Reformation and Religious Warfare in the 16th Century Catholicism in Crisis  Crises in the 14th and 15th centuries  Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement  Corruption  Simony-sale of church offices  Pluralism  Absenteeism  Sale of  Nepotism  Moral decline of the papacy  Clerical ignorance Prelude to Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism  Discovered a simple religion distorted by complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages  Education could bring a reform in the church and society  Supported schools  New editions of the classics  New editions of the Bible and writings of Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism   Most influential Christian humanist  Concept of religion-”The Philosophy of Christ”- Christianity should be a guiding philosophy not dogmatic beliefs and practices  Edited and published the Greek text of the along with a new Latin translation  Annotations-commentary on the Bible (Latin edition)  In Praise of Folly-1509-humorous but effective criticism of the church  Eventually disapproved of and reformers-didn’t want to destroy the church-just reform Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism   Trained in law. Lord chancellor of England (Henry VIII)  Friends with Erasmus  Utopia-idealistic life, communal vs. private ownership  Ends up resigning from post and beheaded for not supporting the king over the church Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation  Pluralism-Taking more than one church office  The Search for  Salvation became mechanical  -a remission after death of all or part of the punishment of sin  Calls for Reform  Several sources of reform were already at work and the Reformation in Germany The Early Luther  Augustinian  Sacraments were the Church’s way of receiving God’s grace  Studied to help overcome difficulties- became professor  Justification-grace though faith alone  The Bible is the chief guide for religious truth The Early Luther  The Indulgence Controversy  Leo X-special indulgences to finance St. Peter’s Basilica  -Dominican hawked indulgences in Germany  Issued his 95 Theses  The Quickening Rebellion  1519- Debate vs. Johann Eck  Published pamphlets  Excommunicated in Jan. of 1521  Diet (formal assembly) of WormsEdict of Worms-Luther was an outlaw, works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor (his Prince hid him in Wartburg Castle for almost a year) The Rise of  Translated the New Testament into German, but sermons spread the Word, pamphlets helped  The Spread of Luther’s Ideas  Started as largely urban/upper classes  Some followers became radical. Older humanists unhappy.  The Peasants’ War (mid-1520s)  Peasants upset when Luther didn’t support the revolt  The state and rulers ordained by God and given the authority to maintain peace  Revolts were suppressed Organizing the Church  Kept two sacraments- and communion  Denied  A hierarchical priesthood was not needed- “priesthood of all believers”  Secular authorities in Germany played a role in church affairs  New service-vernacular liturgy-Bible reading, preaching the word of God, song  Married a former - Katherina von Bora Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics  Charles V was HRE-immense empire was overextended. Charles’ problems gave Luther’s movement time to grow.  The French and the Papacy  Spain and France were fighting (24 years off and on)  Pope Clement sided with the French initially  April 1527, Rome was sacked  Clement sided with Charles Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics  The Ottoman Empire  15th century-Controlled Constantinople  16th century-Made it to before turned back  Politics in Germany  Germany had developed into independent states  Diet of  All Lutherans must return to Catholicism  Lutheran princes formed the Schmalkaldic League to defend each other in case of an attack  Schmalkaldic Wars  1555 Peace of Augsburg-end of religious warfare-each German prince could determine the state’s religion The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Lutheranism in Scandinavia  Frederick I encouraged the spread of Lutheran doctrine in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden The Zwinglian Reformation  Ulrich Zwingli-influenced by Christian humanism, priest, began Reformation in Switzerland  Reforms in Zurich  Looked to the state to supervise the church  No decorations or music  A Futile Search for Unity  Some Swiss areas strongly  Wanted to join forces with Luther, but they split over the symbolic nature of the Lord’s Supper  1531-Fighting between Catholic and Protestant Swiss The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists  The Ideas of the Anabaptists  No involvement from the state  Adult baptism  Tried to return to practices of early Christianity  Varieties of Anabaptists  Munster (nw Germany near Dutch border) became an Anabaptist haven  Some-millenarianism – radicals led by John of Leiden  Lutherans and Catholics joined forces vs. Munster  Pacifist again-led by Menno Simons  Long-term Impact  Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Unitarians The Reformation in England  Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife for Anne Boleyn  1533-Didn’t happen-Boleyn is pregnant, marries secretly  1534-Act of Supremacy-completed break with , king was the head of the church  Treason Act-cannot deny the king is the head of the church  1539-Statute of Six Articles-Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines The Reformation in England  The New Order  Thomas Cromwell-financial rescue by closing about 400 religious houses  Henry had a long string of wives  Edward VI was 9 (and sickly) when his father died, regents moved church in a more Protestant direction  Reaction Under Mary (1553-1558)  VERY Catholic, mistrusted by the people  Burned more than 300 Protestants-created a backlash John Calvin and Calvinism  Had a profound conversion experience, no longer safe in Paris  Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)-Protestant thought, secured his role as a new leader  Calvin’s Ideas  -Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to Heaven  Calvin’s Geneva  Theocracy, 1540, new center of Reformation in Europe  Protestant work ethic  Impact  Presbyterians (Scotland, John Knox), Huguenots (French Calvinists), Dutch Reformed Church, Puritans in England  Did not spread-Ireland, Spain, Italy The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Family  Catholicism praised family  Celibacy was ideal (IE: clergy)  Reformation brought more positive side to family relationships for P and C  Traditional female roles-House, children-Few choices  However, more women were literate (the Bible) Education in the Reformation  Humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools  Wider audience  Luther-children should have the opportunity of an education provided by the state  Secondary school with liberal arts and religion Religious Practices and Popular Culture  Ended customary, dogmatic practices  No veneration of =fewer holy days  Some reformers tried to ban customary forms of entertainment  Drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, dancing  Dutch Calvinists-Christmas gift-giving  Not very successful The Catholic Reformation Revival of the Old  Mid 16th century  Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine  The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed  - Teresa of Avila  Monasticism-reformed and renewed The (Jesuits)  -Founder, The Spiritual Exercises- training manual for spiritual development  1540-absolute obedience to the papacy  Activities of the Jesuits  Education (best schools in Europe)  Spread the to pagans  Fight Protestantism  Oh…and the Spanish and Italian (1542) A Revived Papacy (Pope Paul III)  Continued many bad practices but recognized a need for change  Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church  Recognized the Jesuits and summoned the  Pope Paul IV (conservative)-increased the power of the , created the Index of Forbidden Books The Council of Trent  3 major sessions (1545-1563) established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries  Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers  Salvation by both “good works” and faith  All 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed  Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and reaffirmed  Approved the Index of Forbidden Books  Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests Art

As part of the Catholic Reformation Baroque Art  Began in Catholic Reformation to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church  Spread to Protestant countries (N Germany, England)  Sought to overwhelm the viewer-grandure, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Architecture and Sculpture  Reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church  Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) personified baroque architecture and sculpture  Colonnade for piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome was his greatest architectural achievement.  Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Cathedral  sculpture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, evokes tremendous emotion  His statue of David shows movement and emotion  Constructed several fountains throughout Rome Results of the Reformation  The unity of Western Christianity was shattered.  Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism.  Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.  Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.  Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.