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Pagan-City-And-Christian-Capital-Rome-In-The-Fourth-Century-2000.Pdf OXFORDCLASSICALMONOGRAPHS Published under the supervision of a Committee of the Faculty of Literae Humaniores in the University of Oxford The aim of the Oxford Classical Monographs series (which replaces the Oxford Classical and Philosophical Monographs) is to publish books based on the best theses on Greek and Latin literature, ancient history, and ancient philosophy examined by the Faculty Board of Literae Humaniores. Pagan City and Christian Capital Rome in the Fourth Century JOHNR.CURRAN CLARENDON PRESS ´ OXFORD 2000 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's aim of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris SaÄo Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York # John Curran 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2000 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same conditions on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data applied for Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Curran, John R. Pagan city and Christian capital: Rome in the fourth century / John R. Curran. p. cm.Ð(Oxford classical monographs) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Church historyÐPrimitive and early church, ca. 30±600. 2. Christianity and other religionsÐRoman. 3. RomeÐReligion. 4. Rome (Italy)ÐChurch history. I. Title. II. Series. BR205.C87 2000 2000 270.1Ðdc21 99-36418 ISBN 0-19-815278-7 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by Joshua Associates Ltd., Oxford Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., Guildford and King's Lynn For M. T. D., my family and my friends Preface Papers and books about Christianising the Roman Empire ought not to be encouraged . The concept is so big an aspect of Late Antiquity as to be all but beyond the control of the historian, and admits of so many layers of meaning and varieties of interpretation that it is in danger of becoming meaningless. If and when we have arrived at some understanding of the term, and of what factors may have led people to change to being Christians from having been something else, it is still hard to know what it would mean to any individual to shift religious allegiance in the generations after Constantine.1 Such well-judged circumspection has become more necessary than ever for students of late antiquity. The most innovative and important scholarship for a generation has recently subjected `Christianity', `paganism', `religion', and `conversion' to unprecedented historical scrutiny. Under rigorous examination, old certainties have subsided. The `triumph of Christianity' has been unmasked as a deterministic model created by ®fth-century churchmen; the vigour and complexity of ancient religious beliefs have been meticulously presented alongside the thoughts and activities of ancient people who called themselves Christian; and the `desecularization' of ancient culture has been brilliantly charted, detailing how Christian ascetical thinking decamped from the wastes of the eastern Mediterranean to settle in the communities of early modern Europe.2 The spirit of this book is informed by these new perspectives and complexities of recent research, but its scope is more narrowly focused. The subject here is the nature of the change which shaped the topography and society of the city of Rome during the fourth century ad. My researches have been prompted and enlightened by three great scholars of the city. Charles PieÂtri's magisterial Roma Christiana, 1 D. Hunt, `Christianising the Roman Empire: The Evidence of the Code', in J. Harries and I. Wood (eds.), The Theodosian Code (London: Duckworth, 1993), 143±58. Here, 143. 2 See P. Brown, Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); MacMullen, Christianity and Paganism; Markus, End. Preface vii published in 1976, remains the ®rst point of reference for all aspects of the life of Christian Rome; Richard Krautheimer's many books and articles are an invaluable source for the architecture and landscape of the city; and Rodolfo Lanciani's admirably readable accounts of the rediscovery of ancient Rome are as learned as they are exciting. Where I have dissented from the opinions of these scholars, I have tried to do so with humility and respect. At the time of writing a vast number of learned articles and monographs on aspects of the city of Rome are at the disposal of the student. The antiquities of the city are being catalogued and analysed to an unprecedented degree. But broad treatments of the fourth- century city of Rome which oer a synthetic account of politics, topography, and society are, however, virtually unknown. I have sought to meet the need for such a study by utilizing the expertise of a large number of scholars in diverse ®elds selecting what I believe to be some key themes in the history of the city at this time. Like a number of others, I have sought to move away from seeing the history of the fourth century as a series of dramatic and signi®cant con¯icts between `Christianity' and `paganism' in various forms. Instead, I have chosen to concentrate on what I feel are hitherto neglected topographical and social themes in the history of the Roman community. What follows, then, is a substantial review of historical data, much of it long known, but some of it in my opinion frequently misunderstood. In Part One, I examine the physical setting of the city of Rome as the necessary context within which to study the important social develop- ments. The characterization of the third century as a period of chaos is challenged and with reference to Rome, some crucial political dynamics are established. These, it is argued, helped set the parameters which the Tetrarchs both reinforced and exceeded. This is the back- drop against which Maxentius is to be understood. It becomes possible to liberate him from his traditional historical backwater as an interlude in Constantine's rise to power and restore him to his position as an ambitious interpreter of Romanitas in the late empire. There follow implications for Constantine himself. In contrast to the pervasive orthodoxies of Constantine as a devoted but dident Christian in Rome, an examination of his relationship with Maxentius' legacy permits a more complex but plausible analysis of his impact upon the city to be oered. It is, I believe, unsatisfactory to consider the `Christianization' of the topography solely or even chie¯y through the study of the great imperial foundations. Students should not be left to think that no other building activity of signi®cance took place and they have often viii Preface been allowed to believe that the urban landscape of Rome was slowly and inexorably `Christianized' at the expense of some monolithic `pagan' topography. I have therefore provided a fuller picture by including for study the activities of the bishops of the city up until the later fourth century. These reveal that the extension of what we may call a `sacred landscape' was anything but straightforward and by examining the topographical dimension to the growth of Roman Christianity we may come to appreciate the fragmented, violent, and destabilizingly territorial character of the Christian community. The little churches of Rome illustrate more clearly than the grand founda- tions of emperors the challenges which faced bishops of the city in the middle years of the century. In meeting these challenges, the scale and scope of episcopal ambitions for the Roman church began to burgeon, a development of lasting importance detectable ®rst in the fourth century. A thorough revision of our understanding of the transformations of fourth-century Roman topography prepares the way in Part Two for a new look at three crucial aspects of Roman society during the same period. First of all, in order to appreciate the social atmosphere within which change took place, I have considered it necessary to review the legal standing of the ancient religio of Rome. Though hardly complete, the retrievable archive of laws of the fourth century provides a coherent body of material which illuminates the attitudes of law-makers, the diculties experienced in transforming these into law and the com- plexities of making law relevant to the ancient cults in a world where the Pontifex Maximus was Christian. What emerges, for almost the entire period under consideration, is a catalogue of compromise, inconsistency, and contradiction. The case-study of the entertainments at the Circus Maximus in Rome thus assumes considerable importance as an aspect of urban life which was both ancient and vigorously persistent under the Christian emperors. I argue below that the games of the Circus Maximus represent the clear obligations of the social eÂlite to provide an important urban amenity but at the same time they traditionally oered an experience to racegoers that was intimately connected with Roman religio.
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