeted warrior with ficult to identify, perhaps a vase two spears, at the stern, a figure or the geometric representation holding up a long ladder. In the of an anchor or, possibly an hold is an exceptional cargo, episema. Ship B: much more horses feeding from troughs, fragmentary, probably has a while above them are seated quarter deck above, while again oarsmen and a small figure in a at the stern is a figure with a lad- checkered cloak; a pair of herons der, and below him a helmsman; The sculpted tufo stone funeral complete the scene. At the stern it also depicts horses and oars- Impasto, bucchero, Italo-Geom- bed was set upon three vertical is the lost figure of the helms- men. 1.2.3. show possible positi- etric ware, iron blades for meat. pedestals carved with lion’s feet. man with the rudder. On the side ons of sailors and cargo. (SSBAR) (Graphic & photos Daniela Rossi)

Page 9 tially unchanged for almost two cen- The Tumuli of turies, characterizes the social group Vigna La Piazza, that buries their dead in this area of the at , necropolis of Vigna la Piana. They seem to have been upper class families, as Viterbo shown by the tomb groups, the male by Enrico Pellegrini ones with spear and javelin, and the females, in a more recent phase, with Since 2008, excavations of the skewers and iron andirons; these were Etruscan necropolis of Grotte di Castro signs of the continuity of the family line have resumed under the direction of the and clan, and mark the importance Superintendency for the Archaeological assumed by women in the local elite. Heritage of Southern Etruria, with the There were several infant burials, as participation of Archaeological Group shown by the small stone sarcophagi Castrum Cryptarum, and the support of with either few objects or, more often the municipal administration. They have than not, without any. The ties of family resulted in a significant amount of new membership and ancestry of the individ- data on Etruscan funerary structures and ual are also concretely represented by burial rites between the mid-7th and the The Vigna la Piazza necropolis appears below the village of Grotte. the stone circles that mark the site of the end of the 6th century BC. The earliest tombs, dating from the mainly near the head and feet. In the burial of the sarcophagi and at the same As is from evident the numerous second half of the 8th century BC, were male burials, weapons were placed time lie above and include the older monumental chamber tombs carved in deep rectangular trenches dug in the alongside the deceased. depositions at lower levels. the tufa hillside in the area, which repro- ground and covered on top by tufa This area was used to bury the dead The typology of circular stone duce the architectural elements of real stone. In some cases the trenches were until about the middle of the 6th century tumuli adopted by the community of houses, the ancient Etruscan town was enclosed by a small stone circle made of BC. During this time there were a few Civita di Grotte di Castro in its early situated on a nearby hill called Civita. It rough-hewn tufa, 2-3 m. in diameter, changes. Monolithic tufa sarcophagi ere period turns out to be unique in the area was strategically located to control the and marked by a cippus. The deceased used, and the circles, which became of Val di Lago and in the territory of ancient route from Vulci, which pene- were buried with items of personal larger (as large as 6 meters), were made Orvieto, which was characterized by the trated the inner districts of Etruria and adornment; the women were wearing up of regularly carved tufa blocks. But presence of trench tombs covered by led to the region and the rich sets of brooches and necklaces with the use of single burials differed from all stone slabs — at Orvieto, Civita Tiber Valley. At this period it was the pendants of amber and glass paste. They the other areas of the necropolis, where d’Arlena, and Bisenzio. The successive most important center in the area were placed in wooden coffins, numer- there were multiple family burials. phase, which brought the monumental- between the northern part of Lake ous traces of which have been found. The marked conservatism of the izing of the tumuli and the adoption of Bolsena and the mid Fiora Valley. The accompanying pottery was placed funerary ritual, which remained essen- stone sarcophagi, finds sporadic com- Unknown to us until now, however, parisons at Bisenzio and Orvieto, Left, The grave goods in this sar- were burials of the early Orientalizing Crocifisso del Tufo. period, a phase during which we can cophagus include an imported Among the results of these excava- presumably place the occupation of the faience aryballos. Below left, a tions is the presence of fine imported plateau of Civita di Grotte di Castro in buried female still wears her objects, including a faience figurine. conjunction with that of other centers bronze and glass paste fibulae But the most startling find was the dis- such as Civita Valdilago, the Fosso and necklace; a kantharos placed covery of a double burial, one of about d’Arlena near Bolsena, Bisenzio by her head. Below center, aerial 30 burials, in which one individual was (Capodimonte), and, further inland, kite shot taken by Opaxir (page placed on his back and the other curled Orvieto (Velzna.) This gap in our 20) shows groups of family by his/her side in close contact. The two knowledge was filled with the campaign tumuli, some built on top of older individuals (see below), whose sexes are that began in September 2011 and was still unknown, were buried together in a ones, the position of cippi, urns, recently completed, in a sector of the trench grave without any grave goods, necropolis of Vigna la Piazza opposite and sarcophagi in the cemetery. except for a couple of rings on their fin- the tufa cliffs where the carved chamber gers: had they committed some sinful or tombs of the 7th and 6th century BC criminal deed? were found.

Page 10 hand while the other is stretched out in a Finds from a well at the gesture typical of a singer. (The author thanks Concetta Masseria for the initial sanctuary of Gravisca iconographic analysis.) Deposited by Prof. Lucio Fiorini, along with this artifact were other votive University of Perugia objects in bronze, including a rare thymiaterion in the form of the stem of This year the excavations continued a plant and two Etruscan statuettes at the sanctuary of the emporium at about 40 cms. high. These depict female Gravisca, the port of Tarquinia. They figures presenting offerings: one, of a have been carried out for the past 40 matronly goddess, dates well into 4th years by the University of Perugia in century BC, while the second, of a collaboration with the Superintendency young girl, is a little earlier. All the for the Archaeological Heritage of finds are currently under restoration Southern Etruria. The research has with the Superintendency due to their yielded important new information not poor state of preservation, since they only for the study of the history of the were immersed in the wettest level of site, but also more generally for the the well and subject to the seasonal rise reconstruction of the political and eco- of water in the aquifer. pyxis cover depicts a Harpy Rare bronze thymiaterion in the L. & R. bronze female offerente. form of a stem of a plant. nomic dynamics that animated the This summer, the results of test Archaic period in this part of the west- trenches inside the shrine of Demeter, in ern Mediterranean. the interior of building Beta, led to a In addition to the 6th-century Greek major discovery. In a well inside the sanctuary, a place where Greek mer- building, which was sealed by the chants who came from Ionia to trade remains of an atonement sacrifice, was a their goods with the Etruscans were trove of rich votive offerings that some- guaranteed safe trading under the pro- one had probably hidden there just tection of their gods Aphrodite, Hera before the destruction of the shrine by and Demeter, new excavations some Roman soldiers in 281 BC. meters north are bringing to light anoth- The earliest find is Etruscan and er sacred complex. This was dedicated dates to the late 6th century BC; it is an to two Etruscan gods of chthonic char- ivory cover of a pyxis (probably wood- acter, Suri and Cavatha, assimilated to en), carved with a delicate image of a the Greek gods and . harpy in very low . The mythical The sacred area was frequented by figure with the body of a bird wears a originating from Sicily, in par- tutulus on her head, a typical Etruscan ticular Agrigento, from 520 BC. head covering. She holds a flute in one Gods beneath the Altar? buildings were found at a higher level, which can be added to those previously New finds from found in the lower level. Campo della Fiera More work has been carried out in by Simonetta Stopponi the sacred enclosure, especially the dis- mantling and removal of the trachyte The summer 2013 excavations at donarium and the monolithic tufa altar, Campo della Fiera of Orvieto were - as both damaged by the flood that struck usual, at a site that never ceases to the territory of Orvieto in November amaze us - rich in discoveries of both 2012. The big surprise was to be found new structures and materials. In the under the altar: a terra cotta male head level area there emerged a platform of complete with its base; it had been tufa slabs connected to a building, prob- placed facing upward, toward the altar. ably sacred in nature, but unfortunately . Features of the head are quite excep- under the garden of a modern villa; the tional: the mold-made face recalls heads Roman baths have been brought to light from the deposit at Campetti of Veii, in their entirety; and we found the front but it is the hair that arouses the most wall of the church of San Pietro in interest. The soft curls were applied one Vetere. But most importantly, the total by one over the crown of hair that area under investigation has expanded frames the face. This is an original cre- considerably, to reach almost five ation of the late 5th or early 4th century hectares in size. In fact in the South head of a bearded The god, shown in situ, gazing B.C. that as a whole lacks comparison Area, located on the western slope of the and in which we can most likely recog- male god with full head of curls. up from beneath the sacred altar. Colle dei Cappuccini, other Etruscan nize the image of a god. Page 11 Major New Finds from Recent Excavations of Archaeological Park of Vulci by Patrizia Petitti and Carlo Casi

The archaeological park of Vulci has become an important presence in the fibulae. In both graves, the ceramics Maremma of Lazio-Toscana. A careful included olle of local production, impas- program of recovery, protection, preser- to vases and vases with geometric deco- vation and organization of the immense ration. historical and archaeological heritage Another important find comes from a small chamber tomb with carved and natural beauty of the area, has now Chamber tombs cut deep into the The silver hands, with gold fin- been developed by various institutions, funeral platform used in the 7th century gertips belonged to simulacra. the Superintendency for the bedrock of the Osteria necropolis. BC, located in the proximity of a second Archaeological Heritage of Southern recently focused on one of the most ized by the Superintendence for the underground monumental tomb called Etruria, the Lazio Region, the Province interesting areas of the ancient Etruscan Archaeological Heritage of southern the “Tomb of the Silver Hands.” It is a of Viterbo and the Municipalities of metropolis, the so-called Osteria Etruria at the Archeological Museum in small but precious and . necropolis, a vast area of tombs to the Vulci. “The Sphinx,” after having been scarab seal. (see above) The find, which The development of the area of the northwest of the town, known to schol- admired by many visitors who visited is still under study, dates back probably ancient Etruscan metropolis, a plateau ars for the outstanding discoveries made the museum of Vulci, is now about to to the XXV-XXVI Dynasty (746-525 of more than 90 hectares surrounded by there since the 19th century. travel to Barcelona, where it will be fea- BC). the waters of the river Fiora, began in From 2011 the central sector of the tured in an exhibition on the Etruscans necropolis was the subject of a new to be held at the Museu d’Arqueologia investigation that led quickly to the dis- de Catalunya in the spring of 2014. covery of the “Tomb of the Sphinx,” its Surrounding the “Tomb of the name due to the nenfro statue depicting Sphinx” archaeologists have unearthed the mythological monster that was numerous trench graves of a type typical found in the vestibule of the tomb. It for Vulci, squared trenches, more than a dates to the mid-6th century B.C and meter deep, often with cover slabs. had once belonged to the decorations of Unfortunately, the looting of tomb rob- the funerary complex. bers has made it difficult to find intact The “Tomb of the Sphinx,” dating tombs; the discovery of intact tomb con- from the late 7th to 6th century BC, texts in these most recent excavations belonged to a family of aristocratic elite. turns out to be truly exceptional. Two Its various chambers can be reached by trench tombs dating from the first half Grave goods from a child’s tomb. way of a long dromos, about 28 meters of the 7th century BC may belong to a 1994 to be the subject of an interesting long (just 2 meters shorter than the dro- single family: the deceased couple was a The sphinx, found last year. project, a “scuola cantiere” that lasted mos of the famous François Tomb). It member of the local aristocracy, since The “Tomb of the Silver Hands,” the four years. The project combined the was an architecturally impressive monu- the man was buried with an iron spear- second monumental tomb identified in employment needs of the territory, ment, intended to emphasize the role of head, a bronze kotyle, a bronze ring and this area of the Osteria necropolis, has which is recognized by the state as a this family clan within the society of other elements of iron, perhaps parts of three chambers, and also dates to the 7th “crisis area,” with the need for the Vulci. a spit, while the female burial preserved century BC. Only partially sacked by recovery and preservation of the site’s The importance of this discovery led spindle whorls, grains of a gold neck- illegal activity, this tomb has returned archaeological heritage, creating the to the creation of an exhibition organ- lace, and fragments of bronze and iron rich grave goods. Standing out is a pair Archaeological Park of Vulci. of sheet silver hands, beautifully deco- Side chamber in the “tomb of the silver hands” contained many olle. In the following years, several proj- rated with delicate details: the finger- ects, funded mainly by the Lazio Region nails are highlighted by thin gold foil, and the Town of Montalto di Castro, car- and there were additional decorative ried out archaeological investigations in gold details. This is the only example in new areas of the park and also studied silver of an object typical of Vulci, usu- earlier excavations, yielding important ally made of bronze. Such objects prob- scientific results. They also made the ably belonged to simulacra, or images park more welcoming for tourists and of the dead. school groups. The artifacts found in the tombs of Archaeological investigations are Vulci are currently at the Laboratory of now directed by the Superintendent Restoration and Diagnostics managed Alfonsina Russo and coordinated by by Mastarna srl. It is a highly special- Patrizia Petitti, Simona Carosi, and ized archaeological restoration laborato- Carlo Casi (Casi is with Mastarna Ltd., ry, recently visited by Russian restorers managing body of the Archaeological from the Hermitage Museum in St. Nature Park of Vulci). They have Petersburg. (see page 21). Page 12 The Tomb of the Cacni The History Blog

The Italian of the Tutela Patrimonio Culturale unit (a national police squad dedicated to investigating stolen art and antiquities) revealed that A battle scene, with a Biga and they have recovered a massive trove of horses exhibits amazing detail. looted Etruscan artifacts. The stand-out Perugia archaeological museum, at least pieces are 23 travertine funerary urns one crew member and the boss con- Archaeologists uncover six more from the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, iden- Reclining figure with details in spired to keep the pieces to sell on the travertine urns in a smaller tomb. tified from their inscriptions as having black market. Authorities found the 16 all been stolen from a single Etruscan gold leaf. Top left, bronze armor. unsold urns and the other Etruscan arti- The secrets of another tomb in Perugia, in the Rome Tor Vergata, who identified its facts still hidden in the tomb. small Etruscan tomb region of , belonging to the likely origin as an Etruscan tomb in the The find site is now in the process of Cacni family. Most of the urns Perugia area. at Elce being excavated by archaeologists from are decorated in high relief with battle Perugia was one of the 12 major Il Giornale dell’Umbria the Superintendency of Perugia. They scenes, tauromachia (bullfighting), and is rich in funerary expect to find more subterranean tombs friezes and representations of the myth remains, most famously the Palazzone Perugia — Another little treasure of Iphigenia, who was sacrificed by her necropolis, a vast network of subter- enriches the archaeological heritage of father Agamemnon so that his fleet ranean tombs dating from the 6th to 5th Umbria. It is an Etruscan quadrangular could sail for Troy. centuries BC, and the Hypogeum of the tomb chamber located in the district of Other Etruscan pieces from the Volumnii, an elaborate family tomb con- Elce (above) close to another tomb, that Cacni tomb include a sarcophagus lid taining a number of cinerary urns simi- of the Cacni family. from the 4th century BC, a bronze hel- lar in style to the one in the photograph. The discovery was made in the wake met, greave, shield, strigil and an With the collaboration of the of an investigation into the theft of extremely rare bronze kottabos cup, a Superintendency for the Archaeological funerary urns related to this site. “It all Greek drinking vessel used to play a Heritage of Umbria, police focused their started in fact,” said the superintendent game popular at feasts and symposia efforts on finding the source of the pic- of the Archaeological Heritage of involving the throwing of the wine lees tured urn in Perugia. Investigations Umbria, Mario Pagano, “as the result of at a target. Not all the artifacts are kicked into high gear last February events that led to the police seizure in Etruscan; police also recovered other when Perugian court prosecutor Paolo Rome of 23 urns and other objects antiquities and ceramic fragments from Abbritti coordinated increased surveil- belonging to the Cacni tomb at Elce.” the Middle Ages. lance of several people in the construc- Polychrome detail on the horses. The superintendent, while he was Officials call it without exaggeration tion industry thought to be connected to connected to the Cacni chamber, so that conducting investigations with the aim the greatest Etruscan find since the last the traffic in antiquities. this one discovery, already so hugely of verifying and locating the presence of hypogeum — the Cai-Cutu tomb, also in The construction men turned out to significant, is likely to lead to even the tomb of the noble family of Cacni Perugia — was discovered in 1982, and be more than just involved in the sales; more. (whose urns had been stolen about a it came very close to disappearing for- they had discovered the tomb during Five men have been arrested and decade ago), discovered this new little ever into the black market before any- work on a villa ten years ago. Instead of charged with looting and trafficking. grave dug in the subsoil, completely one knew the artifacts existed. In fact, reporting the discovery to the authorities One is the construction firm owner, filled with earth, devoid of a roof, and seven of the 23 urns were already in pri- so that the site could be properly exca- another a construction worker and three with only parts of the walls intact. “The vate hands when the police tracked them vated and the artifacts claimed by the middlemen who arranged the sales. burial is modest,” said Pagano, “and down; they had been sold by the looters does not contain such riches as those of through middlemen to collectors prac- the adjacent family of the Cacni; these ticed in the asking of no questions. were not individuals of high social sta- The police investigation, Operation tus, but ordinary people with names Iphigenia, started two years ago in belonging to different families.” Rome with the confiscation of a small Inside the tomb were unearthed six travertine head and a picture. A person travertine urns and about 40 individual known by the police to traffic in black grave goods (plates, pebbles, ointment market antiquities was attempting to sell jars, bronze mirrors). It can be assumed an Etruscan urn. He was shopping that the tomb was used between the 2nd around a photo of the urn and the little and 1st centuries BC. head, removed from the urn to prove to All material found in the small tomb potential buyers that he was in posses- will be exhibited in Perugia along with sion of the artifact. The head was exam- the ones seized by the police, and those ined by an expert at the University of Hellenistic urns from the Cacni tomb; many have remains of paint. belonging to the tomb of the Cacni. Page 13 The Etruscan introduction of winemaking to Penn Museum of Archaeology

New biomolecular archaeological evi- dence points to the beginnings of vini- culture in France. 9,000 year old Near Eastern “Wine Culture,” traveling land and sea, reaches southern coastal France via the ancient Etruscans of Italy, in the Remains of the Etruscan mer- 6th- 5th Century BC. chant quarters at Lattara. France is renowned the world over as a leader in the crafts of viticulture and deriving from pine tree resin. Herbal winemaking, but the beginnings of additives to the wine were also identi- French viniculture have been largely fied, including rosemary, basil and/or unknown, until now. Imported ancient thyme, which are native to Etruscan amphorae and a limestone where the wine was likely made. press platform, discovered at the ancient (Alcoholic beverages in which resinous port site of Lattara in southern France, and herbal compounds are more easily have provided the earliest known bio- put into solution were the principal molecular archaeological evidence of medications of antiquity.) grape wine and winemaking, and point The site of Lattara, in France, where the amphorae were found. Nearby, an ancient pressing plat- to the beginnings of a Celtic or Gallic form, made of limestone and dated circa vinicultural industry in France circa 500-400 BC. Details of the discovery are published as “The Beginning of Viniculture in France” in the June 3, 2013 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Dr. Patrick McGovern, Director of the Above are 3 types (A) Biomolecular Archaeology Laboratory Phoenician (B) Etruscan (C) at the University of Pennsylvania Massaliote. Right, two analyzed Museum of Archaeology and Lattara samples, Etruscan and Anthropology and author of Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Massaliote. Below, 3 Etruscan Viniculture (Princeton University Press, amphorae (photos and drawings, 2006) is the lead author on the paper, Benjamin P. Luley, Michel Py, The limestone wine press. which was researched and written in courtesy UFRAL). 425 BC, was discovered. Its function collaboration with colleagues from residue on their interior bases where had previously been uncertain. Tartaric France and the United States. precipitates of liquids, such as wine, acid/tartrate was detected in the lime- For Dr. McGovern, much of whose collect. Judging by their shape and other stone, demonstrating that the installa- career has been spent examining the features, they could be assigned to a tion was indeed a winepress. Masses of archaeological data, developing the specific Etruscan amphora type, likely several thousand domesticated grape chemical analyses, and following the manufactured at the city of Cisra (mod- seeds, pedicels, and even skin, excavat- trail of the Eurasian grapevine (Vitis ern Cerveteri) in central Italy during the ed from an earlier context near the press, vinifera) in the wild and its domestica- archaeological data, showing how wine same time period. further attest to its use for crushing tion by humans, this confirmation of the was introduced into France and initiated After sample extraction, ancient transplanted, domesticated grapes and earliest evidence of viniculture in a native industry. Now we know that the organic compounds were identified by a local wine production. It was not meant France is a key step in understanding the ancient Etruscans lured the Gauls into combination of state-of-the-art chemical for olives, they were extremely rare in ongoing development of what he calls the Mediterranean wine culture by techniques, including infrared spec- the archaeobotanical corpus at Lattara the “wine culture” of the world, one that importing wine into southern France. trometry, gas chromatography-mass until Roman times. This is the first clear began in the Turkey’s Taurus This built up a demand that could only spectrometry, solid phase microextrac- evidence of winemaking on French soil. Mountains, the Caucasus Mountains, be met by establishing a native industry, tion, ultra-high-performance liquid Where wine went, so other cultural and/or the Zagros Mountains of likely done by transplanting the domes- chromatography tandem mass spec- elements eventually followed, including about 9,000 years ago. “France’s rise to ticated vine from Italy, and enlisting the trometry, and — one of the most sensi- technologies of all kinds and social and world prominence in the wine culture requisite winemaking expertise from the tive techniques now available, used here religious customs, even where another has been well documented, especially Etruscans.” for the first time to analyze ancient wine fermented beverage made from different since the 12th century, when the At the site of Lattara, merchant quar- and grape samples — liquid chromatog- natural products had long held sway. In Cistercian monks determined by trial- ters inside a walled settlement, circa raphy Orbitrap mass spectrometry. the case of Celtic Europe, grape wine and-error that Chardonnay and Pinot 525-475 BC, held numerous Etruscan All the samples were positive for tar- sometimes replaced a hybrid drink of Noir were the best cultivars to grow in amphorae, three of which were selected taric acid/tartrate (the biomarker or fin- honey, wheat/barley, and native wild Burgundy,” Dr. McGovern noted. for analysis because they were whole, gerprint compound for the Eurasian fruits (e.g., lingonberry and apple) and “What we haven’t had is clear chemical unwashed, found in an undisturbed, grape and wine in the Middle East and herbs (such as bog myrtle, yarrow, and evidence, combined with botanical and sealed context, and showed signs of Mediterranean), as well as compounds heather). Page 14 MUSEUM NEWS The Tetnies family get a makeover Restoration of the Tetnies Sarcophagi by Mei-An Tsu and Phoebe Segal

The Museum of Fine Arts (MFA), Boston recently completed a two-year The Tetnies at the MFA in 1902. project to conserve two of its most the use of digital infrared photography, prized works of classical art: a pair of Adobe® Photoshop® software, and unparalleled, richly sculpted Etruscan scanning electron microscopy with stone sarcophagi, which originate from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Vulci and date to between the late 4th the scientific team also discovered sev- and early 3rd century BC. Carved out of eral lost painted borders on the Larth volcanic , the smaller sarcophagus Tetnies and Thanchvil Tarnai sarcopha- carries an inscription identifying it as gus. A painted three-dimensional per- the coffin of Ramtha Vishnai, the wife spective meander was discovered along of Arnth Tetnies. The larger one, made the top of the base and an egg and dart of travertine, was the resting place of border was painted in bright pink and their son Larth Tetnies and his wife, blue along the perimeter of the pediment Thanchvil Tarnai. Both were brightly of the lid. painted in antiquity. Guided by detailed maps of the pig- The goals of the project, which was ment locations, conservators carefully generously funded by the Leon Levy reduced the grime from the stone sur- Foundation, were to reduce decades of faces with agar-based solvent gels and accumulated dirt and grime which great- an Nd: YAG laser. Aging adhesive joins ly discolored the surfaces; to install cus- were disassembled and secured with tom-fabricated steel mounts which pro- modern, reversible glues. The lids and vide much needed structural support to bases of each pair were form-fitted with the coffin bases and lids; and to identify steel mounts designed to provide overall original pigments the Etruscans used to Various methods: top, reclaiming color through visible-induced lumi- support and safe means handling and decorate the sarcophagi. An in-depth nescence (VIL), a relatively new technique. To remove problem dirt movement in the future. Finally, disfig- study of the paints—the majority of on Ramtha’s arm, an Agar poultice, the gel dries overnight and is uring stone losses, which likely date to which are undetectable by the naked removed the next morning. Bottom left, lost egg and dart molding is their removal from the tomb, were eye—enabled conservators to identify a restored to reflect the original appear- reconstructed with plaster, acrylic resin, and dry pigments. Bottom palette of over a dozen colors. Through ance of the sculptures. right, a simple q-tip, deionized water, patience and elbow grease. Ramtha and Arnth before. Ramtha and Arnth after.

Above, marriage scene of Ramtha and Arnth. Below, combat scene on sarcophagus of Larth and Tanachvil. (Photos courtesy of MFA). Page 15 Louvre Lens, continued from page 1 market are reunited for the first time known from Latin and Greek sources, thanks to generous loans from museums and one of the most widely explored due in Berlin and Copenhagen, where they to excavations conducted in the nine- are now preserved. Also present are lit- teenth century on the site of ancient tle-known pieces such as the recently Caere, due mainly to systematic cam- excavated stone lion found by the paigns conducted for several decades Italian Superintendency teams near the not only in necropoli, listed since 2004 tumulus of the Tegola dipinta. as a World Heritage site by UNESCO, Cooperation between the various but also in the urban areas, at , the institutions involved in the study of the main port of the city, and the whole of site permit us to compare the old and its territory. new discoveries and offer the visitor a After an introduction devoted to the unique synthesis of the history of this history of the rediscovery of Caere in great city in close contact with Rome the 1820s, important years for the devel- and with the Greek and Punic- opment of modern archeology, the Phoenician worlds, a city that, accord- course of the exhibit was organized ing to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (III , chronologically and for each period The newly restored Sarcophagus of the Spouses. 58, 1), was at the time the "most pros- develops a number of themes that reflect clay plaques. Antaeus. A large part of these collec- perous and most populous of Etruria ". the major role of the city in the dissem- Among the objects presented are sever- tions entered the Louvre in 1863 The organizing comittee for the exhi- ination of technical, iconographic and al masterpieces of Etruscan and Greek through the collection of the Marquis bition is composed of: Françoise ideological models shared among the ceramics from the Louvre museum col- Campana, who led several excavations Gaultier and Laurent Haumesser, civilizations of the Eastern and Western lections, such as the (newly restored) in Cerveteri in 1840-1850. Several ele- (Musée du Louvre); Paola Santoro, Mediterranean. Sarcophagus of the Spouses, shown for ments of the pediment of the temple of Vincenzo Bellelli (CNR-ISMA); and Over 400 archaeological pieces, from the first time outside Paris, or the Vigna Marini Vitalini dispersed in the Alfonsina Russo, Rita Cosentino major collections in Europe, enable to with Heracles and nineteenth century on the antiquities (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici follow more than a millennium of histo- dell'Etruria Meridionale). The exhibiton ry and highlight the artistic productions Below left, cinerary urn of house form with claw feet and breasts. takes place at the new Louvre Lens that built the reputation of Caere in Center, white-on-red lidded Caeretan pyxis with confronting lions. satellite which has marked its first coroplastics and painting. The exhibi- Right, cinerary urn, showing prothesis, the deceased on his funeral anniversary, and already more than tion showcases funerary sculpture and bed. Page 17 top, bronze dog headed demon (Berlin). Right, maenad 750,000 people have visited the sleek architectural decoration in terracotta, antefix. Center, an architectural terracotta Campana plaque (Louvre glass and polished aluminum building, painting on ceramics as well as large Museum). Center, on either side, inscribed gold plaques from Pyrgi. 200 kilometers north of Paris.

Cerveteri a brief history ers such as the Prince of Torlonia or resources. Mycenaean ceramics recov- of trade routes favored the emergence of The rediscovery of Cerveteri in the collectors like Gianpietro Campana, ered from several habitats of this period the great aristocratic families. The 19th century unearthed not only the great aristocratic are signs of early contacts with the imposing circular tombs (tumuli) that The discovery of the great Etruscan tombs but also a part of the urban center Greek world. appear around the city and the territory, sites in the 1820s coincided with the and richly decorated sanctuaries. They But the history of Cerveteri really bear striking witness to the power and birth of archaeology. Confirming what thus gave a first idea of the organization begins in the 9th-8th centuries BC, wealth of these princes. These mounds the ancient texts said about the wealth of of the city and its territory, as modern when scattered inhabitants of the can reach sixty meters in diameter and Cerveteri , exploration of the city yield- excavations have continued to make plateau that occupied the city began to the chambers carved into the rock ed a remarkable harvest of objects. clear. assemble and there appears within these mimic the architecture of their houses. These finds revealed the quality of The birth of a city communities the first signs of a social Jewelry, precious objects and vases Etruscan craftsmanship and their taste (From the 8th century B.C) hierarchy. accumulated in these tombs show the for imported prestigious goods, includ- The origins of Cerveteri The princes of Cerveteri quantity and quality of imports from the ing Greek vases. The territory that would become the (7th century BC) East and Greece. These imports and the Throughout the 19th century, discov- city of Caere was known at the end of Etruria, the east and Greece arrival of foreign craftsmen stimulate eries multiplied, feeding the antiquities the second millennium B.C and was At the end of the 8th century BC, the the development of rich local handi- market and enriching the great museums already gaining a certain prosperity wealth derived from areas rich in metal, crafts. The adoption of Eastern and of Europe. Excavations by the landown- through the exploitation of its mineral the resources of the sea and the control Greek aristocratic traditions also Page 16 explains the use of the banquet, the pres- of new artistic trends developed in the tige associated with writing and taste for Greek world. The necropolis also images, three fundamental characteris- exhibits a reconnection with the pomp tics of the Etruscan culture. of the archaic period: the Caeretan aris- The Archaic period tocrats introduce new architectural and The renewal of the city decorative forms to celebrate their (6th-5th century BC) ancient power. The Romans are sensi- A Mediterranean power tive to the prestige of the city: they send The 6th century B.C corresponds to a their young nobles to Cerveteri to learn phase of political structuring of the city: Etruscan, regarded as a language of cul- the large families, whose power shone ture. Cerveteri still maintains its politi- so bright in the last century, have now cal and economic relationship with integrated into the city, conceived as a Rome, even though Rome, which has a political body governed by public law policy of expansion in Italy, has already and public authority. This change is seized Veii and is at war with other noticeable in the necropolis, where Etruscan cities. It is only at the begin- sumptuous tumuli give way to a series ning of the 3rd century B.C that of standardized graves. It is especially Cerveteri will take its turn in the con- visible in the urbanization of the city: frontation and experience it’s defeat. the city center is the subject of major The end of a History development work, shrines grow, the (3rd century BC- 1st century BC) city is surrounded by walls and connect- Roman Cerveteri ed by a monumental road to its main In 273 BC, the Romans took over part port, Pyrgi . of the territory of Cerveteri and estab- This emphasis on access to the sea is lished its colonies. Therefore, the city indicative of the political and economic lost its political autonomy and gradually interests of the city: Cerveteri marks its its cultural identity. As evidenced by hold on the western Mediterranean, funerary inscriptions, the language of forging an alliance with Carthage and the conquerors, Latin, gradually sup- facing off with the Greeks at Marseilles planting Etruscan, which is no longer and Syracuse. These rivalries do not spoken in the early 1st century AD at the impede Cerveteri’s great appreciation of time of the Emperor - who Greek culture, as evidenced by the mas- reigned from 27 BC to 14 AD - Etruria sive imports of vases produced in is nothing more than part of the new , the arrival of artisans from east- and Cerveteri a minor ern Greece, and especially the construc- center. But the Romans themselves per- tion of a Caeretean thesauros (treasury) petuate the memory of the past grandeur in the great Greek sanctuary of . of the city: In 's the , the Cerveteri and Rome great poem that celebrates the origins of (4th-3rd century BC) Rome, he still evokes , the After a period of relative crisis in the legendary king of Cerveteri. Similarly, 5th century, the 4th century BC was at the center of the now Roman city the marked by the reaffirmation of the decoration of public buildings erected in Cerveteri’s power. The rebuilding and the 1st century AD commemorates the redecorating of great shrines reflects the ancient Etruscan cities. Cerveteri, noth- wealth of the city with the manifestation ing but a memory. Right, head of the goddess Left, a Caeretan (Villa Leukothea (?) from Pyrgi. Giulia) (photos courtesy Louvre). New boss for France’s Martinez has served as director of joining the Louvre in 1997. the Louvre’s department of Greek, He succeeds Henri Loyrette, who famed Louvre Museum Etruscan and Roman antiques since has been credited with doubling visitor by Pascale Mollard-Chenebenoit 2007. He comes from a modest back- numbers from 5 million per year when ground. His mother was a caretaker in he took over in 2001 to around 10 mil- Jean-Luc Martinez has been named an apartment building, his father a post- lion this year. Loyrette also oversaw the the new boss of the Louvre. The 49- man. They lived in a council estate just opening in 2012 of the Department of year-old expert in Greek sculpture will outside Paris. It was “a real shock. It and of a Louvre satellite also oversee a number of the museum’s changed my life,” he said of his first branch in the former northern mining projects, including the controversial visit to the Louvre in . town of Lens, aimed at bringing high opening of a Louvre outpost in Abu As a teen, he would often go to the culture and visitors to one of France’s Dhabi slated for 2016. That deal has museum, copying drawings of Greek poorest areas. stirred debate in the French art world, vases. He studied history, art history Culture Minister Aurelie Filippetti with critics raising questions about Abu and archaeology at university, worked recently told AFP that she wanted “a Dhabi’s record on the treatment of dissi- employed on the construction of the as a history and geography professor change from a logic of expansion of the dents and the migrant workers new museum. and an archaeologist in Greece before Louvre.” Page 17 MAVNA: A Virtual Brazil (Rio de Janeiro). All these mate- rials were legally acquired and are today Museum visited by thousands of tourists each by Jacopo Tabolli year. The MAVNA museum plans to display finds already in our collections On 6 September 2013 the Museo (see below) and does not seek the return Civico Archeologico-Virtuale di Narce of any Faliscan object from abroad. (MAVNA) was inaugurated in order to Rather we wish to display images of for- display a collection of archaeological eign collections in order to dramatize to material found at Narce (8th to 2nd cen- our local visitors the importance of turies BCE) and until now stored in the archaeological finds and the signifi- city hall but never before on public cance accorded to Faliscan culture by view. In addition to this collection the foreign scholars and institutions. museum has undertaken an ambitious We wish thus to join in a single muse- project to present the “virtual” return of um, by means of temporary and virtual antiquities discovered at the archaeolog- exhibitions, the material preserved in ical site of Narce and preserved in vari- other parts of the world. Each year the ous museums in Italy, Europe and Virtual and interactive stations are set up to tell the history of Narce. Museum will present a different selec- abroad. Material sold abroad in the late tion of material according to different 19th century was legally distributed, but themes. The first exhibition (September in order to counter the current problem 2013- February 2014) deals with of clandestine excavations, the museum “Ancient princesses of Narce around the seeks to instill in the public and espe- World: Daughters, wives and mothers cially in the younger generation a between the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.” respect for the preservation of the cul- The exhibition consists in a series of tural heritage of Romano. reconstructions of Faliscan funerary From 1890 until 1902 excavations at customs and practices virtually por- Narce exposed 21 necropoleis distrib- trayed through grave goods that are uted over the hills surrounding this today dispersed all over the world. The Faliscan settlement. During those years re-evocations of scattered contexts are over two thousand tombs were brought accomplished through: reproduction of to light. Approximately a fifth of the archaeological materials and architec- archaeological material found was Director Jacopo Tabolli (right) inaugurates the new MAVNA museum. tural elements from the ancient city, 3D acquired by the State, and today is dis- museums and by private collectors. collections of european museums (Paris, reconstructions, access to digitized played or stored in various Italian muse- Publications that followed these discov- Copenhagen, London), in the United archival documents, excavation note- ums. The remainder of the material was eries made it possible to recognize a part States (Chicago, Philadelphia, books, and drawings, as well as project- obtained by foreign institutions and of the material found in Mazzano in the Washington DC) and very probably in ed scenes of the Narce landscape. The boys are back in town far longer than expected. Italy’s “abandoned” Thus for four years the two Greeks found themselves stored in another back on show in building across town, lying on their backs in a rather undignified pose. This by Alan Johnston, BBC News led to a row. A UNESCO official said these national treasures had been dis- The Riace Bronzes were found at the gracefully “abandoned;” art lovers peti- bottom of the sea near Riace on the tioned the Ministry of Culture, and southern coast of Italy in 1974. The pair, demanded that the statues be put proper- two of Italy’s greatest archaeological ly on display as soon as possible. But treasures, are going back on display in Dr. Bonomi argues that the controversy their museum after a protracted renova- Culture Minister Bray admires a surrounding the figures was overblown. tion process that put them at the center Riace warrior. Top right, the boys “They were lying down to allow the of a national controversy. They are mag- at rest before they went back to restorers to work on them,” she said. nificent, towering statues of naked their new permanent home in the “They were behind glass, but still avail- Greek warriors. With their rippling newly renovated national muse- able for public viewing.” muscles, thick beards and manes of curl- um in (at right). There is relief and delight that the ing hair, they are extraordinarily life- warriors are at last now back on their like. the lost world of Magna Graecia, the public in the National Museum of feet and being exhibited in state-of-the Their teeth are made of gleaming sil- Hellenic civilization that once flour- Magna Graecia, in the city of Reggio art conditions. The Culture Minister, ver. Copper gives their lips and nipples ished in what is now southern Italy. Calabria. The inauguration ceremony Massimo Bray, who is widely credited a reddish tinge, and glass and ivory were “Their charm is that they are ancient, marks a long-awaited homecoming. with speeding up the process of return- used for their eyes. “The creation is an and whole, and perfect — extremely When the museum shut for renovation ing the statues to the museum, said ideal of the male body,” says Simonetta refined,” said Bonomi. “A beautiful in 2009, the statues had to be moved out. recently, “We are keeping a promise to Bonomi, Calabria archaeological super- model of masculinity.” But the work became mired in bureau- give all the citizens of the world back intendent. The warriors are survivors of They will again be on display to the cratic and other delays, and dragged on one of its greatest treasures.” Page 18 job of making an inventory of the mate- Exhibit: rial is still ongoing; it is one of the most Evan Gorga. positive aspects of our government’s cultural projects. Il collezionista The public can visit a collection that A life in 10,000 Pieces is practically unknown and unpublished, by Gemma Sena Chiesa, Il Sole 24 Ore and which has been patiently restored and put together so that it brings forth “Evan Gorga. Il collezionista” is the surprising new material. Objects, which most curious, impossible, extravagant, were for Gorga only important because intriguing exhibit of this fall, which has they were part of a series, today become been particularly rich in archaeological once more worthy evidence of the cultural offerings. It is presented in ancient world. The objects are dis- Rome in the luxurious apartments of the played in glass cases framed in natural Palazzo Altemps, some of which have wood. These contrast with the dusty been recently restored and which now wooden shelves shown in the photo- house the statue of graphs of the original displays, which at Boncompagni-Ludovisi, an excellent the beginning of the century were scat- Roman copy of a Greek original. It tered in nine large apartments in Rome. therefore takes place in the context of The objects themselves, carefully remarkable objects of Classical art, selected and restored, were published, in which belong to the history of collecting 1999 and 2018, in two scholarly studies, by powerful figures, among whom the by Mariorosaria and Alessandro Popes are the most fascinating exam- Capodiferro (Electa). Each visitor will ples. This is an archaeological assem- choose his or her favorites. I note some blage of a completely different kind, the that were for me among the most unusu- result of maniacal, single-minded col- al and interesting. lecting by a bourgeois collector between There are fragments of frescoes and the 19th and the first half of the 20th of objects pertaining to the theater, bureaucratic negotiations, which ended stuccoes which we know today came century. There could not be more sur- which became in 1913 the nucleus of only in 1950, was bought by the Italian from excavations on the Palatine, prising contrasts. the Museo Teatrale in Milan. Gorga’s state and distributed to various institu- among these, images of airy landscapes Evan Gorga, who was a lyric singer huge collection, after long and complex tions as study material. The enormous with porticoes and columns; molded enamored of antiquities, collected, sold, (1865-1957), but he was always known marbles with inlaid decorations (opus and exchanged an astonishingly large as Evan in both of his (at least) two sectile); fragments of rosso antico mar- number of objects and fragments that lives. ble with gold decorations; and the archi- had been recovered from excavations or The tectural decorated with bought from dealers. He put them His first career, that which initially scenes of mythology or circus games, together with a passion that seemed to Evan Gorga, made him famous, was as an opera some of them still with ancient colors. care more for quantity than quality and singer. He had great success, since The inevitable fakes are today part of which resulted more from curiosity than super-collector Giulio Ricordi, with , the history of collecting. An amazing from an understanding of or interest in An exhibition at Palazzo Altemps chose him in 1886 to be Rodolfo in La ensemble is that of 26,000 fragments of history. The delightful image used as 19 October 2013 - 14 January 201 Bohème, conducted by Arturo Toscanini multicolored glass, which Gorga must the logo for the exhibit, called “A Life in by Fabio Isman at the in Turin. The libret- have obtained from excavations of the 10,000 Pieces,” shows a serious gentle- tist, , asked, "Did you Roman villa of Lucius Verus. Work on man in formal dress walking on frag- Pieces from Evan Gorga’s collection invent this tenor just for the purpose of the fragments has resulted in the recon- ments of antiquities. have wound up as far away as Thailand, this role?” But mysteriously and inex- struction of two polychrome panels; In fact, Gorga was not alone in his South Korea, , in some barracks plicably, after four years, he renounced these decorated a luxurious banqueting passion for an ancient world reduced to of the Guardia di Finanza, and perhaps his career and stopped singing forever. couch that has been in large part recon- fragments. His story belongs in the his- in a over a hundred museums in Italy. The Collector structed in the Metropolitan Museum. tory of middle class collectors between By chance, 250 sketches were uncov- He had already started his second life, The bright color of the glass in these lit- 1800 and 1900, who could no longer ered about ten years ago in certain that of collector, omnivorous, compul- tle masterpieces is an example of the collect masterpieces and turned to more rooms of the Palazzo Venezia. There sive. It is said that he returned from a rich decoration of Roman houses, equal modest objects that were perhaps held to were also terracottas by Gian Lorenzo performance at the San Carlo in to the luxury of Palazzo Altemps, where be more accessible documents of Italian Bernini and Alessandro Algardi. Of his with 1,500 kilos of archeological arti- they are exhibited today. There were antiquity. An odd, non-conformist, liter- 5,000 books, 1300 have been saved, facts: beautiful objects, shards and frag- heaps of ceramics, of bronze vessels, of ary figure, Carlo Alberto Dossi, recov- including 19 incunabula (Aristotle, ments of all kinds. Since then, he never charming toys (dolls and miniature table ered, as Gorga did, more than 30,000 Hippocrates, Galen). In Rome, the stopped; at a certain point he owned – in settings). Etruscan and Egyptian mate- fragments of Roman ceramics from con- University Museum of Medicine’s col- addition to a hoard of objects in a farm- rials refer to a universal vision of the temporary excavations in Rome. His lection was formed with his pieces, as house on the Nomentana -- over past that is at the same time marvelous was an insatiable hunger for “small well as a good part of the Museum of of 150,000 artifacts, from ancient times and historically confused. Visitors to scale archaeology,” which was seen in musical instruments. For better or and from very distant lands up to mod- the exhibit or readers of the books that contrast to the official, “stale monumen- worse, he was a unique character, per- ern day objects. All of these were accompany the exhibit will be able to tal archaeology.” A short while later, the haps the greatest collector, at least quan- stored, many still in crates, at Via Cola have a vision of the past and at the same antiquarian and dilettante, Giulio titatively speaking, that has ever existed. di Rienzo 258, in ten apartments rented time a look at a particularly interesting Sambon, collected an astounding group He was Gennaro Evangelista Gorga solely for that continued on page 25 example of the history of collecting. Page 19 For example after more than an hour in the air an 8GB card can saves jpegs at a NEWS FROM THE FIELD maximum resolution of 16MP. Capturing images at a rate of 20 frames Aerial Archaeology per minute or 1,200 images per hour of in Etruria shooting . Pole photography by Opaxir To shoot oblique shots at a height of about 8 meters from the ground, the In 2009 the Superintendency for the photographer uses a telescopic pole with Archaeological Heritage of Tuscany the camera fixed on a ball head while established a project to document aerial standing on a ladder two meter high. raise a weight of about 800 g. The archaeological sites in the province of Kites lenticular shape is ideal because in the Grosseto (southern Tuscany), where, This technique is ideal for safety and presence of light wind this geometry since then, aerial photography of the economy. We almost always use a allows the balloon to fly on an angle of most important archaeological excava- rather small type of sled kite, which is about 45° parallel to the ground. tions and ground sites in the region has easy to handle, has a very fast lift-off The Reel taken place. and has no need for assembly. For To launch and recover both kites Archaeological sites, especially strong winds above 18-20 knots, a and gas balloons a top quality two-speed those not yet excavated, need protec- smaller delta kite is used. The height deep-sea fishing reel is needed. I keep tion. Public awareness of the impor- and range of flight normally goes from this reel hooked to a waist belt. tance and fragility of the global archae- Opaxir reels in a sled kite. 10m to 100m but with enough wind and The Rig ological heritage is the key for its sur- The rig is the equipment that is used vival. Aerial archaeology with its spec- to control the camera during flight and tacular and informative results can play recovery. To hang the camera we use a an important role in this context. simple rig consisting of a self-leveling In 2008 a flickr group was estab- pivoting rod attached to the kite line or, lished for archaeological and aerial pho- in the case of gas balloons, the balloon tography, using various techniques and itself. methods. Today the group has reached Aerial drones over 150 members worldwide: Aerial drones have been out on the flickr.com/groups/aerialarchaeology market for at least the past five years. DIY Aerial Archaeology Aircraft drones and quad, hexa and A good philosophy on the approach hepta copters are all piloted by remote to aerial archeology can be expressed in control from the ground. Using drones the motto: "keep it light and simple." has its pros and cons. This way good results can be obtained Pros: in little time and by one person alone, 1. versatility, they can go anywhere and although valuable aid often comes from Temple complex of Ara della Regina on the Pian di Civita, Tarquinia. are not disturbed by winds up to 7-8 the archaeologists in the field. Typically knots. an excavation site of about 1,000 square 2. light weight: no more than 600 grams line, even beyond that. 2. pre-programming: on models with meters, can be photographed with about (21ounces). Balloons GPS-aided navigation you can pre- a thousand shots in less than two hours. 3. an interval timer: unfortunately rarely The gas balloon is essential in an program shooting points and then Photo equipment and methods: an option, but an intervalometer may urban environment or in sites with trees effectively cover large areas at low Cameras be substituted. or other obstacles nearby. Commercial altitude with bursts of frames to be The necessary camera features for Intervalometer solutions usually tend towards larger, later used for the construction of this work are: A small box that sends the shutter sig- blimp-type balloons. We fly a smaller high-resolution photo-. 1. excellent image quality, therefore nal to the camera via IR every 3 seconds lens-shaped balloon formed from two 3. wide reach: they can be used in field good sensors with excellent wide so one can concentrate solely on the circular halves (diameter 250 cm) of exploration for archaeological aerial and super wide angle, fisheye and flight and position of the camera while edged welded polyurethane filled to a survey over large areas and those zoom lenses. shooting until the SD card becomes full. volume of about 3 mc that can safely hard to reach from the ground.

Newly discovered opus signinum floor, Domus dei Dolia, . Tumuli of the Queen and King at the Doganaccia, Tarquinia.

Page 20 Carsulae Excavations reveal new district of ancient city by Francesca Mancosu The theatrical mask as found. Above, far left and below, new Excavations conducted between and ceramics produced in a small fur- sections of road and pavement. June and September 2014 in the north- nace of the Augustan age (1st century of the towns of San Gemini and Terni, east sector of the archaeological park BC to 1st century AD), and a marble Associazione per la Valorizzazione del revealed structures of a new quarter of tragic theatrical mask, now being Patrimonio Storico di San Gemini, Actl the city, two previously unknown paved restored by the superintendency of - Alis - Museum Systems and the Hooking the rig to a gas balloon. roads, and a marble theatrical mask. Perugia. The mask had been used as Superintendency of Perugia. Cons: “This area,” says Massimiliano building material in an infill of the late 1. limited load capacity and flight time Gasperini, one of the archaeologists in Imperial era (3rd-5th century AD), to in the cheaper low-end models: charge of the excavations, “had never which we now usually date the end of these can only be used with compact before been investigated. Last year we the Roman citadel,” continues cameras less than 300 g. in weight. started to find some structures on the Gasperini. 2. high cost of the high-end professional south side, along the route of the Via Excavation also revealed “a street models with load capacities of at Flaminia. [Ed. Note: see Etruscan News with an orientation not related to that of least 1 kg and with a flight time of at 15, p. xxx] Then in collaboration with the ancient Flaminia,” the archaeologist least 15 minutes. the National Institute of Geophysics and says. “The track is located close to a cir- 3. necessity for significant piloting Volcanology we mapped the entire site cular depression in the ground, which experience in order to control the with the GPR and detected the presence seems to be a sink hole. At this point, we machine and avoid accidents. of more structures underground.” need to understand if this new road was 4. possible malfunctions due to their Objects discovered this summer, built before Carsulae or when the city complex construction and compo- valuable in themselves, are also impor- was already established. “ nents: they may result in costly tant for dating the site of Carsulae, and The excavations conducted in 2012 maintenance and repairs. for establishing the time of its abandon- and 2013 were funded by the 5. potential for crashes, which can cause ment. “We have found bronzes, coins, Fondazione Carit, with the collaboration damage to a third party. They are The restoration of the "Chariot of the Queen” The restoration of the "Chariot of the not recommended for use in densely Queen," from Tarquinia, was completed populated areas. Diagnostics and Restoration Laboratory of Mastarna at the diagnostics and restoration labora- tory of the Parco di Vulci, Mastarna, at Montalto di Castro. Emanuele Ioppolo (2nd from left) directed the conservation team, coordinated by Anna Gruzzi (far right) and Samuele Casciato (far left) in collaboration with restoration students of the Academy of Fine Arts Lorenzo da Viterbo.” With the collaboration of the Institute of Conservation and Restoration. Vilma Basilissi recovered many fragments. All remains were pho- tographed; a CAD program showed the progress of the restoration. Adriana Emiliozzi (2nd from right) identified the parts of the vehicle. After cleaning and consolidation, fragments were mounted on sheets of plexiglass on which graph- ics indicated the wheel and the frame; this avoided a reconstruction. There is still ongoing analysis to identify the var- ious types of wood used for the con- Site of Lago dell’Accesa, Grosetto. struction of the frame and the wheel. Page 21 Italy, a substantial program of illustra- tion was added to the printed edition. EXHIBITS For the first time, a work of ancient his- tory was based on the evidence of sur- “Etruscan Seduction: From viving artifacts and objects rather than the secrets of Holkham Hall to on written sources, and it thus laid the the Marvels of the British foundations for modern archaeology. Museum” The printed volumes were dedicated to the Grand Dukes of Tuscany, whose MAEC , dynasty was traced in the text back to 21 March - 31 July, 2014 the Etruscans themselves! The fron- by Suzanne Reynolds tispiece to volume 2 is a portrait of Grand Duke Gian Gastone de’ Medici. 2014 will see Holkham Hall's largest He was the last of the line, and on his international collaboration since the in 1737, the family who had dom- eighteenth century. From March to July, inated Tuscany for centuries died out. the MAEC (Museo dell’Accademia The importance of Coke’s role was Etrusca e della Città di Cortona, will only fully understood in 2007 with the host an exhibition of sculpture, paint- discovery at Holkham by Dr. Suzanne ings, prints, drawings and manuscripts Reynolds of the accounts for the pro- from the Uffizi museums in Florence, duction process, documents of pay- the Vatican Museums, the British ments to the artists, engravers, and edi- Museum in London, and Holkham Hall. tors who worked on the project. These The exhibition centers on a moment documents will be on display in the of crucial importance in the history of exhibition, along with the autograph archaeology and of Tuscany itself, that manuscript of the text. Also on display is, the publication of Thomas will be the original drawings and copper Dempster’s De Etruria regali (On Royal plates for the illustrations, which were Tuscany) in Florence in 1723 and 1726. discovered in the attics at Holkham by The publication was entirely funded by history of the Etruscan people, the very the 5th Earl of Leicester in 1964. The the young Thomas Coke, the builder of first attempt to demonstrate the exis- drawings were in the original leather Holkham Hall, and led to the foundation tence of a highly developed civilization wallet in which they had been sent back in 1727 of one of most important in Italy before the Romans. The work to England from Italy after publication. learned societies in Italy, the Accademia remained unpublished in Dempster’s The British Museums large loan Some three hundred years after Etrusca. Since its beginnings, the lifetime, and survived in only one copy, to the MAEC includes over 150 Thomas Coke first arrived in Italy in Accademia has been housed in the in his own handwriting. This unique objects, among them duck November 1713, Holkham is also lend- medieval Palazzo Casali in Cortona, manuscript copy was purchased for with relief, a cippus from , ing paintings, drawings and manuscripts now the home of the MAEC itself. Thomas Coke by his Grand Tour tutor- that attest to his passion for Italian his- the Etruscan bronze statuettes of Thomas Dempster (1579-1635) was governor, Thomas Hobart, in July 1719, tory and art. Highlights include an impoverished Scottish nobleman from the Florentine scholar Anton Maria a worshipper and Tinia and Uni. Proccacini’s “Tarquinius and Lucretia,” who taught at universities throughout Salvini, at a price of eleven guineas. It is cation of the work at a cost of over paintings and drawings by Claude and Europe, and ended his career as still in the library at Holkham Hall, as 2,000 Florentine scudi. Under the super- Vanvitelli, and some of the most beauti- Professor of Humanities in . MS 501. vision of the antiquarian Senator Filippo fully illuminated medieval manuscripts Between 1616 and 1619, he compiled Thomas Coke returned the manu- Buonarotti, whom Coke and Hobart had of ancient history from the Holkham the De Etruria Regali, a monumental script to Florence and paid for the publi- visited several times while they were in Library.

Invisible horses: . I became so intrigued with the horse mounted with stylized images of lions, Rediscovering hitches, ferrous witnesses to Florence’s cats, dragons, horses or other fictitious past, that I wrote I Cavalli di Firenze animal-like forms, their appearance can Florence's ferri (The Horses of Florence), which focuses be surprisingly modern, humorous and by John Superti solely on the iron hitches at the street compelling. This is what struck me level of a palace’s façade. Though easy about them and inspired me to photo- They are on almost every block, a to ignore amid Florence’s many splen- graph each one I could find. Since 2008, reminder of Florence’s medieval legacy, dors, close attention reveals that these I have combed the streets of Florence to yet many were created in the nineteenth ferri possess a unique charm. Often sur- capture the ferri, returning each year to and twentieth century: the city’s iron locate and document them systematical- horse hitches reveal a little-known ly. In the process, I discovered more aspect of Florence’s architectural histo- than 60 variations of sculpture in iron, a ry. Silent yet present, they guard the creative yet crude form of early Italian streets, as they have for centuries. In folk art. Florence, all ironwork on the façade of a Subsequent research on the ferri— building is referred to as ferri (irons). especially information provided by This applies not only to horse hitches, Claudio Paolini of the Superintendency but also to ironwork used for banners, for the Architectural Heritage of flags and other utilitarian purposes. . Florence—revealed that they have a All photographs © John Superti. Page 22 Etruscans: a Hymn to Life Musée Maillol, Paris 18 September 2013 - 9 February 2014 ANSA

The exhibition displays 250 pieces from major Italian and foreign muse- ums, such as the of Villa Giulia, the Vatican Above, A granulated Museums and the Capitoline Museums gold brooch with in Rome, the Archaeological Museum in tiny animal figures. Florence and the of Right, A bronze fig- London. the visitor different Etruscan urban real- tion is architecture, but different parts ure of a It was organized under the patronage ities, the architecture of the temples in seekto focus on aspects of daily life in the “Giacometti” of the Italian Cultural Ministry. Anna Veii, the stone sculptures in Vulci, the such as culture, writing, sport, religion, style. Both from the Maria Moretti Sgubini, Superintendent gold in Cerveteri, paintings in Tarquinia, Eros, banquets, trade, and the relation- Villa Giulia. Emerita for Archaeological Finds of terracotta in Orvieto, and the diverse ship with the Orient. The importance of Southern Etruria, and Francesca artistic production in Chiusi, , women and their active participation in Boitani, Director Emerita of the Perugia and . social life also had an important, seem- National Etruscan Museum of Villa The connecting thread of the exhibi- ingly modern role. Giulia, are curators. ‘’Thanks to the research in urban centers that has been Above, a rare wooden sculpture Below, a canopic urn from Chiusi, set in motion in recent years, there has of a male head from the Museo the head is flanked by four been a shift in the image of the Etruscan Civico, Milano. Below, the so winged female figures (Florence) people, which instead should be seen in called Testa Malavolta, a terra- Right, Gypsum statuette of a its entirety, with its trade, production, cotta votive head of a young man female figure from the Isis tomb traditions and customs of daily life. The from the Villa Giulia, Rome. Vulci. (British Museum). exhibition aims to focus on certain aspects of the Etruscans connected with life,’’ noted Moretti Sgubini. It shows

Vincent Jolivet, Archéologue au comité scientifique, behind him a haruspex consulting a liver.

very interesting history that had not pre- triates purchased or rented the family “barbarisms” led to a golden age for viously been told. palaces of impoverished Florentine iron factories, kept busy not only restor- In the nineteenth century, interest in noblemen and then embellished them. ing older buildings but also designing medieval architecture returned in full They constructed new villas in Gothic ironwork in Liberty style. It is not that force. Gothic Revival and pre- style in the Florentine countryside, and difficult to discover the history of Raphaelite movements spurred a they used ferri as a decorative architec- almost every Florentine building renewed appreciation for the art and tural element into the twentieth century. adorned with ferri, but it is almost architecture of early Florence. This Several antiquarians restored Florentine impossible to tell whether they are con- appreciation led to efforts both to restore buildings, including palazzo Davanzati, temporaneous with that building or were that which had been lost and to orna- to set up shop and show their wares in added at a later date. Those in the court- ment new buildings in neo-Gothic style. an elegant environment. Ferri were yard of the Bargello seem to be the old- The Americans and northern Europeans recreated in as near to their imagined est, but very little restoration work is who migrated to Florence during that “original” style as possible and returned documented. Further, the extent to period were especially taken with this to their place on the façades. The expa- which ferri wrought in the late nine- fashion. They were a primary force in triates were enraged by the destruction teenth or early twentieth century were recreating the harmony andbeauty of an of the medieval ghetto to make room for derived or fashioned after what had “authentic” fifteenth-century city, the nineteenth-century piazza della existed previously is unknown. For the rodes quickly and cobwebs form, giving including the restoration of medieval Repubblica. Their determination to res- most part, the actual age of each ferro the appearance of great age. As I pho- and ironwork. These expa- cue Florence from such architectural can only be surmised, since iron cor- tographed continued on page 38 Page 23 Mostri. Creature first half of the 17th century, and Perseus Freeing Andromeda, by Fantastiche della Paura e Cavaliere d’ Arpino. del Mito A public lecture focusing on the art Museo Nazionale Romano - Palazzo of bringing to life Hollywood movie Massimo alle Terme, Rome monsters will be presented by visual 20 December 2013 - 1 June 2014 effects and makeup experts Scott Ross and Shane Mahan to link the birth of the From 20 December 2013 to 1 June story in pictures with the latest tech- 2014 the exhibition “Mostri. Creature nologies of spectacle. fantastiche della paura e del mito” On the opening night of the event, (Monsters. Fantastic Creatures of Fear the laser projections made by and Myth) will be open to the public Hyperreality will be screened onto the at Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. The façade of Palazzo Massimo facing curators, Rita Paris, with Elisabetta Piazza dei Cinquecento. It stages the Setari, have assembled over one hun- “Tifone” acroterial statue, . “Chimera” shield boss, Melfi. confrontation between monsters and heroes, which allude to the complexity dred archaeological works from Italian harpies, the sirens, , centaurs, the selves. The path of the exhibition of the human soul and the resources of and foreign museums: Athens, Berlin, hydra of Lerna, Scylla and other sea unfolds along a labyrinth, the ancient creative intelligence. The animations Basel, Vienna, Los Angeles and New monsters brought from the Orient to path of the initiation that heroes under- will be also projected in the inner court- York. The exhibit explores the myths of Greece and on to the Etruscan, Italic and went before they could “come forth to yard of the museum for the entire dura- the Classical tradition that influenced Roman world. see once more the stars,” as Dante said. tion of the exhibition. modern and contemporary art, and the It is a reminder that Classical art por- The persistence of these mythologi- A conference, “Il bestiario fantastic cinema in particular. It illustrates the trays not only the ideal beauty of gods cal figures in modern and contemporary di età orientalizzante nella penisola iconographic evolution of the Minotaur, and heroes, but also a series of frighten- culture is illustrated by three paintings: Italiana,” at the British School at Rome, griffins, chimeras, the Gorgons, ing creatures, into which men have Crete, by Alberto Savino, Medusa, by on January 13, 2014, complements the Pegasus, and the Sphinx, as well as the always seen the darkest aspects of them- an anonymous Flemish painter of the theme of the exhibit. Vetulonia, Pontecagnano e . Vite parallele di tre città Etrusche 14 July 14 – 24 November 2013 Museo Isidoro Falchi, Vetulonia

Curated by Simona Rafanelli, this small jewel of an exhibition aims to define the relationship between the Il Devoto e il suo doppio. The Pantanacci votive deposit, urban center of Vetulonia with the main Novità dagli scavi di (see Etruscan News 15). Etruscan enclaves of southern Italy: Bi-conical bronze ash urn. Lanuvio e di Orvieto e material and artifacts from the necropo- are no less impressive with their mag- foot of the volcanic outcrop in the area lis of Capua and Pontecagnano and from nificent bronze swords, ritual axes, cres- materiali inediti da of Orvieto called Campo della Fiera, Sala Consilina, Ischia and wit- cent razors, helmets and complex horse Corniculum which scholars -- due to the discovery of ness the southern migration of technolo- trappings. Among the latter is the Museo Isidoro Falchi Vetulonia (Gr ) temples, altars, and votive pottery of gies, artistic language and lifestyles, famous bronze equine mask from 20 December 2013 - 12 January 2014 outstanding quality (such as the splen- always sharing elegance and style. It is Pontecagnano, on which is engraved did clay heads, both male and female) - not rare to find, next to impasto and and embossed a combat scene between The archaeological exhibition “The - are now unanimous in recognizing as everyday objects, refined bucchero pot- an archer, a feline and a deer; the Devotee and his Double” is an excep- the site of the famous shrine of the fed- tery of local production, or Greek iconography has its closest parallels in tional preview of material from two eration of the twelve cities of Etruria, or imports like the beautiful black and red- the Near East, and once again demon- major excavations, still in progress, in . figure Attic pottery from votive deposits strates the importance of cultural the neighboring regions of Lazio and In 2013, the Italian ministries’ official found at Costa Murata or small exchange between the Etruscans and the Umbria. “Year of Water,” the Museum of Corinthian pottery cosmetic jars, along East. A unique piece is the cardiophylax, The first group is from the 2012 exca- Vetulonia wanted to highlight this theme with long necklaces made of precious that is, a bronze breastplate decorated vation at the Pantanacci votive deposit through an exhibition focusing on con- amber, imported directly from the Baltic with representations of finely detailed in Lanuvio (presumably dedicated to texts in which the cult and the sacred- Sea, together with glass paste beads. lions and sphinxes that shows the Sospita), which so far has yielded ness of water are clearly stated and Especially prevalent is the gold, worked remarkable level of stylistic skill more than 1500 almost completely recorded. To further enrich the theme, according to refined techniques that, in reached by the bronze masters of intact votive terracottas reproducing the votive material from sanctuary con- addition to repoussé, make use of fili- Vetulonia. external parts or internal organs of the texts is enhanced by an additional group gree, granulation and pulviscolo to The exhibition is exceptional for the human body (heads, throats, feet, bod- of terracotta artifacts, some miniature, adorn brooches, pendants, bracelets and quantity and quality of material dis- ies, arms, hands, legs). The second recovered from significant tomb groups hairclips for rich Etruscan ladies. played, never until now shown together group consists of material discovered in of Corniculum in the territory of The female grave goods shine with in such numbers and of such high artis- the past few years in the sanctuary at the Guidonia-Montecelio. elegant jewelry, while those of the men tic quality. Page 24 Gods and Heroes: cal mythology,” explains Timothy Potts, as those depicting the labors of European Drawings of director of the J. Paul Getty Museum. attest to this. Hercules had to perform “Those chosen for this exhibition bring twelve feats as punishment for having Classical Mythology these myths to life for today’s audience killed his wife and children in a fit of November 19, 2013–February 9, 2014 in works of outstanding artistic quality. temporary insanity. Giulio Romano’s J. Paul Getty Museum, Getty Center The exhibition also nicely complements Hercules Resting after Killing the Hydra the Museum’s collection at the Getty (about 1535) shows the hero with an The stories involving the mythical Villa, which is dedicated to the arts and unusually lanky body, exhausted after gods and heroes of Greco-Roman antiq- culture of the ancient Mediterranean. he has killed the Hydra of Lerna, a mul- uity have inspired artists for centuries, Many of the gods and heroes that will be tiheaded water serpent that was wreak- testing their abilities to represent com- on view at the Getty Center in this exhi- ing havoc. Victorious yet weary, plex narratives in visual form. The likes bition find their counterparts in ancient Paris and Helen, 1786, Jacques- Hercules rests on a large rock, with bits of and Apollo, Hercules and representations there.” Louis David, black ink on paper. of the slain monster lying around him on Achilles, have proved to be particularly Depending on when and where they smudged, painterly application of char- the ground. For his part, Gustave rich artistic subjects not only because worked, artists have approached mythi- coal suggests the heaviness of the sub- Moreau represents another of Hercules’s they had extraordinary qualities―such cal figures very differently, sometimes ject’s slumber. labors, namely when the hero had to as beauty, creativity, strength and treating them as pretexts for visual Themes of love and lust are common capture the flesh-eating mares of courage―but also for the imperfections experimentation. Consistently, these in classical myths, as shown by , the evil king of Thrace. that made these characters even more subjects have provided artists with the Agostino Carracci’s drawing of Hercules, having succeeded in seizing compelling. Involved in love and lust, opportunity to demonstrate their ability Overpowering (about 1590). In the animals, feeds Diomedes’s body to rivalry and treachery, crime and punish- to render human anatomy. While accord with the Roman poet Virgil’s his own horses. Moreau situated the ment, they possessed all the passions Agostino Carracci’s Triton Blowing a statement that “love conquers all,” atrocious episode in a dim setting that and flaws of mere mortals, but on a Conch Shell (1600) was made in prepa- Cupid, symbolic of virtuous love, is offsets the brilliant tones of the delicate- much larger scale. Featuring a selection ration for an elaborate frescoed scene on shown subduing Pan, the embodiment ly executed watercolor―a refined tech- of close to 40 drawings dating from the the vault of Palazzo Farnese in Rome, of carnal desire. Cupid’s crucial role in nique that could hardly be in starker Renaissance to the 19th century, Gods the drawing stands alone as a powerful matters of love is, by comparison, mere- contrast with the gory nature of the sub- and Heroes: European Drawings of depiction of the triton’s twisting body, ly hinted at in Jacques-Louis David’s ject it serves to represent. Classical Mythology, on view which is depicted with striking illusion- Paris and Helen (1786). According to “This exhibition showcases a beauti- November 19, 2013–February 9, 2014 ism. In a subtle display of skill, Rosalba legend, the Trojan prince Paris abducted ful and highly interesting part of the at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Getty Carriera’s Muse (mid-1720s) exempli- the Spartan princess Helen, but she fell Getty drawings collection in a meaning- Center, explores the pictorial represen- fies the artist’s mastery of the pastel in love with him after Cupid shot her ful way that invites the viewer to tation of myths that have been instru- technique, which is most evident in the with an arrow of desire―events that led explore the fascinating world of Greco- mental in the formation of Western cul- rendering of the young woman’s ivory to the Trojan War. As for mortals, love and its artistic repre- ture. skin, flushed cheeks, and rosy lips. By was no easy thing for mythological fig- sentations,” says Edouard Kopp, associ- “The Getty’s collection of drawings contrast, Gustave Courbet used a tonal ures; indeed, it often ended in tragedy. ate curator of drawings at the J. Paul provides an almost endless supply of medium to represent the Head of a The world of gods and heroes could Getty Museum and curator of the exhi- images representing figures from classi- Sleeping Bacchante (1847). His also be a violent one, and drawings such bition.

Gorga, continued from page 19, pur- Barbera. Gorga divided his objects into well explained) by a weighty catalog pose. He did not take time to be choosy: thirty collections, whose equivalent (Electa) 480 pages, by the persons who he did a little excavation himself, but he value today would be 15 million Euros. curated the show: Alessandra also frequented marble workers, stone- In 1929, trying to stay afloat, he donated Capodiferro with Barbara Ciarrocchi, cutters, antique dealers, retailers, even everything to Mussolini: in an attempt Letizia Rustico and Sabrina Violante. counterfeiters. "They even found stolen to reach an agreement with the state, Significant essays by, Matilde De items, from the Capitoline Museums," but the accord was not completed until Angelis d’Ossat and Elena Cagiano de says the superintendent archaeologist of twenty years later, with the Italian Azevedo. The volume is titled Evan Rome, Mariarosaria Barbera, who in Republic. Since then, the government in Gorga, the archeological collection. 1999 was perhaps the first one to its fervor to catalog the collection, has Youthful curiosity research his career. attempted to recompose and try to In his youth Gorga was a student at the The 1911 exhibition Gennaro Evangelista Gorga understand it, almost everything is in College De Merode, which stood in the Part of his collections were displayed disorder and without provenance. Over piazza where Palazzo Altemps is now. (Feb. 6, 1865 – Dec. 5, 1957) at Castel Sant'Angelo in 1911, at the the years the objects were stored in a The college housed the oratory in which exhibition for the 50th anniversary of a pun, Lucy called him Lucius Vetro." thousand places, and with every move he spent his leisure hours. Today his the unification of Italy: 280 of his 1,500 That year, the American tycoon John things were broken, shattered, or disap- objects return back to the place of his musical instruments, 300 seals for papal Pierpont Morgan offered him two mil- peared. There have been many storage childhood. bulls, 300 objects from his collection of lion for the collection, but Gorga deposits; among them; the Villa Giulia, The musical instruments ancient weapons, and many pieces of declined. , the attics of the Palazzo Much of what Gorga collected has ancient glass, for which Gorga was very The debts Venezia, and the cellars at the Farnesina. gone missing. But not the musical fond of, recalls Barbera: "Together with By 1933, with his fury for buying, and The exhibition instruments, which formed "the most Lucia Sagui, we reassembled the glass above all his vice for gambling, he was Now, with the 1,352 the antiquities important collection in the world," to mosaics that covered the floors and immersed in debt. An amount that today that he had pledged to the National quote both Toscanini and Ottorino walls of the villa of Emperor Lucius would be equal to about three million Museum of Rome, the superintendency Respighi: They are housed in Rome at Verus at Acqua Traversa, where today Euros. "He was happy enough to eat has organized the present exhibition at Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, at the stands the Kazakhstan embassy: a room bean soup with the maid, so that he Palazzo Altemps. Objects of all kinds museum of musical instruments, an all of glass, to imitate marble, with could afford more objects," says and of all categories, illustrated (and to forgotten continued on page 38 Page 25 Towards an archaeology of Superbus, 20 April . People and Migrations CONFERENCES L’età di Tarquinio il Superbo a Gabii. Sergio Zincone, Università di Roma ‘la Le trasformazioni del paesaggio Sapienza’, Chiara Spuntarelli, Michel Humm. urbano sull’arx, Marco Fabbri. Istituto Patristico ‘Augustinianum’, Chair: Peter Attema The Great Rome of the Romans: Roma, Città, barbari e …Signiam Circeiosque colonos misit, Architecture at the Threshold of Costantinopoli tra IV e V secolo. praesidia urbi futura terra marique Republic, John Hopkins. Elena Ambrosetti, Donatella Strangio, (Liv. I, 56, 3). Tarquinio il Superbo e The archaic temple of S. Omobono: new Università di Roma ‘la Sapienza,’ la fondazione di colonie nel Latium discoveries and old problems, Paolo Migrazioni e frontiere: Roma, vetus, Monica Chiabà. Brocato, Nicola Terrenato. Istanbul e Mosca. e il suo territorio dalla nascita Dmitrij Lisejcev, Istituto di Storia Russa dell’abitato alla di dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Tarquinio, Francesco Cifarelli. XXXIII Seminario Internazionale di Studi Storici Russia, La legittimità del potere Pometia e Cora, Domenico Palombi. supremo in Russia all’epoca dei The Ager Pomptinus and Rome: settle- Da Roma alla Terza Roma Torbidi: a proposito dello status ment developments in the Pontine civile delle “persone elette.” th Region between the 6th and 4 cen- 19 April 2013 Giovanni Maniscalco Basile, Università The Age of Tarquinius turies BC: Tymon de Haas. Citizenship ‘Roma Tre,’ Il “popolo” dalla Superbus Enrico Montanari, Università di Roma Povest’ o car’grade all’incoron- 9 November 2013 ‘la Sapienza,’ Popolazione e cittadi- azione di Michail Fedorovič A Paradigm Shift? Session 3: Regional studies and the nanza secondo la religione romana: Romanov. Rome, 7-9 November 2013 economy Quirinalia e Liberalia. Igor Christoforov, Istituto di Storia Chair: Michel Humm Constantinos Vlahos, Università di Russa dell’Accademia delle Scienze Workshop and Discussion (by Approaching the Roman archaic econo- Tessalonica, Impero romano di Russia, Il contadino come cittadi- Invitation, KNIR, 7 November 2013) my, Gabriele Cifani. d’Oriente e cittadinanza romana. no ideale: origine e contesto del Archaic urbanisation and ruralisation İlber Ortayli, Università di Galatasaray, mito agrario in Russia e nell’Europa Conference (BSR 8-9 November in Latium vetus, the archaeological Istanbul, Impero ottomano e cittadi- dell’età moderna. 2013) evidence, Peter Attema, with Tymon nanza romana. Gian Paolo Caselli, Università di Session 1: Historiography and de Haas, Jorn Seubers and Gijs Tol. Massimo Luciani, Università di Roma e Reggio Emilia, Crisi archaeology Il territorio laziale a nord dell’Aniene ‘la Sapienza,’ Cittadinanza nella demografica, migrazioni, cittadi- Chair: Anna Sommella Mura nell’età di Tarquinio il Superbo, Repubblica Romana del 1849. nanza russa. Le règne de Tarquin le Superbe dans Francesco di Gennaro, Angelo Sergej Zuraviev, Istituto di Storia Russa Saltanat Esetova, Università Statale del l’historiographie romaine Amoroso, Barbara Belelli dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Kazakistan Settentrionale ‘M. antérieure à Cicéron : motifs classés Marchesini, Letizia Ceccarelli. Russia, La politica sovietica degli Utemisov’, Uralsk, Migrazioni e cit- et variations, Martine Chassignet. Luoghi di culto nell’area dei Colli anni ’30 relativa alla cittadinanza e tadinanza nella prospettiva Tarquinio lo sciocco. Il caso della ven- Albani tra storia e archeologia, le sue conseguenze per i cittadini dell’Eurasia. dita dei libri Sibillini, Cristiano Giuseppina Ghini, Luciana Drago. stranieri sul territorio dell’URSS. Viglietti. Session 4: Etruria Citizens and Foreigners Latinorum sibi maxime gentem concilia- Chair: Paola Santoro Robert Turcan, Académie des bat. Trasformazione dei paesaggi di Hercle a Tarquinia da Tarquinio Prisco Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, Parigi, Roma e del Lazio dal regno del a Tarquinio il Superbo, Giovanna Mutations du “civis Romanus”: du Superbo all’inizio della Repubblica, Bagnasco. citoyen de Rome au citoyen du Paolo Carafa. Caere nell’età dei ‘tiranni’, Vincenzo monde. Tarquinia e Tarquinio il Superbo: un Bellelli. Riccardo Cardilli, Università di Roma rapporto intricato e complesso, Appunti sulle produzioni artigianali a ‘Tor Vergata,’ Fides e cittadinanza. Maria Bonghi Jovino. Veio nell’epoca di Tarquinio il Antonio Carile, Università di Bologna, Osservazioni sulla produzione coroplas- Superbo, Laura Michetti. Il principio della eguaglianza tica a Roma e nel Lazio tra la fine Session 5: Latium nell’Impero romano d’Oriente. della monarchia e gli inizi dell’età Chair: Filippo Coarelli Pavel Lukin, Istituto di Storia Russa repubblicana, Claudia Carlucci. House form and social complexity in dell’Accademia delle Scienze di Nuovi dati sulla dea del tutulo, Anna Latium vetus in the 6th c. B.C., Russia, I concetti antico-russi: Sommella Mura. Elisabeth van ‘t Lindenhout. gorožanin, gražanin, graždanin. Session 2: Expansion, colonization Valle del Colosseo e pendici nord-orien- Massimo Panebianco, Università di and foreign contacts tali del Palatino tra età regia e Salerno, Principii dello ius com- Chair: Fausto Zevi prima repubblica, Zeggio, mune gentium riguardanti popo- Cycle of Lectures on the Ai margini del Latium vetus nell’età di Clementina Panella. lazione e cittadinanza. Tarquinio il Superbo. Riflessioni su Ardea e i suoi santuari all’epoca di Irina Potkina, Istituto di Storia Russa Rocca Albornoz vecchi e nuovi dati. Luciana Drago. Tarquinio, Letizia Ceccarelli. dell’Accademia delle Scienze di in collaboration with Gli Ernici nell’età dei Tarquini, tra fonti Satricum in the Age of Tarquinius Russia, Gli imprenditori stranieri e Viterbo 2013 letterarie e nuove scoperte archeo- Superbus: Changing Perspectives, il loro status civile nell’Impero logiche, Sandra Gatti. Marijke Gnade. russo. 31 October Cuma ai tempi dei Tarquini, Carlo Session 6: Rome and Gabii: new per- Başak Karaman, Università di Vincent Jolivet and Edwige Lovergne, Rescigno. spectives Galatasaray, Istanbul, Cittadinanza Una nuova tomba monumentale Tarquin le Superbe et le monde grec, Chair: Christopher Smith romana e Repubblica Turca dell’Etruria rupestre. Page 26 14 November Inequality in Antiquity Cristina Corsi and Elisabetta De Pasquino Pallecchi, Gianna Giachi, Minicis, In viaggio verso sud. La via Coeruleum alla foce dell’Ombrone. Tracing the Archeological Francigena da a Stefano Ricchi, I reperti ceramici di età Record Roma. romana dello Scoglietto. SUNY Buffalo, 5-6 April 2014 28 November Maurizio Michelucci, Roselle: la domus Tiziano Gasperoni and Giuseppe dell’anfiteatro fra Etruschi e Romani We know that in ancient times there Scardozzi, Monumenti rupestri nel Daniele Vitali, Laurence Benquet, were men and women, freemen and bacino del Vezza tra , Nicola-Bianca Fàbry, Albinia e i slaves, locals and immigrants. We can e Mugnano. Galli. observe some material residues of their 6 December Andrea De Giorgi, Scavi di Cosa 2013: existence in the archaeological record. Alessandro Mandolesi, Il tumulo della nuovi ambiti di ricerca. The central methodological problem is Regina di Tarquinia: alle origini Bianca Maria Aranguren, Sergio how we can extract fuller meaning from della pittura tarquiniese. Bargagliotti, Il Portus Scabris. 20 the surviving archaeological residues anni di ricerche in mare e in ter- Artisans and Craft in and relate those meanings to issues of raferma. Ancient Etruria gender, legal and ethnic status, and other Paola Rendini, Il Progetto Heba. Un categories of potential inequality. aggiornamento. A Symposium in Honor of This conference will apply two rela- Marco Firmati, Tra Heba e Saturnia: Nancy de Grummond tively novel approaches. While studies conoscenza e tutela nei territori di Syracuse University in Florence of slavery, gender, and ethnicity are rel- Scansano e Magliano. 23 June 2013 atively common, the IEMA conference Lorenza Camin, Un sistema informatico will explore them as intersecting areas territoriale per la gestione integrata Program of study within the larger framework of del patrimonio archeologico di Laura Ambrosini (Consiglio Nazionale inequality. It will also attempt to bring Scansano. delle Ricerche [NCR], Istituto di together prehistorians, specialists in Giulio Ciampoltrini, Palinodie fra la Studi sulle Cività Italiche e del classical archaeology, and students of foce dell’Albegna e Alberese (rivisi- Mediterraneo Antico), Images of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle tando la statua-ritratto imperiale da Artisans on Etruscan Urns. Ages, as well as physical anthropolo- Torre Saline). Larissa Bonfante, (New York gists, epigraphers, and statisticians. Giulia Lazzeri, Roselle alla fine dell’età University), Bronzetti and Giganti, Confirmed speakers: Sardinian and Etruscan. Jennifer Lynn Muller (Ithaca College) Conference romana. Elementi di continuità e di rottura alla luce dei nuovi studi sui Gretchen Meyers (Franklin and T. Douglas Price (University of Maritima regio: archeolo- materiali provenienti dalle ex terme Marshall College), For Weddings Wisconsin – Madison) gia dei paesaggi romani adrianee. and a Funeral: Textile Crafts and Brian D. Hayden (Simon Fraser dalle Colline metallifere al 14 December Female Social Identity in Ancient University) Claudia Guerrini, Dalla Maremma a Etruria. Kristian Kristiansen (Göteborgs fiume Fiora Londra: storia del “Bacco fanciul- Elizabeth Colantoni (University of Universitet) Museo archeologico e d’arte della lo” dalle Terme di Roselle. Rochester), Architectural Sculpture William A. Parkinson (The Field Maremma, Grosseto Simona Rafanelli, Stefano Spiganti, from Archaic Central Italy: Models Museum Chicago) 13-14 December 2013 Vetulonia: la domus dei dolia fra and Interpretation. Brian K. Hanks (University of Etruschi e Romani. Jane Whitehead (Valdosta State Pittsburgh) “The Maritime Region: archeology of Kim Bowes, Contadini e agricoltura: University), Hand to Hand at La Anna Maria D’Onofrio (Univeristà di Roman landscapes from the metallifer- risultati del Roman Peasant Project Piana. Napoli “L’Orientale”) ous hills to the river Fiora” focused on (Cinigiano). Anthony Tuck (University of Vasiliky Vlachou (Université libre de the time between the late-Etruscan and Emanuele Vaccaro, Contadini romani e Massachusetts at Amherst), Bruxelles, CreA-Patrimoine) Roman periods. produzione ceramica:la sigillata Manufacturing at Poggio Civitate: Rachel Zelnick-Abramovitz (Tel Aviv 13 December italica di Podere Marzuolo Elite consumption and Social University) Gabriella Poggesi, Elena Chirico, (Cinigiano). Organization in the Etruscan 7th Ruth Westgate (Cardiff University) Matteo Colombini, Il popolamento Claudio Calastri, Le fornaci romane di Century. Mario Torelli (Accademia Nazionale dei nell’ager Rusellanus in età romana: Albinia. Nuovi dati dallo scavo e dal Lisa Pieraccini (University of Lincei) Alberese e le aree termali di Roselle territorio. California, Berkeley), Artisans and Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni (Università e Poggetti vecchi. Mariagrazia Celuzza, Cecilia Luzzetti, their Lasting Impressions – Clay di Milano) Paolo Liverani, Gruppo di famiglia in La Valle d’Oro nel territorio di stamping at Caere. Stephen Dyson (University at Buffalo, un interno: l’aula di Bassus a Cosa: revisione dei dati e una pro- Giovanna Bagnasca Gianni (Università SUNY) Roselle. posta di parco. degli Studi di Milano), At first Luuk de Ligt (Universiteit Leiden) Gabriella Barbieri, L’edificio romano di Roberto Farinelli, Le tracce della via- glance. Remarks on a group of sigla Maryl Gensheimer (University of Pietratonda: materiali e tecniche bilità antica nella documentazione from the sanctuary of the Etruscan Maryland) costruttive. d’archivio medievale e moderna. artisans at Cetamura del Chianti. Steven Ellis (University of Cincinnati) Mariangela Turchetti, Massimo De Alcuni esempi di area maremmana. Charles Ewell (Syracuse University in Myles McCallum (Saint Mary’s Benetti, Romanizzazione e moneta: Edoardo Vanni, Paesaggi, mobilità e Florence), The Kiln at Cetamura del University) il caso di Civitella Paganico. corridoi in Etruria. Spunti per una Chianti. Elizabeth Fentress (International Paolo Nannini, Sull’antica morfologia geografia del sacro. Don Davis (East Tennessee State Association of Classical costiera e fluviale del delta Franco Cambi, I Romani in Maremma University), The Nuovo Forno Archaeology) dell’Ombrone dalla fotointerpre- fra archeologie e geografie. Il Etrusco: Ancient Fire, New Dorian Borbonus (University of tazione di immagini aeree. prossimo ventennio? Construct. Dayton) Page 27 Angelo Amoroso, Aspect of settlements (Chair: Caroline Malone) borders of northern Latium Vetus. Christopher Chippindale, The Roman Frontiers of the European Marijke Gnade, Satricum, a case study conquest of the Alps: relevant evi- of changing frontiers in a dence from the other side of that frontier from the latest prehistoric With a regional focus on pre‐Roman settlement. rock‐art of Valcamonica. Central Italy (Chair: Francesco di Gennaro) Alessandra Piergrossi, Poggio Montano, Craig Alexander, Elisa Perego, 20 – 22 September 2013 a frontier site in the southern inter- Valcamonica in the Tribal Zone: Magdalene College, Cambridge nal Etruria: landscape history and Evidence from rock‐art: Micro‐his- cultural interactions at the turn of 20 September tories in the long‐term‐process: the Orientalizing period. 1. Plenary Session frontiers in late Iron Age and early Lucy Shipley, Between Living and Simon Stoddart, Letizia Ceccarelli: Dead: Etruscan Funerary Ceramics, Roman north‐east Italy. Introduction Identity and Memory. Mark Pearce, Exploring frontiers ‐ the Francesco di Gennaro, Tracts and facts Jacopo Tabolli, Living and dying within Etruscans and the Ligurian Sea. of the frontier in the protohistoric the frontier(s). Between material Cristina Taddei et al., A frontier between period. culture and funerary ideology at Etruscans, Ligurians and Romans Elisabetta Viggiani, Talking Stones: col- Session 3A: The religious frontier Narce. 3rd century BC – 1st century AD). lective memory and symbolic bound- (Chair: Simon Stoddart) Fredrik Tobin, Tombs on the edge: Angela Trentacoste, Pigs on the periph- aries in contemporary Northern. Luana Cenciaioli, Western Umbria: Surveying the funerary landscape of ery: diet, economy, and society at Gabriele Cifani, Some aspects of fron- upland sanctuaries between the . the Etruscan settlement of Forcello tier studies in central Italy. Umbrians and the Etruscans. Theresa Huntsman, The Hellenistic (Bagnolo S. Vito, MN). Mario Torelli, Etruscan Frontiers. Laura Matacchioni, The frontier territo- Necropolis at Gioiella (Castiglione Paola AE Bianchi et al., Boundaries and Christopher Smith, Definitions of ‘ager’ ry to the right of the middle course of del Lago): Burials and Banquets on tangible signs of power: the and conceptions of territoriality in the Tiber: Monte Tezio. the Chiusine Frontier Etruscan cemetery with ‘tumuli’ at early Latium. Francesca Fulminante, Mukund (Chair: Mario Torelli) Botteghino, Parma ‐ Italy. Session 2A: Thinking the frontier Unavane, Umbrian and Latin bronze Marco Arizza, Daniela Rossi, The terri- Michele Scalici, What Boundaries. (Chair: Simon Stoddart) votive figurines in context. tory between Veii and Rome in the Evidence from the hinterland of Peter Attema, Palus or Ager? Changing Anna De Lucia Narce, The sanctuary of Archaic period: Rural structures as Southern Italy. perceptions of economic landscapes Monte Li Santi – Le Rote at the territorial markers of cultural fron- Camilla Norman, Tracing cultural con- in the Pontine region (south Lazio, beginning of Romanisation. tiers. nections in Iron Age Daunia. central Italy). Gregory Warden, Michael L. Thomas: Maria Cristina Biella, Craft (Chair: Marie Louise Sorensen) Valeria Acconcia, Italic landscapes in Etruscans at the (northern) edge: Productions, Artisans and Cultural Angela Di Niro, The agrarian aristoc- the Middle Adriatic region: ethnic the sanctuary of (FI) racy and salvation doctrine amongst identities, development and growing Session 3B The fluid frontier Frontiers in Central Italy (8th‐6th the southern Frentani frontiers from the Iron age to the (Chair: Christopher Smith) century BC). Gianfranco De Benedittis, From Opici archaic period. Laura Ambrosini, The northern Ager Eóin O’Donoghue, Bucchero Pesante to the Samnites. Elena Isayev, A relational approach to Faliscus: a frontier zone between and the Chiusine Frontier in North Nella Sudano, Literacy on Sicily’s fron- bordering Ancient Italy. Faliscans, Etruscans, and Inland Etruria. Fabio Colivicchi, Deconstruction of an Umbrians Margarita Gleba, Susanna Harris, Visual tiers: the linguistic‐alphabetic iden- ancient frontier: Caere and Rome. Eleanor Betts, Picenum’s fluid frontiers. Frontiers: Production and tity of the Sikeloi. HiIlary Becker, Boundaries and inte- Letizia Ceccarelli, Luca Mattei, Latin Consumption of Textiles in Iron Age Spencer Pope, Between Greek and gration: the social, political, and Sanctuaries and Ports: the religious Italy. Indigenous: Defining Territory in sacral mechanics of Etruscan mar- frontier between land and sea. Trade Maureen Cohen, Powerful Images: Archaic Greek Sicily. kets. and navigation. Reading Villanovan Bronze Belts. Olivia Kelley, Between west and east: Session 2B:The social frontier Francesco Cifarelli, The Lepini moun- Ingrid Edlund‐Berry, Ancient the role of culture contact and hel- (Chair: Christopher Smith) tains and the Valley of the Sacco, the Architecture in Central Italy and lenisation at Ruvo di Puglia. Ivan Cangemi, Mobility and Society in frontier scenery between the , Modern Perceptions of Cultural Rafael Scopacasa, Connectivity and per- Early Iron Age Central Italy. Equi, Ernici and . Frontiers. ceived distances between Samnium Andrea Zifferero, Boundaries and fron- Tesse Stek, Territoriality in Latin Amalia Faustoferri, Marlene Suano, The and Campania. tiers in Etruria: a comparison of old colonies and Rome in the sacred as land marker: cemeteries Julia Farley, A gift fit for a king? Gold and new approaches. Republican period. before sanctuaries in the Upper and silver as mediums of mediation Ulla Rajala, The emerging colonial 21 September Sangro Valley/Abruzzo. across frontiers. geographies of central Italy – men- Session 4: Living and dying Philip Perkins, The Etruscan went over Phil Mills, Jerry Evans, Exploring fron- tal distances and trending analysis on the frontier the mountain. tiers of Late Iron Age Britain. in the study of regional change. (Chair: Francesco Cifarelli) Nicoletta Frapiccini, Areas for Cult and Olivier Nakoinz, Too Many Borders ‐ Massimiliano Di Fazio, Sacred Woods, Caroline Malone et al., Sustaining the Control of the Territory between Finding and Interpreting Iron Age Élite Meetings and Marginal frontier: a microhistory of the con- Umbria and Piceno from the Archaic Frontiers in Southern And Western People. The role of the Sacred in struction and transformation of the Period to that of Romanisation. . marking and ensuring the frontiers Montelabate frontier economy, Marcella Boglione, Poggio Civitella: an Eduardo Sánchez Moreno et al., War in Ancient Central Italy. under Etruscan and Roman control. analysis of the fortress. and frontiers in Celtiberia: strength- Guy Bradley, The Romanisation of fron- Cristiano Iaia, Marco Pacciarelli, An Sveva Savelli et al., Frontiers and ening identities on a disputed space. tiers? Iron Age settlement in the border- Settlement Dynamics in Romagna in 22 September Luca Desibio, Territory and frontiers in land between northern Etruria and the Sixth and Fourth Centuries BC. 6. Plenary Session Southern Tiberian Umbria. Umbria. Session 5: The extended frontier Alessandro Guidi, Frontiers of the cen- Page 28 tral Tyrrhenian area. Laura Bonomi, Control and Archaeology, Heritage, 14 December Sacralization of the boundaries of and the Mediation of Time Umbrian territories in the archaic Maria Cristina Biella, Tra produzione e period. consumo nell’artigianato falisco A conference organized in conjunc- Kathryn Lomas, Ethnic Frontiers and (VIII – V secolo a.C.): un caso di tion with the Mellon Research studio. Initiative Civic Boundaries in South‐East Elisabetta Govi (Università degli Studi The Institute of Fine Arts, New York Italy. di Bologna), Le stele felsinee tra University Peter Wells, Did an Iron Age Frontier committenza e ideologia funeraria. April 12-13, 2013 Exist between Central Europe and Luca Cerchiai (Università degli Studi di Italy? Salerno) – Giuseppe Sassatelli Archaeology, Heritage, and the Anna Depalmas, Islands in the island: (Università degli Studi di Bologna), Mediation of Time will consider how cultural frontiers and regionaliza- Le stele felsinee: l’invenzione del- changing concepts, measures, and repre- tion in the Protohistoric Sardinia. l’immaginario tra artigiani e com- sentations of time are redefining the Adrian Maldonado, Remembering and mittenza. field of archaeological enquiry. The forgetting frontiers: the afterlife of Paola Desantis (Soprintendenza per i establishment of archaeology as an the Antonine Wall in Scotland. Beni Archeologici dell’Emilia independent discipline was closely Nuccia Negroni et al., The Origins of Romagna), Un caso di committenza linked to the recovery of “deep time,” Etruria: Cultural Borders in Central Pitigliano prima degli funeraria a Felsina: la tomba con and to the emergence in Europe of a sec- Tyrrhenian Italy during the Late Etruschi stele dalla necropoli di via Saffi. ular framework for the measurement of Bronze Age Francesco Roncalli (Università degli Le Vie Della Preistoria 2013 global time in the nineteenth century. Simon Stoddart: Concluding remarks Studi di Napoli), Eredità geometrica Conferenze in occasione del 20° Today, however, archaeology’s tradi- e linguaggio figurativo: il caso delle anniversario della fondazione del tional role as a producer of long-term stele felsinee. Centro Studi di Preistoria e narratives, linking the remote past to the Natacha Lubtchansky (Università di Archeologia present, is questioned from a variety of Tours), “Bespoken vases” tra Atene Pitigliano (Gr) Palazzo Orsini different directions. Cultural heritage, in e Etruria? Rassegna di studi e pro- 14 September 2013 developing its own body of theory, poste di ricerca. engages with archaeology primarily in François Lissarrague (EHESS – Parigi), Maria Angela Turchetti, Recenti inter- terms of memory rather than duration: Satiri: da Atene all’Etruria e venti di tutela, fruizione e valoriz- the past as an infinitely malleable strate- ritorno. Aspetti iconografici. zazione della Soprintendenza per i gic resource for the present, rather than Adriano Maggiani (Università degli Beni Archeologici della Toscana nel as a distinct record of past human activ- Studi di Venezia), Aristocrazia di territorio di Pitigliano. ities with its own rhythms, resistances, città e aristocrazia di campagna di Antonello Carrucoli, L’importanza del and ways of inhabiting time. And fronte al mito Greco. volontariato nella scoperta e nella archaeological understandings of deep Stefano Bruni (Università degli Studi di difesa dei Beni Culturali di un time are themselves being transformed ), Attorno al 550 a.C.: pittori Territorio. by high precision chronometric model- greci in Etruria. Paola Ucelli Gnesutta, La storia più ing, which now promises an end to Stephan Steingräber (Università degli antica della valle del Fiora: dal “fuzzy timescales,” offering the Studi di Roma 3), Pittori, botteghe e Paleolitico al Neolitico. prospect of generational scales of analy- XXI Convegno committenti nell’ambito della pit- Matteo Aspesi, Elefanti, cacciatori e sis, even for early periods of . Internazionale di Studi tura funeraria e parietale etrusca agricoltori: dal Paleolitico al Speakers: tra VI e V sec.a.C. Neolitico nel territorio di Pitigliano. Matthew Adams, Senior Research sulla Storia e 15 December Matteo Aspesi, Pastori e guerrieri nel Scholar, Institute of Fine Arts-NYU. l’Archeologia dell’Etruria Armando Cherici, Evolversi degli stili o IV e III millennio a.C. La cultura di Zoe Crossland, Assistant Professor of Rinaldone. Anthropology, Columbia University. Artisti, committenti e fruitori evolversi della committenza? Il caso della danza. Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Il cielo sulla Shannon Lee Dawdy, Associate in Etruria tra VIII e V secolo Alessandro Naso (Università di Preistoria: un probabile osservato- Professor of Anthropology and of a.C. Innsbruck), Opere funerarie di com- rio astronomico a Poggio Rota Social Sciences, University of Orvieto, Palazzo dei Congressi mittenza privata e pubblica in (Pitigliano). Chicago. 13-15 December 2013 Etruria meridionale nel VII-VI sec. Christian Metta, Giulia Pasquini, Ian Hodder, Dunlevie Family Professor a.C. Abitati, luoghi di culto e necropoli: of Anthropology, Stanford 13 December Alessandra Coen - Fernando Gilotta l’età del Bronzo nella valle del University. Giovannangelo Camporeale (Università (Seconda Università degli Studi di Fiora. Gavin Lucas, Assistant Director, degli Studi di Firenze), Dal produt- Napoli) e Marina Micozzi Bianca Maria Aranguren, Enrico Institute of Archaeology, Iceland. tore all’utente del manufatto archeo- (Università degli Studi della Tuscia), Pellegrini, Paola Perazzi, La nascita Clemente Marconi, James R. McCredie logico nell’Etruria di età villano- Comunità e committenza: studi pre- di Pitigliano. Scavi e ritrovamenti Professor in the History of Greek Art viana. liminari sulla necropoli ceretana di nel centro storico. and Archaeology; University Giovanni Colonna (Università degli Monte Abatone. Massimo Cardosa, L’età del Bronzo Professor, Institute of Fine Arts- Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”), Maurizio Harari (Università degli Studi finale e la fine della Preistoria. NYU. “Firme” di artisti in Etruria. di Pavia), Thefarie committente. Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Un mistero Patricia McAnany, Kenan Eminent Simonetta Stopponi (Università degli Alessandro Maccari (Università degli quasi risolto: l’origine degli Professor, University of North Studi di Perugia), Un santuario e i Studi di Venezia), Artisti e commit- Etruschi. Carolina at Chapel Hill. suoi artisti. tenti a Chiusi nell’età di Porsenna. Continued on page 30 Page 29 Tim Murray, Charles La Trobe The Ranieri Colloquium Jesus and Brian, or: What Professor of Archaeology, La Trobe on Ancient Studies University. Have The Pythons Done Western Sicily Revisited: David O’Connor, Lila Acheson Wallace For Us? Professor of Ancient Egyptian Art, An Archaeology of Cross- Institute of Fine Arts-NYU; Co- Cultural Encounters Conference, Film Screening Department of Theology and Director, Yale University-University New York University of Pennsylvania-Institute of Fine Religious Studies, The Center For Ancient Studies King’s College London, Arts, NYU Excavations at Abydos. November 8, 2013 Alain Schnapp, Professor of Classical 22 June 2014 Archaeology, University of Paris I Western Sicily before the Greeks: (Panthéon-Sorbonne). Monty Python’s Life of Brian pro- Mycenaeans and Others along the voked a furious response in some quar- Mediterranean Seaboard, Massimo ters when it first appeared in 1979, even Cultraro, CNR . leading to cries of “blasphemy.” Monte Iato: A Native Settlement in However, many students and teachers of Western Sicily, Christoph Reusser, Biblical literature were quietly, and University of Zürich. often loudly, both amused and intrigued. Tyranny in Selinus, Nino Luraghi, Life of Brian in fact contains numerous Princeton University. references to what was then the cutting The Cult of Demeter at Selinunte: A Ricerca archeologica in Ollus leto datus est edge of biblical scholarship and Life of Reassessment, Caterina Greco, Jesus research, founded on the recogni- Etruria Meridionale 2012 Archaeological Park of Selinunte. Architettura, topografia tion of the historical Jesus as a Jew who The Getty Hexameters, Christopher dell’Italia Meridionale e della needs to be understood within the con- Faraone, University of Chicago. A conference on the results of archae- Sicilia fra antichità e medioevo text of his time. Implicitly, in setting Greeks and Non-Greeks in Selinunte ological activity and research on Convegno Internazionale di Studi “Brian” within the tumultuous social between the Archaic and Hellenistic Southern Etruria in 2012 took place at Reggio Calabria and political background of his age, Life Periods: A Revision, Clemente Villa Giulia, June 19-20, 2013. After an 22-25 October 2013 of Brian sets Jesus within it also. It Marconi, Director, IFA Excavations introduction by the then new assumes the audience has some knowl- at Selinunte, IFA-NYU. Soprintendente and director of the Ollus leto datus est was the official edge of the gospel accounts, which museum, Alfonsina Russo, Sessions 1 announcement of a funeral, with the directly inform the comedy. and 2, on the prehistoric and early peri- archaic form of ille: “He has been given Ever since Philip Davies first wrote ods, “Contesti Pre-Protostorici,” were over to death.” This is the title of a con- on the film 15 years ago, other scholars chaired by Fulvia Lo Schiavo. Among ference that took place in October 2013 too have turned their gaze to consider the many interesting presentations was in Reggio Calabria, the city known in exactly what Life of Brian does in the one by Nuccia Negroni Catacchio archaeological circles for the discovery, regard to Jesus scholarship, and have and her colleagues on new finds from Conference and subsequent conservation and dis- increasingly delved into its curious cor- the Late Bronze Age at the Sorgenti play of the famous Riace bronzes. The ners to reflect on what it says both about della Nova. Sessions 3 and 4, chaired Announcement conference, whose many important the tumultuous times of Jesus and also by the former Soprintendente, Anna ICONEA, University of London papers are too many to be listed here, modern daycontemporary scholarly dis- Maria Moretti Sgubini, dealt with the 4-6 December 2013 covered a wide range of topics, from cussions. Biblical scholarship has cities Veii and Cerveteri, and Vulci and tomb typologies to Orphic tablets and moved on greatly in the past 25 years, . Here Paola Baglione presented The reliability of transmission in texts defixiones, from music and funerary rit- and various aspects of Life of Brian cor- the latest on Pyrgi, and Gilda Bartoni on of musical theory in the Ancient World uals in ancient Italy to tomb typology, relate with themes now intensely Veii, among others, while Andrea from its sources to the present day: imaginary burials and stone and bone explored. Every Bible scholar knows Maggiani and Enrico Pellegrini spoke Mesopotamia, the Levant, Ancient analysis, from 7th-century BC customs what “blessed are the cheese-makers” on the sanctuary of Monte Landro at Turkey, Ancient Egypt, Greece, and infant burials to burial of Saints in means among us! . Byzantium, Rome and the Occident. early Christian times. This conference opens up Life of Sessions 5 and 6 continued with the Brian to renewed investigation, using cities of Tarquinia, , and the it in an innovative way to sharpen our rock-carved necropoleis, and ended view. Papers presented by some with Tuscia Romana. Giovanna of the world’s most eminent biblical Bagnasco Gianni presented the latest scholars and historians will discuss the from the excavations of the University film’s relevance to history, Biblical of Milan at La Civita, Tarquinia, and A. studies and Life of Jesus research. There Mandolesi and Adriana Emiliozzi spoke will be discussion of the socio-political on the Tumulo della Regina. The rock- context and Josephus; costuming and cut tombs were discussed by Vincent setting; and other topics. The aim is to Jolivet; E. Lovergne discussed the mon- use the film to reflect on history, inter- umental tomb at Grotte Scalina pretation and meaning, as a tool that can (Viterbo), and L. Ambrosini spoke on help us consider our assumptions and the necropolis of . The last ses- John Cleese, Michael Palin, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, the historical evidence: a “reception sion took up the subject of Tuscia Terry Jones, in scenes as Roman soldiers from The Life of Brian, exegesis” approach. A book with select- Romana, and Roman finds in the area. 1979. This conference celebrates a British movie masterpiece. ed conference papers, will be published in 2015. Page 30 Claudia Valeri, L’iconografia della dea . The anchor was discovered in the e la statua dei Musei Vaticani. North-Eastern sector of the “monumen- LECTURES & SEMINARS Fabrizio Santi, Gli scavi 2006-2011: tal temple complex” of the Ara della dalle capanne al tempio del IV sec. Regina in ancient Tarquinia, the site Accademia Nazionale dei Sanctuary of Northern Syria in a.C. renowned for the quality and quantity of Lincei Historical Perspective. Paola Pelagatti presiding information concerning crucial topics of Stefania Mazzoni, Il tempio di Tell Afis: Anna Maria Sestieri, Le prime fasi della the , spanning from Giornate di Studio riti e culto nell’età aramaica. cultura laziale. the end of the 10th to the 2nd century L’Archeologia del sacro e Nicolò Marchetti, Karkemish: nuove Luca Pulcinelli, Le fasi del tempio: BC. l’archeologia del culto: scoperte sui templi dell’Età del primi dati dallo studio dei materiali According to Maria Bonghi Jovino, Ferro. (with the participation of Ilaria stratigraphical evidence suggested the Sabratha, Ebla, Ardea, Maria Gabriella Micale, Lo spazio sacro Lanuvio Manzini). 6th century BC for the archaeological e la sua rappresentazione. Luciana Drago and Donata Sarracino, context, in which the anchor probably 8 - 11 October 2013 Considerazioni storico- Lo scavo di Lanuvio e quello di performed the role of a cippus. metodologiche sull’interpretazione e (tempio alle Stimmate) a Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni recognized Program sulla ricostruzione dell’architettura confronto. an asterisk and two letters in the shape templare di Siria. Patricia Lulof, Le terrecotte architet- of V and T in the three symbols placed 8 October Paolo Matthiae, Conclusioni toniche del tempio di Iuno Sospita. as the vertices of a triangle. But there is Religione e società civile a Sabratha: 10 October Filippo Coarelli, Gli sviluppi ellenistici no asterisk sign in the Etruscan alpha- Il Tempio di Serapide - Le Terme a Santuari virgiliani: Ardea - Castrum del santuario e il donario equestre bet; the sequence makes no sense either N-O del Teatro Inui e il suo santuario detto di Licinio Murena. as a text, or as a non-text including a Antonio Giuliano presiding Paolo Sommella presiding Giuseppina Ghini and Luca Attenni, Il siglum in the shape of forma sextans, Nicola Bonacasa, Il culto e il Tempio di Elena Calandra, Il santuario di Castrum bosco salutare della dea: la stipe in recognized by the International Etruscan Serapide. Inui nei programmi della loc. Pantanacci. Sigla Project (IESP). Even if the V- Alessia Mistretta, Gli esiti dei nuovi Soprintendenza. Fausto Zevi, Conclusioni shaped sign could be read as a number 5 scavi (2003-2010). Mario Torelli, Il convegno nel quadro and associated in some ways to the Rosa Maria Carra Bonacasa, Le Terme a del progetto “Santuari virgiliani”: il asterisk-sign, the problem how to inter- N-O del Teatro: dal progetto alla santuario di Inuus. pret the T-shaped letter in this frame- fruizione. Francesco Di Mario and Diego Ronchi, work remains unsolved. Francesco Scirè, Interventi di restauro e Il sito archeologico di Castrum Inui. M. Negri and G.M. Facchetti exam- consolidamento nelcorridoio d’ac- Angela Patrizia Arena, I nuovi dati ined other possible options within the cesso N-S e nel calidario. stratigrafici sulla vita del santuario. Cypriot syllabary, offering a complete Nicola Bonacasa, Conclusioni Le Terrecotte Architettoniche reading of the inscription as if it were 9 October Patricia Lulof, The Architectural Cypriot: a-sa-ta. Two possibilities are Ebla e la Siria dall’Età del Bronzo Terracottas of Temple B in the offered ánstā “raise up!” or a less prob- all’Età del Ferro Context of Archaic Roof Systems and able abbreviation of a-sa-ta (-ra-ta) that Mario Liverani presiding Greek Myths. is Astártā. Paolo Matthiae, Archeologia del culto Claudia Rossi, Le terrecotte architet- Other papers offered important ad Ebla: residenze degli dei e ide- toniche del Tempio A. overviews on the Etruscan and ologia della regalità. Stefano Tortorella, Il tempio di Mediterranean setting: Marilyn Kelly Buccellati, The Esculapio: lastre Campana e ante- L. Fiorini, The anchors of Gravisca; Morphology and Cultural fisse. L. Drago, The anchors of Pyrgi; Landscape of the Hurrian Sacred. Mito e religione dell’arcaismo latino M. G. Amadasi, Non-Greek graffiti of Giorgio Buccellati, The Semiotics of the la nuova documentazione di Castrum uncertain interpretation; Hurrian Sacred. Inui F. Cordano, Greek dedications on Alfonso Archi, Il tempio nella società Fausto Zevi presiding anchors. della Siria del III millennio a.C. ed Mario Torelli, Inuus, Indiges, Aeneas: la (3-D rendering of the anchor by M. una ricognizione dei templi di Ebla costruzione del mito troiano. Colloquium An anchor on the Legni, after archaeological reconstruc- ed Aleppo. Vanessa Micco, Enea prima di Virgilio. tion of G. Bagnasco Gianni.) Maria Giovanna Biga, Pellegrinaggi ai La Statio Maritima Civita plateau santuari della chora di Ebla. Elisa Marroni, La statio maritima di Marta D’Andrea, I luoghi di culto del Castrum Inui: archeologia del cur- Tarquinia Le vie della preistoria 2013 Levante meridionale all’inizio del sus publicus. 12 October 2013 Presentazione dei risultati Bronzo Medio: caratteri locali, Mario Torelli, Conclusioni degli scavi di Duna sviluppi autonomi e rapporti con il 11 October The colloquium “Un’ancora sul Levante settentrionale. Santuari virgiliani: Lanuvio - Pianoro della Civita” was organized in Feniglia Manfred Bietak, Near Eastern Tempio di Iuno Sospita Tarquinia, on October 12, to present and Riserva Naturale “Duna Feniglia” Sanctuaries in the Eastern Nile Giovanni Colonna presiding explain a marble fragment belonging to Program, 31 August 2013 Delta in the Third and First Half of Fausto Zevi, Lanuvio città troiana? Una half of a rather small anchor with three the Second Millennium BC. nota introduttiva. intriguing strokes carved on one of its Visit to the excavations: Nuccia Frances Pinnock, Memoria dell’acqua, Giuseppina Ghini and Luca Attenni, sides. A 3-D reconstruction of the com- Negroni Catacchio, Massimo memoria degli antenati: aree di Topografia di Lanuvio: uno sguardo plete anchor was produced expressly for Cardosa, Fabio Rossi and all the culto a cielo aperto in Alta Siria. d’insieme e gli ultimi scavi. the colloquium that was also attended archaeologists of the project Kay Kohlmeyer, The Temple of Hadad Giulia Piccaluga, Iuno Sospita: la sfera by the students and professors of the L’abitato villanoviano di Duna at Aleppo: the Greatest Urban sacrale. local high school (I.I.S. “V. Cardarelli”). Feniglia (Orbetello) Cont. on 32 Page 31 Lectures: Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, ANNOUNCEMENTS JOURNALS Presentazione del progetto Paesaggi d’Acque. Massimo Cardosa, Alla ricerca delle The Ancient Graffiti origini: i primi Etruschi tra mito e Project archeologia nel territorio di Orbetello. The Ancient Graffiti Project is a Fabio Rossi, Irene Cappello, Alessandra website that provides a search engine Lepri, Mirko Luciano, Nuove scop- for locating and studying graffiti of the erte a Duna Feniglia. early Roman empire from the cities of and . Accordia Ancient graffiti, inscriptions that have The Italy Lectures 2013-2014 been incised or scratched into wall plas- Twenty-Sixth Series ter, comprise a special branch of epigra- phy. They differ from inscriptions on stone in several respects. An inscription Jewish Journal Book Award 22 October 2013 The Tomb of the Warrior on stone may be commemorative, dedi- announced The Southern Adriatic in the Late of Tarquinia: catory, sacred (to name just a few class- by Jonathan Kirsch Bronze Age: Roca in its regional Elite identity, concentration of es of inscription), but in almost all cases context forethought has gone into the prepara- The Rarest Blue, by Judy Taubes Dr Francesco Iacono, UCL Institute of power, and dynamic networks tion of the text and the inscribed monu- Sterman and Baruch Sterman Archaeology in the late 8th century BCE. ment. Graffiti, by contrast, are more (Lyons Press) ISBN: 978-0-7627- 5 November 2013 Andrea Babbi – Uwe Peltz often the result of spontaneous composi- 8222-2 Regional costume and identity in the tion and are the handwritten creation of north Italian Copper Age: the statue The so-called Tomb of the Warrior was the “man on the street.” Since graffiti The making of a memorable book menhir evidence, Dr. Susanna brought to light in 1869 in Tarquinia and are scratched into friable wall-plaster, requires the skills of an alchemist. Harris, UCL Institute of purchased by the Royal Antiquarium at they are more easily perishable, but Every author starts with the raw materi- Archaeology. Berlin in 1873. It is one of the most when they do survive they are almost al of his or her own experience and 3 December 2013 important tombs in Italy, and represents always found in situ, unlike many stone expertise, but it can take a certain secret Accordia Anniversary Lecture the transition between the Iron Age and inscriptions that have survived to the ingredient — passion, vision, inspira- ‘Bunga bunga’ at a monastic city: San the Orientalizing period. A new study present day through re-use. tion — to transform the dross into gold. Vincenzo al Volturno in the late 8th done by 32 researchers under the direc- Our search engine allows three differ- That is a fair description of what Baruch and early 21st centuries, Professor tion of Andrea Babbi and Uwe Peltz, has ent types of searches: Sterman and Judy Taubes Sterman have Richard Hodges, Master, American recently been published. You can search for graffiti by loca- accomplished in The Rarest Blue: The University of Rome. The volume brings together the results tion, selecting either the pull-down Remarkable Story of an Ancient Color 14 January 2014 of systematic and multidisciplinary menu, or by clicking on the map, or Lost to History and Rediscovered. Writing on Etruscan Walls: Vitruvius research. Many details of the grave You can search specifically for graf- Because the Stermans possess pre- and the tuscanicae dispositions, Dr. goods, their shape, style and technology, fiti drawings by choosing the class cisely that alchemical genius, the Jewish Charlotte Potts, Somerville College, illuminate aspects of central Etruria in of drawing that interests you, or Journal Book Prize for 2013 is awarded University of Oxford. the 8th century BCE: the formative You can search for a specific word to The Rarest Blue, the second-annual Room G22/26 Senate House, Malet process of the "circle(s) of identity", or phrase and find where it occurs prize given in recognition of a book of Street, University of London, WC1 trading strategies and cultural resist- within the ancient city. exceptional interest, achievement and 18 February 2014 ance, codes of representation of power, At present, the search engine and significance. This award is presented Massive buildings, intangible practices: and forms of exchange. The book out- database are under construction, so each January to an author or authors for making sense of the Tas-Silg prehis- lines the complex phenomenon of glob- searches are limited to Regio I, Insula 8 a book published during the previous toric megalithic sanctuary in , alization and trans-culturalism that was in the city of Pompeii. More will be calendar year, and it includes a $1,000 Dr. Giulia Recchia, University of typical for the formation of an enterpris- available as the project progresses. honorarium. Foggia. ing ruling class. The Etruscan elite was Room 209, Gordon Square, London challenged by a radicalization of the WC1 local social competitions, and at the 4 March 2014 same time was a major protagonist of Indigenous cults in Roman North Italy, the contact networks between Eastern Dr. Ralph Häussler, University of and Western Mediterranean. Wales, Trinity Saint David. A meeting held at the Vatican Museum Room G22/26 Senate House, Malet in November 29, 2013, was devoted to Street, University of London, WC1 the presentation of the book and to a dis- 6 May 2014 cussion of the historical context of the Perceptions of Prophecy: divination tomb on the basis of new finds. Among made visible in Ancient Italy and the participants to the event were Greece, Professor Nancy De Alessandro Naso, Martin Maischberger, Grummond, Florida State Maurizio Sannibale, Filippo Delpino, University. Alessandro Mandolesi, Maria Rosa Room G6, Gordon Square, London Lucidi, Enrico Benelli, Paola Santoro Exhibit: Sardinia of 10,000 Nuraghi, symbols and myths of the past, WC1 and Markus Egg. Villa Giulia, Rome, runs from 14 December 2013 to 14 March 2014. Page 32 rounded tebenna, the ancestor of the but not overwhelming, and will long REVIEWS Roman toga, from 7th or 8th century remain the definitive publication of the from any point of view. The Israeli Verucchio (A. Stauffer, L.R. Knudsen), Etruscan objects in the Museum. The exhibit, though not particularly turned to and several articles on textiles by J. author is known for his precision and his the past, was also for me unforgettably Peter Wild (Gleba’s work is cited in organizational skills, and these qualities moving). footnotes and bibliography). Boundaries are present in the order of the eight Unlike the Biennale, the Padua exhibit are not always clear. The typically chapters and presentations that provide was accompanied by an excellent cata- Roman nude portraits of man and the necessary scholarly information logue, as well as several booklets for women feature prominently in H.R. clearly enough to be enjoyed by a gener- interested but neither professional nor Goette’s basic article on Greek and al public. The first two chapters intro- obsessive visitors. In the Preface to the Roman dress (89-91), but a statue of a duce the history of the ancient Etruscans catalogue, Vincenzo Tiné, nude matron also appears in L.L. and the present collection; there follow Soprintendente per i Beni Archeologici Lovén’s short chapter on “Woman, chapters on the different chronological del Veneto, points out that while many Dress and Identity.” periods, with objects presented accord- of the people of pre-Roman Italy have The book is a typically modern produc- ing to types; the last two deal with two had important exhibits dedicated to tion: multi-author (compare the single- subjects on which De Puma has lectured them in the last few years –- one thinks handed volumes on ancient dress by and published repeatedly, jewelry and of the Etruscans and the Celts, but also ), politically motivated fakes. The book will provide both read- the Picenes, Siculi and Sicanians, and (the European Union), with emphases ers and casual browsers much pleasure several others -- the last time an exhibi- on methodology, techniques, meaning and some surprises, such as the new tion on the Veneti took place was in and symbols. Language and national black-figure Etruscan amphora with lid Padua in 1978. This new one is big, var- Tellenbach, M., Regina Schulz, Alfred outlook necessarily limit the multina- by a painter of the colorful Ivy Leaf ied, colorful, digitally sophisticated. In Wieczorek, eds. 2013. Die Macht der tional aspect of such works, with the Group, with its unusual decoration of one room, visitors seem to step into Toga. Dress Code im Römischen bibliography emphasizing works in Mermen and animals in panels, showing water, flowing around their feet and Weltreich. Mannheim, Schnell & German, French or English, depending the independence with which Etruscan splashing over rocks. A section on hors- Steiner. on the nationality of the author. artists adapted Greek models to their es, EKVO, features full-scale horse A summary by Tellenbach at the end Altogether this is a fine and useful book own tastes. A wonderful book. (LB) burials, complete with skeletons laid out of the volume, in German (267-281) on an important, timely subject. (LB) in ritual manner. with an English translation (282-291), The catalogue starts with a section of describes Project Dress ID, a major essays that introduce the history and multinational, interdisciplinary project geography of the various regions, as funded with support of the European well as specific topics that are illustrated Commission. The research on “Clothing in the exhibit. There follow 13 sections, and Identities – New Perspectives on many of them with poetic names -- Textiles in the Roman Empire “Venuti da molto lontano…,” on (DressID),” originally involved seven imports; “Parole dal Passato,” on the European countries, members of whose language, which is clearly illustrated institutions spent five years systemati- and expertly explained. The section on cally investigating the question of what Situla Art features the bronze crater-like could be learned about the identities of vessels created by Alpine peoples and the inhabitants of the Roman Empire – decorated with images of lively little the first multi-ethnic state in Europe – figures carrying on with their daily or based on their clothing. The response ritual activities, going off to war or was enthusiastic, and eventually 90 attending banquets. A remarkable new scholars from 35 countries were situla shows a love story: Boy meets involved. Work will continue for many Girl, Girl and Boy marry and consum- years to come. mate their union, make love in a variety The results are partially presented in of places and positions, and finally Girl this volume. It is organized by a mixture Richard Daniel De Puma. Etruscan Mariolina Gamba, Giovanna has Baby. of areas and topics: Rome, the Center Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Gambacurta, Angela Ruta Serafini, Interesting sections, in both the exhibit and Model; Greek, Hellenistic, and the Art. New York, The Metropolitan Francesca Veronese, eds. 2013. and the catalogue, illustrate the expert Role of Women; Roman Asia, Palmyra Museum of Art. Distributed by Yale Venetkens: Viaggio nella terra dei craftsmanship and creativity of these Between East and West; Egypt; Iberia, University Press, New Haven, CT, veneti antichi. Mostra Padova, peoples, at metallurgy, glassmaking, the “Most Roman” of the Regions; 2013. Palazzo della Ragione. , working horn and bone. Frattesina was Central European Area; The Northwest This much anticipated volume on the Marsilio Editore. on the amber route, and was the oldest Region; The Rhine Provinces and Etruscan Collection, announced in This stunning exhibition in Padua com- amber-working center in Mediterranean, Britannia; North Germany and Etruscan News 15 as forthcoming, is peted in my estimation with this year’s operational in the 13th to 12th centuries Scandinavia. now here in my hands, or rather beside Biennale in nearby Venice – which was, BC. Throughout the exhibit, we become There is much of interest in the book. me. At 352 pages, with 500 color illus- according to many, one of the very best aware of the importance of this material, Readers of this journal will be especial- trations and several maps, drawings, and in recent history. (Perhaps this had to do which came down from the far-off ly interested in the short but meaty con- photographs illustrating the history of with the fact that the theme of the Baltic and was in great demand in tribution by F-W. von Hase on Etruscan the collection – an early installation of Biennale was “The Past in the Present,” Etruria, in the context of the intricate dress (“Zur Kleidung im frühen the Chariot of Monteleone, the which appeals to historically-minded exchanges between central Europe and Etrurien,” 72-79). Of particular interest Terracotta Warriors before they were archaeologists; but even so Jung’s draw- the Mediterranean. (LB) for us are also a brief account of the shown to be forgeries – it is complete ings were a total surprise and beautiful Page 33 Another major part of the book, Part BOOK REVIEWS VII (Etruscan specialities in art, 885- 1116), focuses on aspects of art produc- tion in Etruria: from the people actually Turfa, J. MacIntosh (ed.). The World responsible for the production of pot- of the Etruscans. New York, Oxford, tery, to the many types of artistic Routledge. 2013. objects, pottery, paintings, terracottas, Reviewed by Orlando Cerasuolo mirrors, gems, jewelry, etc. Particularly innovative are studies about portraiture The book was announced as forthcom- (Carpino), landscape illusionism ing in Etruscan News 15, 2013. Now it (Nagy), and the way images can help in has appeared, boasting over 60 high- understanding different aspects of profile contributors; with 1167 pages, it Etruscan life such as the wild and is heavy but surprisingly manageable. domestic animals (Harrison), or the The 738 illustrations are serviceable level of anatomic and medical knowl- black and white pictures or drawings, edge (Recke). well chosen to illustrate key points. It is The last three chapters constitute Part certainly the most ambitious of the VIII (Post-antique reception of Etruscan numerous multi-author books on the culture, 1117-1146) and address the Jean Gran-Aymerich, Almudena Etruscans that have appeared since issue of reception of Etruscan culture Dominguez-Arranz, eds. La 2000, when Sybille Haynes published through the personality of Annius of Castellina a Sud di . Etruscan Civilization. A Cultural Viterbo (a Dominican friar of the 15th Origini ed Eredità. Origines protohis- History. ticular interplays with Italy (Ager century), Thomas Dempster (a Scottish toriques et évolution d’un habitat An introduction by the editor, which Faliscus, Campania, Po and Adriatic) scholar living in 1579-1625) and Filippo étrusque. Rome, L’Erma di sketches the general plan of the book and the Mediterranean (Sardinia, Buonarroti (an Italian scholar, 1661- Bretschneider, 2011. and summarizes its main innovation, Corsica, western Mediterranean and 1733). The very last chapter deals with This is the final publication of the precedes the eight sections of the book. Phoenicia). Worth noting are the latest different approaches to Etruscan culture Franco-Spanish (or Hispano-French) The topics addressed are so many and development of the studies on Etruscan from the Renaissance to the 20th centu- excavation of La Castellina, a site varied that one could also imagine a dif- interactions with Sardinia and Corsica ry. The volume is completed by a very between Tarquinia and Caere (25 km), ferent structure. (Lo Schiavo and Milletti), and the new useful index. important for our understanding of the Part I (Environment, Background and findings from Bologna (Sassatelli and The knowledge of the Etruscan archae- place of these coastal cities in the devel- the study of Etruscan culture, 11-78) Govi). ology expanded greatly in recent years opment of Etruscan trade, technology, introduces the reader to the specific geo- Several aspects of and mainly thanks to field research and new and history in general. With many graphical setting of Central Italy, which economy are discussed in Part IV (351- scientific analyses in DNA, biochem- tables, drawings of stratigraphy, ceramic shaped Etruscan culture. In this section 494), with specific essays on political istry and material science. Regrettably profiles, and photographs of fragments, are also articles giving insights about and legal systems, the language, the most of the research has been so far pub- this is a specialized publication of the the lives of the ancient people of Etruria most distinctive features of the lished only in Italian, making it difficult excavation, not a book for the casual resulting from recent skeletal analysis Etruscans, the community structure for international enthusiasts and schol- reader. Essays are in French, Spanish, and demographic studies, a very new (with a particular focus on women, chil- ars to keep up with the latest discover- German, and Italian. One article near and intriguing approach by Kron. Two dren, slaves and freedmen), the role of ies. This book presents the result of the end (836-863) about the most exotic chapters are dedicated to the issue of the numbers, measures and reckoning of recent excavations and research in object discovered in the tombs risks get- “origin” of the Etruscans, a much dis- space and time, and the materiality of English, usually by specialists in the ting lost; its subject is an Orientalizing cussed subject from Herodotus down to commerce (for the latter, new interest- various fields. Egyptian-style faience plastic vase of our days. ing analyses are given by Gran- This remarkably complete and up to the mid-seventh century, representing a The five chapters in Part II (The Aymerich and MacIntosh Turfa). date volume is a must for every library, figure of uncertain gender holding Historical development of Etruria, 79- Chapters from Part V (Religion in both institutional and personal. between its knees a large jar with a lid in 196) address the historical and archaeo- Etruria, 495-682) offers a comprehen- the shape of frog. Published in 1937, it logical evidence for Etruscan civiliza- sive examination of the multifaceted escaped the destruction of the archaeo- tion from the Iron Age to the issue of religion among the Etruscans logical museum at nearby Civitavecchia Orientalizing and Classical period, and and is particularly important for the by bombs in 1943. Perhaps some of the the late phases including the conflict presentation of some recent crucial find- material in the 1223 pages of this book with Rome and the final defeat. All ings such as the ones from the Fanum could have been put in an online inven- these papers effectively make use of the Voltumnae sanctuary in Orvieto tory: a smaller book would be useful in evidence of the latest discoveries from (Stopponi). allowing for a better understanding of excavations all over Etruria, or establish Other special aspects of Etruscan cul- the site’s significance. The German new comparisons, as does Sannibale for ture are addressed in Part VI (683-884). team that were excavating at the site the statues of the Five Chairs tomb in This section has the largest number of have not yet reported their findings. Caere, which he links to a recent discov- chapters and includes analyses of tech- (LB) ery in Syria of similar seated statues. nical information such as architecture, The analysis of imports, exports and urbanism, medicine, weaving, mining, other archaeological evidence of inter- seafaring as well as specific studies on actions have progressed in the last armour and warfare, banquets, food and decades, and Part III of the book drinks, music, theater and sport. In this (Etruscans and their neighbors, 197- section, Emiliozzi presents the latest 350) is devoted to such themes, in par- findings on her research on chariots. See Templar article on page 5. Page 34 about the historical and cultural roots of Etruscan, a dead language. Both lan- the analogies are never identical the Roman atrium house and then makes guages are non-IE, nor are they geneti- because of the enormous differences the case for his own position, based on cally related to each other. No Basque between the morphological, especially Overbeck's idea of an "ursprünglicher written texts are older than the 10th cen- verbal, structures of both languages: Plan des römischen Hauses" (e.g., 11). tury AD. Etruscan is preserved in c. e.g.: Basque nouns have fifteen cases, In this field of study, any attempt to cor- 11,000 inscriptions; the oldest ones date Etruscan only five. Canuti’s book may roborate the ancient written sources from c. 700 BC, the one that is probably interest linguists and Etruscologists. His with the extant remains is encumbered most recent, from AD 15. The reason bibliography is useful. His conclusions by major obstacles generated from both for the anachronistic comparative are very tentative and will therefore the state of our general knowledge about research is that both languages are non- invite further research. domestic life in ancient times and the IE and morphologically mainly aggluti- often inadequate documentation about native. Canuti surmises that IE pressure individual sites and buildings. These on Etruscan happened in a way similar limitations are for the most part over- to that on Basque. Because BMCR is come by Jolivet's remarkable command focused on the classical world, my com- of both textual and archaeological evi- ments are mainly limited to Etruscan. … dence, which is evident especially in the A problem is Canuti’s use of the word Vincent Jolivet. Tristes Portiques: Sur first part of the book, which is devoted Indo-European, since for Etruscan, only le plan canonique de la maison to the archaeological record… borrowings and influences from Italic étrusque et romaine des origines au Assuming previous detailed knowledge languages and Greek are shown, not principat d'Auguste. BÉFAR 342. on the subject, this book addresses an from pre- or Proto-Indo-European itself École Française de Rome, Rome 2011. academic audience of specialists. The nor from Proto-Italic. An example may Reviewed by Anna Anguissola, relevance of the problems discussed, as be the Etruscan vase name putlumza Ludwig Maximilians University well as Jolivet's ability to master an (“little putlum”), which probably Munich impressive quantity of information derives from early Italic *pôtlom (cf. Online review, AJA.117,3. about sites and buildings, make this vol- Sanskrit pâtram, Latin poculum)… ume a welcome addition to the ever- The translations of several other Mario Iozzo, La Collezione Astarita The subtitle, which complements a growing body of scholarship dedicated Etruscan words are out of date. For nel Museo Gregoriano etrusco. Parte rather disheartening heading, indicates to the history of the Roman domus. example, faśena (faśe-na) cannot mean I, 1: ceramica greca a figure nere di the object (and argument) of Jolivet's Whatever the reader's position about the “bread-basket” (94) since it is the name produzione non attica. Città del oeuvre: the "canonical plan of the social structure of the Roman atrium of a vase, an askos, which can only have Vaticano: Edizioni Musei Vaticani, Etruscan and Roman house." This well- house and its antecedents may be, contained a liquid. The lexeme ampneri 2012. organized volume, with a wealth of spe- Jolivet's lucid analysis is, and will be, a in the is a necessitative (“x Bryn Mawr Classical Review cific examples, puts forth a set of fairly must-read for every scholar interested in must be ampn-ed”); it cannot mean “in 2013.10.48 direct theses: that such thing as a the topic. May” (99) since this is known as anpilie Reviewed by Tyler Jo Smith, University "canonical plan" existed; that it originat- in the (c. 470 BC) and of Virginia. ed in Etruria probably during the second transmitted as a gloss (Ampiles = May). [Ed. Note: As someone fascinated by quarter of the sixth century B.C.E.; that The lexeme ufle does not mean “alone” Greek and Etruscan iconography I was local differences are to be interpreted as (75) but derives from Latin ofla/offula delighted to find the stunning color adaptations of the standard type instead (“a piece/piece of cake”). The phrase mi images of the Astarita Krater. The of indicators for heterogeneous origin; malak vanth does not mean “I (am) author’s loving description of the and that inner organization mirrored good fortune” (142) but “I (am) a good unique scene from the Trojan War makes precise functional needs and fundamen- Vanth,” meant as a euphemism since it come alive: we see the request for the tal divisions according to status and Vanth is a female deity of death. The return of Helen, with the three heroes, gender. What Jolivet intends for "canon- appendix of similarities between Menelaos, Odysseus and Talthybius, ical plan" overlaps only in part with the Etruscan and Italic words could have seated on a wall, as the priestess concept of the atrium house. His had more lexemes like alpan (cf. Latin Theano approaches from the right, fol- "cauaedium house," of which the atrium Albunea), lur (cf. Latin luridus), sul (cf. lowed by a procession of women in house constitutes a specific type, is Italic sullum/sollum and Latin brightly colored robes. I cannot do bet- defined by the following elements: a sollemne), and the deity Śuri (cf. ter than cite a recent review by a vase rectangular surface with symmetrical Faliscan Soranus). As for Etruscan loan- expert.] rooms at the two sides of a longitudinal Massimiliano Canuti, Basco ed etr- words in Latin see G. Breyer, …The cataloguing begins on a high note axis; a large central space (cauaedium), usco: due lingue sottoposte all’influs- Etruskisches Sprachgut (Leuven 1993). with Corinthian vases, clearly the best normally not perpendicular to this axis; so indoeuropeo. Studia erudita, 7. Canuti’s book is a courageous study of the bunch in terms of artistic quality side rooms that narrow the access and ; Roma: Fabrizio Serra editore, and, apart from some failures in seman- and actual quantity (44 entries in total). extend the space at the rear with a cou- 2008. Pp. 249. ISBN 9788862270496. tics, is based on modern linguistic The range of shapes is wide and ple of alae; and a deep end occupied by €58.00 (pb). research, especially that of H. Rix and includes familiar forms from the region three halls with similar dimensions. Reviewed by L. Bouke van der Meer, L. Agostiniani. It includes short gram- and elsewhere: , a hydria, Jolivet's effort is especially notable, as Leiden University mars of two interesting and unique lan- oinochoai, an , aryballoi, an it challenges at the roots the current guages, and, although highly specialist, exaleiptron (or “kothon”), kotylai, and understanding of the Roman Republican The key question of Canuti’s book is is quite readable (though not without uncertain/unknown shapes. The pièce de house and its history. The author is the influence of Indo-European (here- typos). Canuti constantly realizes that résistance is without a doubt the deeply engaged with the scholarly dis- after IE) languages on Basque, an isolat- analogies may be accidental. What hap- “Astarita Krater,” a Late Corinthian red- course, as is evident in chapter 1, where ed language but still spoken by 714,136 pened to Etruscan may in some cases be ground column-krater dated to c. 560 he presents previous interpretations people in and France, and on similar to what happened to Basque, but BC — an object so well-known amongst Page 35 specialists it has inspired its own The research is part of the “Tarquinia cult was presumably on top of the altar, cussed individually and the second sec- Wikipedia entry. Iozzo devotes more project”, conceived by Maria Bonghi where two holes connected it to the tion (34-60) is dedicated to iconography. than ten pages to its form, condition, Jovino in 1982 and currently under the stone chest below in order to receive liq- A third section, in English (60-63), pres- technical details, past scholarship, com- direction of Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni; uid offerings. Since the excavations of ents modern reconstructions by Stefan position, and its thus far unique iconog- both are editors of the volume. The aim the early twentieth century yielded a Hagel of the Classical tortoise-shell lyre raphy. It represents a little-known of the project is to explore extensively, fragment of an inscribed marble slab (chelys), the Classical wooden grand episode from the Trojan Cycle: the in agreement with the Soprintendenza probably bearing the name of , lyre (kithara), and the cylindrical, dou- peaceful, if unsuccessful, request for the per i Beni Archeologici dell’Etruria the hero founder of Tarquinia, Bonghi ble-reeded, late Hellenic double pipes return of Helen (or apaitesis) by Meridionale, the ancient city of Jovino identified the stone chest as his (the “Louvre” and “Berlin” auloi), and Menelaus, Odysseus, and Talthybius, Tarquinia. cenotaph. Other finds from the terrace similar but keyed Roman pipes (the attributed to the lost epic poem, the The editors present a thorough study (e.g. terracotta plaques that can not “Pompeii” tibia). Cypria. The vase is exceptional not only of the stratigraphy from the soundings belong to the Archaic Temples) revealed The editors, Giulio Paolucci and for its complex imagery, but also for its made at the S-E corner of the sanctuary previous buildings meant for cult activi- Susanna Sarti, both also authors of a “lavish use of inscriptions,” to quote and inside it, as well as the analysis of ties. number of individual entries, introduce Darrell Amyx. The details of the cloth- the thousands of finds, and the results of All the features clearly show that the (10-17) the artifacts, providing the read- ing and attributes, anatomy and posture the advanced geophysical prospections focus of the whole sanctuary was the er with a unified picture of relations of each figure are described in full, a by the Lerici foundation and ITABC- preservation of multifaceted ancestral between instruments, setting them in luxury not always afforded in modern CNR. The core of the interpretation is memories, which formed the identity of their cultural context. publications of Greek vases. Although focused on the Archaic phases, from the the sanctuary as a monument conceived Etruria is represented by five instru- some readers may find this approach beginning of the 6th to the end of the 5th for the whole Etruscan community of ments and sixteen depictions of musical excessive, even unnecessary, such par- century BCE. Tarquinia. The evidence from Tarquinia scenes. The Etruscan material forms the ticulars are extremely helpful to schol- The sanctuary had four main phases, recalls what the most recent studies core of the volume, and it is in the study ars who deal with excavation pottery or built one on top of the other. From its from other Etruscan cities tell us: an of Etruscan music, where the special dabble in vase attribution. A second vase very beginning the monumental temple ancestor cult is often linked with reli- value of the present work lies. Amongst of similar style and date is given rela- was one of the largest in Etruria. One of gious spaces. This is not far from what the items presented of special mention tively extensive treatment. It is an the most impressive architectonic cre- is known in the Greek world, for exam- are a complete 7th c. bronze horn, a 7th- inscribed hydria partially recomposed ations of the whole sanctuary is the ple, the Erechtheion, which was situated 6th c. fragmentary bronze cylindrical, from fragments, showing another rare enlargement of the hill by means of a on the Acropolis of Athens, and not in hook-belled lituus-trumpet , published Trojan scene: the aristeia of Patroklos. high base of regular levels of stone the Agora. here for the first time, and a delicate, As with the Astarita Krater, the author blocks (34 x 55 meters) to create a flat bronze, spherical, “archaic” rattle filled synthesizes past scholarly interpreta- ground level. On top of this were raised with small stones and needles. There is tions (from both visual and literary per- the four temples, dating from 570 BCE also an 8th c. natural sea conch used for spectives) using his own voice and, on. Temple I, with one elongated , signals , and an “archaic” bronze, hol- more importantly, the discerning eye of was refurbished around 530 BCE with low armilla-bracelet with small bronze a seasoned pottery specialist. two alae and incorporated into Temple bits inside, worn either at the wrist or at II. Temple I emerged from the local tra- the ankle, conceivably also by dancers, dition of the very first huts, combined in which case the sound would have with the architectural experiences of enhanced the rhythm. Southern Italy. Temple II is evidently This book is a valuable addition to respectful of the features of the previous the archaeomusicological bibliography, temple, which had a very strong impact although perhaps more for archaeology on its layout; furthermore, it has a more than organology, as it offers detailed dis- complex roof. cussions of individual finds, clear color Bonghi Jovino offers a complete photographs of every item, and a rich reconstruction of the elevation of both bibliography for reference and further Temples I and II, and an in-depth study reading; a most welcome gift. of the difference between the idea of base and podium of the Etruscan Temples, as evidenced by Ara della Giulio Paolucci, Susanna Sarti (ed.), Regina, and attested by literary sources, Musica e Archeologia: reperti, Vitruvius in particular; the plan of immagini e suoni dal mondo antico. Temple II actually only partially corre- Roma: Edizioni Quazar, 2012. Pp. 75. sponds to the Vitruvian model. ISBN 9788871404684. €20.00 (pb). M. Bonghi Jovino and G. Bagnasco Bagnasco Gianni presents the area in Reviewed by Stelios Psaroudakēs, Gianni, eds. Tarquinia. Il santuario front of the East entrance to both tem- University of Athens dell’Ara della Regina. I templi arcaici. ples; it was bounded by a polychrome From Bryn Mawr Classical Review Rome, “L’Erma” di Bretschneider. wall built to retain the earth of the hill, 2013.03.07 2012. and to adjust the ground level around a Reviewed by Orlando Cerasuolo stone chest located in front of the corner The book is addressed to all those of the Temple. The stratigraphy showed interested in matters musical in the The fourth volume of the Tarchna that the chest was incorporated under ancient cultures of Etruria and Rome, Series presents a 30-year research proj- the East side of an altar built of local mainly, with brief references to Egypt ect by Università degli Studi di Milano stone blocks, sloping upwards and pro- and Hellas. The work is divided into devoted to one of the major sanctuaries truding out of the huge terrace built in three major sections: in the first (pp. 18- of the Etruscans, the Ara della Regina. front of the two archaic temples. A hero 33), instruments are presented and dis- Page 36 Elizabeth P. Baughan, Couched in Etruscan Necropoleis: NewDiscoveries, Death: Klinai and Identity in Anatolia FORTHCOMING BOOKS Research, and Interpretations, Stephan and Beyond. Madison, WI. University Steingräber of Wisconson Press, 2013. BOOK ANNOUNCEMENTS 12. Innovations and Legacy to Rome: [from the publisher] Etruscan City Planning, Domestic John A. Pinto. Speaking ruins: Piranesi, Architecture, and Technology, Claudio In Couched in Death, Elizabeth P. Architects and Antiquity in Eighteenth- Bizzarri and David Soren Baughan offers the first comprehensive Century Rome. Thomas Spencer Jerome Part III: Evidence in Context look at the earliest funeral couches in Lectures. Ann Arbor, University of 13. Etruscan Skeletal Biology and the ancient Mediterranean world. These Michigan Press, 2012. Etruscan Origins, Marshall Becker 6th and 5th century BCE klinai from 14. Language, Alphabet and Linguistic Asia Minor were inspired by specialty G. Carlotta Cianferoni, Mario Iozzo, Affiliation, Rex Wallace luxury furnishings developed in Archaic Elisabetta Setari, eds. Myth, Allegory, 15. Bucchero in Context, Phil Perkins Greece for reclining at elite symposia. It Emblem. The Many Lives of the 16. Etruscan Textiles in Context, was in Anatolia, however — in the Chimaera of . Peroceedings of Margarita Gleba dynastic cultures of and Phrygia the International Colloquium . Malibu, 17. : The Conception and and their neighbor — that klinai first The J. Paul Getty Museum. (December Construction of an Etruscan Matron, gained prominence not as banquet furni- 4-5, 2009). Rome, Aracne, 2012. Gretchen Meyers ture but as burial receptacles. For tombs, 18. Votives in their Larger Religious wooden couches were replaced by more Maura Medri e Valeria Di Cola, Ostia V. Context, Helen Nagy permanent media cut from bedrock, Le Terme Del Nuotatore. Cronologia di 19. Etruscan Jewelry and Identity, carved from marble or limestone, or This cover is just a facsimile. un’Insula Ostiense. L’Erma di Alexis Castor even cast in bronze. The rich archaeo- The book will be out in mid 2014. Bretschneider, 2013. 20. Luxuria prolapse est: Anti-Etruscan logical findings of funerary klinai The following is the present table Rhetoric in the Works of Greek and throughout Asia Minor raise intriguing of contents: Attilio Mastrocinque, ed. Grumento Latin Authors, Hilary Becker questions about the social and symbolic e il suo territorio nell’antichità. BAR A Companion to the Etruscans, S. Part IV: Art, Society, and Culture meanings of this burial furniture. Why International Series 2531. Oxford, 2013. Bell and A. Carpino (eds.). Malden, 21. The Etruscans, Greek Art and the did Anatolian elites want to bury their Mass.: Wiley Blackwell publishers Orient, Ann Gunter dead on replicas of Greek furniture? Do Ramazzotti, M., G. Greco. 2012. 22. Etruscan Artists, Jocelyn Penny the klinai found in Anatolian tombs rep- Argilla. Storie di terra cruda. Introduction: by Sinclair Bell and Small resent Persian influence after the con- Proceedings of the Conference, Alexandra Carpino 23. Etruscan Wall Painting: Innovations quest of Anatolia, as previous scholar- “Argilla. Storie di terra cruda,” May Part I: History and Legacy to Rome, Lisa Pieraccini ship has suggested? 2007. Rome, Artemide. 1. Beginnings: Protovillanovan and 24. Etruscan Bodies and Greek Bringing a diverse body of under- Villanovan Etruria , Simon Stoddart Ponderation, Francesco de Angelis studied and unpublished material 2. Etruria from the Orientalizing 25. The Obesus Etruscus: Can the together for the first time, Baughan through Classical Periods, Skylar Neil Trope be True?, Jean MacIntosh Turfa investigates the origins and cultural sig- 3. Romanization, Letizia Ceccarelli 26. Myth in Etruria, Ingrid Krauskopf nificance of kline burial and charts the Part II: Geography, Urbanization and 27. The “Taste” for Violence in stylistic development and distribution of Space Etruscan Art, Alexandra Carpino funerary klinai throughout Anatolia. She 4. Etruscan Italy: Physical Geography Part V: The Etruscan Legacy and contends that funeral couch burials and and Environment, Simon Stoddart Contemporary Issues banqueter representations in funerary art 5. City and Country, Simon Stoddart 28. Annius of Viterbo, Ingrid D. helped construct hybridized Anatolian- 6. Etruscans and the Mediterranean, Rowland Persian identities in Achaemenid Giovannangelo Camporeale 29. Tyrrhenian Sirens: The Seductive Anatolia, and she reassesses the origins 7. Urbanization and Foundation Rites: Song of Etruscan Forgeries, Richard De of the custom of the reclining banquet The Material Culture of Rituals at the Puma itself, a defining feature of ancient Heart and the Margins of Etruscan 30. Looting and the Antiquities Trade, Mediterranean civilizations. Baughan Early Cities, Corinna Riva Gordon Lobay explores the relationships of Anatolian 8. Poggio Civitate: Community Form Part VI: Appendix funeral couches with similar traditions in Inland Etruria, Anthony Tuck 31. Etruscan Art in North American in Etruria and Macedonia as well as 9. Southern and Inner Etruria: Museums, Richard De Puma their “afterlife” in the modern era, and Benchmark Sites and Current her study also includes a comprehensive Excavations, Claudio Bizzarri survey of evidence for ancient klinai in 10. Communicating with the Gods: general, based on analysis of more than Sacred Space in Etruria, P. Gregory 300 klinai representations on Greek Warden vases as well as archaeological and tex- 11. Rock Tombs and the World of tual sources.

Etruschi at Velimna and Vetulonia.

Page 37 “We, archaeologists “I’m happy for the recognition workers at these sites. All excavation underpaid, temporary given to us in the Region by the council campaigns in Italy are inadequately workers” president Leodori,” said professor funded and employment is unsecured (sadly Professor Mandolesi also falls Professor Mandolesi explains Mandolesi, “but this discovery should bring to light the great work of archaeol- into this category). Another aggravat- the harsh working conditions ogists. Often young people, who do not ing circumstance, he explains, is that of researchers wish to remain idle and in order to do “there is neither a list nor a regulation of by Alessandra Pinna the job for which they have studied, tariffs, and therefore the archaeologist is accept working conditions that are paid according to the needs of the coop- More and more often we come demeaning and humiliating. In short, erative or company that takes the con- across news about archaeological finds: they perform valuable work, which tract of employment.’’ the female statuettes in bronze at unfortunately today is worth very lit- This, however, is only a small part of Gravisca, the two skeletons embracing tle.’’ a larger problem. “It is necessary to at Grotte di Castro, and the tomb of the The collaborations with the excava- change direction,” states Mandolesi, hanging aryballos at the necropolis of tions, in fact, are largely based on con- “because culture, unfortunately, is on Mandolesi at the Doganaccia in the Doganaccia in Tarquinia. Finds that tractual projects, which do not allow the last rung of the hierarchy in our spark disbelief, simply for the fact that front of the tumulus of the Queen. contributions toward retirement bene- country, which lacks funding for the the territory can still hide, after cen- University of Turin and director of exca- fits, or in case of injury, call for the sus- development of historic sites and turies, stories of other times and other vations at the site of the Necropolis of pension of employment, and in most resources for their research.’’ civilizations. the Doganaccia (Tarquinia); recently he cases, force these young people to regis- According to the director of the But if it were not for the archaeolo- was granted an award by the Regional ter for a tax ID (partita IVA), with all its excavations of the Doganaccia, politics gists would we be able to relive these council Chairman Daniel Leodori, and burdens and costs. has its faults. “There are archaeological ancient times? The answer is simple: no, the archaeological superintendent for “The excavations at the Doganaccia sites within walking distance of Tuscia because these treasures would probably southern Etruria, Alfonsina Russo, have been carried out thanks to the which are maintained like jewels,” he have been prey to grave robbers and together with the archaeologists Maria funding of two entrepreneurs,” contin- continues, “and here we are witnessing a looters, or hidden in someone’s home to Rosa Lucidi, Maria Gabriella Scapaticci ued Mandolesi, “and only thanks to plague on the beauty that could bring show off in a display cabinet. Among and restorers Antonella Di Giovanni them have we archaeologists been able more tourism and run the economy.’’ In these archaeologists is Alexander and Marina Angelini, for the discovery to work and bring to light this tomb. short, thanks to the region for the recog- Mandolesi, Professor of ancient of Etruscan tomb 6423 that possibly This news has been heard around the nition, but this is not enough. Etruscan and Italic civilization at the belonged to a noblewoman embroiderer. world, but hides a bitter side: that of the Gorga, continued from page 25 drawings and prints, the various "games Etruscologists and their Cats Roman institution, it suggests an of times past", the fossils, household LATE NEWS Stephan Steingräber "extraordinary, unique, but also very sad and scientific objects he collected, but (A continuing series) story," sums up Bruno Cagli, who pre- the archaeological artifacts, at least Greetings from the Etruscan sides over the Santa Cecilia Academy of these ones, you can still see. And his News reception at the 2014 Music. In the collection, among many personality and passion are reborn. annual AIA meeting in Chicago. other objects, there is a crystal flute, an Below left, Iefke van Kampen, eighteenth century piano-harp, an Ferri, continued from page 23 ancient Roman tibiae, a guitar from the ferri, I realized that passers-by rarely Annette Rathje, Lisa Pieraccini, 1589, a piano- harp, a lyre-guitar from notice them. Puzzled tourists occasion- Jane Whitehead, Nancy de the beginning of twentieth century, the ally gathered around me to see what I Grummond. (Our Editor-in-Chief oldest German harpsichord in the world, was looking at. In one case, a Florentine toasts you all with Birra Etrusca; a trumpet built for the canonization of shop owner told me that although his our other Editor and co-hostess, St. Catherine of , and a mandolin store had been in that location since Larissa is virtually present on the made from an armadillo shell. 1996, he had never noticed the stylized webosphere. The reception was The Gatherer face on the ferro attached to its façade. held in honor of the Veii panel, The tenor of the first Bohème, evi- Yet the ferri deserve to be appreciated and other Italian colleagues who dently loved music: in 1916 , paying 50 and conserved. Many are broken and attended the Meetings. thousand pounds, he financed the the- some are defaced by graffiti. Ironically, atrical season for the Teatro Adriano, when Florentines do notice them, they already short of money; he donated sometimes adopt them for practical pur- funds to the Academy of Santa Cecilia. poses. These uses can strike the observ- He presented two valuable Chinese er as almost comical: to attach a lock, vases to the Duke of Aosta who visited latch a door or to hang a sign or a menu. his, "museum". When he was financially The ferri remain on the streets of in bad shape, he dreamed of selling Florence as architectural ornament, a everything to the state, and with the pro- testament to the passage of time and a ceeds wanted to establish a Theater of reminder of an early age. They demon- the People, and a Musical College. strate that Florentines have long been Today little remains of his Roman glass dedicated to imbuing the most utilitarian collection (a few pieces are in the items with beauty. They are worthy of Crypta Balbi), of the ethnographic col- greater attention, and my hope is that lection (ten thousand objects are in the my book will encourage that. Museum of Popular Traditions) , of the Page 38 OBITUARIES

Ellen Nancy Davis Zvi Yavetz 1938-2013 1925-2013 Glenys Lloyd-Morgan Charles Babcock Ellen Nancy Davis, noted archaeolo- Distinguished historian Professor Zvi 1945-2012 gist and art historian, died on July 15, Yavetz, who was the 1990 Israel Prize 1924-2012 by Stephen Briggs, The Guardian 2013, just a few weeks shy of her 75th for Humanities laureate, died 8 January by Michael Meckler birthday, of complications from COPD 2013. He was 88 years old. My friend Glenys Lloyd-Morgan, after enduring a long battle with Yavetz, who co-founded the Tel Aviv Classics professor Charles Babcock, who died aged 67 after suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. After receiving her University, was a world-renowned his- a former chair of the Classics depart- Alzheimer's disease, devoted her career Ph.D. in 1973 from NYU’s Institute of torian, and received honorary doctorates ment at Ohio State, passed away 11 to the appreciation and understanding of Fine Arts, Davis joined the faculty of from various universities worldwide. December 2012 in Columbus at the age Roman archaeology. Queens College, CUNY, where she Born in 1925 in Chernovitz, now in of 88. She was born in Halifax and brought up taught in the Art History Department. southwestern , he lost most of Babcock, who previously taught at in Caernarfonshire; her father was a She became best known for her study of his family in the Holocaust. He man- Cornell and Penn, came to Ohio State in merchant sea captain and her mother the gold Vapheio cups and Aegean gold aged to escape in 1944, with 1966 and spent three decades on the fac- was an entomologist and teacher. and silverware. In an article published in 20 other Jewish refugees. He was able to ulty, including two tours as Classics Glenys graduated from the archaeology The Art Bulletin in 1974, “The Vaphio arrive in then-British ruled Palestine department chair and a term as dean of department at Birmingham University Cups: One Minoan and One later that year. At the age of 29, just the College of Humanities. A California in 1970 and acquired fine skills in exca- Mycenean?” she demonstrated, on the after finishing his doctorate, he was native and World War II veteran, he vation. Former contemporaries recall basis of stylistic and technical details, asked to help form Tel Aviv University. earned his degrees from Berkeley, how she practised it at Droitwich, that of the two cups, that with the quiet In 1956 he was named head of the gen- where he developed wide interests in Worcestershire. scenes of bulls being tethered was eral history department and dean of the Classical Latin literature. Under Richard Tomlinson's supervi- Minoan, and that the cup with scenes of Humanities Faculty in TAU. He would Charles was best known for his love of sion, she did a PhD at Birmingham on the violent capture of bulls was made by later become instrumental in the found- the city of Rome, a love that he shared Roman mirrors, which she studied, a Mycenean artist as a pendant for the ing of the colleges at Beit Berl and in with many students through his associa- along with any potential Celtic-related Minoan cup. Davis is also remembered Tel Chai. In 1960, at the government's tions with the Intercollegiate Center for predecessor artefacts in museums for the AIA symposium she co-orga- request, he traveled to Ethiopia, where Classical Studies and the American throughout Britain and Ireland. nized and the volume she edited on the he helped found the Faculty of Academy in Rome. Undergraduates and Venturing into the world of Roman Greek Dark Ages, and for her many sig- Humanities at the Addis Ababa graduate students alike cherished his Europe, she spent a very happy period at nificant contributions to the field of University. thoughtful instruction and gentlemanly the Museum Kam in Nijmegen, the Aegean wall painting. She was also Specializing in the history of ancient presence. , in 1973-74. At the British ardent bird watcher and a great lover of Rome, Yavetz penned dozens of books I was fortunate to know Charles both School at Rome, she met Sir Anthony cats, including several from the island of and articles including a series focusing as a student and, many years later, as a Blunt, who vividly recalled Glenys's Kea that found their way home with her on the Roman emperors: Augustus, colleague. I first met him more than 30 enthusiasms for Etruscan mirrors and to New York. , and Tiberius, years ago when I was still in high how she had enlivened the school's New Alzheimer's. She was taken into a home Cicero, and . school, and he graciously agreed — Year's Eve party by dancing on the soon afterwards and the rest of her life "He'll be remembered as an extremely even though he was serving as chair of table. was spent in full-time care. charismatic man, sharp and funny. He the classics department — to direct me In March 1975, Glenys joined the I first met Glenys at the Young had a phenomenal memory and he was a in an independent study reading Tacitus' Grosvenor Museum, Chester. There, she Archaeologists' Conference in Durham compelling public speaker," one of his Agricola. This was my first college- catalogued collections and did convinc- early in 1968, where she sang and colleagues said. level Latin course, and his patient expla- ing re-enactments as a Roman lady. danced, as was often her habit. Her Ireland. Glenys was a warm-hearted and nations of history, grammar and syntax Though hoped-for promotion never dress could be unconventional and her helpful collaborator who made lasting set me on a lifelong path enjoying the materialised, she soldiered on until mar- eastern dances disarming to those more friendships, retained her youthful sense richness of Latin literature and ancient rying and moving to Rochdale in 1989. used to her authoritative archaeological of fun, loved children and assumed the history. She became a finds consultant specialis- presentations. role of aunt without encouragement. Her Charles is survived by Mary, his wife ing in Roman artefacts. In 1998, she Made a fellow of the Society of scholarly works will endure. of 57 years, three children and three returned home to north Wales, where it Antiquaries in March 1979, she pub- She is survived by her sister, Ceridwen, grandchildren. was recognised that she had developed lished in mainland Europe, Britain and her brother, Dewi, and three nephews. Page 39 tomb were given a new look in 2013, a nal parts of the “throne.” inal metal remains in tombs where it century after the first attempts at recon- Two seats side by side was accompanied by the more common struction. It started with a reexamina- The new version of the chariot cart. tion of the three vehicles as reconstruct- adheres to the Greek typology, with the The modern wooden structures of ed around 1947. The project started in typical four-spoke wheels. Today we the three chariots were primarily 2002, thanks to funding from the also recognize it in the rectangular plan designed as a support for the ancient Association “Patrons of the Arts in the of the cassa, adapted to accommodate metal remains. It was decided not to Vatican Museums.” In the first phase all two occupants standing side by side reproduce the original leather straps original metal parts were collected and instead of one behind the other; in the used in the carriage to strengthen the dismounted from the old wooden sup- shape of the railings; and especially in connections by binding the interlocking ports. Three new vehicles have so far the presence of a yoke that was placed structural parts of all three vehicles. been reconstructed - a chariot, a horse- upon the back, not the necks, of the The architect Dalia Lamura was drawn carriage, and a transport cart - horses. assigned the task of representing in while the throne has disappeared. The Even the transport wagon has three dimensions the virtual ancient conservation and restoration of the orig- changed its look, with the old recon- reality of the three vehicles. The former fantasy “throne” was inal parts of the chariot and wagon is struction on four wheels changed to the Famous examples dismantled, its parts repurposed. When it comes to Etruscan chariots, one immediately thinks of the master- Vehicles, continued from page 3 piece that is the chariot from These reconstructions were revised Monteleone of , taken to New around 1947 by Luigi Pareti with the York in 1903. Another that comes to publication of his monograph dedicated mind is the biga of Castro, discovered in to the tomb. The wagon was reduced to 1967, and now exhibited in the National little more than a trolley for the trans- Archaeological Museum of Viterbo. We port of the funerary bed; the parade can add the panels of the bronze chariot chair remained a somewhat unique type from Capua, now in the Petit Palais in of throne, while the chariot was turned Paris, and at least three other vehicles into one resembling a Greek model. from the rich tomb complex from Castel The wagons, which were a highly San Mariano near Perugia. distinctive burial apparatus in the tombs The chariot and of persons of high rank, were first the horse-drawn carriage glimpsed, then ignored and then finally Two-wheeled vehicles placed in rediscovered and reinterpreted. Better tombs were of two types. The first was knowledge about Etruscan chariots has used by men to go to the battlefield, the now made it necessary to review the hunt, the races or parades. Its function reconstructions displayed in the muse- was therefore similar to that of a Roman um. currus. The second, drawn by two Hunting for fragments mules or donkeys, was used also by The project was launched in 2002. women for short or long distances, with The first object to reach the laboratories or without luggage, as well as for cere- was the chariot, followed by the funeral monies such as weddings. The function wagon. At that point it was necessary to of this second type is similar to that of track down the missing parts. So in the Roman carpentum. Thanks to the 2012, even the “throne,” which had reconstruction of the vehicles from the been revealed to be pure invention, per- Regolini-Galassi Tomb we can now rec- manently left the museum, although it ognize a third type of two-wheeled cart, had been there on display for a full cen- with a platform around two meters in tury. Now on display are the new and length, used in everyday life for heavy more precise reconstructions of the loads. When there was a funeral, this funeral wagon and the chariot. There type was used as a funeral cart, and was appears for the first time a third vehicle, occasionally buried in the tomb together a “calesse,” a type of buggy decorated in with the deceased. fine bronze, with the figures worked in These three chariots, which can now bas-relief (photo). Similar to the Roman be seen by visitors to the Vatican carpentum, it was a slower wagon, used Top, the utility cart, used to transport goods or as a funeral wagon. Center, the calesse, basic transportation that seats four people. Museum, thus illustrate various aspects in everyday life by men and by women, of the life of Etruscan aristocrats of Bottom, the biga, a fast vehicle for a standing driver and passenger. but also used for ceremonies, including those far-off times, when the busy roads weddings. The chariot, on the other due to the work of the freelance restor- current one of two wheels. The other of the great city of Cerveteri rang to the hand, was a fast vehicle used by princes ers Alessandro Ferradini and Antonio pair of wheels actually belonged to a hooves of horses and mules, and the and warriors, heroes and imaginary Giglio. Following this, the restoration third vehicle, decorated with the bronze rumbling of the men’s parade chariots, gods. The third wagon belonged to the studio of Carlo Usai supervised the plates stamped with animals that had the women’s buggies, or the funeral cart everyday real life of these Etruscan making of the structures for the recon- made up the improbable parade chair or leading the procession to the necropolis. dynasties. [Maurizio Sannibale] struction of the wagons, assembly of the “throne.” This third vehicle was a [Adriana Emiliozzi] The Regolini-Galassi tomb remains of ancient metal and supple- calesse, a type known both by artistic [Translated and adapted from Archeo]. The wagons of the Regolini-Galassi mental restorations, including the origi- representations and by finds of the orig- Page 40