Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Bibliotheken Und Archiven

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Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Bibliotheken Und Archiven Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven Bd. 75 1995 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswis- senschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Her- unterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträ- ger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu priva- ten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hin- ausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weiter- gabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE Motive und Verflechtungen1 von GÖTZ-RÜDIGER TEWES Einleitung Personen, die in keiner historischen Darstellung bisher ihren ge­ bührenden Platz gefunden haben, stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Stu­ die. Sie haben, aus unserer eingeschränkten Sicht, vielfach im Verbor­ genen gearbeitet. Doch ihr Handeln in Rom, Augsburg oder Köln er­ folgte an Schauplätzen welthistorischer Tragweite - wenn man der Reformationsgeschichte, ihrer Vor- und Frühphase, dieses Attribut.zu- erkennen möchte. An der Seite einiger Lichtgestalten unter den Lu­ thergegnern haben sie gewirkt, und gerade deren Handeln zeigt sich so in bisher übersehenen Verbindungen. Die Spurensuche erwies sich als mühsam; auf die Bereitschaft, den einzelnen Fährten zu folgen, sich mit vielen unbekannten Personen vertraut zu machen, wird sich 1 Folgende Abkürzungen werden benutzt: Archive und Bibliotheken: ASV = Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Rom - Arm. = Armarium, IE = Introitus et Exitus, Reg. Lat. = Registra Lateranensia, Reg. Vat. = Registra Vaticana; BAV = Biblio­ teca Apostolica Vaticana, Rom; ASt = Archivio di Stato, Rom; AEK = Archiv des Erzbistums Köln; HAStK = Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln; StAA = Stadtarchiv Augsburg. Münzwerte: fl. = Gulden (stets wie auch Dukaten in Gold); flc. = Kammergulden; flr. = rheinischer Gulden; dac. = Kammerduka­ ten; boi. = Bologninen; m.a. = Silbermark. Reihenwerke: RTA M.R./J.R. = Reichstagsakten Mittlere Reihe/Jüngere Reihe; TRE = Theologische Realenzy­ klopädie. Für Hinweise und Auskünfte danke ich Priv. Doz. Dr. Helmut Fla­ chenecker, Eichstätt; Franz Heiler, Eichstätt; Dr. Florian Neumann, München; Joachim Oepen, Köln; Dr. Christoph Schöner, Rom. LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE 257 auch der Leser einlassen müssen. Die Annäherung wird von einem zentralen Ausgangspunkt aus erfolgen, der aus unterschiedlichen Per­ spektiven und in sich verdichtenden Kreisbewegungen immer deutli­ cher erhellt werden soll. Denn die Komplexität des Materials und der Personen läßt keine lineare Bewegimg zu. Das sich aus dem konkre­ ten Geschehen ergebende Bild erschließt Zusammenhänge allgemein­ ster Struktur. Sie haben jene so spannende und folgenreiche Epoche entscheidend mitgeprägt. Es gibt kaum einen Bereich der Reformationsgeschichte, der in der Forschung nicht stärkere Beachtung gefunden hätte. Auffallig ver­ nachlässigt wurde in letzter Zeit jedoch die Frage nach den frühen Gegnern Luthers. Möglicherweise sah man dieses Feld durch die Ar­ beiten Paul Kalkoffs oder die Untersuchungen zu Johannes Eck er­ schöpfend behandelt.2 Doch auch wenn man sich einzelnen Personen und Problemen intensiv zugewandt hatte, wird man weiterhin konsta­ tieren müssen, daß wichtige Akteure und Hintergründe des Handelns noch dem Licht der Forschung entzogen bleiben. Dies gilt gerade, wenn man nach den Motiven der Handelnden fragt, nach sozialen Ein­ bindungen, nach personalen Verflechtungen und Verpflichtungen, 2 Die einschlägigen Aufsätze und Monographien Kalkoffs finden sich etwa im Literaturverzeichnis bei W. Borth, Die Luthersache (Causa Lutheri) 1517- 1524. Die Anfange der Reformation als Frage von Politik und Recht, phil. Diss., Tübingen 1970. Eine umfassende neue Biographie Ecks steht aus, zu benutzen ist immer noch Th. Wie de mann, Dr. Johann Eck, Professor der Theologie an der Universität Ingolstadt, Regensburg 1865. In jüngster Zeit hat sich besonders die katholische Geschichtsschreibung dieses bedeutenden Verteidigers des Katholizismus angenommen, vgl. etwa die Kurzbiographie von E. Iserloh, Johannes Eck (1486-1543). Scholastiker, Humanist, Kontro­ verstheologe, Katholisches Leben und Kirchenreform im Zeitalter der Glau­ bensspaltung 41, Münster 1981; sowie die Beiträge in: E. Iserloh (Hg.), Jo­ hannes Eck (1486-1543) im Streit der Jahrhunderte. Internationales Sympo­ sion der Gesellschaft zur Herausgabe des Corpus Catholicorum aus Anlaß des 500. Geburtstages des Johannes Eck vom 13. bis 16. November 1986 in Ingolstadt und Eichstätt, Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte 127, Münster 1988. Zu Ecks Ingolstädter Lehrtätigkeit vgl. K. Rischar, Professor Dr. Johannes Eck als akademischer Lehrer in Ingolstadt, in: Zeitschrift für Bayerische Kirchengeschichte 37 (1968) S. 193-212; W. Kausch, Geschichte der Theologischen Fakultät Ingolstadt im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, Ludovico Maximilianea, Forschungen 9, Berlin 1977, passim. 258 GÖTZ-RÜDIGER TEWES nach tieferliegenden Antriebskräften, wurzelnd im persönlichen Lebensumfeld. Diesen so individuellen wie zugleich strukturellen Ge­ gebenheiten wollen wir uns im folgenden zuwenden; über den Grad der Behauptimg hinausgehen können sie allerdings nur, da sonst nicht sichtbar, durch die Arbeit am Konkreten. Als Ergebnis wird sich die Aussage herausschälen, daß der frühe Kampf gegen Luther nicht nur, aber maßgeblich von dem Fun­ dament eines personalen Netzwerkes getragen wurde, das schon vor der reformatorischen Wende in Rom, Augsburg und Köln beim Aufbau der römischen Fuggerbank, beim Ausbau der Finanz- und Montan­ macht der Fugger, in der damit verknüpften Auseinandersetzimg um die Erlaubtheit des Zinses sowie in dem weitgehend unabhängig hier­ von geführten Kampf gegen die Judenbücher geschmiedet wurde - wirtschaftliche, kuriale und geistesgeschichtüch-universitäre Interes­ sen miteinander verflechtend. Theologische Divergenzen spielten also nicht allein eine Rolle. Nicht alle Handelnden waren freilich während aller Phasen dabei. Als Prämisse wird die These betrachtet, daß eine gleiche oder ähnliche Einstellung zu einem Problem nicht eo ipso ein paralleles Handeln dieser Gleichdenkenden bewirkt. (Eine kritische Einstellung z.B. zu den Juden oder zum Auftreten Luthers bedingte nicht unbedingt ein entschiedenes Handeln gegen die Grundlagen jü­ discher Religion oder gegen das Wirken Luthers.) Zum bewußten, ziel­ gesteuerten Handeln müssen verpflichtende, bindende, oft tieferlie­ gende und strukturellere Antriebskräfte hinzukommen. Es versteht sich, daß wir mit den folgenden Ergebnissen einen Beitrag zu jünge­ ren Überlegungen über die Kategorien der sozialen Verflechtung und ihre Auswirkung auf das menschliche Handeln leisten.3 3 Vgl. die wichtigen Gedanken bei W. Reinhard, Freunde und Kreaturen. „Ver­ flechtung" als Konzept zur Erforschung historischer Führungsgruppen. Römi­ sche Oligarchie um 1600, Schriften der Philosophischen Fachbereiche der Universität Augsburg 14, München 1979; P. Moraw, Über Patrone und Klien­ ten im Heiligen Römischen Reich des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neu­ zeit, in: Klientelsysteme im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit, hg. von A. M^czak, Schriften des Historischen Kollegs, Kolloquien 9, München 1988, S. 1 -18; W. Reinhard, Oligarchische Verflechtung und Konfession in oberdeutschen Städten, in: I.e. S. 47-62; exemplarisch: B. Schwarz, Patronage und Klientel in der spätmittelalterlichen Kirche am Beispiel des Nikolaus von Kues, in: QFIAB 68 (1988) S. 284-310; monographisch mit Schwergewicht auf neuzeit- LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE 259 I Ausgangs- wie Angelpunkt ist eine Quelle, die - für den Histori­ ker selten genug - in konzentrierter Form die persönlichen Motive des Handelnden anspricht, die Namen der Verbündeten nennt, auf ge­ meinsame Bindungen verweist, auf Vergangenes rück- wie Zukünfti­ ges vorverweist - und dies alles am Scheitelpunkt einer Epochen­ wende. In solch gebündelter Form liegt sie im Brief des schwäbischen Luther-Gegners und Ingolstädter Theologen Johannes Eck vom 24. Juli 1519 an den in Köln wohnenden Dominikaner-Inquisitor Jakob Hoogstraten vor.4 Wenn man die Reformation als Beginn einer neuen Epoche begreift, wird man kaum leugnen können, daß die Leipziger Disputation vom 27.6.-15.7.1519 zwischen Eck und seinen theologi­ schen Opponenten Martin Luther und Andreas Karlstadt innerhalb des Reformationsgeschehens einen herausgehobenen Stellenwert be­ sitzt.5 Luther hatte in ihr einen neuen Grad der Kritik am Papsttum formuliert, vor allem als er im Streit mit Eck über das göttliche Recht des Primats nicht nur den Papst, sondern auch die Konzilien als fehl­ bar behauptete. Eck hingegen sah sich nach der Disputation ganz of­ fensichtlich gezwungen, die private Auseinandersetzimg mit Luther auf die Stufe einer offiziellen gegen Luther zu heben. Nun band er liehen Phänomenen: R. Pflücke, Beiträge zur Theorie von Patronage und Klientel. Eine vergleichende Soziologie der Gefolgschaft, phil. Diss. Heidel­ berg, Augsburg 1972. 4 Edition des Briefes jetzt in: P. Fabisch, E. Iserloh (Hg.), Dokumente zur Causa Lutheri (1517-1521), I: Das Gutachten des Prierias und weitere Schrif­ ten gegen Luthers Ablaßthesen (1517-1518); II: Vom Augsburger Reichstag 1518 bis zum Wormser Edikt 1521, Corpus Catholicorum 41/42, Münster 1988/ 91, II, S. 258-265. 5 Zur Leipziger Disputation vgl. J. K. Sei de mann,
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