DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 13 Glossary Act of Supremacy: Two Separate Acts of the English Parliament, One Passed in 1534 and the Other in 1559

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 13 Glossary Act of Supremacy: Two Separate Acts of the English Parliament, One Passed in 1534 and the Other in 1559 Chapter 13 Glossary Act of Supremacy: Two separate acts of the English Parliament, one passed in 1534 and the other in 1559. Both acts had the same purpose; to firmly establish the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England, supplanting the power of the Catholic pope in Rome. Anabaptists: A name give to many different groups of Protestants with similar beliefs such as, adult baptism, equality of all believers, separation of church and state, and pacifism. Book of Common Prayer: Revised protestant liturgy that helped replace some of the practices of Catholicism. Calvinism: The teachings and reforms of Calvin which became the dominant form of Protestantism in France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and central and eastern Europe. Cardinal Wolsey: Attempted to secure an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine from Pope Clement VII, but was unsuccessful and replaced. Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation): The Catholic church's response to the Protestant Reformation Christian Humanism: Northern Renaissance movement based on the classics whose major goal was the reform of Christianity within the framework of the Catholic Church through education. Christian III: King of Denmark who helped install a Lutheran state church with the king as the supreme authority in ecclesiastical affair. Confession (Penance): Sacrament by which one could be absolved of sins by confessing them. Corruption: General problem with the church of the Renaissance due to popes and priests being involved in worldly matters instead of spiritual matters. Council of Constance: Meeting where the Great Schism was brought to an end in 1417, but also it tried to deal with emerging heresy and church reform. Desiderius Erasmus: Christian humanist who was born in Holland. He emphasized the idea of inner-piety as opposed to external forms of religion. Translated the New Testament. Diet of Augsburg: 1530 gave the Protestant territories a deadline by which to return to Catholic practices. Diet of Worms: In 1521, Luther was called to face Emperor Charles V and recant his books and positions against the Catholic Church, which he did not. disputation: A public debate where Protestantism would be debated against Catholicism, and regularly won because Catholics were not used to defending their positions. Ecclesiastical Ordinances: Helped organize Geneva into a theocracy where the church government was run by clergy and laymen. Edward VI: Young, sickly son of Henry VIII who became king--during his brief tenure, Archbishop Cranmer and others attempted to make real Protestant changes in England. Execrabilis: Papal bull issued by Pope Pius II condemning appeals to a council over the head of the pope as heretical (reestablished papal authority). Faith Alone (Sola Fide): Justification (salvation) by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from the Catholic Church Francis Xavier: Catholic missionary who worked to convert people in India and Malacca. Gustavus Vasa: After overthrowing Christian II of Denmark, he became king of the independent Sweden, and led the Lutheran Reformation creating a Swedish Lutheran National Church gymnasium: Secondary school where humanist emphasis on liberal arts based in Greek and Latin was combined with religious education. Habsburg-Valois Wars: Wars of 1494-1559 were for a long time crucially intertwined with the Italian Wars. Initiated between the French Valois King Francis I and HRE Charles V. heresy: Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine. Ignatius of Loyola: A Spanish nobleman (1491-1556) who was injured as a soldier, but became a devoted solider of God completely submitting his will to the will of the church. Index of Forbidden Books: A list of books that Catholics were not read instituted by the reform minded Pope Paul IV. indulgences: In exchange for money people could buy these as a means of assuring salvation. Institutes of the Christian Religion: John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology. The Institutes is a highly regarded secondary reference for the system of doctrine adopted by the Reformed churches, usually called Calvinism. Jan (John) Huss: Czech priest, philosopher, Master, dean and rector at Charles University in Prague, church reformer opposed to excessive power of the papacy. Arrested as a heretic in 1415 and burned at the stake. Johann Tetzel: A Dominican friar who was selling jubilee indulgences for Pope Leo X's building of St. Peter's Basilica. John Calvin: Second generation reformer and theologian (1509-1564) who had a conversion experience and began a Protestant movement in Geneva. John Knox: Protestant reformer of Scotland. John of Leiden: Proclaimed himself king of the New Jerusalem, and proclaimed he would lead a new world order from Munster purifying the world by the sword. He was executed in 1536. John Wyclif: Oxford theologian who believed there was no scriptural claim for papal authority, and the Bible was the sole authority--urged Bible to be made available in the vernacular. Julius II: "Warrior Pope" who personified the popes of the Renaissance era by his use of intrigue and bloodshed to obtain property and political power. King Henry VIII: English king who sparked the Reformation in England when he sought a divorce from his first wife in order to secure a male heir to the throne. Leipzig Debate: 1519: Martin Luther's conversation with the Catholic scholar Johann Eck which forced his hand to move beyond simply indulgences and take on the authority of the pope. Lollards: The English followers of John Wyclif, who believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ. Marburg Colloquy: A meeting of Lutherans and Zwinglians to try and unify for the purpose of defending against imperial and conservative opposition, but produced no agreement or evangelical alliance. Martin Bucer: German reformer (1491-1551) who instituted a reform movement containing features of both Luther and Zwingli. Martin Luther: German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Mary: Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine who married the Catholic Philip II of Spain, and tried to return England to Catholicism. Matteo Ricci: Catholic missionary who worked to covert the people of Japan and China. Menno Simons: A moderate who rejuvenated Dutch Anabaptism whose followers became known as Mennonites spreading to Poland, Lithuania, and the New World. Millenarianism: The belief by Melchiorites that the end of the world was at hand, and a new kingdom of God was being established at Munster. Monasticism: The practice of living in religious orders what was undone by the Protestant Reformation leaving women very little participation in church leadership. nepotism: The practice of awarding church offices and positions to family members to assure power would stay within a family. On the Freedom of a Christian Man: A book by Martin Luther where he shared his doctrine of salvation based on faith alone, not good works was the basis for salvation. Peace of Augsburg: 1555 temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire of the religious conflict arising from the Reformation. Each prince was to determine whether Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism was to prevail in his lands. Philip Melanchthon: A young protégé of Luther Pluralism: The practice of granting or holding more than one church office or position, which led to absenteeism, and lack of attention to spiritual matters. Pope Leo X: The son of Lorenzo de' Medici, a pope who had at least as much an interest in secular affairs as spiritual matters-- great patron of the Renaissance. Predestination: Calvin's theology that stated God had already chosen those to be saved (the elect), and those to be damned (the reprobate). Protestant Reformation: Time of church turmoil in the 15th and 16th centuries begun with a typical medieval question: “What must I do to be saved?” Protestant Schools: A key tool of the Reformation was education, which was different than the Renaissance in that education was extended to more than just the elite. Puritans: English Calvinists who attempted to ban drinking in taverns dramatic performance, and dancing. relics: Any number of physical objects that could be venerated (praised/worshipped) as part of gaining salvation. Renaissance Papacy: The line of popes from the end of the Great Schism in 1417 to the beginning of the Reformation in the early 16th century--generally characterized by popes with more concern for worldly matters than spiritual ones. Sacrosancta: Along with Frequens, a reform passed by the Council of Constance claiming the council received its authority from God, and the councils would meet regularly. Schmalkaldic League: A defensive alliance formed by Protestant territories of the Holy Roman Empire to defend themselves collectively against any attempt to enforce the recess of the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. St. Teresa of Avila: A nun of the Carmelite order who experienced mystical visions uniting her soul to God--she believed mystical experience should lead to an active life in service to God. Swiss Brethren: A group that was expelled from Zurich by Zwingli for there belief in adult baptism--many had been re- baptized for which they got the name Anabaptists, or Rebaptists. Swiss Civil War: Struggle between Catholics and Zwinglians. Zwingli was killed by his opponents, and mutilated--This was a harbinger for future passion-ignited religious wars. Swiss Confederation: A 16th century loose confederation of 13 self-governing cantons that were theoretically part of the HRE, but had become virtually independent by 1499. the Consistory: A special body for enforcing moral discipline set up to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of the citizens of Geneva. the Council of Trent: A series of meetings between 1545-1563 that reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, affirmed scripture and tradition, and affirmed that both faith and good works are necessary for salvation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers
    Balthasar Hubmaier and the Authority of the Church Fathers ANDREW P. KLAGER In Anabaptist historical scholarship, the reluctance to investigate the authority of the church fathers for individual sixteenth-century Anabaptist leaders does not appear to be intentional. Indeed, more pressing issues of a historiographical and even apologetical nature have been a justifiable priority, 1 and soon this provisional Anabaptist vision was augmented by studies assessing the possibility of various medieval chronological antecedents. 2 However, in response to Kenneth Davis’ important study, Anabaptism and Asceticism , Peter Erb rightly observed back in 1976 that “. one must not fail to review the abiding influence of the Fathers . [whose] monitions were much more familiar to our sixteenth-century ancestors than they are to us.” 3 Over thirty years later, the Anabaptist community still awaits its first published comprehensive study of the reception of the church fathers among Anabaptist leaders in the sixteenth century. 4 A natural place to start, however, is the only doctor of theology in the Anabaptist movement, Balthasar Hubmaier. In the final analysis, it becomes evident that Hubmaier does view the church fathers as authoritative, contextually understood, for some theological issues that were important to him, notably his anthropology and understanding of the freedom of the will, while he acknowledged the value of the church fathers for the corollary of free will, that is, believers’ baptism, and this for apologetico-historical purposes. This authority, however, cannot be confused with an untested, blind conformity to prescribed precepts because such a definition of authority did not exist in the sixteenth-century, even among the strongest Historical Papers 2008: Canadian Society of Church History 134 Balthasar Hubmaier admirers of the fathers.
    [Show full text]
  • “Here I Stand” — the Reformation in Germany And
    Here I Stand The Reformation in Germany and Switzerland Donald E. Knebel January 22, 2017 Slide 1 1. Later this year will be the 500th anniversary of the activities of Martin Luther that gave rise to what became the Protestant Reformation. 2. Today, we will look at those activities and what followed in Germany and Switzerland until about 1555. 3. We will pay particular attention to Luther, but will also talk about other leaders of the Reformation, including Zwingli and Calvin. Slide 2 1. By 1500, the Renaissance was well underway in Italy and the Church was taking advantage of the extraordinary artistic talent coming out of Florence. 2. In 1499, a 24-year old Michelangelo had completed his famous Pietà, commissioned by a French cardinal for his burial chapel. Slide 3 1. In 1506, the Church began rebuilding St. Peter’s Basilica into the magnificent structure it is today. 2. To help pay for such masterpieces, the Church had become a huge commercial enterprise, needing a lot of money. 3. In 1476, Pope Sixtus IV had created a new market for indulgences by “permit[ing] the living to buy and apply indulgences to deceased loved ones assumed to be suffering in purgatory for unrepented sins.” Ozment, The Age of Reform: 1250-1550 at 217. 4. By the time Leo X became Pope in 1513, “it is estimated that there were some two thousand marketable Church jobs, which were literally sold over the counter at the Vatican; even a cardinal’s hat might go to the highest bidder.” Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church at 198.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction Or Reformation the Conciliar Papacy and Jan Hus of Bohemia
    Garcia 1 RECONSTRUCTION OR REFORMATION THE CONCILIAR PAPACY AND JAN HUS OF BOHEMIA Franky Garcia HY 490 Dr. Andy Dunar 15 March 2012 Garcia 2 The declining institution of the Church quashed the Hussite Heresy through a radical self-reconstruction led by the conciliar reformers. The Roman Church of the late Middle Ages was in a state of decline after years of dealing with heresy. While the Papacy had grown in power through the Middle Ages, after it fought the crusades it lost its authority over the temporal leaders in Europe. Once there was no papal banner for troops to march behind to faraway lands, European rulers began fighting among themselves. This led to the Great Schism of 1378, in which different rulers in Europe elected different popes. Before the schism ended in 1417, there were three popes holding support from various European monarchs. Thus, when a new reform movement led by Jan Hus of Bohemia arose at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the declining Church was at odds over how to deal with it. The Church had been able to deal ecumenically (or in a religiously unified way) with reforms in the past, but its weakened state after the crusades made ecumenism too great a risk. Instead, the Church took a repressive approach to the situation. Bohemia was a land stained with a history of heresy, and to let Hus's reform go unchecked might allow for a heretical movement on a scale that surpassed even the Cathars of southern France. Therefore the Church, under guidance of Pope John XXIII and Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg, convened in the Council of Constance in 1414.
    [Show full text]
  • 564158Eb19f006.65831545.Pdf
    HEARTH AND HOME Left: Later Protestants liked to describe the Luthers as the ideal parsonage family. Here a 19th-c. artist imagines the family gathered around to sing with friend Melancthon in the background. DIABOLICAL BAGPIPES Below: Luther’s opponents caricatured him as merely a mouthpiece for the devil. Protestants countered that monks, not Luther, were the devil’s instruments. RSITY E Did you know? NIV U LUTHER LOVED TO PLAY THE LUTE, ONCE WENT ON STRIKE FROM HIS CONGREGATION, AND OGY, EMORY HATED TO COLLECT THE RENT ES F THEOL O VA L MAG I NE MAN MICHELANGELO, MUSIC, AND MASS E • Christopher Columbus set sail when Luther was a LER SCHOO schoolboy, and Michelangelo was completing his Sis- tine Chapel ceiling when Luther began teaching theol- REFORMATION, GE E RMANY / BRIDG RARY, CAND B TH ogy as a young man. SINGING CONGREGANTS, STRIKING PASTOR F • Luther preferred music to any other school subject, Luther made singing a central part of Protestant wor- OGY LI UM O OTHA, GE E G and he became very skilled at playing the lute. Upon ship. In his German Mass (1526), he dispensed with the US IN, THEOL E becoming a monk at age 21, he had to give the lute away. choir and assigned all singing to the congregation. He L M NST • When Luther celebrated his first Mass as a priest in often called congregational rehearsals during the week EDE RNATIONA 1507, he trembled so much he nearly dropped the bread so people could learn new hymns. TION, PITTS E NT OSS FRI and cup.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great Western Schism, Conciliarism, and Constance Thomas E
    CURRENT THEOLOGY AFTER SIX HUNDRED YEARS: THE GREAT WESTERN SCHISM, CONCILIARISM, AND CONSTANCE THOMAS E. MORRISSEY State University College, Fredonia, N.Y. Recent years have seen an awakened interest in the Great Western Schism, conciliarism, and the councils which brought that era to a close. Yet in some ways the vigorous and careful research has not brought us any closer to a solution of many of the questions and problems that confronted Christian society than the answers which the actual partici­ pants of that time had. Some of the best and newest work in this area reveals how shifting are the bases on which our answers rest and how nebulous are our certainties.1 Yet we must start with what is known and agreed upon, and that is little enough. ORIGINS OF THE SCHISM In April 1378, in order to elect a new pope after Gregory XI had died, the cardinals gathered in the conclave in Rome under circumstances that are still disputed. They could not agree on a candidate among themselves and they were subject to what any impartial observer might call "inor­ dinate pressures." Finally, for the last time since that day, the sacred college decided to go outside of its own ranks in choosing the new pope, and so Bartolomeo Prignani emerged from the conclave as Urban VI. Even these simple factual statements must be interpreted in the light of what had happened before this, e.g., the seventy years of papal residence in Avignon and what was to follow, i.e., the subsequent abandonment of Urban by the cardinals, their election of one of their members, Robert of Geneva, as Clement VII, and the schism that was to last with two papal claimants (later three, after the Council of Pisa in 1409) until the Council of Constance finally resolved the problem with the election of Martin V in 1417.
    [Show full text]
  • Quellen Und Forschungen Aus Italienischen Bibliotheken Und Archiven
    Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Bibliotheken und Archiven Bd. 75 1995 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswis- senschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Her- unterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträ- ger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu priva- ten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hin- ausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weiter- gabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. LUTHERGEGNER DER ERSTEN STUNDE Motive und Verflechtungen1 von GÖTZ-RÜDIGER TEWES Einleitung Personen, die in keiner historischen Darstellung bisher ihren ge­ bührenden Platz gefunden haben, stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Stu­ die. Sie haben, aus unserer eingeschränkten Sicht, vielfach im Verbor­ genen gearbeitet. Doch ihr Handeln in Rom, Augsburg oder Köln er­ folgte an Schauplätzen welthistorischer Tragweite - wenn man der Reformationsgeschichte, ihrer Vor- und Frühphase, dieses Attribut.zu- erkennen möchte. An der Seite einiger Lichtgestalten unter den Lu­ thergegnern haben sie gewirkt, und gerade deren Handeln zeigt sich so in bisher übersehenen Verbindungen. Die Spurensuche erwies sich als mühsam; auf die Bereitschaft, den einzelnen Fährten zu folgen, sich mit vielen unbekannten Personen vertraut zu machen, wird sich 1 Folgende Abkürzungen werden benutzt: Archive und Bibliotheken: ASV = Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Rom - Arm. = Armarium, IE = Introitus et Exitus, Reg. Lat. = Registra Lateranensia, Reg. Vat. = Registra Vaticana; BAV = Biblio­ teca Apostolica Vaticana, Rom; ASt = Archivio di Stato, Rom; AEK = Archiv des Erzbistums Köln; HAStK = Historisches Archiv der Stadt Köln; StAA = Stadtarchiv Augsburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Johann Tetzel in Order to Pay for Expanding His Authority to the Electorate of Mainz
    THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS CURATED BY DR. ARMIN SIEDLECKI FEB 24 - JULY 7, 2017 THE IMAGE OF A FRACTURED CHURCH AT 500 YEARS Five hundred years ago, on October 31, 1517, Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses, a series of statements and proposals about the power of indulgences and the nature of repentance, forgiveness and salvation. Originally intended for academic debate, the document quickly gained popularity, garnering praise and condemnation alike, and is generally seen as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. This exhibit presents the context of Martin Luther’s Theses, the role of indulgences in sixteenth century religious life and the use of disputations in theological education. Shown also are the early responses to Luther’s theses by both his supporters and his opponents, the impact of Luther’s Reformation, including the iconic legacy of Luther’s actions as well as current attempts by Catholics and Protestants to find common ground. Case 1: Indulgences In Catholic teaching, indulgences do not effect the forgiveness of sins but rather serve to reduce the punishment for sins that have already been forgiven. The sale of indulgences was initially intended to defray the cost of building the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome and was understood as a work of charity, because it provided monetary support for the church. Problems arose when Albert of Brandenburg – a cardinal and archbishop of Magdeburg – began selling indulgences aggressively with the help of Johann Tetzel in order to pay for expanding his authority to the Electorate of Mainz. 2 Albert of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz Unused Indulgence (Leipzig: Melchior Lotter, 1515?) 1 sheet ; 30.2 x 21 cm.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    Pestilence and Reformation: Catholic preaching and a recurring crisis in sixteenth-century Germany Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Frymire, John Marshall Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 19:47:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279789 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecce Fides Pillar of Truth
    Ecce Fides Pillar of Truth Fr. John J. Pasquini TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication Foreword Introduction Chapter I: The Holy Scriptures and Tradition Where did the Bible come from? Would Jesus leave us in confusion? The Bible alone is insufficient and unchristian What Protestants can’t answer! Two forms of Revelation What about Revelation 22:18-19? Is all Scripture to be interpreted in the same way? Why was the Catholic Church careful in making Bibles available to individual believers? Why do Catholics have more books in the Old Testament than Protestants or Jews? Chapter II: The Church Who’s your founder? Was Constantine the founder of the Catholic Church? Was there a great apostasy? Is the Catholic Church the “Whore of Babylon”? Who founded the Church in Rome? Peter, the Rock upon which Jesus built his Church! Are the popes antichrists? Why is the pope so important? Without the popes, the successors of St. Peter, there would be no authentic Christianity! Why is apostolic succession so important? The gates of hell will not prevail against it! The major councils of the Church and the assurance of the true faith! Why is there so much confusion in belief among Protestants? What gave rise to the birth of Protestantism? Chapter III: Sacraments Are sacraments just symbols? What do Catholics mean by being “born again” and why do they baptize children? Baptism by blood and desire for adults and infants Does baptism require immersion? Baptism of the dead? Where do we find the Sacrament of Confirmation? Why do Catholics believe the Eucharist is the
    [Show full text]
  • Oration ``Existimatis Fortasse'' of Pope Pius II (1 March 1462, Rome
    Oration “Existimatis fortasse” of Pope Pius II (1 March 1462, Rome). Edited and translated by by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg.4th version. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 64) Michael Cotta-Schønberg To cite this version: Michael Cotta-Schønberg. Oration “Existimatis fortasse” of Pope Pius II (1 March 1462, Rome). Edited and translated by by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg.4th version. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 64). 2019. hal-01231864 HAL Id: hal-01231864 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01231864 Submitted on 28 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. (Orations of Enea Silvio Piccolomini / Pope Pius II; 64) 0 Oration “Existimatis fortasse” of Pope Pius II (1 March 1462, Rome). Edited and translated by by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg 4th version 2019 1 Abstract After his return from Mantua in October 1460, Pope Pius II had not been very active in the matter of the crusade. In the face of the European rulers’ skepticism and even directly negative attitudes towards a crusade, he was unsure of how to proceed, and moreover he had become engaged in two wars, one in the Papal States and one in the Kingdom of Naples.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY and HISTORY
    Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY AND HISTORY AUDENS n VlVtaS Volume 1 Number 1 Winter 1993 PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Studies in REFORMED THEOLOGY AND HISTORY AftDfNS O VlVWS EDITORIAL COUNCIL CHAIR Thomas W. Gillespie EDITOR David Willis-Watkins EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Barbara Chaapel Sang Lee Ronald de Groot Elsie McKee Jane Dempsey Douglass Daniel Migliore Nancy Duff James Moorhead William Harris John Wilson EDITORIAL COUNCIL Edward Dowey 1995 Wilhelm Neuser Dawn de Vries Jung Song Rhee Richard Gamble Thomas Torrance John Leith Nicholas Wolterstorff Brian Armstrong 1998 Heiko Oberman Fritz Biisser Janos Pasztor Brian Gerrish Leanne Van Dyk Robert Kingdon Nobuo Watanabe Irena Backus 2001 Bernard Roussel John de Gruchy Jean-Loup Seban John Hesselink Willem van ’t Spijker William Klempa Michael Welker Editorial Offices Princeton Theological Seminary, CN 821, Princeton, NJ 08542-0803 fax (609) 497-7728 v/ Is I THE DISPUTATIONS OF BADEN, 1526 AND BERNE, 1528: Neutralizing the Early Church Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library https://archive.org/details/studiesinreforme11prin THE DISPUTATIONS OF BADEN, 1526 AND BERNE, 1528: Neutralizing the Early Church IRENA BACKUS ARDENS VlVWS PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Studies in Reformed Uieology and History is published four times annually by Princeton Theological Seminary. All correspondence should be addressed to David Willis-Watkins, Editor, Studies in Reformed Theology and History, CN 821, Princeton, NJ 08542 0803, USA. Fax (609) 497-7728. MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSIONS Contributions to Studies in Reformed Theology and History are invited. Copies of printed and electronic manuscript requirements are available upon request from the Editor at the above address.
    [Show full text]
  • The Age of Reformation
    CHAPTER 13 The Age of Reformation CHAPTER OUTLINE • Prelude to Reformation: The Northern Renaissance • Prelude to Reformation: Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation • Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany • Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics • The Spread of the Protestant Reformation • The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Reformation • Conclusion FOCUS QUESTIONS • Who were the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from the L Protestant reformers? • What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the Roman Catholic church, and why did the movement he began spread so quickly across Europe? • What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? • What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on the society of the sixteenth century? • What measures did the Roman Catholic church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century? N APRIL 18, 1520, a lowly monk stood before the emperor and princes of Germany in the city of Worms. He had been Ocalled before this august gathering to answer charges of heresy, charges that could threaten his very life. The monk was confronted with a pile of his books and asked if he wished to defend them all or reject a part. Courageously, Martin Luther defended them all and asked to be shown where any part was in error on the basis of “Scripture and plain rea- son.” The emperor was outraged by Luther’s response and made his own position clear the next day: “Not only I, but you of this noble Ger- man nation, would be forever disgraced if by our negligence not only heresy but the very suspicion of heresy were to survive.
    [Show full text]