Part One: the Eve of the Reformation
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320 Piccola biblioteca ramente comprende quelli della Divina Provvidenza. L'ironia dell'Ariosto avvolge tutti i progetti umani di fronte alle molteplici confusioni della vita: ma si tratta di confusioni solo apparenti, reali solo per l'uomo che ignora i disegni, i piani, la sincronia delle cose stabilite dalla Provvidenza. Nel momento in cui Rodomon- te sembra sul punto di distruggere Parigi, il Cristianesimo e l'Impero, in Oriente Astolfo porta avanti la sua missione che si concluderà con la sconfìtta dei Mussul- mani ed ascolta le lodi di Carlo V, un imperatore che reggerà quell'Impero molti anni più tardi, estendendolo fino all'America sconosciuta ai tempi di Carlomagno. In tal modo l'Ariosto avvicina tre momenti fondamentali della storia dell'Impero, quello delle sue origini con Enea, quello carolingio e quello contemporaneo, riaf- fermando la natura provvidenziale dell'antica istituzione destinata a mantenere l'or- dine e la civiltà nel mondo: conferma emblematica, questo avvicinamento, degli impulsi storici e sociali che alimentano l'arte dell'Ariosto e la poesia del Furio- so. Certo molte cose si potrebbero aggiungere all'indagine del Marinelli, come anche alcune altre non risultano del tutto convincenti o dovrebbero almeno essere approfon- dite e chiarite. Ma a parte tali riserve di scarsa importanza, non c'è dubbio che questo volume rappresenti un punto di partenza fondamentale per l'esame dei rapporti fra i due poemi e meriti la massima attenzione per gli stimoli e gli spunti che offre ad ulteriori ricerche in questo campo. ANTONIO FRANCESCHETTI University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus Bernardino Ochino. Seven Dialogues. -
The Failure of the Protestant Reformation in Italy
The Failure of the Protestant Reformation in Italy: Through the Eyes Adam Giancola of the Waldensian Experience The Failure of the Protestant Reformation in Italy: Through the Eyes of the Waldensian Experience Adam Giancola In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the experience of many countries across Europe was the complete overturning of traditional institutions, whereby religious dissidence became a widespread phenomenon. Yet the focus on Reformation history has rarely been given to countries like Italy, where a strong Catholic presence continued to persist throughout the sixteenth century. In this regard, it is necessary to draw attention to the ‘Italian Reformation’ and to determine whether or not the ideas of the Reformation in Western Europe had any effect on the religious and political landscape of the Italian peninsula. In extension, there is also the task to understand why the Reformation did not ‘succeed’ in Italy in contrast to the great achievements it made throughout most other parts of Western Europe. In order for these questions to be addressed, it is necessary to narrow the discussion to a particular ‘Protestant’ movement in Italy, that being the Waldensians. In an attempt to provide a general thesis for the ‘failure’ of the Protestant movement throughout Italy, a particular look will be taken at the Waldensian case, first by examining its historical origins as a minority movement pre-dating the European Reformation, then by clarifying the Waldensian experience under the sixteenth century Italian Inquisition, and finally, by highlighting the influence of the Counter-Reformation as pivotal for the future of Waldensian survival. Perhaps one of the reasons why the Waldensian experience differed so greatly from mainstream European reactions has to do with its historical development, since in many cases it pre-dated the rapid changes of the sixteenth century. -
Scenario Book 1
Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK 1 SCENARIO BOOK T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABOUT THIS BOOK ......................................................... 2 Controlling 2 Powers ........................................................... 6 GETTING STARTED ......................................................... 2 Domination Victory ............................................................. 6 SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 2 PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS ...................................................... 6 Setup Guidelines .................................................................. 2 Interruptions to Play ............................................................ 6 1517 Scenario ...................................................................... 3 Response Card Play ............................................................. 7 1532 Scenario ...................................................................... 4 DESIGNER’S NOTES ........................................................ 7 Tournament Scenario ........................................................... 5 EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY................................... 8 SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT ............................... 6 THE GAME AS HISTORY................................................. 11 GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ..................................... 6 CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ...................... 15 Configurations ..................................................................... 6 EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION -
The Creation of a Calvinist Identity in the Reformation Period
chapter 7 The Creation of a Calvinist Identity in the Reformation Period Ole Peter Grell Calvinism, as opposed to other Protestant confessions quickly developed a pan-European identity during the Reformation period – from the mid- sixteenth to the early seventeenth century. This early modern Reformed iden- tity, including the theology which underpinned it, was shaped by the prolonged experience of persecution, exodus and subsequent exile which came to form the experience of an increasingly large number of influential Calvinist fami- lies. This chapter is concerned with how and why this came about and what it resulted in.1 First, an overview of the size and nature of Calvinist emigration and re- emigration together with a record of the principal places of settlement is pro- vided. Then follows a discussion of the rationale for emigration amongst the wealthy, Calvinist merchants who came to constitute the spine of the exiled Reformed communities and to what extent it was determined by religious and/ or economic factors. This leads into an analysis of the raison d’être which Calvinist exiles applied to their own experiences of persecution, exile, and minority existence, focussing in particular on the role of providential history and the use of the Old Testament as a matrix for their personal experiences. A variety of contemporary sources illustrating the role of providential history and the use of texts from the Bible are quoted here. The second half of the chapter is focussed on the significance of the so- called ‘Weber thesis’ for explaining the success of the first three generations of wealthy Calvinist merchants-bankers who provided leadership for the exiled Calvinist communities across Europe. -
History of the Franciscan Movement
HISTORY OF THE FRANCISCAN MOVEMENT Volume 2 FROM THE YEAR 1517 TO THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL On-line course in Franciscan History at Washington Theological Union Washington DC By Noel Muscat OFM Jerusalem 2008 History of the Franciscan Movement. Volume 2: From 1517 to the Second Vatican Council Chapter 10 NEW REFORMS AND NEW DIVISIONS: THE BIRTH OF THE CAPUCHINS AND REFORMS WITHIN THE OBSERVANCE The friars “of the Holy Gospel” The Order of Friars Minor of the Regular Observance, after the union of all the reformed families in 1517, became a powerful religious family dedicated mainly to apostolic missions. A minority of friars, however, continued to insist upon living a simpler Franciscan life in the hermitages. Besides the Amadeiti and Coletani, there were other congregations which preferred eremitical life, like the Clareni and the friars “of the Holy Gospel” or Capuciati. This last religious family was one which the Bulla Ite vos of Leo X (1517) had not managed to integrate within the Order of the Friars Minor of the Regular Observance. They were born, as we have already seen, with the initiative of Juan de la Puebla, who had made an experience of Franciscan life in the Umbrian hermitages of central Italy, and then had returned to Spain, founding a congregation of friars who lived the literal observance of the Rule in the hermitages. Among his followers there was Juan de Guadalupe, who in 1508 obtained the approval of the Province “of the Holy Gospel”.1 The negative reaction of the Spanish Observants, who persecuted the new religious family, compelled the brothers of the Custody of Estremadura to place themselves under the obedience of the Conventuals in 1515, and thus became to be known by the name of “Reformed Conventuals”.2 They wore a short tunic with a pyramidal hood, and hence also the name Capuciati. -
Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform
6 RENAISSANCE HISTORY, ART AND CULTURE Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform of Politics Cultural the and III Paul Pope Bryan Cussen Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform Renaissance History, Art and Culture This series investigates the Renaissance as a complex intersection of political and cultural processes that radiated across Italian territories into wider worlds of influence, not only through Western Europe, but into the Middle East, parts of Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It will be alive to the best writing of a transnational and comparative nature and will cross canonical chronological divides of the Central Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Renaissance History, Art and Culture intends to spark new ideas and encourage debate on the meanings, extent and influence of the Renaissance within the broader European world. It encourages engagement by scholars across disciplines – history, literature, art history, musicology, and possibly the social sciences – and focuses on ideas and collective mentalities as social, political, and cultural movements that shaped a changing world from ca 1250 to 1650. Series editors Christopher Celenza, Georgetown University, USA Samuel Cohn, Jr., University of Glasgow, UK Andrea Gamberini, University of Milan, Italy Geraldine Johnson, Christ Church, Oxford, UK Isabella Lazzarini, University of Molise, Italy Pope Paul III and the Cultural Politics of Reform 1534-1549 Bryan Cussen Amsterdam University Press Cover image: Titian, Pope Paul III. Museo di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy / Bridgeman Images. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 252 0 e-isbn 978 90 4855 025 8 doi 10.5117/9789463722520 nur 685 © B. -
The Wesleyan Enlightenment
The Wesleyan Enlightenment: Closing the gap between heart religion and reason in Eighteenth Century England by Timothy Wayne Holgerson B.M.E., Oral Roberts University, 1984 M.M.E., Wichita State University, 1986 M.A., Asbury Theological Seminary, 1999 M.A., Kansas State University, 2011 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2017 Abstract John Wesley (1703-1791) was an Anglican priest who became the leader of Wesleyan Methodism, a renewal movement within the Church of England that began in the late 1730s. Although Wesley was not isolated from his enlightened age, historians of the Enlightenment and theologians of John Wesley have only recently begun to consider Wesley in the historical context of the Enlightenment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between a man, John Wesley, and an intellectual movement, the Enlightenment. As a comparative history, this study will analyze the juxtaposition of two historiographies, Wesley studies and Enlightenment studies. Surprisingly, Wesley scholars did not study John Wesley as an important theologian until the mid-1960s. Moreover, because social historians in the 1970s began to explore the unique ways people experienced the Enlightenment in different local, regional and national contexts, the plausibility of an English Enlightenment emerged for the first time in the early 1980s. As a result, in the late 1980s, scholars began to integrate the study of John Wesley and the Enlightenment. In other words, historians and theologians began to consider Wesley as a serious thinker in the context of an English Enlightenment that was not hostile to Christianity. -
Johann Reuchlin's Open Letter of 1505
Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations A peer-reviewed e-journal of the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations Published by the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning at Boston College In Search of an Explanation for the Suffering of the Jews: Johann Reuchlin’s Open Letter of 1505 Franz Posset Volume 5 (2010) http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol5 Posset, In Search of an Explanation Posset 1 http://escholarship.bc.edu/scjr/vol5 Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations Volume 5(2010): Posset 1-11 In 1505, the humanist Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522) time to use Hebrew phrases, given in Hebrew characters,5 with- published a booklet titled Doctor iohanns Reuchlins tütsch in the Early New High German text. If Reuchlin had written the missiue, warumb die Juden so lang im ellend sind1 (Johann text in Latin as one scholar to another, it might not be particu- Reuchlin‘s German-language open letter [discussing] why the larly exceptional, but he writes in 1505 in the then non-scholarly Jews have been in ―exile‖2 so long). One may debate whether vernacular language. The only other document of the very early or not Reuchlin‘s ―German open letter‖ is to be understood as sixteenth century written in German and Hebrew is the pam- merely repeating the ―conventional view that they [the Jews] phlet by the former Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn (1469–1523), titled were suffering for the sins of their forefathers who had mur- The Enemy of the Jews and published in 1509,6 i.e., four years dered Jesus.‖3 However, such an interpretation is a far too after the Missiue. -
1. John Colet Colet's View of Man's Nature John Colet (D
THE INTELLECT-WILL PROBLEM IN THE THOUGHT OF SOME NORTHERN RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS: COLET, ERASMUS, AND MONTAIGNE ERWIN R. GANE Pacific Union College, Angwin, California In an earlier essay I have dealt with the intellect-will problem in the thought of Nicholas of Cuss.' In the present article I will treat the same question in the thought of three other Northern- Renaissance humanists: Colet, Erasmus, and Montaigne. Finally in my "Summary and Conclusion" at the end of this essay, I shall endeavor to draw some comparisons and contrasts covering all four of the men. 1. John Colet Colet's View of Man's Nature John Colet (d. 1519), perhaps most famous as an English educator in Oxford and London, adhered to the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, involving inherited guilt and universal human depra~ity.~When Adam sinned the whole race sinned so that his descendants were born with depraved natures and per- verted intellects and wills, subject to the sentence of eternal death. Leland Miles suggests that Colet argued for a tendency to evil in fallen man with no "absolute obliteration of free will."3 Ernest Hunt quotes Colet to prove that his concept involved total depravity of reason and will in relation to spiritual matters: lSee AUSS 12 (July 1974): 83-93. The introductory section in that earlier essay (pp. 83-84) outlines more specifically the particular problem treated in both articles, and it may therefore be useful to reread that section as an introduction to the material being presented now. aLeland Miles, John Colet and the Platonic Tradition (La Salle, Ill., 1961), pp. -
Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers
Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers ANDREW P. KLAGER In Anabaptist historical scholarship, the reluctance to investigate the authority of the church fathers for individual sixteenth-century Anabaptist leaders does not appear to be intentional. Indeed, more pressing issues of a historiographical and even apologetical nature have been a justifiable priority, 1 and soon this provisional Anabaptist vision was augmented by studies assessing the possibility of various medieval chronological antecedents. 2 However, in response to Kenneth Davis’ important study, Anabaptism and Asceticism , Peter Erb rightly observed back in 1976 that “. one must not fail to review the abiding influence of the Fathers . [whose] monitions were much more familiar to our sixteenth-century ancestors than they are to us.” 3 Over thirty years later, the Anabaptist community still awaits its first published comprehensive study of the reception of the church fathers among Anabaptist leaders in the sixteenth century. 4 A natural place to start, however, is the only doctor of theology in the Anabaptist movement, Balthasar Hubmaier. In the final analysis, it becomes evident that Hubmaier does view the church fathers as authoritative, contextually understood, for some theological issues that were important to him, notably his anthropology and understanding of the freedom of the will, while he acknowledged the value of the church fathers for the corollary of free will, that is, believers’ baptism, and this for apologetico-historical purposes. This authority, however, cannot be confused with an untested, blind conformity to prescribed precepts because such a definition of authority did not exist in the sixteenth-century, even among the strongest Historical Papers 2008: Canadian Society of Church History 134 Balthasar Hubmaier admirers of the fathers. -
“Here I Stand” — the Reformation in Germany And
Here I Stand The Reformation in Germany and Switzerland Donald E. Knebel January 22, 2017 Slide 1 1. Later this year will be the 500th anniversary of the activities of Martin Luther that gave rise to what became the Protestant Reformation. 2. Today, we will look at those activities and what followed in Germany and Switzerland until about 1555. 3. We will pay particular attention to Luther, but will also talk about other leaders of the Reformation, including Zwingli and Calvin. Slide 2 1. By 1500, the Renaissance was well underway in Italy and the Church was taking advantage of the extraordinary artistic talent coming out of Florence. 2. In 1499, a 24-year old Michelangelo had completed his famous Pietà, commissioned by a French cardinal for his burial chapel. Slide 3 1. In 1506, the Church began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica into the magnificent structure it is today. 2. To help pay for such masterpieces, the Church had become a huge commercial enterprise, needing a lot of money. 3. In 1476, Pope Sixtus IV had created a new market for indulgences by “permit[ing] the living to buy and apply indulgences to deceased loved ones assumed to be suffering in purgatory for unrepented sins.” Ozment, The Age of Reform: 1250-1550 at 217. 4. By the time Leo X became Pope in 1513, “it is estimated that there were some two thousand marketable Church jobs, which were literally sold over the counter at the Vatican; even a cardinal’s hat might go to the highest bidder.” Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church at 198. -
The Historic Episcopate
THE HISTORIC EPISCOPATE By ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, M.A., S.T. D., LL.D. of THE PRESBYTERY of PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA tEfce Wtstminmx pre** 1910 "3^70 Copyright, 1910, by The Trustees of The Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work Published May, 1910 <§;G!.A265282 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACADEMIC USAGE THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE PRESIDENT, FACULTY AND TRUSTEES OF MUHLENBERG COLLEGE IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF HONORS CONFERRED PREFACE The subject of this book has engaged its author's attention at intervals for nearly half a century. The present time seems propitious for publishing it, in the hope of an irenic rather than a polemic effect. Our Lord seems to be pressing on the minds of his people the duty of reconciliation with each other as brethren, and to be bringing about a harmony of feeling and of action, which is beyond our hopes. He is beating down high pretensions and sectarian prejudices, which have stood in the way of Christian reunion. It is in the belief that the claims made for what is called "the Historic Episcopate" have been, as Dr. Liddon admits, a chief obstacle to Christian unity, that I have undertaken to present the results of a long study of its history, in the hope that this will promote, not dissension, but harmony. If in any place I have spoken in what seems a polemic tone, let this be set down to the stress of discussion, and not to any lack of charity or respect for what was for centuries the church of my fathers, as it still is that of most of my kindred.