1

The Decline of the Papacy

The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy -Avignon (1309-1377)

Domination by the French

Loss of Papal Universalism

Aristocratic Clergy

Pope Gregory XI (1370-1378)

Moved Papacy Back to Rome

The Great Schism

A Troubled Election

Curia Still Dominated By French Cardinals

Roman Mob Forces Election

Urban VI (1318-1389)

Elected (1378)

Dedicated to Reform

Reforms

Absenteeism

Clerical Luxury

Rebalancing the Curia

Anagni Conclave

Clement VII (1342-1394)

Two ?

Each Supported by Different Countries

Rift Continues After Their Death 2

The Conciliar Movement

Precedents

Ancient Church Councils

Medieval Church a Papal Monarchy (Innocent III)

William of Ockham (1288-1348) / Marsilius of Padua (1275-1342) - Defensor Pacis

Separation Between Spiritual and Political

In Any State There Can Be Only One Government

Christ Did Not Come to Rule the World

Church is to Concern Itself With Spiritual Health of People, Not Politics

All Priests are Equal

Church Disputes to be Resolved by Councils

King/State Above the Church

Cardinals Adapt This Reasoning to Convene Councils

Council of Pisa (1409)

Alexander V (1409-1410) Elected

Council of Constance (1414-1418)

Martin V (1417-1431)

Papal Reaction

New Medieval Piety

John Wycliffe (1320-1384)

Oxford

Views

Rulers as Servants 3

True Church Not Necessarily the Visible Church

The Pope Does Not Represent the True Church

Interpretation of the Scripture

Real Presence?

Death (Dec. 31, 1384)

Declared a Heretic at the Council of Constance (1415)

Writings Banned

Removed from Consecrated Ground (1428)

Lollards

Wycliffe Bible 4

The Protestant

Martin (1483-1546)

Career

Early Life

Augustinian (1504)

The Search for

Luther and the "Unfairness" of God

University of Wittenberg

Justification by Faith (Sola Fide - faith alone)

Public Controversy

Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)

95 Theses (1517)

Leipzig Debate (1519)

Johann Eck (1486-1543)

Luther's Views

The Church was not an Intermediary

Dismantling the Church

Pamphlets (1520)

Politics of the Reformation

Emperor Maximilian I Dies 1519

Charles V (1519-1556) 5

Frederick the Wise, Duke of

Excommunication (1520)

Exsurge Domine

Diet of Worms (1521)

Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone)

The Success of

Popularity?

Historical Animosity toward the Church

Lack of Representation in the Church

Support by the German Dukes

The Reformation as a Money Making Venture

Reassertion of Control over the Church

On Temporal Authority (1523)

Peasants' Revolt (1525)

Lutheranism as State Church 6

The Reformation (Counter-Reformation)

The Catholic Reformation (post-1517)

Reforming Popes

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Protestant vs. Catholic

Good Works necessary for Salvation

Sacraments are indispensable channels of grace

Transubstantiation

Purgatory

Praying to

Indulgences

Scala Sancta

Tradition vs. Sola Scriptura

The Jesuits

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

Early Life

Wounded in Battle (1521)

Manresa

The Priesthood

University of Paris (1528)

The Spiritual Exercises 7

The Jesuit Order

Distinctives

Military Organization

Differences from the and

Mission

Education

Opposing the Protestants

Catholic Reformation Legacy

Education

Care for the Poor

An Age of Intolerance