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Varro the Agronomist VARRO THE AGRONOMIST All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. VARRO THE AGRONOMIST Political Philosophy, Satire, and Agriculture in the Late Republic GRANT A. NELSESTUEN THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS • COLUMBUS All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. Copyright © 2015 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelsestuen, Grant A., 1979– author. Varro the agronomist : political philosophy, satire, and agriculture in the late Republic / Grant A. Nelsestuen. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8142-1291-2 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Varro, Marcus Terentius. Rerum rusticarum libri tres. 2. Political science—Rome—Philoso- phy. 3. Satire, Latin—History and criticism. 4. Agriculture, Ancient—Rome. I. Title. PA6792.A4N45 2015 630.937—dc23 2015017403 Cover design by Laurence J. Nozik Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Minion Pro Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. CONTENTS Abbreviations vii Acknowledgments xiii INTRODUCTION • From One Country House to Another 1 CHAPTER 1 • The Form and Genre of Varronian res rusticae 9 Philosophical Dialogue and the Form of the RR 11 Philosophical Satire in the RR 19 A Case Study of Parody and Irony in the RR 27 CHAPTER 2 • Creating the Agronomical Field of res rusticae 31 Sources and the Creation of a Roman Agronomical Tradition 35 Definition through the Dialectical Exchange in RR 1 43 Farming and Farmers, Cultura and Colo 66 Conclusion 72 CHAPTER 3 • Agri Cultura and the Italian Farm in RR 1 73 Italia and the Temple of Tellus 76 Patterns of Exemplification for Italian Agri Cultura 93 Exceptional “Exceptions” to RR 1’s Agricultural Exemplification 99 The Agripolitical Geography of Italia 103 The Death of Fundilius and the End of RR 1 109 CHAPTER 4 • The Song of Faustulus: Pastures and Provinces in RR 2 116 Staging the Dialogue 118 A Cast of Shepherds 124 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. vi CONTENTS A Vergilian Counterexample: Greek Shepherds in a Bucolic Italy 130 Epos and the Technical in RR 2 139 CHAPTER 5 • Provincial Pastures: The Amoebean Refrain of Romulus in RR 2 146 Scrofa and Varro as Military Herders of Men 148 Pairs of Paradigmatic Herdsmen: Eclogue 1 and RR 2 155 Animal Husbandry in Provincial Pastures 159 Conclusion 168 CHAPTER 6 • Tending the Villa of Rome in RR 3 170 The Villa-Still-Publica and the Shadows of Caesarian Dictatorship 175 Birdcages, Villas, and the Crapshoot of Pastio Villatica 179 Not Your Father’s Leporaria: Profit and Pleasure 189 Aviaries and the Failure of Elite Political Behavior 197 Bees and the Success of the Brothers Veianii 204 Epilogue 207 CHAPTER 7 • Varro’s Imperial Estate and Its Intellectual Contexts 211 Varro, His De Re Rustica, and Rome in 37 BC 214 Prior Roman Conceptions of Empire 218 Greek and Roman Intellectual Antecedents 225 Varro’s Conception of Imperium-as-Praedium 231 Conclusion: Some Final Thoughts on Varro and Modern Political Theory 236 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Cicero’s and Varro’s Dialogues 239 Appendix 2 Sources, Citations, and Other Authorities 245 Appendix 3 Spatial Terminology in De Re Rustica 1 262 Appendix 4 Geographical References in De Re Rustica 1 265 Appendix 5 Geographical References in De Re Rustica 2 270 Appendix 6 Varro at Corcyra in 67 or 48 BC 276 Bibliography 279 Index Locorum 301 General Index 309 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. ABBREVIATIONS REFERENCE WORKS EAH R. S. Bagnall, K. Brodersen, C. B. Champion, A. Erskine, and S. R. Huebner (Eds.). (2013). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. IGRom. (1906–). Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes. Paris: E. Leroux. LSJ Liddell, H. G., R. Scott, and H. S. Jones. (1940). Greek-English Lexicon. Ninth Edi- tion. Oxford: Clarendon Press. MRR Broughton, T. R. S. (1952). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. New York: American Philological Association. OCD3 S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (Eds.). (1996). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCD4 S. Hornblower, A. Spawforth, and E. Eidinow (Eds.). (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OLD Glare, P. G. W. (Ed.). (1982). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. L&S Lewis, C. T. and C. Short. (1879). A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. SIG Dittenberger, W. (1915–24). Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 3rd Edition. Lipsiae: S. Hirzelius. TLL (1900–). Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Lipsiae: Teubner. • vii • All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. viii ABBREVIATIONS ANCIENT AUTHORS Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina App. Appian B. Civ. Bella Civilia Mith. Mithradateios Arist. Aristotle Pol. Politica Augustus Augustus RG Res Gestae (or Monumentum Ancyranum) August. Augustine De Civ. D. De Civitate Dei Aul. Gell. Aulus Gellius NA Noctes Atticae Caes. Caesar BCiv. Bellum Civile BGall. Bellum Gallicum Cato Cato Agr. De Agri Cultura or De Re Rustica Orig. Origines Charisius Charisius Gramm. Ars Grammatica Cic. Cicero (M. Tullius) Acad. Academicae Quaestiones Att. Epistulae ad Atticum Balb. Pro Balbo Brut. Brutus or De Claris Oratoribus Caecin. Pro Caecina Cat. In Catilinam Clu. Pro Cluentio De Or. De Oratore Div. De Divinatione Dom. De Domo Sua Fam. Epistulae ad Familiares Fin. De Finibus Leg. De Legibus Leg. Agr. De Lege Agraria Leg. Man. Pro Lege Manilia or De Imperio Cn. Pompeii Nat. D. De Natura Deorum Off. De Officiis All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. ABBREVIATIONS ix Phil. Orationes Philippicae Q. Fr. Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem Rep. De Re Publica Rosc. Am. Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino Sen. De Senectute Sest. Pro Sestio Tusc. Tusculanae Disputationes Verr. In Verrem Columella, Rust. Columella, Res Rusticae Dig. Digesta Dio Cass. Dio Cassius Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius Diom. Diomedes Grammaticus Dion. Hal. Dionysius Halicarnassensis Ant. Rom. Antiquitates Romanae Eutr. Eutropius Flor. L. Annaeus Florus Frontin. Frontinus Str. Strategemata Hom. Homer Il. Iliad Od. Odyssey Hor. Horace Ars P. Ars Poetica Carm. Carmina or Odes Sat. Satirae or Sermones Hdt. Herodotus Isid. Isidorus Etym. Etymologiae Juv. Juvenal Livy, Per. Livy, Periochae Macrob. Macrobius Sat. Saturnalia All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. x ABBREVIATIONS Non. Nonius Oros. Orosius Ov. Ovid Fast. Fasti Pers. Persius Pl. Plato Resp. Respublica Plaut. Plautus Asin. Asinaria Rud. Rudens Plin. Pliny (the Elder) HN Naturalis Historia Plut. Plutarch Mor. Moralia De Alex. Fort. De Fortuna Alexandri Vit. Vitae Parallelae Caes. Caesar Cic. Cicero Crass. Crassus Flam. Flamininus Pomp. Pompeius Polyb. Polybius Prop. Propertius Ptol. Ptolemaeus Mathematicus Geog. Geographia Quint. Quintilian Inst. Institutio Oratoria Rhet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium Sall. Sallust Cat. Bellum Catilinae or De Catilinae Coniuratione Sen. Seneca Ben. De Beneficiis Ep. Epistulae All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. ABBREVIATIONS xi Serv. Servius ad Aen. In Vergilii Aeneidem Commentarii ad Georg. In Vergilii Georgica Commentarii Suet. Suetonius Aug. Divus Augustus Iul. Divus Iulius Tac. Tacitus Ann. Annales Ter. Terence Phorm. Phormio Theoc. Theocritus Id. Idylls Theophr. Theophrastus Caus. Pl. De Causis Plantarum Hist. Pl. Historia Plantarum Thuc. Thucydides Tib. Tibullus Val. Max. Valerius Maximus Varro Varro (M. Terentius) ARD Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum ARH Antiquitates Rerum Humanarum Ling. De Lingua Latina RR De Re Rustica Sat. Men. Saturae Menippeae Vell. Pat. Velleius Paterculus Verg. Vergil Aen. Aeneid Ecl. Eclogues G. Georgica Vitr. Vitruvius De Arch. De Architectura Xen. Xenophon Mem. Memorabilia Oec. Oeconomicus All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015. Batch 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE SEEDS of this book were sown in the doctoral dissertation I completed at the University of Texas at Austin in 2008. Various conversations with Jen Ebbeler, Larry Kim, Gwyn Morgan, Steve White, and Emma Dench (who served as an external reader) all benefited that work and helped to shape its future direction, but special thanks must go to Andrew Riggsby for his quiet ability to prod his students into looking at the familiar in new and pro- ductive ways as well as for his moral support. Austin is a city known for its conviviality, and it would be remiss of me to omit mention of the time spent in a variety of venues—academic or otherwise—with Marquis Berrey, Shrita Gajendragadkar, Keith Kitchen, Steve Lundy, Jess Miner, Wolfgang Polleich- tner, and Luis Salas. Outside that time in Austin, a prior stint at the University of Michigan– Ann Arbor played a formative role in my approach to classical literature and the ancient world, and particular thanks go to Ben Acosta-Hughes, Sarah Ahbel-Rappe, Don Cameron, Basil Dufallo, Ray Van Dam, and the late Traia- nos Gagos. A brief, post-Austin gig at Trinity University in San Antonio served as fertile ground for the germinating book and my colleagues there— especially Erwin Cook, Tom Jenkins, and Tim O’Sullivan—deserve special mention as well. Over the past five years, I have been blessed to enjoy the support of wonderful colleagues at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and I am especially indebted to the guidance of William Aylward, Jeff Beneker, Dan Kapust, Laura McClure, and Patricia Rosenmeyer. Will Brockliss provided • xiii • All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2015.
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