DOCSLIB.ORG

Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Bibliotheken Und Archiven

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Bibliotheken Und Archiven Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven Bd. 75 1995 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswis- senschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Her- unterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträ- ger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu priva- ten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hin- ausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weiter- gabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE Motive und Verflechtungen1 von GÖTZ-RÜDIGER TEWES Einleitung Personen, die in keiner historischen Darstellung bisher ihren ge­ bührenden Platz gefunden haben, stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Stu­ die. Sie haben, aus unserer eingeschränkten Sicht, vielfach im Verbor­ genen gearbeitet. Doch ihr Handeln in Rom, Augsburg oder Köln er­ folgte an Schauplätzen welthistorischer Tragweite - wenn man der Reformationsgeschichte, ihrer Vor- und Frühphase, dieses Attribut.zu- erkennen möchte. An der Seite einiger Lichtgestalten unter den Lu­ thergegnern haben sie gewirkt, und gerade deren Handeln zeigt sich so in bisher übersehenen Verbindungen. Die Spurensuche erwies sich als mühsam; auf die Bereitschaft, den einzelnen Fährten zu folgen, sich mit vielen unbekannten Personen vertraut zu machen, wird sich 1 Folgende Abkürzungen werden benutzt: Archive und Bibliotheken: ASV = Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Rom - Arm. = Armarium, IE = Introitus et Exitus, Reg. Lat. = Registra Lateranensia, Reg. Vat. = Registra Vaticana; BAV = Biblio­ teca Apostolica Vaticana, Rom; ASt = Archivio di Stato, Rom; AEK = Archiv des Erzbistums Köln; HAStK = Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln; StAA = Stadtarchiv Augsburg. Münzwerte: fl. = Gulden (stets wie auch Dukaten in Gold); flc. = Kammergulden; flr. = rheinischer Gulden; dac. = Kammerduka­ ten; boi. = Bologninen; m.a. = Silbermark. Reihenwerke: RTA M.R./J.R. = Reichstagsakten Mittlere Reihe/Jüngere Reihe; TRE = Theologische Realenzy­ klopädie. Für Hinweise und Auskünfte danke ich Priv. Doz. Dr. Helmut Fla­ chenecker, Eichstätt; Franz Heiler, Eichstätt; Dr. Florian Neumann, München; Joachim Oepen, Köln; Dr. Christoph Schöner, Rom. LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE 257 auch der Leser einlassen müssen. Die Annäherung wird von einem zentralen Ausgangspunkt aus erfolgen, der aus unterschiedlichen Per­ spektiven und in sich verdichtenden Kreisbewegungen immer deutli­ cher erhellt werden soll. Denn die Komplexität des Materials und der Personen läßt keine lineare Bewegimg zu. Das sich aus dem konkre­ ten Geschehen ergebende Bild erschließt Zusammenhänge allgemein­ ster Struktur. Sie haben jene so spannende und folgenreiche Epoche entscheidend mitgeprägt. Es gibt kaum einen Bereich der Reformationsgeschichte, der in der Forschung nicht stärkere Beachtung gefunden hätte. Auffallig ver­ nachlässigt wurde in letzter Zeit jedoch die Frage nach den frühen Gegnern Luthers. Möglicherweise sah man dieses Feld durch die Ar­ beiten Paul Kalkoffs oder die Untersuchungen zu Johannes Eck er­ schöpfend behandelt.2 Doch auch wenn man sich einzelnen Personen und Problemen intensiv zugewandt hatte, wird man weiterhin konsta­ tieren müssen, daß wichtige Akteure und Hintergründe des Handelns noch dem Licht der Forschung entzogen bleiben. Dies gilt gerade, wenn man nach den Motiven der Handelnden fragt, nach sozialen Ein­ bindungen, nach personalen Verflechtungen und Verpflichtungen, 2 Die einschlägigen Aufsätze und Monographien Kalkoffs finden sich etwa im Literaturverzeichnis bei W. Borth, Die Luthersache (Causa Lutheri) 1517- 1524. Die Anfange der Reformation als Frage von Politik und Recht, phil. Diss., Tübingen 1970. Eine umfassende neue Biographie Ecks steht aus, zu benutzen ist immer noch Th. Wie de mann, Dr. Johann Eck, Professor der Theologie an der Universität Ingolstadt, Regensburg 1865. In jüngster Zeit hat sich besonders die katholische Geschichtsschreibung dieses bedeutenden Verteidigers des Katholizismus angenommen, vgl. etwa die Kurzbiographie von E. Iserloh, Johannes Eck (1486-1543). Scholastiker, Humanist, Kontro­ verstheologe, Katholisches Leben und Kirchenreform im Zeitalter der Glau­ bensspaltung 41, Münster 1981; sowie die Beiträge in: E. Iserloh (Hg.), Jo­ hannes Eck (1486-1543) im Streit der Jahrhunderte. Internationales Sympo­ sion der Gesellschaft zur Herausgabe des Corpus Catholicorum aus Anlaß des 500. Geburtstages des Johannes Eck vom 13. bis 16. November 1986 in Ingolstadt und Eichstätt, Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte 127, Münster 1988. Zu Ecks Ingolstädter Lehrtätigkeit vgl. K. Rischar, Professor Dr. Johannes Eck als akademischer Lehrer in Ingolstadt, in: Zeitschrift für Bayerische Kirchengeschichte 37 (1968) S. 193-212; W. Kausch, Geschichte der Theologischen Fakultät Ingolstadt im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, Ludovico Maximilianea, Forschungen 9, Berlin 1977, passim. 258 GÖTZ-RÜDIGER TEWES nach tieferliegenden Antriebskräften, wurzelnd im persönlichen Lebensumfeld. Diesen so individuellen wie zugleich strukturellen Ge­ gebenheiten wollen wir uns im folgenden zuwenden; über den Grad der Behauptimg hinausgehen können sie allerdings nur, da sonst nicht sichtbar, durch die Arbeit am Konkreten. Als Ergebnis wird sich die Aussage herausschälen, daß der frühe Kampf gegen Luther nicht nur, aber maßgeblich von dem Fun­ dament eines personalen Netzwerkes getragen wurde, das schon vor der reformatorischen Wende in Rom, Augsburg und Köln beim Aufbau der römischen Fuggerbank, beim Ausbau der Finanz- und Montan­ macht der Fugger, in der damit verknüpften Auseinandersetzimg um die Erlaubtheit des Zinses sowie in dem weitgehend unabhängig hier­ von geführten Kampf gegen die Judenbücher geschmiedet wurde - wirtschaftliche, kuriale und geistesgeschichtüch-universitäre Interes­ sen miteinander verflechtend. Theologische Divergenzen spielten also nicht allein eine Rolle. Nicht alle Handelnden waren freilich während aller Phasen dabei. Als Prämisse wird die These betrachtet, daß eine gleiche oder ähnliche Einstellung zu einem Problem nicht eo ipso ein paralleles Handeln dieser Gleichdenkenden bewirkt. (Eine kritische Einstellung z.B. zu den Juden oder zum Auftreten Luthers bedingte nicht unbedingt ein entschiedenes Handeln gegen die Grundlagen jü­ discher Religion oder gegen das Wirken Luthers.) Zum bewußten, ziel­ gesteuerten Handeln müssen verpflichtende, bindende, oft tieferlie­ gende und strukturellere Antriebskräfte hinzukommen. Es versteht sich, daß wir mit den folgenden Ergebnissen einen Beitrag zu jünge­ ren Überlegungen über die Kategorien der sozialen Verflechtung und ihre Auswirkung auf das menschliche Handeln leisten.3 3 Vgl. die wichtigen Gedanken bei W. Reinhard, Freunde und Kreaturen. „Ver­ flechtung" als Konzept zur Erforschung historischer Führungsgruppen. Römi­ sche Oligarchie um 1600, Schriften der Philosophischen Fachbereiche der Universität Augsburg 14, München 1979; P. Moraw, Über Patrone und Klien­ ten im Heiligen Römischen Reich des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neu­ zeit, in: Klientelsysteme im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit, hg. von A. M^czak, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, Kolloquien 9, München 1988, S. 1 -18; W. Reinhard, Oligarchische Verflechtung und Konfession in oberdeutschen Städten, in: I.e. S. 47-62; exemplarisch: B. Schwarz, Patronage und Klientel in der spätmittelalterlichen Kirche am Beispiel des Nikolaus von Kues, in: QFIAB 68 (1988) S. 284-310; monographisch mit Schwergewicht auf neuzeit- LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE 259 I Ausgangs- wie Angelpunkt ist eine Quelle, die - für den Histori­ ker selten genug - in konzentrierter Form die persönlichen Motive des Handelnden anspricht, die Namen der Verbündeten nennt, auf ge­ meinsame Bindungen verweist, auf Vergangenes rück- wie Zukünfti­ ges vorverweist - und dies alles am Scheitelpunkt einer Epochen­ wende. In solch gebündelter Form liegt sie im Brief des schwäbischen Luther-Gegners und Ingolstädter Theologen Johannes Eck vom 24. Juli 1519 an den in Köln wohnenden Dominikaner-Inquisitor Jakob Hoogstraten vor.4 Wenn man die Reformation als Beginn einer neuen Epoche begreift, wird man kaum leugnen können, daß die Leipziger Disputation vom 27.6.-15.7.1519 zwischen Eck und seinen theologi­ schen Opponenten Martin Luther und Andreas Karlstadt innerhalb des Reformationsgeschehens einen herausgehobenen Stellenwert be­ sitzt.5 Luther hatte in ihr einen neuen Grad der Kritik am Papsttum formuliert, vor allem als er im Streit mit Eck über das göttliche Recht des Primats nicht nur den Papst, sondern auch die Konzilien als fehl­ bar behauptete. Eck hingegen sah sich nach der Disputation ganz of­ fensichtlich gezwungen, die private Auseinandersetzimg mit Luther auf die Stufe einer offiziellen gegen Luther zu heben. Nun band er liehen Phänomenen: R. Pflücke, Beiträge zur Theorie von Patronage und Klientel. Eine vergleichende Soziologie der Gefolgschaft, phil. Diss. Heidel­ berg, Augsburg 1972. 4 Edition des Briefes jetzt in: P. Fabisch, E. Iserloh (Hg.), Dokumente zur Causa Lutheri (1517-1521), I: Das Gutachten des Prierias und weitere Schrif­ ten gegen Luthers Ablaßthesen (1517-1518); II: Vom Augsburger Reichstag 1518 bis zum Wormser Edikt 1521, Corpus Catholicorum 41/42, Münster 1988/ 91, II, S. 258-265. 5 Zur Leipziger Disputation vgl. J. K. Sei de mann,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers
    Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers ANDREW P. KLAGER In Anabaptist historical scholarship, the reluctance to investigate the authority of the church fathers for individual sixteenth-century Anabaptist leaders does not appear to be intentional. Indeed, more pressing issues of a historiographical and even apologetical nature have been a justifiable priority, 1 and soon this provisional Anabaptist vision was augmented by studies assessing the possibility of various medieval chronological antecedents. 2 However, in response to Kenneth Davis’ important study, Anabaptism and Asceticism , Peter Erb rightly observed back in 1976 that “. one must not fail to review the abiding influence of the Fathers . [whose] monitions were much more familiar to our sixteenth-century ancestors than they are to us.” 3 Over thirty years later, the Anabaptist community still awaits its first published comprehensive study of the reception of the church fathers among Anabaptist leaders in the sixteenth century. 4 A natural place to start, however, is the only doctor of theology in the Anabaptist movement, Balthasar Hubmaier. In the final analysis, it becomes evident that Hubmaier does view the church fathers as authoritative, contextually understood, for some theological issues that were important to him, notably his anthropology and understanding of the freedom of the will, while he acknowledged the value of the church fathers for the corollary of free will, that is, believers’ baptism, and this for apologetico-historical purposes. This authority, however, cannot be confused with an untested, blind conformity to prescribed precepts because such a definition of authority did not exist in the sixteenth-century, even among the strongest Historical Papers 2008: Canadian Society of Church History 134 Balthasar Hubmaier admirers of the fathers.
    [Show full text]
  • “Here I Stand” — the Reformation in Germany And
    Here I Stand The Reformation in Germany and Switzerland Donald E. Knebel January 22, 2017 Slide 1 1. Later this year will be the 500th anniversary of the activities of Martin Luther that gave rise to what became the Protestant Reformation. 2. Today, we will look at those activities and what followed in Germany and Switzerland until about 1555. 3. We will pay particular attention to Luther, but will also talk about other leaders of the Reformation, including Zwingli and Calvin. Slide 2 1. By 1500, the Renaissance was well underway in Italy and the Church was taking advantage of the extraordinary artistic talent coming out of Florence. 2. In 1499, a 24-year old Michelangelo had completed his famous Pietà, commissioned by a French cardinal for his burial chapel. Slide 3 1. In 1506, the Church began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica into the magnificent structure it is today. 2. To help pay for such masterpieces, the Church had become a huge commercial enterprise, needing a lot of money. 3. In 1476, Pope Sixtus IV had created a new market for indulgences by “permit[ing] the living to buy and apply indulgences to deceased loved ones assumed to be suffering in purgatory for unrepented sins.” Ozment, The Age of Reform: 1250-1550 at 217. 4. By the time Leo X became Pope in 1513, “it is estimated that there were some two thousand marketable Church jobs, which were literally sold over the counter at the Vatican; even a cardinal’s hat might go to the highest bidder.” Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church at 198.
    [Show full text]
  • 564158Eb19f006.65831545.Pdf
    HEARTH AND HOME Left: Later Protestants liked to describe the Luthers as the ideal parsonage family. Here a 19th-c. artist imagines the family gathered around to sing with friend Melancthon in the background. DIABOLICAL BAGPIPES Below: Luther’s opponents caricatured him as merely a mouthpiece for the devil. Protestants countered that monks, not Luther, were the devil’s instruments. RSITY E Did you know? NIV U LUTHER LOVED TO PLAY THE LUTE, ONCE WENT ON STRIKE FROM HIS CONGREGATION, AND OGY, EMORY HATED TO COLLECT THE RENT ES F THEOL O VA L MAG I NE MAN MICHELANGELO, MUSIC, AND MASS E • Christopher Columbus set sail when Luther was a LER SCHOO schoolboy, and Michelangelo was completing his Sis- tine Chapel ceiling when Luther began teaching theol- REFORMATION, GE E RMANY / BRIDG RARY, CAND B TH ogy as a young man. SINGING CONGREGANTS, STRIKING PASTOR F • Luther preferred music to any other school subject, Luther made singing a central part of Protestant wor- OGY LI UM O OTHA, GE E G and he became very skilled at playing the lute. Upon ship. In his German Mass (1526), he dispensed with the US IN, THEOL E becoming a monk at age 21, he had to give the lute away. choir and assigned all singing to the congregation. He L M NST • When Luther celebrated his first Mass as a priest in often called congregational rehearsals during the week EDE RNATIONA 1507, he trembled so much he nearly dropped the bread so people could learn new hymns. TION, PITTS E NT OSS FRI and cup.
    [Show full text]
  • Johann Tetzel in Order to Pay for Expanding His Authority to the Electorate of Mainz
    THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS CURATED BY DR. ARMIN SIEDLECKI FEB 24 - JULY 7, 2017 THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS Five hundred years ago, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses, a series of statements and proposals about the power of indulgences and the nature of repentance, forgiveness and salvation. Originally intended for academic debate, the document quickly gained popularity, garnering praise and condemnation alike, and is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. This exhibit presents the context of Martin Luther’s Theses, the role of indulgences in sixteenth century religious life and the use of disputations in theological education. Shown also are the early responses to Luther’s theses by both his supporters and his opponents, the impact of Luther’s Reformation, including the iconic legacy of Luther’s actions as well as current attempts by Catholics and Protestants to find common ground. Case 1: Indulgences In Catholic teaching, indulgences do not effect the forgiveness of sins but rather serve to reduce the punishment for sins that have already been forgiven. The sale of indulgences was initially intended to defray the cost of building the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and was understood as a work of charity, because it provided monetary support for the church. Problems arose when Albert of Brandenburg – a cardinal and archbishop of Magdeburg – began selling indulgences aggressively with the help of Johann Tetzel in order to pay for expanding his authority to the Electorate of Mainz. 2 Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz Unused Indulgence (Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1515?) 1 sheet ; 30.2 x 21 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Pestilence and Reformation: Catholic preaching and a recurring crisis in sixteenth-century Germany Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Frymire, John Marshall Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 19:47:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279789 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecce Fides Pillar of Truth
    Ecce Fides Pillar of Truth Fr. John J. Pasquini TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Foreword Introduction Chapter I: The Holy Scriptures and Tradition Where did the Bible come from? Would Jesus leave us in confusion? The Bible alone is insufficient and unchristian What Protestants can’t answer! Two forms of Revelation What about Revelation 22:18-19? Is all Scripture to be interpreted in the same way? Why was the Catholic Church careful in making Bibles available to individual believers? Why do Catholics have more books in the Old Testament than Protestants or Jews? Chapter II: The Church Who’s your founder? Was Constantine the founder of the Catholic Church? Was there a great apostasy? Is the Catholic Church the “Whore of Babylon”? Who founded the Church in Rome? Peter, the Rock upon which Jesus built his Church! Are the popes antichrists? Why is the pope so important? Without the popes, the successors of St. Peter, there would be no authentic Christianity! Why is apostolic succession so important? The gates of hell will not prevail against it! The major councils of the Church and the assurance of the true faith! Why is there so much confusion in belief among Protestants? What gave rise to the birth of Protestantism? Chapter III: Sacraments Are sacraments just symbols? What do Catholics mean by being “born again” and why do they baptize children? Baptism by blood and desire for adults and infants Does baptism require immersion? Baptism of the dead? Where do we find the Sacrament of Confirmation? Why do Catholics believe the Eucharist is the
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY and HISTORY
    Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY AND HISTORY AUDENS n VlVtaS Volume 1 Number 1 Winter 1993 PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY AND HISTORY AftDfNS O VlVWS EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIR Thomas W. Gillespie EDITOR David Willis-Watkins EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Barbara Chaapel Sang Lee Ronald de Groot Elsie McKee Jane Dempsey Douglass Daniel Migliore Nancy Duff James Moorhead William Harris John Wilson EDITORIAL COUNCIL Edward Dowey 1995 Wilhelm Neuser Dawn de Vries Jung Song Rhee Richard Gamble Thomas Torrance John Leith Nicholas Wolterstorff Brian Armstrong 1998 Heiko Oberman Fritz Biisser Janos Pasztor Brian Gerrish Leanne Van Dyk Robert Kingdon Nobuo Watanabe Irena Backus 2001 Bernard Roussel John de Gruchy Jean-Loup Seban John Hesselink Willem van ’t Spijker William Klempa Michael Welker Editorial Offices Princeton Theological Seminary, CN 821, Princeton, NJ 08542-0803 fax (609) 497-7728 v/ Is I THE DISPUTATIONS OF BADEN, 1526 AND BERNE, 1528: Neutralizing the Early Church Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/studiesinreforme11prin THE DISPUTATIONS OF BADEN, 1526 AND BERNE, 1528: Neutralizing the Early Church IRENA BACKUS ARDENS VlVWS PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Studies in Reformed Uieology and History is published four times annually by Princeton Theological Seminary. All correspondence should be addressed to David Willis-Watkins, Editor, Studies in Reformed Theology and History, CN 821, Princeton, NJ 08542 0803, USA. Fax (609) 497-7728. MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSIONS Contributions to Studies in Reformed Theology and History are invited. Copies of printed and electronic manuscript requirements are available upon request from the Editor at the above address.
    [Show full text]
  • The Age of Reformation
    CHAPTER 13 The Age of Reformation CHAPTER OUTLINE • Prelude to Reformation: The Northern Renaissance • Prelude to Reformation: Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation • Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany • Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics • The Spread of the Protestant Reformation • The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Reformation • Conclusion FOCUS QUESTIONS • Who were the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from the L Protestant reformers? • What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the Roman Catholic church, and why did the movement he began spread so quickly across Europe? • What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? • What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on the society of the sixteenth century? • What measures did the Roman Catholic church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century? N APRIL 18, 1520, a lowly monk stood before the emperor and princes of Germany in the city of Worms. He had been Ocalled before this august gathering to answer charges of heresy, charges that could threaten his very life. The monk was confronted with a pile of his books and asked if he wished to defend them all or reject a part. Courageously, Martin Luther defended them all and asked to be shown where any part was in error on the basis of “Scripture and plain rea- son.” The emperor was outraged by Luther’s response and made his own position clear the next day: “Not only I, but you of this noble Ger- man nation, would be forever disgraced if by our negligence not only heresy but the very suspicion of heresy were to survive.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexandra Harris
    Harris 1 The 500th Anniversary of the Protestant Reformation A Turning Point in World History Alexandra Harris “Who had the more convincing argument at the Leipzig Debate: John Eck or Martin Luther? During the time of the Protestant Reformation, an important event known as the Leipzig Debate occurred. This was primarily between two men with varying views on religion, Dr. Johann Eck and Martin Luther. The latter of these men was a German monk who was the father of Lutheranism, a branch of Christianity that emerged during the Protestant Reformation. John Eck was a German theologian who was friendly with Luther until 1517, which was when Luther published his Ninety-five Theses. Eck deemed these theses to be unorthodox and challenged Luther and one of his disciples to a debate on their differing views of religious doctrine. The Leipzig Debate took place in Germany in the year 1519, in the great hall of the castle named Pleissenburg, which is in Leipzig. A year before this, in 1518, this public debate was initiated by Johann Eck, who challenged both Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein von Karlstadt and Martin Luther to a debate on Luther's teachings. The discussion between Eck and Luther took place on the dates of July 4 - July 13, during which Luther emphasized his belief of faith in God alone; this stance can be backed up by scripture. John Eck defended Catholic doctrine and walked away the winner of the debate, according to the theologians of the University of Leipzig. Despite the ruling of the University of Leipzig, Martin Luther had the more convincing argument at the Leipzig Debate because he had superior knowledge of background information, he defended doctrine that remains true to the teachings of the Holy Bible, and he won over many new followers.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity
    History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Print Basis: Second edition, revised Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Philip Schaff Christianity. The German Reformation. Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii History of the Christian Church. p. 1 Preface. p. 2 Orientation. p. 3 The Turning Point of Modern History. p. 3 Protestantism and Romanism. p. 4 Necessity of a Reformation. p. 7 The Preparations for the Reformation. p. 9 The Genius and Aim of the Reformation. p. 10 The Authority of the Scriptures. p. 12 Justification by Faith. p. 14 The Priesthood of the Laity. p. 16 The Reformation and Rationalism. p. 17 Protestantism and Denominationalism.. p. 26 Protestantism and Religious Liberty. p. 31 Religious Intolerance and Liberty in England and America. p. 42 Chronological Limits. p. 50 General Literature on the Reformation. p. 51 LUTHER©S TRAINING FOR THE REFORMATION, A.D. L483-1517. p. 55 Literature of the German Reformation. p. 55 Germany and the Reformation. p. 57 The Luther Literature. p.
    [Show full text]
  • REBIRTH, REFORM and RESILIENCE Universities in Transition 1300-1700
    REBIRTH, REFORM AND RESILIENCE Universities in Transition 1300-1700 Edited by James M. Kittelson and Pamela J. Transue $25.00 REBIRTH, REFORM, AND RESILIENCE Universities in Transition, 1300-1700 Edited by James M. Kittelson and Pamela]. Transue In his Introduction to this collection of original essays, Professor Kittelson notes that the university is one of the few institutions that medieval Latin Christendom contributed directly to modern Western civilization. An export wherever else it is found, it is unique to Western culture. All cultures, to be sure, have had their intellec­ tuals—those men and women whose task it has been to learn, to know, and to teach. But only in Latin Christendom were scholars—the company of masters and students—found gathered together into the universitas whose entire purpose was to develop and disseminate knowledge in a continu­ ous and systematic fashion with little regard for the consequences of their activities. The studies in this volume treat the history of the universities from the late Middle Ages through the Reformation; that is, from the time of their secure founding, through the period in which they were posed the challenges of humanism and con­ fessionalism, but before the explosion of knowl­ edge that marked the emergence of modern science and the advent of the Enlightenment. The essays and their authors are: "University and Society on the Threshold of Modern Times: The German Connection," by Heiko A. Ober­ man; "The Importance of the Reformation for the Universities: Culture and Confessions in the Criti­ cal Years," by Lewis W. Spitz; "Science and the Medieval University," by Edward Grant; "The Role of English Thought in the Transformation of University Education in the Late Middle Ages," by William J.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary Kessler Collection at Emory Luther, His Friends and His Enemies
    SUMMARY KESSLER COLLECTION AT EMORY LUTHER, HIS FRIENDS AND HIS ENEMIES This summary shows the breadth and depth of this 3624 book collection. This list only includes the more significant books. The numbers are the total books in each section. An asterisk indicates a first edition. Early Printed Bibles — (Total: 55) Luther Bibles: 5 NT, 1 OT, and 3 complete Bibles— (9) September* and December* Testaments.* 1522 Pentateuch* 1523 His first translation of the OT, rare. Both Wittenberg and Basel editions. Joshua to Esther. 1524 German Psalter. 1528 (first revision), 1531 (revision), and 1570. Prophets with the Apocrypha.1541. Complete Bible, Low German 1534. Luther’s First Translations into German 1518. Lord’s Prayer, Ten Commandments, Psalms 109 1519. Lord’s Prayer (6), Penitential Psalms Erasmus Bibles— (13) Six editions of his Greek NT.* Luther used the second edition for his NT translation. Vulgate Bibles—(8) First Bible with numbered verses. Pagnini. 1528. (It did not become the standard.) Catholic Bibles in German—(5) German Bible 1477 Catholic antidotes to Luther’s Bible by Hieronymus Emser and Johann Dietenberger. Protestant Bibles—(6) Zurich Bible. 1536. By Zwingli and others. English NT paraphrase. 1538.* Miles Coverdale. King Edward VI placed a copy in every Church. Hebrew Bibles—(7) Rabbinic Bible. First four editions which defined the text of the for 400 years Three Bibles by Sebastian Munster, the greatest Christian Hebraist Polyglots (Bible in three or more languages) —(7) Complutensian Polyglot, the Antwerp Polyglot, and the Genoa Psalter Hymnals and Liturgies—Total 49 (Scholars say this is the best collection of early Lutheran hymnals in America.) Early Pamphlets: (Phamplets preceded the- first hymnals.) Phamplet with four hymns, three by Georg Kern.
    [Show full text]