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Pestilence and Reformation: Catholic preaching and a recurring crisis in sixteenth-century Germany Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Frymire, John Marshall Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 19:47:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279789 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 PESTILENCE AND REFORMATION: CATHOLIC PREACHING AND A RECURRING CRISIS IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY by John Marshall Frymire Copyright © John Marshall Frymire 2001 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2001 UMI Number: 3016499 Copyright 2001 by Frymire, John Marshall All rights reserved. UMI ® UMI Microform 3016499 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by John M. Frymire entitled PESTILENCE AND REFORMATION: CATHOLIC PREACHING AND A RECURRING CRISIS IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Heiko A. Oberman Date ^ "-f/rr / ^ Alan E. Bernstein , i ' ^ ^ Date Ia) ^/// / Donald Weinstein Dat Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. 1) 04 ol Dissertation Director Date Heiko A. Oberman 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to thank a number of family members, fiiends, teachers, colleagues, and institutions for their support during my graduate studies. David and Margaret Frymire have provided me with encouragement, love, and exempla without which I would have never undertaken this path. Likewise, Fritz and Marianne Freeh have welcomed me into their family and supported me during my doctoral studies as though I were a son. Karen, Peggy, Patricia, David, Daniel, Kay, and Beth have always looked out for their little brother, and my debt to them extends over three decades. From my teachers I have received inspiration, admonition, encouragement, and correction. At Augustana College, Thomas Mayer, Dorothy Parkander, and Karin Youngberg shared their enthusiasm and expertise with me, and helped set me on my course to Arizona. There, Alan Bernstein, Heiko Oberman, and Donald Weinstein worked together to create the most rewarding, challenging, and collegial of graduate programs, and I have taken more of their time than I deserved. In addition, Richard Cosgrove, Gordon Griffiths, Susan Karant-Nurm, Helen Nader, Hermann Rebel, and Hans-Christoph Rublack all shared knowledge and kindnesses in and out of classrooms. Finally, I owe a special debt to a scholar and fnend on the other side of the Atlantic, Peter Godman in Tubingen, who welcomed me into his seminars, who opened doors for me in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and whose fi-iendship has been a precious gift for me and my family. Various institutions have helped to support my research, and I should like to thank them here: the University of Arizona, the Division of Late Medieval and Reformation Studies, the Fulbright Commission, the Institut fiir Spatmittelater und Reformation (Tubingen), the Internationales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften (Vienna), and the Institut fiir Europaische Geschichte (Mainz). To individuals within and without those institutions, I also owe a special debt of thanks: Luise Betterton, James and Monique Blakely, Rolf Decot, Bemdt Hamm, Robert Klay, Ulrich Kopf, Andreas Merkt, John O'Malley S.J., Suse Rau, Jonathan Reid, Ulrike Siebeck, Stephanie Solum, Peter Starenko, Sandra Swedeen, Georg Wieland, Laura Williamson, and the Franciscan Sisters of New Jersey (in Rome). To Christina, Augustine, Kay, and—most recently—Laura, I owe more than I can say, and more than I can ever return. This is for them. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 9 PART L CATHOLIC PREACHING AND THE GERMAN REFORMATION 26 INTRODUCTION 26 1. THE CONTOURS OF CATHOLIC PREACHING, 1525-1555 41 PART IL PESTILENCE AND REFORMATION 74 INTRODUCTION 74 2. CATHOLIC EPIDEMIC PREACHESTG: TWO DISSONANT VOICES 83 3. WRATH OF GOD OR PRODUCT OF NATURE; THEORIES OF ORIGIN 117 4. GOD'S EXTRAORDINARY PUNISHMENT: ON THE USES OF PLAGUE DISCOURSE 244 A. Sickness, Sin and God's Extraordinary Punishment 249 B. The Tasks of Government and the Perspectives of Preachers: Pestilence and Social Discipline 275 CONCLUSION 293 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued APPENDIX A. A SELECT CHRONOLOGY OF MAINZ PREACHING, 1528-1554 299 WORKS CITED 345 A. Abbreviations 345 B. Unprinted Sources 352 C. Printed Sources 352 D. Secondary Literature 360 7 ABSTRACT This study examines some of the plague sermons of German Catholic preachers during the sixteenth century, the era of the Reformation. It takes the question, "What was preached?" and applies it to a hitherto neglected genre of sources to investigate how Catholic preachers responded to a recurring, pre-Reformation crisis—plague—and how they interpreted that crisis during an era of revolutionary religious change. Special attention is given to the themes of astrology and the causes of plague, interpretations of epidemic disease in terms of divine wrath, plague prevention and social discipline. By comparing some of the Catholic plague sermons with those of their Protestant counterparts, similarities emerge to reveal a shared "Catholic" tradition, just as differences become apparent that reflect many of the debates between the confessions in sixteenth-century Germany. The theme of Catholic preaching and the German Reformation itself, however, has received little attention in the field, despite the fact that scholars have begun to devote much research and exposition to Protestant sermons during the period. Contrary to common opinion—^that Catholics failed to measure up to their evangelical counterparts in the pulpits—^this study also sketches some of the contours of Catholic preaching during the 8 first three decades of the Reformation: major preachers, the sources, and some of the themes they emphasized. Conceived as both a thesis and as an outline for further research, it is argued here that the Catholic response fi-om the pulpits was of greater scope and higher quality than has hitherto been assumed. 9 INTRODUCTION In Frankfurt an der Oder, Gertrand Fischer had been a vibrant and. healthy young woman. Until 1536. Then, according to the city's Lutheran preacher, Andreas Ebert, she suddenly became "weak in the head" {im haupt schwach),^ a diagnosis connoting something between depression and madness in the fluid medical vocabulary of sixteenth-century Germany." A kind citizen took her in and Gertrand began to improve, until "she became possessed with that enemy of truth, Satan." In the Devil's grip she performed bizarre {seltzams) feats such as chewing and ingesting coins and ' Andreas
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