1
The Decline of the Papacy
The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy -Avignon (1309-1377)
Domination by the French
Loss of Papal Universalism
Aristocratic Clergy
Pope Gregory XI (1370-1378)
Moved Papacy Back to Rome
The Great Schism
A Troubled Election
Curia Still Dominated By French Cardinals
Roman Mob Forces Election
Urban VI (1318-1389)
Elected Pope (1378)
Dedicated to Reform
Reforms
Absenteeism
Clerical Luxury
Rebalancing the Curia
Anagni Conclave
Clement VII (1342-1394)
Two Popes?
Each Supported by Different Countries
Rift Continues After Their Death 2
The Conciliar Movement
Precedents
Ancient Church Councils
Medieval Church a Papal Monarchy (Innocent III)
William of Ockham (1288-1348) / Marsilius of Padua (1275-1342) - Defensor Pacis
Separation Between Spiritual and Political
In Any State There Can Be Only One Government
Christ Did Not Come to Rule the World
Church is to Concern Itself With Spiritual Health of People, Not Politics
All Priests are Equal
Church Disputes to be Resolved by Councils
King/State Above the Church
Cardinals Adapt This Reasoning to Convene Councils
Council of Pisa (1409)
Alexander V (1409-1410) Elected
Council of Constance (1414-1418)
Martin V (1417-1431)
Papal Reaction
New Medieval Piety
John Wycliffe (1320-1384)
Oxford
Views
Rulers as Servants 3
True Church Not Necessarily the Visible Church
The Pope Does Not Represent the True Church
Interpretation of the Scripture
Real Presence?
Death (Dec. 31, 1384)
Declared a Heretic at the Council of Constance (1415)
Writings Banned
Removed from Consecrated Ground (1428)
Lollards
Wycliffe Bible 4
The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Career
Early Life
Augustinian Monk (1504)
The Search for Salvation
Luther and the "Unfairness" of God
University of Wittenberg
Justification by Faith (Sola Fide - faith alone)
Public Controversy
Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
95 Theses (1517)
Leipzig Debate (1519)
Johann Eck (1486-1543)
Luther's Views
The Church was not an Intermediary
Dismantling the Church
Pamphlets (1520)
Politics of the Reformation
Emperor Maximilian I Dies 1519
Charles V (1519-1556) 5
Frederick the Wise, Duke of Saxony
Excommunication (1520)
Exsurge Domine
Diet of Worms (1521)
Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone)
The Success of Lutheranism
Popularity?
Historical Animosity toward the Church
Lack of Representation in the Church
Support by the German Dukes
The Reformation as a Money Making Venture
Reassertion of Control over the Church
On Temporal Authority (1523)
Peasants' Revolt (1525)
Lutheranism as State Church 6
The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)
The Catholic Reformation (post-1517)
Reforming Popes
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Protestant vs. Catholic
Good Works necessary for Salvation
Sacraments are indispensable channels of grace
Transubstantiation
Purgatory
Praying to saints
Indulgences
Scala Sancta
Tradition vs. Sola Scriptura
The Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
Early Life
Wounded in Battle (1521)
Manresa
The Priesthood
University of Paris (1528)
The Spiritual Exercises 7
The Jesuit Order
Distinctives
Military Organization
Differences from the Monks and Friars
Mission
Education
Opposing the Protestants
Catholic Reformation Legacy
Education
Care for the Poor
An Age of Intolerance