9781107013995 Index.Pdf

Home , Aqua Alexandrina, Aqua Anio Vetus, Borgo Santo Spirito, Castra Praetoria, Circus of Maxentius, Fontana del Pianto

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01399-5 — Rome Rabun Taylor , Katherine Rinne , Spiro Kostof Index More Information

INDEX

abitato , 209 , 253 , 255 , 264 , 273, 281 , 286 , 288, cura(tor) aquarum (et Miniciae) , water 290 , 319 commission later merged with administration, ancient. See also Agrippa ; grain distribution authority, 40, archives ; banishment and 47 , 97 , 113 , 115 , 116 – 17 , 124. sequestration ; libraries; maps ; See also Frontinus, Sextus Julius; regions (regiones ) ; taxes, tarif s, water supply; aqueducts; etc. customs, and fees; warehouses ; cura(tor) operum maximorum (commission of wharves monumental works), 162 Augustan reorganization of, 40 – 41 , cura(tor) riparum et alvei Tiberis (commission 47 – 48 of the Tiber), 51 censuses and public surveys, 19 , 24 , 82 , cura(tor) viarum (roads commission), 48 114 – 17 , 122 , 125 magistrates of the vici ( vicomagistri ), 48 , 91 codes, laws, and restrictions, 27 , 29 , 47 , Praetorian Prefect and Guard, 60 , 96 , 99 , 63 –65 , 114, 162 101 , 115 , 116 , 135 , 139 , 154 . See also against permanent theaters, 57 – 58 Castra Praetoria of burial, 37 , 117 – 20, 128, 154 , 187 urban prefect and prefecture, 76 , 116 , 124, districts and boundaries, 41 , 45 , 49 , 135 , 139 , 163 , 166 , 171 67 – 69 , 116 , 128. See also vigiles (i re brigade), 66 , 85 , 96 , 116 , pomerium ; regions (regiones ) ; vici ; 122 , 124 Aurelian Wall ; Leonine Wall ; police and policing, 5 , 100 , 114 – 16 , 122, wharves 144 , 171 grain, l our, or bread procurement and Severan reorganization of, 96 – 98 distribution, 27 , 89, 96 – 100 , staf and minor oi cials, 48 , 91 , 116 , 126 , 175 , 215 102 , 115 , 117 , 124, 166 , 171 , 177 , zones and zoning, 6 , 38 , 84 , 85 , 126 , 127 182 , 184 – 85 administration, medieval frumentationes , 46 , 97 charitable institutions, 158 , 169, 179 – 87 , 191 , headquarters of administrative oi ces, 81 , 85 , 201 , 299 114 – 17 , 214 Church. See Church, as administrative body maps, administrative use of, 115 – 16 . See also clergy, staf , and minor oi cials, 158 , 184 , 199 maps and mapping codes, laws, and restrictions oi ces, magistrates, and magistracies, 81 of burial, 143 , 145 – 46, 187 , 225 , 232 , 279 aedile, 24 , 35 , 36 , 41 , 48 , 114 , 115 districts and boundaries. See also curtes ; censor, 19 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 114 , 115 , 124 diaconia ; rione consul, 19 , 29 scholae , 196 , 201 – 3 cura(tor) aedium sacrarum et operum scholae militiae , 183 , 186, 187 , 202 publicorum (commission of sacred grain, l our, or bread procurement and buildings and public works), 47 , distribution, 166 , 225 , 245 132 , 139 , 162 monasteries and convents, 273

391

392 INDEX

administration, modern, Comune di Roma, political instability, 340 , 345 censuses and public surveys, 259 , 295 slum clearance, 329 , 330 , 334 districts and boundaries, 278 Tiber River, 247, 295 , 316 in Bernardini report, 295 Adonaea, 108 , 109f79 rione . See rione aedile. See administration, ancient: oi ces, grain, l our, or bread procurement and magistrates, and magistracies: aedile distribution, 294 Aemilius Lepidus, Marcus, 24 , 35 police and policing, 310 , 337 Aemilius Scaurus, Marcus, 58 prostitutes and prostitution, 277 , 278 Aeneas, 10 , 33 public utilities other than water, agriculture electricity, 315 , 327 , 343 extramural gas, 313 , 314f205, 316 , 327 agrarian resettlement, 27 public works, 261 , 314 – 15 , 316 , 318f208 , domus cultae , 109 , 126 , 158 , 166 320 , 343 vineyards, 158 , 198 drains and sewers, 245 , 261 – 63 , 319 intramural, 19 , 109 , 226 public health and sanitation, 245, 248 , 279 farm plots, 11 , 164 , 228, 242 , 264 streets, 261 , 262 – 63 , 268 horti (urban gardens), 112 maestri delle strade , 251 , 276 orchards, 113 , 229, 263 , 281 , 306 and piano regolatore , 319 vineyards, 111 , 216 , 224, 228, 229 , 263 , 264 , Tiber River, 245 , 318 – 19 281 , 288 , 306 transportation, 327f214 , 344 – 45 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 37 , 39 – 41 , 46 – 48 , 62 , buses, omnibuses, and trams, 61f38 , 316 , 302 , 346 325 , 344 aedileship, 35 , 115 and corruption, 340 and Aqua Julia. See aqueducts: Aqua Julia Metropolitana subway, 343 , 344 , 345 and Aqua Tepula. See aqueducts: Aqua Tepula and piano regolatore , 340 and Aqua Virgo. See aqueducts: Aqua Virgo railroads, 247 , 249, 313 , 314 , 338 and Basilica Neptuni, 40 , 88 Porta Portese, 314 Baths of. See Baths of Agrippa Stazione Termini, 18f10, 319 , 344 and Battle of Actium, 35 and suburbs, 334 , 344 , 346 Diribitorium, 40 urban and regional planning, 318 – 19 , 325 , and Euripus, 40 , 41 , 50 340 , 344 management of aqueducts and water supply, Greater Metropolitan District, 344 40 , 47 , 166 in historic center, 341 management of drains and sewers, 41 housing. See housing: housing policy ; mangement of l oods and l ood control, 50 housing developments ; and his map of known world, 41 housing crisis and Mausoleum of Augustus, 88 of Napoleon Bonaparte, 299 , 326 Pantheon of, 41 , 86 , 88 , 110 papal planning, 252 , 270, 285 , 290 , 322 and Pons Agrippae. See bridges: Pons piano regolatore (master plan), 247 , Agrippae 316 – 17 , 322 and Porticus Argonautarum, 40 of 1870 (enacted 1873), 316 , 319 , 324 property of on Campus Martius, 36 , 39 , of 1883, 317f207, 321f210 , 325 , 340 40 , 110 of 1908, SanJust Plan (ratii ed 1909), residence of at Villa Farnesina, 41 , 111 316 – 17 , 325 , 326 , 326f213 and Saepta, 37 of 1931, Mussolini plan, 329, 336 , 340 and Stagnum Agrippae, 40 , 41 , 85 of 1962 (enacted 1966), 322 , 340 urban projects of, 39 – 41 of 2008, 250 , 346 Agrippa, Camillo, 40

INDEX 393

Agrippina, 67 , 74 , 111 Acqua Felice, 263 , 264 , 321f211 airport, Leonardo da Vinci, 245 , 343 (for ancient period, see aqueducts: Akademos, grove of (Athens, Greece), 79 Aqua Marcia) Alaric, 162, 163 , 165 , 172 , 191 , 219 , 225 Acqua Marcia Pia Antica, 313 , 315 Alba Longa, 10 ( for ancient period, see aqueducts: Alban Hills, 6 , 168 Aqua Marcia) Alberic II of Spoleto, 233 Acqua Paola, 264 – 65 ( for ancient period, see Alberti, Leon Battista aqueducts: Aqua Traiana) On the Art of Building in Ten Books , 252 Acqua Vergine, 261 , 262f170 , 263 , 266 , 288 , Albinus, 226 293 (for ancient period, see aqueducts: Alexander Severus Aqua Virgo) and Aqua Alexandrina. See Aqua Aqua Alexandrina, 99 , 166 Alexandrina Aqua Alsietina, 113 and Baths of Nero, 99 Aqua Anio (Vetus), 22, 47 and food distribution, 99 Aqua Anio Novus, 60 , 112 restoration of Circus Maximus, Colosseum, Aqua Appia, 21 , 22 , 47 Theater of Marcellus, and Stadium Aqua Claudia, 47 , 60 , 62 , 98 , 112 , 113 , 117 , 166 , of Domitian, 98 . See also individual 168 , 190 entries Aqua Julia, 35 , 40 and warehouses, 99 Aqua Marcia, 27 , 47 , 98 , 133 , 166 , 168 , 263 Alexander the Great, 29 ( for post-antique period, see aqueducts: Alexander VI, Pope, 279 Acqua Felice) and Via Alessandrina, 254 , 281 , 322 Aqua Tepula, 27 , 35 , 47 Alexander VII, Pope, 270 , 288 , 374 Aqua Traiana, 97 , 128, 144 , 166 , 168 , 264 and Piazza del Popolo, 301 ( for post-antique period, see and urban theatricality, 267– 68 aqueducts: Acqua Paola) and Via del Corso, 287 – 88 Aqua Virgo, 36 , 39 – 40 , 40f28 , 41 , 44 , 166 , Alexandria, Egypt, 88 , 108 168 , 207 ( for post-antique period, see Altare della Patria, 324 aqueducts: Acqua Vergine) Amalasuntha, Queen, 175 construction of, 62 , 264 amphitheater . See theaters and amphitheaters during siege of Vitiges, 166 animal husbandry, 11 fortii cation of, 233 Anio River, 22 , 360 Neronian extension of Aqua Claudia (Arcus anni di piombo , Years of Lead, 345 Neroniani), 117 , 190 , 193 Annibaldi, Pietro, 193 at Porta Maggiore, 60 antiquities, collecting, 304 repair and restoration of, 35 , 166 , 168 , antiquities, excavations, 245 , 256 174 , 261 antiquities, galleries, 252 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 Antoninus Pius, 93 water distribution, 123f87 , 262f170 and Pons Aurelius/Antoninus. See Pons Ara Martis. See Altar of Mars Aurelius/Antoninus Ara Pacis, 39 , 330 and Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, 135 Aracoeli steps, 237 , 237f152 Apennine Mountains, vi , 6 Arch of Constantine, 137 , 138f97 , 275 , 276 Apostolic Palace, papal residence. See fortii cation of, 216 , 217f140 Vatican Palace Arch of Janus in Velabrum (Janus Quadrifrons), Appius Claudius Caecus, 21 217f139 Aqueductium, 109f79 , 116 archaeological excavations at, 329 aqueducts, 24 , 40 , 125 , 166 , 177 , 192 , 241 fortii cation of, 216

394 INDEX

Arch of Pons Aurelius/Antoninus, 245 peristyles and gardens of, 77 Arch of Septimius Severus, 219f141 , Atrium Libertatis, 80 , 80f54, 81 , 115 , 124 275 , 277 Atrium Vestae, 95 , 97 , 97f68, 126 , 162, 163 , 176 Arch of Titus, 54f35 , 57f37, 82 , 205 , attacks and sieges on Rome, 162, 234 , 242 216 , 275 , 277 in 387 B.C.E., Gauls, 17 fortii cation of, 216 in 410, Alaric, 162 , 191 , 219 and Napoleon, 300 in 455, Vandals, 163 Archaeological Commission, 326 in 472, Ricimer, 163 archaeological excavations, 11 , 113 , 304 in 537/538, Vitiges, 164 , 166 , 172 , 177 of medieval Rome, 222 in 546, Ostrogoths, 162 and Mussolini, 330 in 846, Saracens, 203 and Napoleon Bonaparte, 299– 300 in 1084, Robert Guiscard, 194, 226 , 233 archaeological record, 11 , 99 , 116 , 142, 143 , 166 , in 1145, papal troops attack Capitoline, 218 181 , 228 in 1526, Colonna militia, 259 architectural heritage and preservation, 339 in 1527, Charles V, 259 architectural innovation in 1870 by Nationalists, 316 building types in 1960s/1970s. See anni di piombo baroque churches, 286 World War II, 339 basilical churches, 151 , 152 Attis. See Cybele basilicas, 25 Augustus, 33 , 38 , 60 , 105 , 115 , 119 baths, 64 , 88 and aqueducts, 40 , 47 palaces, 82 and Circus Maximus, 43 , 59 porticos, 24 – 26 deii cation of by Senate, 74 public space, 218 , 270 and the fora, 43 –44 i re prevention, 66 Forum of. See Forum of Augustus materials and his “city of marble,” 51 concrete, 26 , 61 , 85 imperial residence of, 43 archives, 81 , 116 management of aqueducts and water at Atrium Libertatis, 80 supply, 39– 40 destroyed by i re, 95 obelisk and sundial (meridian) of, 39 , at Emporium, 29 91 , 298 imperial as Octavian, 35 stored at Horrea Piperataria, 96 , 115 and Porticus Octaviae, 103 at Lateran complex, 193 and Theater of Marcellus. See theaters and at Templum Pacis, 76 amphitheaters: Theater of Marcellus Arco di Portogallo, 207 , 208f136, and Tiber River, administration of, 50 –51 287 , 288 urban interventions of, 36f24 Arcus Neroniani. See aqueducts, Neronian urban reforms of, 35 – 36 , 46 – 48 extension of Aqua Claudia (Arcus Fourteen Augustan regions, 47 Neroniani) Aurelian area . See burial sites, Christian: area and Aurelian Wall. See Aurelian Wall Area Sacra di Largo Argentina. See Largo bread distribution of, 100 , 102 Argentina and wine revenue, 134 Arians and Arianism, 170 , 174 Aurelian Wall, 60 , 100 – 2, 100f71 , 101f72 , 128 , Arnaldo da Brescia, 218 165 , 171, 174 , 190 , 216 , 218 , 327 artisans and workshops, 16 , 17 , 126 , 132 , 144 , and aqueducts, 168 230f149, 241 , 330 , 333 , 334 and baracca/baracche , 320 Arx (citadel), 9 , 17 breached by Nationalist forces, 316 Athens, Greece, 14 , 79 , 108 and burial sites, 101 , 120, 142 , 151

INDEX 395

and Castra Praetoria , 116 Baths at Lateran Palace, 192 and imperial horti , 110 , 139 , 177 Baths of Agrippa, 41 , 62 , 88 at Lateran Borgo, 189 , 193 , 194 construction of, 62 during medieval period, 164 – 66 , 192 Baths of Caracalla, 62 , 99f70 , 100f71 , 132 and monasteries, 179 in Einsiedeln Itinerary, 275 at Parco Archeologico, 326 and Parco Archeologico, 326 repair and restoration of, 165 , 174 as setting for opera performance, 346 at Tiber River, 101 , 131 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 at the Vatican, 203 sixth-century burial sites at, 187 Aventine Hill, 7 , 9 , 234f150 , 292 titular churches at, 154, 155 , 171 and Aqua Appia, 22 water supply to, 98 aristocratic domus on, 126 , 223 Baths of Constantine, 136 , 152, 166 , 171 and church of S. Sabina, 171 Baths of Diocletian, 134f93 , 134f94 , and Circus Maximus, 56 171 , 263 and Emporium, 241 occupied by church of S. Maria degli Ghibelline occupation of, 216 , 217 Angeli, 133 its plebeian occupation and temples, 17 , 47 papal granaries at, 264 , 292 and Porticus Aemilia, 24 and Piazza della Repubblica, 314 and Remus, 10 under Sixtus V, 264 topography of, 5 , 6 , 10 , 43 Baths of Nero, 64 , 65f41 , 72 , 88 Avignon Papacy, 236 and Alexander Severus, 99 Avignon, France, 193 , 226, 236 , 239 , 271 Baths of Titus, 72 , 73f46 Baths of Trajan, 62 , 98 , 132 , 171 Babuino (talking statue), 310 baths, imperial, 64 , 72 , 85 , 98 , 132 – 34 , Baiae, Italy, 62 136 , 152 Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, 59 and concrete, 41 bandi, 310 disuse and abandonment of, 166 , banishment and sequestration 187 of philosophers, cults, and priests, 127 , 170 as landmarks, 171 , 275 supposed sequestration of prostitutes, 127 repair and restoration of, 166 baracca/baracche . See housing: housing crisis reuse in modern era, 264 , 314 , 346 baraccanti . See housing: housing crisis and romanità , 326 basilica Constantiniana . See churches, Lateran and titular churches, 154 –55 , 171 basilica and use of concrete, 62 , 88 , 135 Basilica Fulvia, 25 water supply to, 40 , 99 Basilica Julia, 25 , 245 Battle of Actium, 35 , 37 limekilns at, 163 Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 136 , 188 repair and restoration of, 132 Bay of Naples, 61 Basilica of Junius Bassus, 152 Belisarius, 164, 165 , 166 , 177 , 185 , 241 Basilica of Maxentius, 135 – 36 , 136f95 , 152 , 346 and aqueducts, 166 oi ces of urban prefecture at, 171 and Tiber Island mills, 166 , 177 Basilica Paulli/Aemilia, 25 , 26f17 , 44 , 75f48 and xenodochium , 185 Basilica Porcia, 25 Belvedere Courtyard. See Vatican Palace Basilica Sempronia, 25 Benedetto Canonico, 209 , 212 basilica subteglata, 152 , 157f107 Benedict XIV, Pope, 294 –95 , 296 Basilica Ulpia, 79 , 80f54 as Enlightenment Pope, 294 baths and bathing, 52 , 61 , 64 , 111 , 127 , 180 and Pantheon restoration, 294 in the medieval period, 158 , 181 , 228 , 230 and Tiber River, 245 , 294 and water supply, 47 , 112 , 164 , 166 , 168 Bernardini, Bernardo, 295 – 96 , 296f193

396 INDEX

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 196 , 266 , 268 , 283 , 286, Pons Neronianus, 51 , 62 , 67 , 102 , 155 , 192f128 , 288, 293 , 380 253f164 , 254, 295f192 Bernini, Pietro, 266 Pons Sublicius, 5 black market Pons Traiani, 128 after World War II, 339 Ponte Cestio, 244, 247 ( for ancient period, see Boniface IV, Pope, 180 bridges: Pons Cestius) Boniface VIII, Pope, 235 Ponte Fabricio, 167f113 , 247 ( for ancient period, Boniface IX, Pope, 202 see bridges: Pons Fabricius) Borgo, 196 – 204 , 198f131, 199f132, 226, Ponte Molle. See bridges, Milvian Bridge 235 , 241 , 253 , 254, 282f183 , 319 , Ponte Risorgimento, 327 333f219 Ponte S. Maria, 25f16 , 241 , 247 , 247f161 , 314 and Acqua Paola, 264 ( for ancient period, see bridges: Pons cardinal’s palaces in, 281 Aemilius) and 1527 sack of Rome, 259 and l oods, 247 l ood markers in, 244 fortii cation of, 244 and Leonine Wall, 196 , 203 , 232 , 233 wooden bridge, 24 and scholae , 201 – 3 Ponte Sant’Angelo, 243 , 247, 253 , 253f164 , 258 , Borgo Felice, 264 269 , 275 , 282f183 ( for ancient period, Borromini, Francesco, 286 see bridges: Pons Aelius) Bramante, Donato, 196 , 252, 281 , 283 repairs and restoration, 251 brick stamps, 94 Ponte Sisto, 245 , 248, 254 , 278 bridges, 313 railroad, 314 built during nineteenth century, 319 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 252 fortii cation of, 233 , 247 Bufalini, Leonardo, 306. See also maps and Milvian Bridge, 24f15 , 37 , 166 , 207 , mapping: 1551 Bufalini plan 244 , 295 building industry, revival under Tetrarchy, 135 and Colonna, 236 building materials, 6 and Constantine’s victory over Maxentius, brick, 85 , 118 , 135 136 , 188 brick and concrete, 62, 69 , 85 , 100 and pilgrims, 165 , 207 clay, 4, 6 , 7 , 13 , 128 and processions, 201 concrete, 7 , 26 , 28 , 30 , 38 , 41 , 59 , 61 – 63 , 66 , 67 , in tourist itineraries, 307 70 , 88 , 135 , 198 , 249 Pons Aelius, 62 , 155 , 247 (for post-antique period, reinforced, 62 see bridges: Ponte Sant’Angelo) vaulting, 61 , 62 , 66 , 86 , 90 , 135 and Mausoleum of Hadrian, 91 , 92f65, Vitruvian formula, 61 152 , 201 for Fascist housing, 328 , 333 and pilgrims, 201 , 207 i re-proof and i re-resistant, 66 , 96 and processions, 156 , 205 , 212 granite, 93 , 135 Pons Aemilius, 5 , 24 , 144 , 247 ( for post-antique limestone and lime, 61 , 243 period, see bridges: Ponte S. Maria) lumber, 243 and l oods, 131 marble, 26 , 44 , 51 , 79 , 84 , 130 , 135 , 152, 163 , and mills, 241 226 , 241 , 294 wooden bridge, 26 at New St. Peter’s, 284 Pons Agrippae, 40 , 41 , 51 , 102 peperino , 60 , 66 Pons Aurelius/Antoninus, 245 , 254 porphyry, 135 , 294 Pons Cestius, 48 , 48f32 , 244 , 247 (for post-antique pozzolana , 7 , 61 , 145 period, see bridges: Ponte Cestio) spolia , 93 , 136 , 138 , 162 , 226, 228 , 229, 234 , 238 , Pons Fabricius, 48 , 247 (for post-antique period, 242 , 294 see bridges: Ponte Fabricio) terracotta, 15 , 228

INDEX 397

travertine, 70 , 86 , 253 , 279 columbaria , 118 – 19 , 149 tuf , 6 – 8 , 14 , 18 , 44 , 66 , 85 , 86 of household of Livia, 119f84 Burgus Sancti Petri . See Borgo in Forum of Caesar, 11 burial practices, 11 , 93 , 117 – 21 in Giardino Romano, 11 cremation, 32 , 35 , 53 , 117 – 19 , 128 , 145 on Palatine slope, 14 funerals and processions, 32 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 117 , paupers’ cemetery at Horti Maecenatis, 108 142 , 149 , 150, 157 – 58 , 198, 271 , of plague victims, 279 342 , 346 roadside tombs, 39 , 119 , 127 of King Vittorio Emanuele II, 324 of Caecilia Metella, 6 of Pope Pius XII, 343f227 of the Scipios, 24 of Sulla, 53 Sepulcretum. See Sepulcretum inhumation, 119 , 128, 145 burial sites, pre-Christian and Christian laws and administration of. See catacombs, 149 administration, ancient: codes, laws, roadside tombs and restrictions: of burial Santa Rosa cemetery, 149 at roadside tombs Vatican Cemetery, 118 , 118f83 , 139 , 140, Vatican Cemetery, 118 149 , 155 , 197 , 198 burial sites, Christian, 142 – 43 , 145 – 50 , 170 Byzantine colony in Rome, 177 area , 142, 145 , 146 Byzantine Empire and Exarchate, 214 , 232 at Baths of Caracalla, 187 catacombs, 120 , 142, 145 – 49 , 157 Cacus, 11 , 17 , 55 Jewish, 120 Caelian Hill, 100 of Domitilla, 120f85 , 145 aqueducts of, 62 , 98 , 116 , 168 , 263 of Priscilla, 145 aristocratic domus on, 126 , 223 of S. Agnese fuori le Mura, 148f102 , 156 burials on, 187 of S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 156 churches on, 144 , 155 , 171 , 172 , 174 , 174f116 , of S. Sebastiano (Basilica Apostolorum), 194 , 216 140 , 156 and Goth community, 170 , 174 , 202 of SS. Marcellino e Pietro, 139 , 148f103 , 156 headquarters of Praetorian cavalry on, 139 of St. Callisto, 145 , 146f100 horti (urban gardens) on, 111 cemeterial basilicas, 151 , 152, 154, 156 , and Lateran, 194 165 , 199 and Lateran complex, 193 cemeteries, 150 papal control of, 194, 216 , 251 at Colosseum, 187 processions on, 205 columbaria , 149 and sieges, 233 cubicula at, 147 and Temple of Deii ed Claudius, 74 , 107 and cult of martyrs, 145 , 157 , 176 topography of, 6, 144 , 194 intramural, 187 , 191 , 224, 225 , 230 , 232 Caesar. See Julius Caesar, Gaius loculi at, 147 , 148f102 Calcarario, 163 mensae at, 142, 149 , 157 – 58 Caligula, Gaius, 60 , 111 , 115 roadside tombs and Aqua Anio Novus, 60 St. Peter’s tomb. See St. Peter, tomb of building programs of, 60 Vatican cemetery, 149 , 154 , 156 Circus of Gaius and Nero, 67 trophies and memoriae , 142, 149 , 157 and Horti Agrippinae, 111 of Sts. Peter and Paul, 149 palace of, 43 burial sites, Christian and Jewish, 147f101 and Prata Neronis, 197 burial sites, pre-Christian Callixtus I, Pope (Saint), 144 , 145 catacombs, 121 , 126 , 149 and catacomb of S. Callisto, 145 of Tor de’ Schiavi, 156 Caloleus, 229

398 INDEX

Camenae, 109 processions through, 55 – 56 , 205 Campagna. See Roman Campagna temples of, 22 , 56 Campo Carlèo. See Forum of Trajan: Campus theaters and amphitheaters of, 30 , 59 Kaloleonis and Tiber River, 41 Campo Flaminio, 338f222 , 342f226 tituli of, 154 , 171 Campo Marzio, 264 , 266 , 277, 301 , 317 ( for topography of, 6 , 7 , 19 , 37f25 ancient and medieval periods, see and Via Flaminia, 23 Campus Martius ) wharves of. See wharves aqueducts of, 261 , 263 , 276 Capitoline Base, 91 and Colonna, 236 Capitoline Hill, 14 , 38 , 67 , 207, 222, 299f196 l oods of, 244 aqueducts of, 263 on piano regolatore , 319 archaeological excavations on, 329 and Ponte Sisto, 254 archaic communities on, 11 processions through, 271 Cordonata, 308f201 and trivium (street pattern), 255 i res of, 95 urban development of, eighteenth fortii cation of, 17 century, 268 and games and spectacles wharves of, 242 , 268 Ludi Capitolini, 84 Campo Vaccino, 226 , 299, 299f196 and guidebooks, 307 Campus Lateranensis , 190 , 193 insula of, 67f42 Campus Martius, 24 , 32 – 41 , 67 , 84f57 , 88 – 89, as location of Greek community, 177 89f62 , 98 , 111f81 , 169, 220 (for and medieval Senate, 214 , 217 – 18 , 220 post-antique period, see Campo Michelangelo’s design for, 218 , 275 , Marzio) 276f181 , 344 aqueducts of, 36 , 40 , 168 Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, 73 , 324 and Agrippa, 36 , 39 , 88 , 110 murder of Cola di Rienzo on, 237 and Augustan urban reforms, 47 and possesso , 272 baths, imperial, of, 85 processions on, 140 , 205 , 272 , 275 , 277 bridges of, 40 , 41 , 51 , 62 , 67 , 102 , 152, 155 , 205 and pro-papal Guelph faction, 235 and Caesar’s naumachia , 34 , 50 and Roman Comune, 226 clustering of services in, 127 sieges of, 52 , 73 , 218 connection to St. Peter’s, 155 streets of, 207 and curtes , 229 , 230 and Tabularium, 28 and diaconiae , 182 – 83 temples of, 16 , 56 , 73 , 162 and Domitian, 82 , 84 topography of, 5 , 6 , 8 , 229 in Einsiedeln Itinerary, 210 , 212 Capitoline Museum, 11 i res of, 67 , 82 , 95 Capitolium (Temple of Jupiter Optimus l oods and l ood control of, 41 , 48 – 51 Maximus, Juno, and Minerva), 16 , and grain distribution, 115 16f9 , 17 , 56 , 73, 74 , 84 , 90 , 162 , 277 and Hadrian, 91 , 93 repair and restoration of, 28 horti (urban gardens) of, 38 , 40 , 108 – 10 and Sulla, 28 hydrology of, 8 , 36 , 88 Capitolium , magazine, 343 imperial baths of, 41 , 64 Capua, Italy, 4 during medieval period, 226 , 229 –30 caput mundi (head of the world), 56 , 72 , 139 , land reclamation of, 41 , 49 213 , 346 and Mausoleum of Augustus, 39 Caracalla, 98 as military training ground, 36 Baths of. See Baths of Caracalla and Pons Aelius, 91 Caraf a, Oliviero, 288 and Porticus Maximae. See Porticus Maximae carcer , 114

INDEX 399

Cardinal Charlemagne, 203 Altieri, Gianbattista, 288 coronation of, 207 Barbo, Pietro (Pope Paul II), 256 and papal alliance, 232 Borghese, Camillo (Pope Paul V), 289 Charles V, 275 , 276 , 330 Borghese, Scipione, 289 , 290 1536 of, entry into Rome of, 275 Borgia, Rodrigo (Pope Alexander VI), 279 and 1527 sack of Rome, 259 Capranica, Domenico, 256 Chiesa, Andrea (and Bernardo Gambarini), Colonna, Oddo (Pope Martin V), 251 246f160 , 295 Colonna, Pompeo, 259 Chinea festival, 274 d’Este, Ippolito, 288 Christian Democratic Party, 345 Farnese, Alessandro (Pope Paul III), 256 Christophorus, 215 Montalto (Felix Peretti, Pope Sixtus V), 263 Church, as administrative body, 142 , 162, 169, Riario, Raf aele, 256 173 , 179 , 186 , 188 , 214 Ricci, Giovanni, 40 charitable institutions of, 183f123 cardinals, 236 , 244, 251 , 252, 261 , 280 , 302 and diaconiae , 181 , 185 and bandi , 310 granaries of, 184 as benei ciaries of eminent domain, 254 and feudal nobility, 235 and carriages, 268 and Holy Roman Emperor, 203 as church administrators, 143 , 171 landholdings (domus cultae ) of, 146, 158 , 184, as College of Cardinals, 235 192 , 218 families of, 270 monasteries and convents of, 177 and festivals, 248 need for uniformity of, fourth century, 142 French, 235 , 279 religious orders of palaces of, 256 , 258 , 281 , 290 Augustinians, 193 , 237 during rise of Comune, 218 , 220 Barnabites, 286 Roman, 236 Benedictines, 233 cardo and decumanus , 205 , 206 , 207, 319 , 336 Dominicans, 237 , 286 Carnival (Pre-Lent). See festivals, games, and Jesuits, 285 , 286 spectacles Theatines, 285 , 286 carriages, 268 , 276, 283 , 301 rituals and burials of, 143 , 153 , 154 , 157 , 158 Carthage, 4 and Roman Comune, 216 , 218 , 220 Carthaginians, 56 and Roman Senate, 219 Casal Bertone tannery, 128 seven ecclesiastical regions of, 170 , 183 , Cassiodorus, 41 186 – 87 Castel Sant’Angelo, 274f179 ( for pre-medieval and the Tuscolani, 233 period , see Mausoleum of Hadrian) wealth from donations to, 236 fortii cation of, 234 , 254, 281 churches, 25 , 170 , 290f190 Julius II, planning for, 254 and ai liated cemeteries, 143 , 148 and Orsini, 235 basilica subteglata , 152 , 157 , 157f107 after unii cation, 316 basilical, 139 – 40 and Via della Concilazione, 330 Chiesa Nuova, 319 Castor and Pollux, 16 , 56 , 297 early Christian, 153f104 Castra Praetoria (Praetorian camp), Castro early medieval, 175f117 Praetorio, 116 , 151 , 314 on feast days, 172 , 180 Catherine of Siena (Saint), 194 fortii cation of, 221 , 233 Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius, 25 Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, 171 Censor. See administration, ancient: oi ces, Il Gesù, 273, 276, 285 , 285f186 , 319 magistrates, and magistracies and intramural burials, 187 , 232 Cestius Epulo, Gaius, 48 Jubilee Church, 341

400 INDEX

churches (cont.) S. Lorenzo in Lucina, 171 , 207. See also Lateran basilica, 151 , 152 , 154 , 158 , 168 , churches : titulus (titular) : S. Lorenzo 171 – 74 , 174f116 , 188 , 191 – 92, 194 , in Lucina 204 , 205 –7 , 223 , 238 S. Lorenzo in Pallacinis , 229 , 230 and Constantine, 197 S. Luigi dei Francesi, 255 and Martin V, 251 S. Marcello, 171 , 207 , 212 . See also churches: monasteries and convents of, 179 titulus (titular): S. Marcello and processions, 205 , 208 –12 , 271 , 273 S. Marco, 207, 229 , 256 , 275 , 288. See also and stational churches, 172 churches: titulus (titular): S. Marco Protestant, 316 S. Maria Antiqua, 176 , 215 repair and restoration, 294 S. Maria at Trevi, 309f202 S. Agata de Goti, 174 S. Maria degli Angeli, 133 , 134f93 S. Agata in Esquilino, 174 S. Maria del Popolo, 237 S. Agnese fuori le Mura, 139, 152, 154, S. Maria della Pace, 268 , 269 , 287 157f107 , 165 S. Maria della Trinità dei Monti, 269 , 297 S. Agnese, Piazza Navona, 288 , 289f189 S. Maria delle Anime, 237 S. Anastasio, 165 S. Maria in Adriano , 219 Sant’Angelo al Quirinale, 286 and possesso , 210 Sant’Angelo della Valle, 285 , 286 , 319 S. Maria in Aquiro, 212 Sant’Angelo in Catabarbara, 174 S. Maria in Aracoeli, 220, 221f143 , 238 Sant’Angelo in Pescheria, 104 , 181 , 229 . steps, 237f152 See also diaconia : Sant’Angelo in S. Maria in Campo Marzio, 212 Pescheria S. Maria in Cosmedin, 177 , 178f119 , 184, S. Apollinare, 212 185f124 , 202 , 238 ( see also diaconia , S. Bartolomeo all’Isola, 245 S. Maria in Cosmedin) S. Benedetto in Piscinula, 238f153 S. Maria in curte domnea Micinae , 228 S. Carlo ai Catinari, 286 S. Maria in Hadriano , 201 , 219f141 , 273 . See S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 286 , also diaconia : S. Maria in Hadriano 286f187 S. Maria in Pallara, 215 , 216 S. Cecilia, 144 , 244 . See also churches : titulus S. Maria in Trastevere . See also churches (titular): Caeciliae titulus (titular): Callisti ( Julii et Callisti ), 144 , S. Cesario, 215 238 , 244 S. Clemente, 233 . See also churches: titulus S. Maria Maggiore, 173f115 , 174f116 , 191 , 194, (titular): Clementis 238 , 264 , 273 S. Cosimato, 238 obelisk at, 298 S. Crisogono, 179, 244 . See also churches: and pilgrims, 269 titulus (titular): Crisogoni pontii cal palace at, 252 S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 139 , 152 , 172 , and Pope Sixtus V, 263 174f116 , 177 , 191 , 209 and processions, 172 , 209 S. Giacomo in Scossacavalli, 282f184 as urban landmark, 171 S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, 255 , 279 , 285 S. Maria Nova, 216 , 226 S. Giustino, 202 S. Maria sopra Minerva, 237 , 273 , 286 S. Gregorio Magno, 194 S. Nicola de’ Cesarini, 229 S. Ignazio, 286 S. Nicola in Carcere, 22 , 23f14 S. Ivo alla Sapienza, 286 S. Nicola in Formis , 193 S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 152, 164 , 165 , S. Omobono, 14 165f111 , 186, 224 , 339 S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 139 , 152, 238 , 295 and Sixtus V, 264 attack by Alaric’s troops at, 163 S. Lorenzo in Damaso, 226 , 256 and charitable institutions, 186

INDEX 401

and columbaria , 149 Callisti ( Julii et Callisti ), 143 , 144 , 154 , 155 . fortii cation of, 232 See also churches: S. Maria in industrial zone adjacent to, 327 Trastevere and medieval urbanization, 164 Clementis 144 , 154, 155 . See also churches: S. and pilgrimage, 165 Clemente restoration of after 1823 i re, 294 Crisogoni , 143 , 144 , 155 , 179. See also and Sixtus V, 264 churches: S. Crisogono and triumphs, 275 pre-Constantinian 143 , 145 S. Pietro. See St. Peter’s Cathedral S. Ciriaco, 155 . See also diaconia : S. Ciriaco S. Pietro in Vincoli, 171 . See also churches, S. Lorenzo in Lucina, 171 , 207 , 287. See also titulus (titular): S. Pietro in Vincoli churches: S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Pudenziana, 152 , 159 , 159f108 S. Marcello 207. See also churches: S. S. Sabina, 171 , 172f114 , 285 Marcello S. Salvatore in Terrione, 202 S. Marco 207 . See also churches: S. Marco S. Sebastiano, 139 , 149 , 152, 165 , 177 S. Martino ai Monti, 155 S. Severino, 174 S. Pietro in Vincoli, 155 . See also churches: S. Silvestro in Capite, 207 S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Sisto Vecchio, 155 , 194 , 238 . See also churches, S. Prassede, 155 titulus (titular): S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sisto Vecchio, 155 . See also churches: S. Stefano Rotondo, 171 , 172 , 174f116 , S. Sisto Vecchio 194 , 209 S. Susanna, 155 S. Valentino, 165 SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 155 . See also Santo Spirito in Sassia, 237 churches: SS. Giovanni e Paolo SS. Apostoli, 212 , 251 SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, 155 . See also SS. Cosma e Damiano, 175 , 176f118 churches: SS. Nero ed Achilleo SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 144 , 154, 155 , 156f106 , SS. Quattro Coronati, 139 , 155 . See also 171 , 194 , 216 . See also churches, churches: SS. Quattro Coronati titulus (titular): Byzantii (or) churches, basilical Pammachii Basilica Apostolorum. See churches: S. SS. Marcellino e Pietro, 139 , 152 Sebastiano SS. Michele e Magno, 202 Constantinian, 139 SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, 155 , 155f105 , 194. See Lateran basilica. See churches: also churches, titulus (titular): SS. Lateran basilica Nereo ed Achilleo and suburban development, 177 SS. Quattro Coronati, 210 , 233 . See also S. Agnese. See churches: S. Agnese fuori churches, titulus (titular): SS. le Mura Quattro Coronati S. Giovanni in Laterano. See churches: SS. Vincenzo ed Anastasio, 266f173 Lateran basilica St. Paul’s within the Walls, 316 S. Lorenzo. See churches: S. Lorenzo spolia in, 138 fuori le Mura stational churches, 171 , 172 , 175f117 , S. Paolo. See churches: 180 , 264 S. Paolo fuori le Mura titulus (titular), 143 –45 , 143f99, 152, 154 –55 , S. Sebastiano. See churches: S. Sebastiano 171 , 186, 219 , 222 SS. Marcellino e Pietro. See churches: SS. and catacombs 145 Marcellino e Pietro Byzantii (or) Pammachii , 144 . See also St. Peter’s. See St. Peter’s Cathedral churches: SS. Giovanni e Paolo Cicero, 52 , 53 , 58 , 81 Caeciliae , 143 , 144 . See also churches: S. Circus Flaminius, 22 – 23 , 25 , 33 , 37 , Cecilia 55 , 103

402 INDEX

Circus Maximus, 43 , 82 , 83f56 , 97 , 314f205 of fortii ed enclaves, 230 , 244 and Augustus, 43 of imperial fora, 32 , 81 and baronial families, 234 of industries and workshops, 128 , 330 fortii cation of, 194 , 216 of monasteries, 179 , 192 , 199 , 203 games and spectacles at, 34 , 56 , 346 of scholae , 202 , 278 and Julius Caesar, 34 , 59 of services, 127 and Parco Archeologico, 326 urban, 11 , 127 , 202 processions through, 55 of victory temples, 22 repair and restoration of, 99 Coarelli, Filippo, 125 in Vallis Murcia, 9 , 10 , 12 Codeta Minor, 34 Circus of Gaius and Nero, 67 , 111 , 140, 140f98 , coinage and money 154 , 196 , 332 and Byzantine mint, 224 obelisk, 197 of Hadrian, 90 , 91 persecution of Christians in, 197 and imperial mint, 100 Circus of Maxentius, 135 of Nerva, 81 Cispian Hill, 6 , 171 , 173f115 and papal mint, 254 Città Universitaria, 339, 339f223 Cola di Rienzo, 237 Civitas Leonina . See Borgo Collegio Romano, 286 Claudius, 60 , 110 , 115 Colonna, Marcantonio, 276 aqueducts of, 117 , See also aqueducts: Aqua Colosseum, 70f45 , 73f46 , 90 , 190 , 215 , 223, Claudia and aqueducts: Aqua 225f146 , 293 , 343f227 Anio Novus and baronial families, 226 , 234 deii cation of by Senate, 74 burials at, 187 , 225 and Porta Maggiore. See Porta Maggiore; and Christian martyrs, 225 Temple of Deii ed Claudius, 74 and Colossus of Nero, 225 Clement V, Pope, 193 fortii cation of, 216 , 226, 233 , 234 , 235 abandons Rome (in 1309), 236 games and spectacles at, 346 Clement VII, Pope gladiatorial combat suppressed at, 225 and 1527 sack of Rome, 259 inauguration games for, 70 processions of, 211f138 and Lateran Borgo, 193 and Reformation, 259 and Mussolini, 330 Clement VIII, Pope and Napoleon, 300 and Tiber River, 244 naval battle at, 70 Clement X, Pope, 288 and Nero’s legacy, 69 – 70 , 72 Clement XI, Pope, 293 processions at, 205 , 210 , 275 , 277 and Porto di Ripetta, 268 as quarry, 225 , 226 Clement XII, Pope, 293 , 294 repair and restoration of, 99 , 174 , 347 and Capitoline Museum, 304 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 and Trevi Fountain, 292 Colossus, 72 , 90 Clement XIV, Pope Colossus of Nero, 96 establishes Vatican Museum, 304 Column of Marcus Aurelius, 7 , 94 , 94f66 , 267 , 288 Cloaca Maxima, ix , 8 , 8f3 , 12 , 16 Column of Trajan, frontispiece, 78, 79 , 79f52 , and l ood control, 41 89 , 94 , 220, 220f142 , 224, 245 , 275 Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 52 , 58 comitia , 15 , 44 cremation of, 32 , 81 Comitia Centuriata and Tributa, 36 clustering Comitium (assembly place), 14 , 15f7 , 19 , 27, 28 , of burials, 127 32 , 56, 105 of diaconiae , 183 , 200 burning of, 32 of i nancial institutions, 255 hypothetical grove at, 105f75

INDEX 403

Commodus, 93 Cortina, 182 , 201 expands customs boundary, 94 Corviale. See housing : housing and famine, 96 developments and i res, 95 cosmatesque paving, 238f153 refashions Colossus of Nero, 96 Costambeys, Marios, 187 Communist Party, 345 Council of Constance, 251 Compagnia dei Raccomandati al S. Salvatore Council of Trent, 261 , 284 “ad sanctum sanctorum ,” 193 , Counter Reformation, 285 194 , 226 and Pius IV, 261 Comune (medieval), 193 , 216 – 20 , 226 , 294 , 343 and Sixtus V, 264 during Avignon papacy, 252 and urban infrastructure, 270 and Column of Trajan, 220 and water supply, 261 – 66 and feudal nobility, 212 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 29 and Frangipane, 217 Crypta Balbi, 229 –30 , 230f149 and popular uprising, 217 cubicula , 168 , 186 and possesso, 272 cult of martyrs, 145 , 157 , 176 and the papacy, 220 cura(tor). See administration, ancient: Comune di Roma, See administration, modern; oi ces, magistrates, and Comune di Roma magistracies Concordia, 19 , 106 Curia (administrative body of the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), 313 Church), 251 , 254 , 259 , 263 , Constans II, 180 , 215 264 , 292 Constantine, 119 , 136 – 40, 142 , 156 , 177 , 191 , 197 Curia (senote house), 19 , 27, 32 – 33 , 171 , 259 , See Arch of. See Arch of Constantine also Senate, chamber of as and basilical churches, 139 , 152, 154, 157 , site of cremation of Clodius 177 , 198 Pulcher Baths of. See Baths of Constantine and Forum of Caesar, 32 and caput mundi , 139 at Porticus Octaviae, 104 completes projects of Maxentius, 139 of Pompey, 30 , 58 Esquiline property of, 154 , 191 , 194 repair and restoration of, 132 , 174 , 219 and imperial court at Constantinople, 162, 219 as church of S. Maria in Adriano , 219 and injunctions against pagan rites, 162 curtes , 227 , 228 , 229 and Lateran basilica, 139 customs boundary, 124 legalizes Christian worship, 151 Cybele, 43, 57 , 58 , 141 and martyrs’ basilicas, 139 cult of, 140 at Milvian Bridge, 136 , 140 , 188 and Ludi Megalenses, 58 and Old St. Peter’s, 137 , 139 , 140 , 196 Sanctuary and Temple of, 43 , 57 , 58 and pagan temples, 162 and S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 172 Dacian Wars, 78 and spolia for basilicas, 137 Dante Alighieri, 189 Urban projects of, 133f91 Danube River, 100 and vindicatio at Circus of Gaius and de Aqueductus , 125 – 26 . See Frontinus, Nero, 154 Sextus Julius Constantine I, Pope, 215 De Mérode, Francis, 314 , 315 , 316 , 319 Constantinople, 162 , 214 and 1866 plat of Viminal hill, 314 Constantius Chlorus, 132 de Sanctis, Francesco, 269 Constantius II, 162 de’ Manili, Lorenzo, 257 Cordonata, 276, 308f201 della Porta, Giacomo, 244 , 283 Corinth, Greece, 14 di Sica, Vittorio, 337

404 INDEX

diaconia , 180 – 84, 185 – 87 , 222 (of 387 B.C.E.), 65 administration of, 184 (of 791), 245 along Via Flaminia, 207 (of 847), the Borgo, 202 and Hadrian I and Leo III, 182 (of 1823), S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 294 as food distribution center, 186 libraries and archives destroyed by, 95 – 96 at St. Peter’s, 182, 196 , 199 l oods. See l oods and l ood control bathing facilities at, 181 displaced persons, 67 , 111 charitable mission of, 200 from Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 319 S. Eustachio, 187 Domitian, 77 – 78, 81 , 84 , 85 Sant’Angelo in Pescheria, 155 , 181 , 182f122 , and Arch of Titus, 82 187 . See also churches: S. Angelo in building programs of, 82 – 86 Pescheria and Capitolium, 84 S. Ciriaco, 184 . See also monasteries and and Forum of Trajan, 78 convents: S. Ciriaco and Forum Transitorium. See Forum S. Lucia ad septem vias , 216 of Nerva S. Maria in Cosmedin, 182 , 184 . See also and Ludi Capitolini, 84 churches: S. Maria in Cosmedin and Markets of Trajan, 85 S. Maria in Hadriano , 201 , 219 . See also and Odeum, 84 churches: S. Maria in Hadriano Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 S. Maria in Via Lata, 183 , 185 , 207 Palace of, 82 , 97 SS. Sergio e Bacco, 207 and restoration of Pantheon, 86 urban organization around, 185 – 87 Stadium of, 84, 99 , 226 Diocletian, 132 and baronial families, 234 Baths of. See Baths of Diocletian and Temple of Vespasian and Titus, 82 building program of, 139 Domus Aurea. See palaces, ancient: Jubilee visit to Rome, 135 Domus Aurea repaired and restored Curia, Forum of Caesar, domus cultae . See Roman Campagna Temple of Saturn, Basilica Julia, domus ecclesiae , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 and Rostra, 132 lack of archaelogical evidence for, 142 statue of, 132 domus Merulana , 174 and Tetrarchy, 132 domus solarata , 228 , 229 disasters, 168 domus terrina , 228 , 229 earthquakes, 163 , 168 , 225 Domus Tiberiana. See palaces, ancient: Domus (of 408), 163 Tiberiana (of 443), 149 Domus Transitoria, 64 (of 847), 215 Donation of Constantine , 194 epidemics, 168 , 279 drains and sewers, 49 , 229, 259, 261 – 63 , 310 , 316 , malaria, 194 319 , 343 . See also administration: plague, 279 modern: public works; and public and public health, 279 health and sanitation famine, 96 , 164 , 184 , 245 administration of, 175 i res, 14 , 29 , 44 , 45 , 84 , 132 , 163 , 168 , 194 of Agrippa, 41 (of 64), 63 , 63f39 , 64 , 111 under Circus Maximus, 9 repatriation of property, 66 Cloaca Maxima. See Cloaca Maxima (of 80), 63 , 67 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 82 , 83f55 , 84 , 86 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 (of 110), 63 , 67 , 86 , 94 at Tiber River, 245 (of 180s), 95 , 95f67 , 104 Duke of Bourbon, 259 (of 192), 63 , 95 , 95f67 dynasties (of 306 or 307), 63 , 135 Antonine, 91 , 93

INDEX 405

Carolingian, 232 Falda, Giovanni Battista, 307 – 8 Flavian, 72 – 78 familia sancti Petri Gracchan, 25 , 27 – 28 persons living and working on papal domus Julio-Claudian, 25 , 33 , 38 , 74 , 88 cultae , 192 and Mausoleum of Augustus, 38 , 110 families, merchant and bovatierri , 227 , 254 , 258 and monuments, 84 Cenci, 237 and propaganda, 44 Mattei, 288 Severan, 98 Papazzurri, 237 families, noble and baronial, 168 , 212 , 219 , 220, earthquakes. See disasters: earthquakes 236 , 254 Eastern Orthodox Church, 177 Alberini, 258 Economic Miracle, 340 , 345 Astaldi, 216 editti (public declarations of law), 277 Borghese, 289 –90 Egypt, 183 Chigi, 288 Einsiedeln Itinerary , 209 –10 , 210f137, 212 , 216 , and Cola di Rienzo, 237 229, 307 , 310 , 346 Colonna, 234 – 35 , 236 , 251 , 259 Elagabalus, 98 , 107 compounds and fortii cations of, 223f144 eminent domain, 254 , 257 , 285 Corsi, 235 Enlightenment, Age of, 292 d’Este, 288 Epicureanism, 77 de Papa, 216 episcopium (papal residence) de’ Medici, 255 , 259, 261 , 290 at Lateran, 191 , 215 Farnese, 288 on Palatine Hill, 192 , 215 Frangipane, 194 , 216 – 17 , 226 , 234 , 235 Esposizione Universale di Roma , or EUR ‘42. See Gaetani, 235 EUR ‘42 Ildebrandi de Imiza, 216 Esquiline Hill Millini, 234 aqueducts and water supply of, occupation of ancient monuments, 234 – 35 168 , 263 Orsini, 193 , 226, 234 , 235 , 236 burials on, 11 Pierleoni, 234 , 235 churches on, 155 , 171 – 74 , 174f116 and political factions, 232 , 322 and Fascist planning, 337 Spada, 290 and Goth community, 170 , 174, 202 Tuscolani, 216 , 233 , 236 horti (urban gardens) on, 108 , 109 famine. See disasters: famine and the Lateran, 194 Fascism and Fascists, 137 , 312 , 327 , 329 , 336 , 337 Quartiere Esquilino, 314 – 15 , 316 , 317 architectural style of, 337 and Sixtus V, 264 and the ideal Fascist city, 329, 338 temples on, 41 march on Rome by Blackshirts, 328 terrain, alteration of, 319 and nationalism as romanità , 330 topography of, 6 North African colonies of, 336 ethnic diversity of early Rome, 10 and post-WW I housing crisis, 333 , 340 Etruscans, 15 , 16 , 56 state religion of, 332 architecture of, 16 , 25 , 38 and urban planning as propaganda, 336 – 37 cities of, 14 , 17 fashion houses territory of, 5 repair and restoration of monuments, 347 Eugenius IV, Pope, 252 fasti and religious calendar, 53 EUR ‘42, 336 , 337 , 337f221, 340 , 343 Faustina the Elder, 91 , 93 as ideal Fascist city, 336 Felix IV, Pope and public transit, 344 and SS. Cosma e Damiano, 175 Exarchate, 177 Fellini, Federico, 337

406 INDEX

ferries and ferry crossings of Tiber, 6, 241 , 247, Fontana, Domenico, 244 257 , 296 Fontana, Giovanni, 244 festivals, games, and spectacles, 34 – 35 , 56 , 70 , 225 , Il Fontanone (fountain), 264 274 –75 , 345 – 46 fora. See individual entries under Forum of Capitoline Games of Domition, 84 Forma urbis Romae , 190 Carnival (pre-Lent), 273 Foro Italico. See Foro Mussolini Chinea, 274 Foro Mussolini, now Foro Italico, 336 – 37 , during late twentieth century, 346 338f222 , 343 Festa di S. Bartolomeo, 248 fortii cations, 9, 13 , 230f149 , 232 – 34 , 239 funerary games, 57 Aurelian Wall. See Aurelian Wall munera , 56 of basilical churches, 232 games of Nero after i re of, 64CE, 111 , 149 of Borgo, 233 games sponsored by magistrates, 10 , 34 , 37 , of bridges, 201 , 247 56 – 59 of Capitoline Hill, 17 , 220 gladiatorial combat, 57 , 59 of Circus Maximus, 194 ludi , 56– 58 , 84 feudal towers, 193 , 212 , 221 , 233 Lupercalia, 53 of Largo Argentina curtes , 229 naumachia naval battles, 34 , 50 , 59 , 70 of Lateran Palace, 203 Olympic Games, 337 , 338f222 , 342 –45 late Medieval, 223f144 Romaia, 90 , 91 of monastery of S. Gregorio Magno, 194 Rome’s birthday, 346 of noble and baronial family enclaves, 161 , at Testaccio, 273f178 193 , 226 , 230 , 233 – 36 , 247 , 256 Titus’ games to inaugurate Colosseum, 70 of Palatine Hill, 216 – 17 votive games, 56 Palatolium (Henry IV), 233 Ficus Ruminalis (i g tree), 56 rocca dei Frangipane , 216 , 218 Fidenza, Italy, 236f151 and Romulus, 10 , 14 Field of Mars. See Campus Martius at S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 165 i lm industry, post-World War II, 337 – 38 of Septizodium, 216 i re. See disasters: i re at Torre Annibaldi, 193 i re-proof and i re-resistant buildings and at Torre del Grillo, 212 building materials, 65 – 66 , 69 urban ring of forts, 1870s, 316 i reworks, 274 , 274f179 , 275 , 275f180 of Vatican, 252 Flaminius Nepos, Gaius, 22 –23 Forum, 6, 14f6 , 20f11 , 29f20 , 33f22 , 75f48 , 77 , Flavian Amphitheater. See Colosseum 133f92, 221f143 l oods and l ood control, 12 , 41 , 48 –51 , abandonment of, 226 , 276 49f33,163 , 168 , 244 – 48 , 294, archaeological excavations at, 300 , 329 316 , 347 and Augustus, 43– 44 l oods and baronial families, 234 (of 1530), 244 , 259 burial sites in, 11 (of 1557), 244 , 245 , 247 as Campo Vaccino, 226 , 299 (of 1598), 244 , 266 , 294 and churches at, 175 – 76, 216 , 273 (of 1598), and Ponte S. Maria, 247 and creation of Roman identity, 16 – 17 (of 1742), 245 , 294 and diaconiae , 182 (of 1870), 248 , 318 in i fth century B.C.E., 16 – 17 during reign of Augustus, 48 i res of, 95 , 132 , 135 Florentines and Flavian dynasty, 82 economic and political power of, 253 , 255 and fora expansion, 32 – 33 , 44 , 77 – 78, 78f51 and S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, 279 , 285 as formal architectural space, 35

INDEX 407

games and spectacles at, 34 , 57 , 59 relocation of residents to Acilia borgata, 333 hydrology of, 8 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 land reclamation of, 12 – 14 , 245 Forum Romanum. See Forum in late antiquity, 171 Forum Transitorium. See Forum of Nerva and possesso , 205 , 210 , 212 , 276 Forum valley, 8 , 73 processions through, 53 , 55 – 56 , 177 , 275 , 277 and Domus Aurea, 64 and public assembly in, 27, 44 , 127 , 226 l oods and l ooding, 12 and the Regia in, 14 and Hadrian, 90 temples at, 16 – 17 , 19 , 25 , 35 , 91 , 93 terrain, alteration of, 12 umbilicus mundi , 207 topography of, 6 , 7 victory monuments at, 56 Fosse Ardeatine, massacre of, 339 Forum Boarium, 11 , 12 , 25f16 , 226 foundation myth, Rome, 10 – 11 archaeological excavations at, 329 fountains, 166 clay quarries at, 13 and Agrippa, 40 , 41 and cult of Hercules, 17 , 24 Barcaccia, 266 games and spectacles at, 57 in the Belvedere Courtyard, 196 Mussolini’s interrentions at, 349 built during Counter-Reformation, 264 – 66 temples at, 22 , 26 as depicted in vedute , 308 wharf at, 51 drinking, 41 , 47 , 70 , 125 , 265 Forum Holitorium, 22 , 24 , 226 Four Rivers (Quattro Fiume), 288 Forum of Augustus, 45f29 , 45f30, 46f31, 50, horse trough, 266 75f48 , 95 , 227f147 in horti , gardens, and villas, 104 , 107 , 263 archaeological excavations at, 329 Il Fontanone, 264 , 293 i rewall at, 44 , 46f31 , 66 in the Jewish Ghetto, 278 and Forum of Nerva, 77 – 78 laundry, 265 , 266 , 313 and Forum of Trajan, 79 listed in regionary catalogs, 125 and land reclamation, 245 Nymphaeum Iovis, 113 orientation to the Forum, 74 in Piazza Colonna, 267 , 288 and possesso , 212 in Piazza della Rotonda, 294 Forum of Caesar, 11 , 32 – 33 , 34f23, 75f48 in Piazza Giudea, 278 archaeological excavations at, 329 in Piazza Quirinale, 297 and Augustus, 44 in Piazza S. Pietro, 264 , 268 , 283 burials sites at, 11 in Piazza Spada, 290 farm plots in during medieval period, 228 at Porticus Philippi, 106 i res of, 78 proposed by Pius V, 261 law courts at, 33 public, 166 , 168 , 263 –66 , 313 orientation to the Forum, 44 , 74 at Sanctuary of Deii ed Claudius, 116 repair and restoration of, 132 Septizodium . See Septizodium Forum of Nerva, 77 – 78, 77f50 , 227f147 , 228f148 served by Acqua Paola, 264 and curtes , 229 Trevi. See Trevi Fountain Forum of Trajan, 78 –79 , 80f53 , 85 , 95 , 227f147 Triton, 266 and baronial families, 234 Francis, Pope, 346 Campus Kaloleonis , 229 Franco-Prussian War, 316 and Colonna, 236 Franks, 201 , 202, 232 . See also scholae and curtes , 229 Frascati, Italy, 190 and domus solarata , 229 French Academy, 303 and Gregory the Great, 177 French monarchy, 212 , 235 , 266 and medieval housing, 226 French popes, 236

408 INDEX

French troops, 313 , 316 Goths, 170, 172 – 74 , 202 , 221 frigidarium . See baths and bathing Gothic Wars, 177 , 187 Frisians. See scholae Ostrogoths, 69 , 162, 164 , 165 , 166 , 172 Frontinus, Sextus Julius (curator aquarum ), Visigoths, 162 , 164 , 172 60 , 115 Gracchus, Gaius, 28 statistics, 112 – 13 , 125 frumentationes , 46 treatise on Rome’s aqueducts, 125 and lex frumentaria , 27 frumentationes . See administration, ancient: grain, and Rostra, 27 l our, or bread procurement and Gracchus, Tiberius distribution and lex frumentaria (agrarian laws), 27 Fulgentius, 176 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (senior), 27 Furrina, 109 and Basilica Sempronia, 25 Grand Tour, 267 , 303 – 5 Gabii, Italy, 106 collecting antiquities and art, 304 – 5 , 305f199 Sanctuary of Juno, 105 and inl uence on urban form, 267 Gaius Caesar, 50 and looting of antiquities, 304 Galen, 95 museums, as legacy of, 304 Galerius, 132 , 135 and travel memoirs, 307 Galileo, 294 and vedute , 308 Gallic Invasion, 17 Gregory I, Pope (Gregory the Gallienus, 99 Great), 192 , 215 Gambarini, Bernardo. See Chiesa, Andrea (and and aqueducts, 166 Bernardo Gambarini) and St. Peter’s tomb, 198 gangs and private militia (urban), 28, 29 , 46 , and Trajan, 177 110 , 233 – 34 as urban prefect, 219 Garden City Planning Movement, 327 Gregory III, Pope, 180 gardens. See horti (urban gardens) ; villas Gregory VII, Pope, 194 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 313 and Guelph faction, 235 Gates . See individual entries under Porta and the Normans, 233 Gelasius, Pope, 184 Gregory IX, Pope, 237 geography of Rome, pre-settlement, 4 – 5 Gregory XI, Pope, 193 , 239f154 geological formations returns papacy to Rome, 238 and burial sites, 119 Gregory XIII, Pope, 288 at Colosseum, 225 and aqueducts, 263 geomorphology, future site of the city of groves, 19, 109 Rome, 5 – 7 of Akademos at Athens, Greece, 79 gerocomia (old-age homes), 181 , 186 at Comitium (hypothetical), 105 Ghetto. See Jews and Jewish community; literary evidence for, 111 Jewish Ghetto maintenance of, 113 Ghibelline faction (pro-imperial allies), 193 , 235 at Mausoleum of Augustus, 38 , 110 Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 167f112 at Nemus Caesarum, 50, 113 , 128 Gianicolo. See Janiculum Hill at Porticus Metelli, 105 Gigliotti, Vittorio, 341 at Porticus Pompeiana, 30 Giotto, 189 sacred to gods and goddesses, 109 Gismondi, Italo, 136 – 38 , 329 at Stagnum Agrippae, 40 gods and goddesses. See individual entries at Temple of Juno Lucina, 105 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 307 of Venus Libitina, 115 Golden House. See palaces, ancient: water supply to, 47 Domus Aurea Guelph faction (pro-papal allies), 193 , 216 , 235

INDEX 409

guidebooks and itineraries, 346 Hills of Rome. See individual hills: Arx, De locis sanctis martyrum , 180 Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Einsiedeln Itinerary . See Einsiedeln, Itinerary Cispian, Esquiline, Janiculum, Itinerario istruttivo di Roma, 307 Oppian, Palatine, Pincian, Quirinal, Mirabilia , 212 , 213 Velia, Viminal Ordo Romanus Benedicti , 209, 212 Hilton Hotel, building scandal, 344 guilds His Majesty the Pick. See Mussolini, Benito of merchants, 220 Hollywood on the Tiber. See Cinecittà of millers, 245 Holy Roman Emperor, 193 , 209, 212 , and ownership of temples, 162 232 , 259 and revolt of moneylenders, 100 Charlemagne. See Charlemagne of tanners, 144 Charles V. See Charles V Guiscard, Robert, 194 , 233 Holy Roman Empire, 203 , 232 , 237 Holy Year. See Jubilee Hadid, Zaha, 341 Honorius I, Pope, 165 , 219 , 225 Hadrian, 92f65 horrea . See warehouses and Column of Trajan, 89 horti (urban gardens), 19 , 47 , 108 –13 , 110f80 , and cult of urban identity, 91 177 , 187 and Domus Aurea, 90 and Aurelian Wall, 110 and Egypt, 89 compared with paradeisos , 108 Mausoleum of. See Mausoleum of Hadrian at Domus Aurea, 113 and Palatine Hill, 89 evidence of organic landscapes, 111 and Pantheon, 86 – 88 at Forum of Caesar in ninth century, 228 and Pons Aelius, 62 Horti Agrippae, 40 and Quirinal Hill, 88 Horti Agrippinae, 67 , 111 and Sanctuary to Matidia, 88 Horti Domitiae Lucillae, 111 and Serapeum. See Serapeum Horti Lamiani, 111 , 112f82 and statue of Sol, 72 Horti Liciniani, 111 and Temple of Deii ed Trajan, 90 Horti Luculliani, 40 , 109 , 111 , 113 and Temple of Venus and Roma. See Temple Horti Maecenatis, 108, 111 , 121 of Venus and Roma Horti Pompeiani, 38 urban programs of, 91 Horti Sallustiani, 110 , 111 at Ostia, 89 and loss of market gardens, 109 and Venus, 90 as leisure villas, 109 Hadrian I, Pope, 166 , 201 maintenance of, 113 alliance with Charlemagne, 232 during medieval period, 229 and diaconiae , 182 of Messalla, 109 repairs aqueducts, 166 and mustering of private armies, 110 Hannibal, 57 plant acquisition for, 113 Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugene von, 316 and revival of villa gardens, late sixteenth Heemskerck, Maarten van, 305 century, 283 Helena, Empress, 139 , 191 at Sessorium. See churches: S. Croce in Hellenistic urbanism, 25 – 26 Gerusalemme Henry IV, 233 of Scipio Africanus, 108 Heraclitus, 4 symbolism of, 109 Herculaneum, Italy, 125 transfer to public or imperial ownership, 110 Hercules, 17 , 24 , 55 , 106 and urban administration, 47 Herod the Great, 41 water consumption of, 112 , 113 Hill of Gardens. See Pincian Hill water features of, 109

410 INDEX

hospitale/ hospitium (charity to strangers), suburban, 344 179 , 186 Tuscolano Don Bosco, 341f224 hospitals, 181 , 237 , 295 , 313 , 316 housing policy Compagnia dei Raccomandati al S. Salvatore. and Istituto Romano per le Case Popolare 186, 193 , 237 (ICP), 322 Ospizio Apostolico di San Michele, 292 and piano regolatore , 316 , 319 , 320 , 325 , 340 S. Giacomo in Augusta, 237 in the ancient city, 49 , 67 S. Maria delle Anime, 237 in the medieval city, 59 , 158 , 226 Santo Spirito in Sassia, 186 , 202, 237 , 241 , Humanism and humanists, 252 , 264 248 , 254 on Tiber Island, 279 immigrants and foreign communities house-churches. See domus ecclesiae the Arians, 174 housing in the Borgo, 199 , 204 ancient the Florentines, 253 insula/insulae , 67 , 85 , 91 , 117 , 144 , 222 the Greeks, 177 , 179 at Campus Martius, 67 , 68f43 the Jews. See Jews and Jewish community on Capitoline Hill, 67f42 post-unii cation. See housing listed in regionary catalogs, 125 housing crisis, 319 , 320 , 334 water consumption of, 126 at scholae . See scholae housing crisis, 334 – 35 , 340 imperial fora. See individual fora, under Forum of 1970 strike and occupation, 345 imperial monuments consecrated for Christian baracca/baracche , spontaneous housing, 320 , use, 162 , 176 321f211 , 322 , 334 imperium , 192 , 214 – 15 , 217 after World War I, 328 industrial development and immigrants, 319 in Quartiere San Paolo, 327 intensivi apartment blocks, 340 industries and workshops, 126 , 222 , 248 and Mussolini, 329 , 330 brickworks, 102 , 132 , 164 and property speculation, 265 , 314 – 17 , established under Trajan, 128 325 – 26 , 340 , 344 ceramics, 128 , 241 and rent control, 341 , 344 dye-works, 144 and slum clearance, 329, 334 fulleries, wool making, 262 , 266 and tenements, 311f204 glassworks, 128 , 230 housing developments in the Pontine Marshes, 297 at Corviale 344 silk factory, 264 Garden Cities, 327 – 28 tanneries, 128 , 241 Garbatella, 328, 328f215 tobacco factory, 313 and Istituto Romano per le Case Popolare Innocent II, Pope, 218 (ICP), 322 , 327 Innocent III, Pope, 193 , 202, 203 , 220 and Mussolini, 328 and Santo Spirito in Sassia, 237 and borgata/borgate (semiurban Innocent VIII, Pope, 281 settlements), 333 – 34 , 344 Innocent X, Pope, 288 Acilia, 333 Innocent XII, Pope, 292 Gordiani, 333 , 342f225 possesso of, 272f177 Prenestina, 333 Innocent XIII, Pope, 269 Trullo, 333 inscriptions, 84 , 93 at 1911 Universal Exhibition, 327 “Altars of the Fires of Nero,” 84 at 1960 Olympic Village, 342f226 , 343 on Column of Trajan, 78 and Pius IX, 313 l ood markers, 244 Quartiere Esquilino, 314 at Palazzo de’ Manili, 257

INDEX 411

Res gestae Divi Augusti , 39 , 330 John VII, Pope, 215 of rione boundaries, 296 , 310 John XI, Pope, 233 on sarcophagus of St. Paul, 149 John XII, Pope, 233 on Severan marble plan, 124 John XXII, Pope, 162 in villa gardens, 263 Jubilee Islamic Mosque and Cultural Center, 341 Diocletian’s visit to Rome, 135 isolating ancient monuments for political of 1300, convened by Boniface VIII, purposes, 275 189 , 236 Istituto Romano per le Case Popolare (ICP), 322 of 1423, convened by Martin V, 251 of 1450, convened by Nicholas V, 252 , 253 Janiculum Hill, 9, 144 , 244 of 1475, convened by Sixtus IV, 253 and Acqua Paola, 264 – 65 , 293 of 1500, convened by Alexander VI, 254 and Aurelian Wall, 102 of 1575, convened by Gregory XIII, 284f185 horti (urban gardens) on, 110 of 2015-2016, convened by Francis, 346 and late-i rst-century potteries, 128 urban preparations for 252 mills on, 97 , 127 , 166 , 241 Judaea, Israel, 90 and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 Julius Caesar, Gaius, 23 , 35 , 58 , 302 temples on, 144 and Aqua Julia, 35 topography of, 6 assassination of, 33 , 35 , 53, 105 vineyards on, 198 Basilica Julia. See Basilica Julia Janus, 343 Basilica Paulli/Aemilia. See Basilica Paulli/ Janus, shrines of, 56 , 77 Aemilia Jerusalem, 171 , 191 and census for grain distribution, 117 destruction in 70 under Titus, 74 and Circus Maximus, 34 , 59 Jewish War, 74 , 126 cremation and deii cation of, 35 Jews and Jewish community, 126 , 278 and First Triumvirate, 29 and burials, 120 Forum of. See Forum of Caesar expulsion of from Spain, 277 naumachia of. See naumachia of Caesar under Flavian dynasty, 74 and property beqeathed to people of Fosse Ardeatine massacre, 339 Rome, 110 Jewish Ghetto, 126 , 229, 245 , 277 – 79 , 278f182, and Saepta, 40 288 , 319 , 334f220 and Tiber River diversion plan, 37 , 244 and Tiber River embankment, 319 triumph of, 34 , 59 dismantled, 313 , 316 , 319 urban projects of, 35 as mentioned in bandi , 310 Julius I, Pope, 144 as participants in Christian rituals and games, Julius II, Pope, 254 , 281 272 , 273 and New St. Peter’s basilica, 283 and personal freedom, 277 and Piazza di Ponte/ Via Giulia, 254, 322 and Pierleoni, 235 and urban planning, 254 public health and sanitation of, 277 , 279 Junius Bassus, 152 , 174 and rag trade in Piazza Giudea, 277 Juno, 16 , 105 synagogues of, 144 , 278 Juno Lucina, 105 , 109 and tithing, 74 Juno Regina, 103 in Transtiberim (Trastevere), 74 , 144 , 170 , 187 , Jupiter, 105 202 , 277 Jupiter Heliopolitanus, 144 Joanna of Naples, Queen, 251 Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 56 , 84 Johannipolis . See churches Jupiter Stator, 103 S. Paolo fuori le Mura, fortii cation of, 232 Justin I, 215 John V, Pope, 184 Justinian, 177 , 184

412 INDEX

Keatridge William, 346 Lateran complex (basilica and palace), 113 , 154, Kingdom of Italy, 315 , 316 156 , 194, 205 , 207 Kingdom of Naples, 251 , 274 during Avignon papacy, 194 Kirk, Terry, 308 and Church administration, 170 , 188 , 193 , 194 , 204 , 207, 215 , 218 , 233 , 236 , 252 La Sapienza University of Rome, 337 on earlier site of Praetorian Guard, 154 labor force and laborers, 192 , 229 expansion of, 193 conscripted, 15 , 168 , 191 , 203 and pilgrims, 210 skilled, 164 and Sixtus V, 264 unskilled, 115 and statue of Marcus Aurelius, 195f129 , 276 Lake Bracciano, 168 transfer of Church administration to Lanciani, Rodolfo, 198 Vatican, 195 and Einsiedeln Itinerary compared to Ordo water supply to, 168 Romanus Benedicti , 209 –12 Lateran hospital and Forma urbis Romae , 190 Compagnia dei Raccomandati al S. Salvatore, land reclamation, 9 186, 193 , 237 of Campus Martius, 41 , 49 Lateran Pact, 332 for Colosseum, 69 Lateran Palace, 174 , 188 , 191 – 92, 222 , 271 of Forum, 12 Baths at, 192 , 192f128 of Pontine Marshes, 297 and Charlemagne, 207 of Roman Campagna, 158 i res (of 1306 and 1361) at, 194 land reforms physical decline of, 217 lex frumentaria (agrarian laws) as Romanum palatium , 215 of Gaius Gracchus, 27 and 1084 sack, 233 of First Triumvirate, 29 transfer of papal residence to Vatican, 252 landmarks latifundia . See Roman Campagna of the Comune, 220 Latium, 6 , 17 and early Rome’s identity, 11 sanctuaries of, 28 , 33 , 105 obelisks. See obelisks latrines, 70 for pilgrims, 196 , 212 laundries, 262 , 264 , 265 , 266 along processional routes, 55 , 205 Laurentian Schism, 177 of Sabine War, 55 Leo I, Pope (Leo the Great), 177 , 203 stational churches as, 171 Leo III, Pope, 184 , 203 landscape architecture. See horti (urban gardens) ; and alliance with Charlemagne, 232 villas and villa gardens and diaconiae , 182 lares compitales , 46 Leo IV, Pope, 203 , 216 Largo Argentina, 210 , 229 and burial laws, 187 archaeological excavations at, 329 and Leonine Wall, 242 and curtes , 229 Leo X, Pope temples at, 22 , 22f13 , 36 , 41 and Raphael, 252 Lateran basilica. See churches: Lateran and Via Leonina, 255 basilica Leonine Wall, 196 , 199 , 204 , 232 , 234 Lateran Borgo, 151 , 188 – 90 , 189f125 , 189f126 , and the Borgo, 199 190f127 , 193 , 195f129 , 197 , 205 and labor force, 203 and Aurelian Wall, 190 , 194 and scholae , 203 hypothetical reconstruction of, circa Liber pontii calis , 128 , 215 1300, 188 – 90 Libertas, 52 , 81 and processions, 172 libraries, 80 and Via Papalis, 216 at Atrium Libertatis, 80

INDEX 413

destroyed by i re, 95 – 96 , 97 cadasters at Orange, France, 123 at Domus Tiberiana, 95 1551 Bufalini plan, 242f156 , 255f165 , 296 , 306 , 307 at Forum of Trajan, 79 of l oods, 49f33 of Galen, 96 Forma urbis Romae, 190 at Temple of Apollo Palatinus, 43 Mussolini’s maps of Roman empire, 330 at Templum Pacis, 76 , 95 , 116 of public property, 115 , 124 limekilns, 163 , 230 of rioni, 269f193 Livia, 106 , 118 scale of archival city maps, 124 Livy, 17 , 18 , 57 1625 Maggi plan, 306 loci of power during medieval period, 222 1676 Falda plan, 267f174 , 306 loci venerationis , 154 1748 Nolli plan, 294, 296 , 297f194 , 307 locus religiosus , 154 Severan plan. See Severan marble plan Lombards. 201 , 221 , 232 . See also scholae and surveying techniques, 122 Lothar, 203 of Tiber River, 246f160, 295f192 Louis III, 233 of water concessions, 115 , 123 lousma (weekly bath administrered at a diaconia ), marble plan. See Severan marble plan 181 , 182f122 Marcellus, 59 Lucius Caesar, 50 Marcus Aurelius, 93 Lucius II, Pope, 218 Column of. See Column of Marcus Aurelius Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 40 , 109 and Danube Wars, 94 lucus, nemus (garden grove). See groves expands customs boundary, 94 ludi , 56 , 57 , 58 monuments to, ransacked, 137 games and spectacles, 58 statue of, 195f129 , 276 Ludi Capitolini, 84 Marforio (talking statue), 310 Ludi Megalenses, 58 Marius, 28 , 159 Luminalia, 346f228 Mark Antony, 35 Lupercal, 8 , 10 , 53 , 55 Mark, Pope, 139 Markets of Trajan, 85 – 86, 85f58 , 86f59 , 95 , 319 , Macedonian Wars, 22 , 23 , 57 , 103 330 , 331f217 Macellum, 74 archaeological excavations at, 329 Machine Age, 314 , 322 Marmorata. See wharves: Marmorata; Madama Lucrezia (talking statue), 310 warehouses: at Emporium Maderno, Carlo, 245 Marseilles, France, 166 Maecenas, 109 marshes, pools, and swamps, 4 , 168 Maenius, Gaius, 27 Campus Martius, 8 Forum monuments of, 20 Lacus Curtius, 56 maestri delle strade . See administration, modern: Palus Caprae, 9 , 36 public works: streets Pantano di San Basilio, 245 Mai a Capitale. See administration, modern: Pantano Spoglia Christi, 245 urban and regional planning; Pontine Marshes, 297 corruption Velabrum, 8 Malpasso, Italy, 246f160 , 294 Martin Luther and Ninety-i ve Theses, 259 Mankiewicz, Joseph, 338 Martin V, Pope, 194 , 251 Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus, 52 and maestri delle strade , 251 maps and mapping, 122 – 24 , 306 – 7 returns papacy to Rome, 251 to administer ancient city, 122 martyrs, 139 , 142, 149 , 232 Agrippa’s map of known world at Porticus basilicas of, 139 , 151 , 154 Vipsania, 41 , 123 feast days at memoria , 149 and bird’s eye view, oblique view, 306 oi cially honored saints, 157

414 INDEX

Mathews Lectures, Columbia University, 2 Mediterranean basin, 4 Mattatoio (Cattle Market), 320 Meier, Richard, 341 Mattei, Giacomo, 288 memoriae . See burial sites, Christian: trophies and Mausoleum of Augustus, 38 – 39 , 39f27 , 235 memoriae and Campus Martius, 41 mensa . See burial sites, Christian: mensa and Cola di Rienzo, 237 merchants and merchant class, 6 , 224 , 237 , 241 , Colonna occupation of, 234 – 35 251 , 279. See also families construction of, 62 Messalla Corvinus, Marcus Valerius as water and l ooding, 50 , 245 commissioner in 12 B.C.E, 40 , 47 horti (urban gardens) of, 110 Metellus Macedonicus, Quintus Caecilius, 25 and Mussolini, 330 , 331f216 miasma , 279 neighborhood of stonemasons at, 279 Michelangelo, 257 , 283 , 297 and Pantheon of Agrippa, 88 Piazza Capitolina, 276f181 Mausoleum of Hadrian, 92f65 , 197f130 (for mills. See also Janiculum Hill ; Tiber River post-medieval period, see Castel aqueduct-powered, 97 , 127 , 144 , 166 , 176 Sant’Angelo) river-powered, 166 , 177 , 241 , 245 , 248, construction of, 62 294 , 296 fortii cation of, 233 Milvian Bridge. See bridges: Milvian Bridge as landmark, 196 Minerva, 16 , 77 , 91 and Neronian street grid at Vatican Ministry of Justice, 318f208 Plain, 198 mint. See coinage and money and pilgrimage route, 201 , 205 mithraeum , 144 and Pons Aelius, 91 , 190 Mithraic temples and Porticus Maximae, 152 reuse by Christians, 154 , 170 Mausoleum of Tor de’ Schiavi, 152 Mithras and Mithraism, 127 , 144 , 154 , 170 Mausolus, King, 38 monasteries and convents, 178f120 , 203, 230 , 264 Maxentius, 135 – 36 , 139 , 191 on Caelian Hill, 168 and Arch of Constantine, 137 census of, 179 , 295 as Augustus of the West, 135 clustering at Lateran basilica, 192 Basilica of. See Basilica of Maxentius clustering at St. Peter’s, 199 , 203 Baths of. See Baths of Constantine clustering at suburban basilicas, 177 and Christian martyrs, proclamation of and the Counter Reformation, 285 tolerance, 139 dissolution of under Napoleon, 299 as conservator urbis suae (Custodian of his dissolution of under Nationalists, 316 City), 135 early Christian, 177 – 79 , 181 , 196 , 199 at Milvian Bridge, 136 Hierusalem, 203 and Praetorian Prefect and Guard, 139 and Odo of Cluny, 233 and restoration of Temple of Venus and orchards and vineyards, 229 Roma, 135 processions to, 206 and Tetrarchy, 135 property of, 187 , 203 , 233 urban projects of, 139 and prostitutions and prostitutes, 278 and use of spolia , 135 reuse of by Nationalists, 317 Villa of Maxentius, 135 S. Cesario Graecorum, 215 , 216 , 218 Maximian, 135 S. Ciriaco, 184 repair and restoration of Curia, Forum of S. Gregorio Magno, 194 , 216 Caesar, Temple of Saturn, Basilica S. Maria della Trinità dei Monti, 269 Julia, and Rostra, 132 S. Maria in Aracoeli, 220 and Tetrarchy, 132 S. Maria in Via Lata, 184 . See also diaconia : S. McDonald’s (fast-food chain), 345 Maria in Via Lata

INDEX 415

S. Martino, 203 at Palazzo Venezia, 330 S. Silvestro in Capite, 207 and planning as pedagogy, 329– 30 , 336 – 38 S. Stefano Maggiore, 203 rise to power of, 328 –29 S. Stefano Minore, 203 urban projects of in 1930s SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 203 Cinecittà, 337 under Napoleon, 313 Città Universitaria, 337 , 339 water supply to, 265 Foro Mussolini, 337 , 343 Mons Saccorum, 202 , 204 used archaeology as urban Montaigne, Michel de, 307 , 312 planning, 329 –33 Monte Giordano, 272 and Via della Concilazione, 332 and Orsini, 235 , 236 Monte Testaccio, 130 , 130f90 Naples, Italy, 184 topography of, 7 Neapolitan monarchy, 235 Montecitorio, 168 , 316 odeum , 84 Montemario, 7 , 7f2 , 344 Napoleon Bonaparte, 313 claybeds of, 128 and archaeological investigations, 299 Monteverde, 6 and dissolution of monasteries, 299 , 316 Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, 73 , 325f212 and Napoleonic Code, 299 monumentum, monumenta , 39 , 56 and Pincian Gardens, 301 and processions, 53 and principles of social justice, 302 Moro, Aldo, 345 and Roman Republic of, 298 mosaics, 159 , 238 urban planning and reforms of, 298, Mousawi, Sami, 341 300 – 2 munera , funerary games, 56 , 57 Nathan, Ernesto, 322, 325 – 26 , 340 Muses, statues at Porticus Philippi, 106 National Ministry of Public Works, 343 museums Nationalists, 317 Ara Pacis Museum, 341 and dissolution of monasteries, 316 Capitoline Museum, 11 , 304 1870 siege of Rome, 316 Centrale Montemartini Museum, 327 and fortii cation of Rome’s periphery, 316 created to protect ancient sculpture, 293 occupy papal oi ces, 316 historic center as museum, 341 , 346 and secular government, 316 as legacy of the Grand Tour, 304 naumachia , 59 MAXXI Museum, 341 of Augustus, 49 – 50, 51 , 113 , 128 Museo delle Terme, 134 of Caesar, 34 , 41 National Gallery of Modern Art, 327 of Trajan, 198 pagan temples as state museums, 162 Navalia (concrete ship shed in Emporium), at Porticus Philippi, 106 26 , 28 , 61 Vatican Museum, 304 Negulesco, Jean, 338 Muslims. See Saracens neighborhoods and districts. See also vici ; regions Mussolini, Benito, 328 – 35 , 336 – 39 ( regiones ) destroys Velian Hill, 7 ancient, 32 , 46 , 82 , 91 , 101 , 124 , 126 and Esposizione Universale di Roma , EUR business and activities in, 127 ‘42, 336 Campus Martius, 47 , 88 and garden cities as political rhetoric, 328 census of, 117 and Mausoleum of Augustus, 330 sequestration of industry in, 127 and model of Constantinian Rome, 329 in Vatican Plain, 66 , 67 , 91 , 111 , 198 and neighborhood demolition and urban near Via Appia/Baths of Caracalla, 98 renewal, 312 , 329 , 330 , 334 demolition and photography of, 312 as a new Augustus, 329 as described in guidebooks, 307

416 INDEX

neighborhoods and districts (cont.) and Prata Neronis, 66 , 69 , 197 medieval, 69 , 145 , 187 , 206, 237 , 322 as Sol, 72 Borgo, 198 urban reforms of, 61 , 64 , 66 – 67 Jewish Ghetto. See Jews and Jewish Nerva, 78 , 81 community restoration of liberty, 81 regio Coliseo , 225 Nicholas III, Pope, 204 scholae , 278 and Vatican fortii cations, 252 modern, 248 , 254 , 255 , 280 , 312 Nicholas V, Pope, 251 , 281 Catalans 279 and Acqua Vergine, 261 demolition of, 322 and 1450 Jubilee, 252 Florentines, 253 , 279 and Leon Battista Alberti, 252 French, 257 , 279 and Old St. Peter’s, 283 Jewish Ghetto. See Jews and Jewish Niger Lapis (Volcanal), 56 community 1911 Universal Exposition, 327 overcrowding of, 334 1960 Summer Olympics, 338f222 , 342 – 44 Prati, 344 Nolli Plan. See maps and mapping Quartiere Esquilino, 315 , 317 Nolli, Carlo, 295 rione, 295 , 296f193 Nolli, Giovanni Battista, 294, 296 San Lorenzo, 315 , 322 , 339 Normans, 212 , 233 Testaccio, 315 , 320 , 322 Nuremberg Chronicle, 198 Tuscolano Don Bosco, 341f224 Nymphaeum Iovis, 113 urban and regional planning for, 325 Venetians, 279 obelisks, 267 , 270 restrictions on during plague, 279 at Circus of Gaius and Nero, 196 , 197 , Nemus Caesarum. See groves 203 , 264 Neo-Fascist Party, 345 at Piazza della Rotonda, 294 Nera River, 245 at Piazza S. Pietro, 264 , 283 Nero, 69 , 84 , 95 , 96 , 113 , 124 at Piazza Montecitorio, 298, 298f195 and Arcus Neroniani. See aqueducts: and Sixtus V, 193 Neronian extension of Aqua as urban landmarks, 297 – 98 Claudia (Arcus Neroniani) Octavia, sister of Augustus, 104 Baths of. See Baths of Nero Octavian (later, Augustus), 33 , 35 . See also and building codes, 66 , 125 Augustus Circus of. See Circus of Gaius and Nero and Agrippa, 38 Colossus of, 225 and Battle of Actium, 35 and concrete construction, 61 – 62 and Campus Martius, 38 and deii ed Claudius, 74 and Pompey the Great, 38 and Domus Aurea. See palaces, ancient: and rivalry with Mark Antony, 35 Domus Aurea and Second Triumvirate, 35 and the Flavians, 72 , 73 statue of crowning Mausoleum of and i re of 64 C.E., 62 – 64 , 111 Augustus, 39 and i re-proof/i re-resistant buildings, 66 Octavianus, later Pope John XII, 233 Gymnasium of, 84 Odeum of Domitian, 84 and Horti Agrippinae, 67 Odo of Cluny (Saint), 233 and Horti of Maecenas, 109 Odoacer, 163 legacy of, 70 , 72 , 73 – 74 Old Testament, 213 persecution of Christians by, 68 , 149 Olympic Committee, Italian, 343 and Pons Neronianus. See bridges: Pons Olympic Village, 342f226 Neronianus Olympics of Civilization, 336

INDEX 417

open city strategy, World War II, 339 construction of, 288 Opera Nazionale Balilla, City of Sport, 337 as depicted in vedute , 308 Opimius, Lucius, 28 mercantile and manufacturing Oppian Hill, 9 activities in, 259 and Domus Aurea, 64 Palazzo Alberini, 223 , 258 and Porticus Liviae, 106 , 187 Palazzo Altieri, 288 topography of, 6 , 7 , 69 , 90 Palazzo Barberini, 266 Ordo Romanus Benedicti Palazzo Borghese, 289 – 90 compared with Einsiedeln Itinerary, 210 , 212 Palazzo Caetani, formerly Orsini, Francesco, 257 Rucellai, 287 Orsini, Gaetani (Pope Nicholas III), 252 Palazzo Capranica, 256 Ortaccio, prostitutes’ ghetto, 278 Palazzo Cenci, 288 Ostia, Italy, 4 , 366 Palazzo Cesarini, 223 burial sites at, 126 Palazzo Chigi, 267 , 288 and building codes, 62 , 66 , 96 , 125 Palazzo Colonna, 319 Hadrian, urban programs of, 89 Palazzo de’ Manili, 257 industries at, 127 Palazzo de’ Medici, 255 , 290 and insulae , 67 Palazzo dei Tribunali, 254 and Lido di Ostia, 328 Palazzo della Cancelleria, 256 , 256f166 , 258 , maps and mapping of, 245 , 294 281 , 319 pilgrimage routes from, 139 , 166 and urban organization around, 257 and Portus, 128 , 166 , 184, 232 Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, 288 saltpans at, 6 Palazzo Farnese, 254 , 256 – 57 , 257f167, 258 , and Saracens, 242 274, 279, 281 , 290 and Tiber River, 5 Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, 258 , and Tiber River bike path, 249 259f169 , 319 vigiles stations at, 85 , 116 Palazzo Mattei, 288 Palazzo Orsini, 38f26 , 257 Palace of Pontius Pilate, Jerusalem, 191 Palazzo Pamphilj, 288 palaces, ancient, 60 Palazzo Pichi, 258 Domus Aurea, 63 – 66 , 64f40 , 74 , 82 , 90 , 113 Palazzo Quirinale, 266 , 288. See also and the Colossus, 72 Quirinal Palace design innovation at, 64 Palazzo Rucellai, later Caetani, 287 and i re of 64 C.E., 65 – 66 Palazzo Salviati, 288 and Flavians, 69 , 72 Palazzo Sciarra, 288 gardens at, 63 , 113 Palazzo Senatorio, 276 Severus and Celer, architects of, 62 Palazzo Spada, 254 , 290 Domus Tiberiana, 60 , 95 , 215 Palazzo SS. Apostoli, 251 of Augustus, 43 Palazzo Venezia, 256 , 257 , 258 , 273 , 288 , 319 of Domitian, 97 as ritual nucleus 324 , 330 on Palatine Hill, 214 , 216 and processions, 271 of Septimius Severus, 98 and tourist itineraries, 307 palaces, early Christian, 138 , 158 , 169 palaestra . See baths and bathing Sessorium, 191 Palatine Hill, 8, 9, 10 , 14f6 , 83f56 palaces, medieval and baronial familes, 217 , 234 Corsi, 218 burial sites on, 14 palaces, modern, 254 – 59 , 258f168 , 290f190 and Circus Maximus, 56 in the Borgo, 254, 281 and Clivus Scauri , 144 of cardinals, 256 , 270 and Domus Tiberiana, 60

418 INDEX

Palatine Hill (cont.) and surface vertical displacement of and the Guelph faction, 235 ground, 86 – 89 in i fth century, 171 urban alignments, 88 , 89 i res, 82 , 95 Pantheon of Agrippa. See Agrippa: Pantheon of fortii cation of, 216 – 17 , 234 , 235 papal bulls, 253 , 264 and Frangipane, 216 papal possesso , 205 – 6 , 209, 212 , 271 – 72 games and spectacles of Innocent XII, 272f177 and Ludi Megalenses, 58 ritual acts along route, 272 gardens and vineyards, 107 , 263 Via Papalis, 156 , 204, 206f135 house of Cicero, 52 , 81 Papal States, 235 , 313 , 315 imperial residence, 214 – 15 under Napoleon, 298 –99 of Augustus, 43 Parco della Musica, 341 , 342f226 of Domitian, 82 Paris, France, 300 of Hadrian, 89 Parks, public (modern), 315 , 325 – 26 , 340 and imperium , 171 , 177 , 188 , 214 – 17 under Napoleon, 299 as location of Greek community, 177 Parco Archeologico, 326 , 329 maintenance of structures with wine tax, 175 Pincian Gardens, 108 , 301 medieval churches on, 155 , 215 proposed in 1908 piano regolatore , 325 mythology of, 10 , 53 suburban, 346 papal control of, 215 – 16 Villa Borghese, 326 prehistoric settlement of, 11 , 54 Villa Pamphilj, 326 and processions on, 55 Paschal II, Pope, 235 and regiones , 127 Pasquino (talking statue) and pasquinades , and Romulus, 10 310 , 312 and S. Cesario Graecorum, 216 , 218 Passetto di Borgo, 197f130 temples of, 57 Passio sanctorum quattuor coronatorum , 139 topography of, 5 , 6 , 7 , 69 , 90 Paul II, Pope and Via Appia, 194 and Carnival, 273 water supply to, 263 and Palazzo Venezia, 256 Palatiolum, 202 , 233 Paul III, Pope, 330 , 378 Palazzo dei Senatori, 220 convenes Council of Trent, 261 paleobotanical analysis at Forum of and Palazzo Farnese, 256 Caesar, 228 and trivium (street pattern), 288 Palestrina, Italy, 26 , 30 , 106 and Via Paolina, 255 Panini, Giovanni Paolo, 305 Paul IV, Pope Pantano di San Basilio. See marshes, pools, and the Jewish Ghetto, 277 and swamps Paul V, Pope, 266 , 283 , 289, 293 , 375 Pantano Spoglia Christi. See marshes, pools, and Acqua Paola, 264 and swamps Peace, 76 , 80 Pantheon, 41, 87f60 , 87f61 , 110 , 153 , 180 (for penates (tutelary gods), 55 , 91 post-antique period, see S. Maria peristyles and peristyle gardens, 103 – 8 ad Martyres ) at Domus Aurea, 63 atrium of, 153 at Gymnasium of Nero, 84 and dedication to Christian martyrs, 293 at Porticus Liviae, 106 and Domitian, 86 at Porticus Octavia, 103 , 106 i res at, 95 at Sanctuary of Juno at Gabii, 105 neighborhood around, 88 at Templum Pacis, 76 , 103 , 106 , 107 and pilgrim itineraries, 213 at Theater of Balbus, 59 repair and restoration of, 97 , 180 at Theater of Pompey, 59

INDEX 419

persecution of Christians Piazza della Minerva, 337 Great Persecution (303-311), 139 Piazza della Repubblica, 134 , 134f94 , 314 by Nero, 68 , 149 , 197 Piazza della Ripetta, 268 by Valerian, 99 Piazza della Rotonda, 327f214 Pesaro, Italy, 184 fountains at, 262 pest-houses. See disasters: epidemics, plague and late-medival market stalls, 252 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), 160 , 239 , obelisk at, 294 251 , 252 Piazza di Pianto, 257 Phocas, Byzantine Emperor, 180 Piazza di Ponte, 258 , 282f183 , 322 photography and photographs, 310 – 12 and Florentine community, 279 Phrygianum, 140 – 41 , 162 and Julius II, 254 Piacentini, Marcello, 337 and trivium (street pattern), 255 Piano, Renzo, 341 urban interventions at, 253 – 54 piazzas, 267 – 70 Piazza di Spagna, 269 , 344 bandi , prohibitions related to, 310 fountains at, 266 Campo de’ Fiori, 226 , 257 Piazza Farnese and censuses, public surveys of, 295 and chinea , 275 Cortina, 201 , 202 and urban organization around, 257 as dump sites, 245 Piazza Giudea, 277 – 78 editti , prohibitions related to, 277 Piazza Montecitorio, obelisk at, 298, and motorized trai c, 344 298f195 and the Nolli Plan, 296 Piazza Navona, 226 , 253 , 257 , 275f180 , 288 – 89 , and obelisks, 270 289f189 , 310 and paving, 261 , 268 , 307 and Carnival, 273 and public celebrations, 275 fountains at, 262 as theatrical space, 267 – 69 and Innocent X, 288 and vedute , 303 as late-medieval public market, 226 Piazza Augusto Imperatore, 330 as Stadium of Domitian, 84 Piazza Borghese Piazza Nicosia, 254 , 297 urban reorganization around, 290 Piazza Quirinale, obelisk at, 297 , 298 Piazza Capitolina (del Campidoglio) Piazza S. Marco, and possesso , 272 and Michelangelo, 276, 276f181 Piazza S. Maria della Pace, 287 Piazza Colonna, 94f66 , 287 , 288 Piazza S. Pietro, 268f175 , 283 , 301 and Alexander VII, 267 fountians at, 264 , 283 and Column of Marcus and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 196 Aurelius, 95 , 267 obelisk at, 264 , 268 , 283 fountains at, 262 and Via della Concilazione, 330 insulae at, 68f43 Piazza Sant’Ignazio, 268 , 269 Piazza d’Armi, 327 Piazza Scossacavalli, 254 , 281 , 282f184 Piazza del Popolo, 267 , 269 , 300 , 300f197, Piazza Sforza Cesarini, 156 309f203 Piazza Spada, 290 and Alexander VII, 288 Piazza Tevere, 346 , 346f228 fountains at, 262 Piazza Trevi, 266 , 293 and Giuseppe Valadier’s plan, 301 Piazza Trinità dei Monti, and Sixtus V, 264 and Leo X, 255 Piazza Venezia, 310 , 319 , 346 obelisk at, 267 and Carnival, 273 and pilgrims, 314 as ritual nucleus, 324 and Sixtus V, 264 , 269 as transportation node, 319 and trivium (street pattern), 255 Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II, 315 , 315f206

420 INDEX

pilgrimage and pilgrims, 194 , 205 – 9 , and Italian unii cation, 315 – 16 236f151 , 345 and private investors, 313 during Avignon papacy, 236 and railroads, 314 to basilicas, 139 and Roman Republic, 313 and baths and bathing, 168 and Tiber River bridges, 247 and the Borgo, 152 , 168 , 204 urban planning of, 313 – 15 , 314f205 charity to, and social services for, 169 , 180 , Pius XII, Pope, 343f227 181 , 184 , 186, 201 , 237 plague. See disasters : epidemics cultural pilgrimage, 303 planetary gods, 98 and feast days, 264 planning policy. See administration, modern: guidebooks for, 212 urban and regional planning Einsiedeln Itinerary. See Einsiedeln Itinerary Plastico di Roma (model of ancient Rome), Ordo Romanus Benedicti , 209 136 , 137f96 , 329 in Jubilee years, 236 Plato’s Academy, 79 and pilgrimage centers, 158 , 170 , 199 , 202 Plautius Venox, Gaius, 21 and pontii cate of Sixtus V, 264 , 270 Plautus, 57 required of clergy, 264 plebeians roads and routes, 165 , 166 , 209 and Appius Claudius Caecus, 21 Rua Francigena, 201 and Aventine Hill, 17, 47 of Sigeric, 165 and Circus Flaminius, 22–23 at suburban cemeteries, 158 , 170 and consulship, 19 during times of plague, 279 and Gracchan dynasty, 25, 27 and veneration of apostles and martyrs, 140 , 165 and Pompey, 29 and Via Papalis. See streets: Via Papale temples of, 17 , 47 Pincian Gardens, public park, 301 Pliny the Elder, 124 Pincian Hill, 111f81 Polemius Silvius, 176 aqueducts of, 40 , 113 , 263 political instability, 345 and Giuseppe Valadier’s plan, 300f197 , 301 ef ect on urban planning, 345 horti (urban gardens) on, 109 , 177 Polybius, description of eulogies, 53 and Sixtus V, 264 pomerium , 10 , 14 , 18 , 124 and Spanish Steps, 269 and Augustan urban reforms, 47 topography of, 6 , 9 burials within, 117 Pinecone fountain, 141 expanded under Vespasian and Titus, 124 Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, 296, 308 and horti (urban gardens), 109 piscina publica , 41 interdiction against weapons within, 115 Pius II, Pope, 253 and ritual processions, 53 , 54 – 55 Pius IV, Pope, concludes Council of Trent, 261 Pompeii, Italy, 125 , 127 Pius V, Pope Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), and Acqua Vergine, 261 29 , 30 , 33 , 38 , 40 , 59 evicts prostitutes, 278 statue of, 33 , 53 Pius VI, Pope, 298 , 369 Pompey, Sextus, 35 exile of, 298 Ponte Rotto. See bridges: Ponte S. Maria and obelisks, 297 , 298 Pontine Marshes. See marshes, pools, and swamps social programs of, 297 popes. See also popes listed by name Pius VII, Pope, 313 and Alberic II of Spoleto, 233 exile of, 299 and antipopes, 193 , 235 Pius IX, Pope, 313 – 16 , 324 during Avignon papacy, 194 , 236 , 239 and Acqua Marcia Pia Antica, 315 burial sites of, 145 and Francis De Mérode, 314 , 315 and communes in Roman Campagna, 220

INDEX 421

and Humanism, 252 Pozzuoli, Italy and imperium , 234 grove of Libitina at, 117 and the Jews, 277 Serapeum at, 89 non-Roman, 252 Praefectus annonae . See administration, ancient: and the Palatine Hill, 215 grain, l our, or bread procurement and pasquinades , 310 and distribution and processions, 271 Praetorian Guard. See administration, ancient: Roman, 235 , 236 oi ce, magistrates, and magistracies, villas and gardens of, 263 Praetorian Prefect and Guard population, 138 , 150 Prata Neronis, 198 decline of, 161 , 164 , 186, 223 , 259 abandonment of during Middle Ages, 69 growth of, 20 , 29 , 58 , 66 , 251 , 319 , 340 , 341 after i re of 64 C.E., 69 growth of and water supply, 22, 27 Priapus, 108 shifts within city, 183 , 187 , 212 , 223 , 232 , 236 processions, 53 – 56 , 211f138 , 271 – 77 Porta Appia, 101f73 to create civic cohesion, 53 , 205 , 248 Porta Aurelia, 102 on feast days, 201 , 209 , 273 Porta Capena, 21 funeral, 53 . See also burial practices: funerals Porta Cavalleggeri, 202 and processions Porta del Popolo, 237 , 273 , 287, 288, 307 ( for of Le Zitelle dal Monastero di S. Caterina dei ancient period, see Porta Flaminia) Funari, 273 Porta Flaminia, 207 ( for post-antique period, see Lupercalia, 53 , 54 Porta del Popolo) and the Ordo Romanus Benedicti , 209 Porta Fontinalis, 23 , 24 papal possesso . See papal possesso Porta Maggiore, 60 , 61f38, 168 , 314 routes of, 140, 190 , 208, 210 – 12 , 254 , 333 Porta Metrovia, 144 and sacrii ces, 53 Porta Pia, 297 , 316 to stational churches, 171 Porta Portuensis (Porta Portese), 242 , 314 triumphs and triumphal routes, 54 –56 , railroad, 314 55f36 Porta Querquetulana, 190 of Charles V, 330 Porta S. Sebastiano, 275 , 276 of Gregory XI, 238 Porta Triumphalis, 55 of Marcantonio Colonna, 276 Porticus Aemilia, 24 , 27f18 of Theodoric, the Great, 177 Porticus Divorum, 82 of Titus, 74 Porticus Liviae, 107f77 , 187 Procopius, 164 , 166 Porticus Maximae, 152, 155 – 56 , 171 , 199 , 202 production facilities Porticus Metelli, 103 , 105 and regionary catalogs, 125 Porticus Minucia, 115 , 229 , 230 sequestration of, 127 Porticus Octavia, 103 , 104f74 , 106 for wine, 111 Porticus Octaviae, 103 – 4 , 104f74 property. See also individual owners repair and restoration of, 104 beqeathed to the people of Rome, 110 Porticus Philippi, 104f74 , 106 endowed to the Church, 158 , 191 , 192 , 216 Porticus Pompeiana (Porticus of Pompey), 41 expropriations and seizures of, 66 , 197 , 254, Porticus Vipsania, 41 277, 316 , 322 Porto di Ripetta. See wharves: Ripetta imperial, 110 , 139 , 145 , 154, 174 , 191 , 194 Portoghesi, Paolo, 341 maps and boundaries of, 295 Portus, Italy, 94 , 128, 131 , 185 , 202 ownership patterns of, 145 , 203 , 227 abandonment of, 232 of scholae , 203 possesso. See papal possesso speculation. See housing: housing crisis Pottery Row. See industries and workshops taxation of, 115 , 264

422 INDEX

prostitution and prostitutes, 251 , 278 , 279 Villa d’Este, 288 , 306f200 prohibitions mentioned in bandi , 310 visual axis with Pantheon, 88 – 89 Protestant churches, 316 Quirinal Palace Protestantism, 266 città alta , government complex, 317 ptochia (poorhouse), 181 , 186 residence of Italy’s president, 266 , 288 , 317 public health and sanitation, 28 , 114 , 261 – 63 , 279 , 320 – 22 , 329 – 30 , 340 Rabirius, architect to Domitian, 82 and drains and sewers, 41 , 168 , 248, rag trade (for papermaking), 277 261 , 263 . See also administration, Raphael Sanzio da Urbino, 252 modern Ravenna, Italy, 144 , 172 , 184 and epidemics, 279 real-estate speculation. See housing: housing crisis and l oods, 41 Red Brigades, 345 and housing crisis, 335 , 341 Reformation of Catholic Church, 259 and overcrowding, 277 , 334 refugees, 183 , 341 and Tiber River embankment, 319 Regia, 14 , 35 , 55 and trash and waste collection, 245 regionary catalogs, 124 – 25 , 127 , 197 , 222. See also and water supply, 265 regions (regiones ) Punic War, 22, 57 regions (regiones ) Four pre-Augustan regions, 19 , 47 quarries Fourteen Augustan regions, 46 , 60 , 63 , 112 , clay, 7, 128 116 , 124, 145 , 183 , 186, 198 , 222 , 296 in Egypt under Tetrachy, 132 and regionary catalogs, 125 at Forum Boarium, 13 seven ecclesiastical regions, 170 , 183 , 186 , 187 granite and porphyry, 132 Remus. See Romulus and Remus marble, 94 Res gestae Divi Augusti , 330 pozzolana , 7 , 145 , 149 Rhine River, 100 Proconnesian marble, 135 Rhodes, Greece, 4 spolia, 47 Ricimer, 163 Quartiere Esquilino, 314 Rienzo, Cola di. See Cola di Rienzo Quartiere San Paolo, 327 Rimini, Italy, 23 Quirinal Hill, 82 , 90f63 , 234f150 rione , 187 , 295 , 296 and aqueducts, 263 boundaries of, 296 , 310 aristocratic domus on, 126 , 224 Parione, 296f193 and Barberini, 266 Pigna, 296f193 Baths of Constantine, 166 Ponte, 253 , 254 burials on, 11 Sant’Angelo in Pescheria, 187 churches on, 155 S. Eustachio, 187 città alta , 317 Risorgimento, 324 – 27 , 332 and Column of Trajan, 78 , 79f52 and inequality, 319 i res of, 95 and urban and regional planning, 319 – 22 , 329 obelisk on, 297 , 298 roads, 102 and piano regolatore , 318f208 consular roads, 6 , 47 , 166 , 201 Serapeum, 88 – 89 , 136 , 233 and baracche , 334 and Sixtus V, 264 , 297, 317 and Christian burial sites, 142 , 151 temples on, 35 and housing developments, 341 terrain, alteration of, 264 , 319 and pilgrimage, 165 for Forum of Trajan, 78 , 85 repair of, 48 , 292 topography of, 6 , 9 Rua Francigena, 201 , 202 Via Nazionale, 319 Via Appia, 6 , 98

INDEX 423

burial sites along, 24, 118 , 140 , 149 – 50 transformation of by pilgrimage trai c, 158 and Circus of Maxentius, 135 and urban expansion ring dei ned in piano engineering of, 21 regolatore of 1908, 325 monasteries and convents along, 177 views of in paintings and prints, 304 and papal defenses, 194 , 216 , 234 Roman Republic of 1849, 313 and Septizodium, 98 Roman Republic of Napoleon, 298 and trade, 184 romanità , 326 , 329 , 330 , 345 and triumphs, 275 , 276 romanticization of ruins and Via Flaminia, 205 , 207 and Fascism, 330 Via Ardeatina, 120f85 and Petrarch, 239 Via Aurelia, 49 , 144 , 244 and photography, 311 Via Cassia, 184 reconstruction as simulacrum, 294 Via Cornelia and Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 burial sites along, 68 , 140 and vedute , 303 , 307 and Old St. Peter’s, 190 , 198, 201 Romulus and pilgrimage, 156 , 201 apotheosis of, 9 , 35 , 36 processions along, 205 and patrician families, 17 and scholae , 202 , 203 and pomerium , 53 and Vatican Plain, 67 – 69 as Quirinus, 35 Via Flaminia, 7f2 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 67 , 91 , 94 , 136 , and Rome’s foundation, 10 – 11 205 , 207, 224 , 273, 287 (for intramural and Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 56 route in post-antique period, see and tropaeum (trophy), 140 streets: Via Lata; Via del Corso) and Volcanal, 56 and diaconiae , 183 Romulus and Remus, 8, 10 , 53 , 55 , 244 and Gaius Flaminius Nepos, 23 Rossellini, Roberto, 337 and pilgrimage, 165 Rostra, 35 , 56 , 132 and tourist itineraries, 307 described by Polybius, 53 and Via Appia, 207 and Forum, 32 , 44 Via Labicana, 139 , 194 , 210 and Gaius Gracchus, 27 Via Nomentana, 328 and Gaius Maenius, 20 , 56 Via Ostiensis/Ostiense, 140 , 149 , 166 , 234 , 314 repair and restoration of, 132 Via Portuensis, 131 , 144 Via Praenestina, 22 , 152 S. Maria ad Martyres 181f121 (for ancient period, Via Salaria, 6 , 128 see Pantheon) Via Tiburtina, 184 and dedication to Christian martyrs, 180 Via Triumphalis, 68 , 128 , 201 and tourism, 344 Via Tusculana, 190 , 191 , 192 burial of King Vittorio Emanuele II at, 324 rocca dei Frangipane , 216 , 234 l oods at, 244 , 259 , 294 Rohault de Fleury, Georges, 188 repair and restoration of, 180 , 252 , 294 Roma, 90 , 91 S. Maria della Rotonda. See S. Maria ad Martyres Roma Aeterna (Eternal Rome), 91 Sabines, 6 , 10 – 11 Roman Campagna, 158 , 225 , 325 Sabine War, 55 , 56 agrarian resettlement of, 27 sacrii ces, 14 , 53 – 54 , 140 and domus cultae , 158 , 184 , 233 of Lupercalia, 53 and labor force, 203 prohibition of, 162 and rural militia, 192 to Cybele and Attis, 162 and landholdings of merchant and bovatierri of triumph, 56 families, 227 sacrum palatium , 204 and rural communes, 220 Saepta, 36 , 37 , 40 , 88

424 INDEX

Salinae, 6 , 13 , 22 , 24 and imperium , 214 salt mining and trade, 6 and Roman Comune, 218 Salt Road. See roads: Via Salaria institution of, in antiquity, 37 , 58 , 99 – 100 Salvi, Nicola, 293 and Augustus, 40 San Lorenzo neighborhood, 315 , 322 , 339 and Capitolium, 73 Sancta Sanctorum, 188 and comitia , 15 Sanctuary of Deii ed Claudius, 116 and Constantine, 191 Sanctuary of Elagabalus, 107 , 108f78 and deii cation of emperors, 35 , 74 , 79 Sanctuary of Libertas, 81 in early Christian city, 171 Sanctuary of Matidia, 88 and fear of tyrants, 26 Sanjust di Teulada, Edmondo, 325 , 326f213 , 347 and imperium , 171 Santa Rosa cemetery, 149 and interdiction against permanent Saracens, 164 , 221 , 232 buildings, 58 and fortii cations, 233 and Palatine Hill, 214 and Mediterranean, 166 , 184, 202, 232 , 242 and patrician descent, 17 , 44 attack St. Peter’s, 203 and Pompey, 58 refugees from, 183 and processions, 177 Saturn and victory monuments, 56 cult of, 17 and water supply, 47 Temple of in Forum, 56 Senatus Populusque Romanus , Sawdust Caesar, Benito Mussolini, 336 SPQR, 214 , 218 Saxons. See scholae Septimius Severus, 96 – 98, 104 , 115 Scalae Caci, 55 Arch of. See Arch of Septimius Severus schola ( diaconia school) and grain dole, 97 , 100 Sant’Angelo in Pescheria, 104 Marble plan of. See Severan marble plan schola cantorum , 191 and olive oil dole, 97 schola Graecorum , 202 repairs and restores Aqua Claudia, 117 scholae (national pilgrimage centers), 196 , 201 –3 , Septizodium of. See Septizodium 201f134 and Severan Baths, 98 and Saracens, 202 urban restoraion program of. See Atrium schola Francorum, 201 , 202 Vestae , Palace of Domitian , schola Frisonum, 201 , 202 Pantheon, Porticus Octaviae , schola Langobardum, 201 , 202 Templum Pacis schola Saxonum, 201 , 202 Septizodium, 98 , 98f69 , 194 , 276 scholae militiae . See administration, medieval: fortii cations and baronial families at, districts and boundaries 216 , 234 Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, 109 fountain of, 216 Scipio Africanus (the Elder), 38 , 108 , 109 as terminus to Via Appia, 98 Sella, Quintino, 317 Sepulcretum, 11 , 12f4 , 135 sellisternium , ritual, 58 Serapeum, 88 – 89, 90 , 90f63 , 136 , 137 , 233 , 297 Senate examples at Alexandria and Pozzuoli, 89 chamber of Serapis, 88 , 89 during ancient period (Curia), 19 Sergius III, Pope, 233 and Gaius Gracchus, 27 Servian Wall, 18f10, 47 , 60 , 109 , 116 , 124 , 171 of Pompey, 33 , 53 Sessorium Hall, 152 in post-antique period settimana della cultura , 346 Palazzo dei Senatori, 29 , 218 Seven Marvels of Rome, 176 institution of, after antiquity, 218 – 20 Severan marble plan, 76f49, 80f54 , 103 , 104f74 , and Cola di Rienzo, 237 107f77 , 109f79 , 116 , 122 – 24 , 306

INDEX 425

accuracy of, 130 St. Jerome (347c - 420), 162 and Mussolini, 330 St. John Lateran. See churches: Lateran basilica and naumachia of Augustus, 128 St. Paul, 140 and Porticus Liviae, 106 St. Paul’s within the Walls, 316 and Porticus Philippi, 106 St. Peter, 140 , 317 symbols used on, 125 tomb of, 68 , 140f98 , 151 , 154, 198 , 252 and taxation formula, 126 veneration of, 196 , 199 and Tiber River, 130 St. Peter’s Cathedral, 140f98, 145 , 152 , 200f133 , Severus and Celer, architects, 62 264 , 333f219 shrines and connection to Stazione Termini, 319 of Jupiter, Capitoline Hill, 84 construction of, 283 of Libertas, Palatine Hill, 52 and 1505 design competition, 283 of penates (tutelary gods), 55 , 91 and 1575 Jubilee, 284f185 of Terminus, 74 obelisk at, 264 Simplicius, Pope Old St. Peter’s (Constantine’s basilica), 137 , and Sant’Angelo in Catabarbara, 174 152 , 155 , 177 , 198, 200f133 , 225 and S. Stefano Rotondo, 171 atrium of, 140 , 199 , 284f185 Sixtus III, Pope, 177 attack by Alaric’s troops at, 163 and S. Maria Maggiore, 171 attack by Saracens at, 164 , 203 Sixtus IV, Pope and Campus Martius, 155 and eminent domain, 254 and Constantine, 154 , 197 and Via Sistina, 253 diaconiae at, 182 Sixtus V, Pope, 288 and feast days, 209 and Acqua Felice, 263 – 64 fortii cation of, 233 and pilgrimage and pilgrims, 268 and the Lateran, 194 possesso of, 272 and Leonine Wall, 203 and Quirinal Hill, 297 , 317 monasteries and convents of, 179 , 199 , 203 and silk factory at Baths of Diocletian, 264 mosaic façade of, 198 and the Jewish Ghetto, 278 and Nuremberg Chronicle, 198 and urban planning, 264 , 265f172 , 269 , pilgrimage and pilgrims to, 139 , 165 – 66 , 314 , 322 168, 186 , 196 , 202 , 207 use of obelisks by, 193 , 264 , 268 , 270 , 283 and Pius II, 253 and Vatican Palace, 281 and porticus Maximae , 199 and Villa Montalto, 314 and possesso , 271 slaves, 40 and processions, 177 , 190 , 201 , 204 , 205 , 210 , Socialist Party, 345 254, 275 , 277 Sol, 72 public ceremonies at, 203 , 207 Soldier Emperors, 99 topography of site, 140, 152 , 196 Spanish Embassy, 269 urban context of, 156 , 162 , 164 , 204 , 224 Spanish monarchy, 266 use of spolia, 137 Spanish Steps, 264 , 268 , 269 , 269f176 , 292, 297 , and Vatican Palace, 197 304 , 344 , 347 and Piazza S. Pietro, 283 Spanish troops, 313 and processions, 172 Specchi, Alessandro, 268 , 308f201 as tourist destination, 307 spina, of the Borgo, 332 and Via della Concilazione, 332 spolia (despoiled materials), 135 – 37 , 138 , 227 , 294 Statilius Taurus, 37 , 59 springs and brooks, 8 – 9 , 166 , 168 , 264 statistics Fons Juturnae (spring), 8 , 16 , 55 of ancient city, 124 Petronia Amnis (spring and brook), 8 , 9 and regionary catalogs, 124

426 INDEX

Stazione Termini. See administration, modern: Via del Pellegrino, 156 , 275 public works; transportation: Via del Quirinale, 298 railroads Via dell’Impero, 330 – 32 , 332f218 , 333 , 339 Stimula, 109 Via dell’Orso, 212 Stoicism, 77 Via della Concilazione, 198 , 330 , 333 Strabo, 38 , 48 Via della Lungara, 254 Strategy of Tension, 345 Via della Lungaretta, 49 , 50f34 , 244 Street of Reconciliation. See streets: Via della Via delle Quattro Fontane, 297 , 314 Concilazione Via delle Sette Chiese, 165 streets, 102 , 251 , 253 – 58 Via di Pietra, 212 Argiletum, 183 Via di Porta Labicana, 101f72 bandi, prohibitions, 310 Via di S. Giovanni in Laterano, 145 Clivus Palatinus , 216 Via di Santo Spirito, 210 Clivus Scauri , 144 Via Felice, 264 , 297 Clivus Suburanus , 171 , 183 Via Giubonnari, 156 Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 319 , 321f210 Via Giulia, 254 , 255 , 257 , 322 editti, prohibitions, 277 Via Lata, 67 , 91 , 207, 224. See also streets: Via illumination of, 313 Flaminia for ancient period, and Lungoteveri (riverside boulevards), 319 streets: Via del Corso for modern named in Einsiedeln Itinerary , 209 period Rua Francigena, 202 at Arco di Portogallo, 207 Sacra Via, 54f35 , 55 , 90 , 137 , 216 , 275 and Carnival, 273 and Sixtus V, 264 , 265f172 at Column of Marcus Aurelius, 94 Strada della Fiumara, 278 and diaconiae , 184 , 207 Strada Nuova, 314 , 319 noble and baronial residences along, Via Alessandrina, 254, 281 , 322 168 , 207 Via Arenula, 229 and possesso , 212 Via Babuino, 255 , 310 and Robert Guiscard, 233 Via Borgo Nuovo, 254 Via Lateranensis, 205 Via Borgo Santo Spirito, 202 Via Leonina, 255 Via Caelimontana, 190 Via Maior, 190 , 193 , 205 , 210 Via Capitolina, 276 Via Marmorelle, before 1912, 311f204 Via d’Aracoeli, 276 Via Mercatoria, 253 Via de’ Baulari, 257 Via Nazionale, 319 , 320f209 Via dei Banchi Nuovi, 210 , 212 Via Panisperna, 173f115 Via dei Banchi Vecchi, 156 , 254 Via Paola, 255 Via dei Condotti, 269 , 297 Via Paolina, 255 Via dei Coronari, 256 Via Papale, Via Papalis, 206f135, 216 , 222, 226, Via dei Fori Imperiali, 330 , 346 257 , 275 , 287 , 319 Via dei Vascellari, 241 and curtes , 229 –30 Via del Colosseo, 210 and giudebooks, 205 – 13 Via del Corso, 23 , 67 , 287 –88 , 287f188 , 319 , noble and baronial residences along, 223 , 330 . See also streets: Via Flaminia 256 , 258 – 59 for ancient period, and streets: Via at Piazza di Ponte, 253 Lata for medieval period and pilgrimage, 254 and Alexander VII, 287 and population shifts to, 223 , 236 and Carnival, 273 and possesso , 206f135 , 271 as described in guidebooks, 307 and processions, 190 , 204 , 276 Via del Governo Vecchio, 210 , 212 and trivium (street pattern), 255

INDEX 427

Via Pia, 317 and photography, 310 Via Recta, 253 and river-powered mills. 166 , 177 . See Via Rua, 334f220 also mills Via Sistina, Borgo, 322 and water-lii ng device of Camillo Via Sistina, Campo Marzio, 254 , 255 Agrippa, 40 Via SS. Quattro Coronati, 190 and water pressure, 70 Via Tor dei Conti, 210 Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, 135 Via Tor di Nona, 212 Temple of Apollo in Circo , 43 , 181 Via XX Settembre, 317 Temple of Apollo Palatinus, 43 Vicus Tuscus, 8 , 182 Temple of Bellona, 181 Subura, 19 , 45 , 145 , 174 Temple of Castor and Pollux, 16 , 44 suburbium , on Caelian Hill, 193 Temple of Ceres, 17 Suetonius, 66 , 113 Temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera, 47 Sulla, 28 , 38 Temple of Concordia, 19 , 20f11 , 44 , 56 and Capitolium, 28 restoration by Lucius Opimius, 28 dictatorship of, 28 Temple of Deii ed Claudius, 107 , 117 , 190 and Tabularium, 28 Temple of Deii ed Hadrian, 93 Supreme Court of Italy, 317 Temple of Deii ed Trajan, 79 surface vertical displacement, Pantheon, 86 –88 Temple of Diana, 17 sventrimento , as planning policy, 329 repair and restoration of, 47 swimming and swimming pools, 41 , 84 , 248 , 249 Temple of Divus Julius (Deii ed Julius Caesar), Sylvester, Pope, 194 44 , 132 and S. Cecilia, 144 Temple of Hercules Musarum, 23 , 106 Symmachus, Pope, 199 Temple of Hercules Victor, 26 and charitable institutions, 186 Temple of Juno Lucina, 105 Synod (Church Council) of 499, 143 Temple of Juno Regina, 103 Syracuse, Sicily, 4 Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 56 , 140 Temple of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, 144 Tabularium, 28 – 29 , 28f19, 29f20 , 218 , 221f143 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Juno, and Tacitus, 67 Minerva. See Capitolium on i re-proof and i re-resistant buildings, 69 Temple of Jupiter Stator, 23 , 55 , 103 on Nero’s urban reforms, 63 –66 Temple of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. See talking statues. See Pasquino Capitolium Tangentopoli. See administration, modern: Temple of Mercury, 17 urban and regional planning: “Temple of Mercury,” Baiae (Bay of corruption Naples), 62 Tarquin the Proud, 15 Temple of Minerva, 77f50 taxes, tarif s, customs, and fees, 6 , 102, 124, 126 , Temple of Portunus, 178f119 268 , 322 Temple of Quirinus (Quirinal Hill), 35 to build Leonine Wall, 203 Temple of Romulus, 135 , 136 , 175 standard formula for, and Severan marble Temple of S. Omobono, archaic period, 15f8 Plan, 126 Temple of Saturn, 17 , 44 , 56 technology and innovation repair and restoration of, 132 and aqueducts, 62 . See also aqueducts Temple of Serapis and Isis in Campus and cartography, 296 , 306 , 307 . See also maps Martius, 89 and mapping Temple of Serapis on Quirinal Hill. See and concrete. 26 , 41 , 62 , 70 . See also building Serapeum materials, concrete Temple of Tellus (Earth), 41 and land reclamation, drains, 12 , 41 Temple of Venus Genetrix, 33

428 INDEX

Temple of Venus and Roma, 90 , 91f64 , 215 , 216 , Theater of Pompey, 29 – 30 , 30f21 , 36 , 293 , 347 38 , 53 , 58 , 59 , 84 , 106 , fortii cation of, 216 106f76 , 156 restoration of under Maxentius, 135 and baronial families, 234 Temple of Venus Victrix, 106 Orsini, 226 , 235 , 236 Temple of Vespasian and Titus, 82 peristyle gardens at, 106 Temple of Vesta, 16 , 55 , 95 , 176, 245 repair and restoration of, 174 Templum Pacis, 74 – 77 , 76f49, 78f51 , 123f86 theater–sanctuaries, 30 , 106 depicted on Severan marble plan, 80 , 122 Theodore I, Pope, 184 i res at, 95 Theodoric (the Great), 172 , 176 peristyle gardens at, 75f47 , 76 , 103 , 105 , 107 and repair of aqueducts, Colosseum, Curia, repair and restoration of, 97 and Theater of Pompey, 174 and SS. Cosma e Damiano, 175 and repair of Aurelian Wall, 165 , 174 and urban prefect and prefecture, 116 , 124 triumph of, 176 – 77 Terminus, 74 urban renewal strategies of, 175 , 226 terrain, alteration of Theodorus Calliopa, 215 cut-and-i ll, 12 Theodosius I, 149 on Esquiline Hill, 319 Theophylact I, 233 at Forum of Trajan, 229 Third Rome, 329 in Forum valley and Velabrum, 12 Thirty Years War, 303 at Monte Testaccio, 7 Tiber Island, 5 , 167f113 , 241 , 278f182 at Montecitorio, 168 and bridges, 48, 244 , 247 at S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 152 festivals and recreation at, 250 , 346 on Palatine Hill, 11 and l oods and l ood control, 245 on Quirinal Hill, 85 , 264 , 319 hospitals at, 279 at St. Peter’s Cathedral, 152 mills of, 166 , 167f112 , 241 for Tiber River embankments, 319 summer cinema, 250 on Velian Hill, 7 Tiber River, 4 – 6, 7f2 , 129f88 , 241 – 50 , 243f157 , Testaccio (neighborhood), 130f90 , 241 , 242 , 243f158, 246f160 , 295f192 243f158, 273 , 273f178 , 322 administration of, 51 and 1873 piano regolatore , 316 alluvium of, 4 , 7 , 12 , 13 housing, 322 during attacks and sieges, 242, 259 Tetrarchic columns, 133f92 and bridges, 24, 102, 199 , 247, 257 , 313 Tetrarchy, 132 depicted on Severan marble plan, 130 theaters and amphitheaters, 29, 37 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 62 , and diversion plan of Julius Caesar, 37 , 244 67 , 69 – 70 , 72 , 84 , 206 , 224 as domestic water supply, 164 , 166 , 241 Amphitheater of Statilius Taurus, 37 , 59 , 70 drainage basin of, 5 Colosseum. See Colosseum and embankments, 8f3 , 12 , 245 , 248, 249, fortii cation of, 233 , 234 249f163 , 250, 316 , 318 – 19 Theater of Aemilius Scaurus, 58 during epidemics, 279 Theater of Balbus, 59 , 152, 156 , 163 , and ferries and ferry crossings, 6, 247, 163f110 , 229 257 , 296 Theater of Marcellus, 37, 38f26 , 59 , 181 , 182, festivals and recreation at, 248 , 250 , 346 224f145 , 277 and l oods and l ood control, 4, 8 , 12 , 48 –51 , archaeological excavations at, 329 244 –49 , 294 –95 , 316 and baronial families, 234 l oodplain of, 7 , 50 , 186 Orsini, 236 l uvial dynamics of, 131 , 242 Pierleoni, 235 during imperial period, 129f88 repair and restoration of, 99 industrial zone along, 241 , 327

INDEX 429

and Jewish Ghetto, 277 and Hollywood movie industry, 1950s and maps and mapping of, 246f160 , 294 , 295 1960s, 338 as Marforio, 310 after 1960 Olympic Games, 344 , 345 mills of, 177 , 241 , 245 , 248, 294 , 296 and Pope Alexander VII, 267 and Milvian Bridge. See bridges: and privatization of Tiber Island, 250 Milvian Bridge Romans as tourists in Rome, 250 , 346 mythology of, 8 , 9 , 10 , 310 towers, feudal. See fortii cations: feudal towers navigability of, 4 , 51 , 294 , 295 trades and skilled workers, 241 and Ovid’s Metamorphoses , vi acquaeroli (water sellers), 241 , 245 and processions, 205 , 276 brickmakers, 241 and public health, 51 , 245 , 249, 279 ferrymen, 241 as rione boundary, 296 i shermen, 248 and urban planning, 247, 254 laundresses, 241 , 248 , 266 and vedute , 303 millers, 144 , 241 , 245 , 248 warehouses at, 128 . See also warehouses papermakers, 277 wharves at, 51 , 127 , 128, 130 , 131 , 238 , 268 . See tanners, 144 , 241 , 245 , 277 also wharves trai c. See administration, modern: public Tiberius, 43 , 60 works: transportation and administration of Tiber River, 51 Trajan, 78, 81 , 97 , 130 and Palatine Hill, 60 and Aqua Traiana. See aqueducts: Aqua and Praetorian Guard, 115 Traiana titulus . See churches: titulus (titular), and Baths of. See Baths of Trajan individual entries under churches Column of. See Column of Trajan Titus, 54f35 , 77 , 82 , 95 and Dacian Wars, 78 Arch of. See Arch of Titus deii cation of, 79 Baths of. See Baths of Titus and Emporium, 94 , 130 census of 73/4 C.E., 125 and expansion of Portus, 128 and Colosseum inauguration, 70 monuments to, ransacked, 137 expands the pomerium , 124 naumachia of, 198 and oi ce of censor, 124 and Pantheon, 86 –88 and the Jews and Jewish War, 74 Pons Traiani, 128 Tivoli, Italy, 26 , 30 , 106 , 243 as understood by Gregory I, 177 tobacco factory, 313 , 314 translatio, reuse of building materials, 138 topography Transtiberim (for post-medieval period, see of Campus Martius, 37f25 Trastevere ) of early Rome, 5f1 and Augustan urban reforms, 47 of hills of Rome, 6 – 7 and bridges, 40 , 48 and Sixtus V, 264 and census of 73/4 C.E., 125 Torre dei Conti, 212 and eastern cults, 127 Torre del Cancelliere, 220 and Etruscan territory, 5 Torre del Mercato, 220 insula located in, 222 Torre delle Milizie, 212 , 234f150 , 319 and Jewish community, 74 , 144 , 170 , 202 Torrione, 281 lack of diaconiae in, 183 Totila, 162 , 163 and naumachia of Augustus, 50 tourism and tourists, 345 rione of, 187 and cultural tourism, 303 titular churches at, 143 , 145 and the Grand Tour. See Grand Tour topography of, 6 , 7 , 186 and guidebooks and itineraries. See and Via Aurelia, 49 guidebooks and itineraries and vigiles , 116

430 INDEX

Trastevere, 161f109 , 244 ( for ancient period, Valerian, persecution of Christians by, 99 see Transtiberim) Valle Giulia, 327 and Acqua Paola, 264 Vallis Murcia, 9 , 10 and Catalan community, 279 site of Circus Maximus, 34 and l oods, 244 Vandals, 163 hospitals at, 292 , 314f205 Vanvitelli (Gaspar van Wittel), 305 and Innocent XII, 292 Vasi, Giuseppe, 307 , 308 and Jewish community, 277 Vatican Borgo. See Borgo and Julius II, 254 Vatican Cemetery. See burial sites: and Pius IX, 314 roadside tombs and Porta Portese, 314 Vatican complex (St. Peter’s Cathedral and and Ripa Grande, 242 , 292 Vatican (Apostolic) Palace), 152 , Trevi Fountain, 266 , 266f173 , 268 , 270 , 292– 93 , 161f109 , 166 , 195 , 205 , 218 , 244, 293f191 , 344 259 , 276 tribune of plebs and Campus Martius, 155 Gaius Gracchus, 27 and Einsiedeln Itinerary , 210 Tiberius Gracchus, 27 and Lateran complex, 207 tribes, urban (Subura, Esquilina, Collina, and Lateran Pact, 332 Palatina), 19 and Leonine Wall, 203 Triclia, 150 and Nationalists, 317 Triclinio Leonino, 188 and pilgrims, 166 , 201 , 204 Tripolitania, Libya, 97 and Pius IX, 316 triumphal arches, 88 , 152 , 207. See also individual and possesso , 156 , 209 entries under Arch of and scholae , 202 , 278 ephemeral, 211f138 , 272 , 275 topography of site, 190 fortii cation of, 216 , 234 water supply to, 168 , 264 triumphs. See processions Vatican district Triumvirate, First, 29 before Constantine, 67 , 69f44, 76 , 91 , 111 , 152 dissolution of, 30 and census of 73/4 C.E., 125 Triumvirate, Second, 35 imperial period, 69f44 trivium (street pattern), 255 , 288 Vatican gardens, 265 trophy ( tropaeum ), 140 Vatican Hill, 152 , 198 , 281 of Romulus, 140 topography of, 6 of St. Peter, 140 – 41 , 149 Vatican Palace, 182 , 196 , 197f130 , 203 – 4 , 222 , True Cross, at S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 172 304f198 Tusculum, Italy, 190 , 233 , 360 architectural development of, 191, Tyrrhenian Sea, 5 , 17 197 , 202 Belvedere Courtyard at, 196 , 204 , 281 Ulpian, 117 and processions, 277 Unii cation, Italian, 316 , 324 and Sixtus V, 281 Urban cohorts (cohortes urbanae ). See and Symmachus, 199 administration, ancient: police and transfer of papal residence to from Lateran, policing 188 , 252, 271 , 281 Urban I, Pope, 144 Vatican Plain. 7 , 66 – 69 , 197 , 198. See also Nero, Urban VIII, Pope, 266 Prata Neronis and water supply, 266 and brickworks located there, 128 and bridges, 155 Valadier, Giuseppe, 300 – 2 and Tiber River diversion plan of Julius Valentino (fashion house), 345 , 347 Caesar, 37

INDEX 431

veduta, vedute , 304 – 8 , 305f199 , 310 in Campus Martius, 38 as historic documents, 305 of cardinals, 263 large-scale topographic views, 305 and domus cultae , 191 vedutisti , 305 , 307 , 308 horti (urban gardens), 109 , 110 Veii, Italy, 17 , 68 and Humanism, 264 Velabrum, 12 – 13 irrigation and water supply of, 263 , 265 , 283 Arch of Janus (Janus Quadrifrons) at, 216 , on Pincian Hill, 301 217f139 , 329 and property speculation, 325 – 26 and diaconiae at, 182 use of spolia in, 137 l oods at, 12 Vatican gardens, 252 Horrea Agrippiana at, 184 Villa Borghese, 326 as location of Greek community, 177 Villa d’Este (Quirinal Hill), 288, 306f200 and Lupercal, 10 Villa de’ Medici, 40 , 108 and prostitutes, 278 Villa Farnesina (formerly Chigi), 257 terrain, alteration of, 12 Villa Farnesina of Agrippa, 41 , 111 topography of, 8 , 17 Villa Montalto, 263 , 263f171 , 314 Velian Hill, 205 , 330 Villa of Maxentius, 135 topography of, 7 Villa Pamphilj, 326 venationes , 225 Villa Publica, 19 , 342f225 Venus, 35 , 90 Villa Sciarra, 128 Venus Genetrix, 33 Viminal Hill, 45 , 126 Venus Libitina, 109 and Baths of Diocletian, 132 Venus Victrix, 30 , 33 burials on, 11 Versailles, France, 255 and De Mérode plat of (1866), 314 Vespasian, 72 , 96 topography of, 6 aedileship of, 115 water supply to, 263 and cadasters at Orange, France, 123 vina i scalia , 100 and Capitolium, 73 vindicatio , 154 and census of 73/4 C.E., 125 violatio sepulchri , 154 and Colosseum, 69 Virgin Mary, 172 and expansion of pomerium , 124 Vitellius, 73 and Flavian ideological program, 74 Vitiges, 164 , 166 , 172 , 177 and Nero’s legacy, 72 – 74 Vitruvius, 61 , 252 and oi ce of censorship, 124 Vittorio Emanuele II, 315 , 319 , 324 and taxation, 124 Vittorio Emanuele III, 329 , 339 and Temple of Deii ed Claudius, 74 Viviani, Alessandro, 316 , 319 and Templum Pacis. See Templum Pacis Vesta, 16 warehouses (horrea ), 127 Vestal Virgins, 14 and concrete construction, 27 Via. See roads, streets and diaconia , 182 , 207 vici (ancient neighborhoods), 46 – 48, 91 , at Emporium, 24, 26 , 62 , 94 , 130 , 130f89 , 124 , 125 241 . See also wharves; Tiber River Victorinus, Marius, 158 waterfront victory monuments and temples, 22 , 103 , 140 i re-proof construction of, 96 bronze prows at Rostra, 56 for food supply under Alexander Severus, 99 freestanding arches. See individual entries Horrea Agrippiana, 184 vicus . See streets Horrea Piperataria, 96 , 115 , 135 Villani, Giovanni, 236 listed in regionary catalogs, 127 villas and villa gardens, 103 on Palatine Hill, 127

432 INDEX

Washington, D.C., 255 and groundwater, 8 , 34 , 41 , 120 water. See also aqueducts; l oods and l ood and irrigation, 113 control; fountains ; horti ; Tiber from local springs, 8 River ; villas mythology of springs, 17 administration of water supply in ancient and public health and sanitation, 41 , 70 , 249 , period. See administration, 262 , 265 ancient : oi ces, magistrates, and storage of, 116 , 150 , 166 magistracies: cura(tor) aquarum (et and wells, 8, 166 , 229 , 245 Miniciae) water table, 8 distribution, concessions, and consumption water-lifting device, designed by Camillo of, 123f87, 125 – 26 , 191 Agrippa, 40 of Acqua Vergine, 263 water-power, mills. See mills under Agrippa, 35 , 40 Western Roman Empire, 177 of Aqua Appia, 22 Western Schism, 194, 239 , 251 of Aqua Claudia, 60 wharves, 51 , 128 –31 , 166 of Aqua Felice, 263 Marmorata, 242 , 244f159 of Aqua Marcia, 47 , 132 Pietra Papa, 128 , 242 to Augustan projects, 46 , 47 Ripa Grande, 240f155 , 242 , 292 to Caelian Hill, 168 Ripetta, 237 , 242, 247, 248f162, 255 , 268 – 69, to Campus Martius, 168 , 207 , 263 278, 279, 289 , 290 , 292 under Commodus, 96 World War I, 327 , 340 and 14 Augustan regions, 60 , 111 – 13 aftermath in Italy, 328 during Gothic Wars, 164 and housing crisis, 334 for imperial baths, 40 , 41 , 98 , 99 German and Austro-Hungarian to Jewish Ghetto, 278 alliance, 328 for Markets of Trajan, 85 World War II for naumachia of Augustus, 34 , 50 Nazis massacre Romans, 339 under Pius V, 261 and “open city” strategy, 339 and taxation, 115 , 117 , 126 in Rome, 336 , 338 , 339 to Vatican complex, 168 , 264 Wyler, William, 338 during World War II, 339 drinking water and water quality, 41 , 125 , 164 , xenodochia , 180 , 185 , 186 , 222, 224, 371 , 385 241 , 245 , 249 , 262 , 265 at St.Peter’s, 199 and i re-i ghting, 65 , 66 and fountains. See also fountains Zacharias, Pope, 184 and garden and villa features, 63, 74 , 106, 112 Zephyrinus, Pope, 145