Reformation and Religious Warfare in the 16th Century Catholicism in Crisis Crises in the 14th and 15th centuries Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement Corruption Simony-sale of church offices Pluralism Absenteeism Sale of indulgences Nepotism Moral decline of the papacy Clerical ignorance Prelude to Reformation Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Discovered a simple religion distorted by complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages Education could bring a reform in the church and society Supported schools New editions of the classics New editions of the Bible and writings of church fathers Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Erasmus Most influential Christian humanist Concept of religion-”The Philosophy of Christ”- Christianity should be a guiding philosophy not dogmatic beliefs and practices Edited and published the Greek text of the New Testament along with a new Latin translation Annotations-commentary on the Vulgate Bible (Latin edition) In Praise of Folly-1509-humorous but effective criticism of the church Eventually disapproved of Luther and reformers-didn’t want to destroy the church-just reform Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Thomas More Trained in law. Lord chancellor of England (Henry VIII) Friends with Erasmus Utopia-idealistic life, communal vs. private ownership Ends up resigning from post and beheaded for not supporting the king over the church Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Pluralism-Taking more than one church office The Search for Salvation Salvation became mechanical Indulgence-a remission after death of all or part of the punishment of sin Calls for Reform Several sources of reform were already at work Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany The Early Luther Augustinian monk Sacraments were the Church’s way of receiving God’s grace Studied theology to help overcome difficulties- became professor Justification-grace though faith alone The Bible is the chief guide for religious truth The Early Luther The Indulgence Controversy Pope Leo X-special indulgences to finance St. Peter’s Basilica Johann Tetzel-Dominican hawked indulgences in Germany Issued his 95 Theses The Quickening Rebellion 1519-Leipzig Debate vs. Johann Eck Published pamphlets Excommunicated in Jan. of 1521 Diet (formal assembly) of WormsEdict of Worms-Luther was an outlaw, works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor (his Prince hid him in Wartburg Castle for almost a year) The Rise of Lutheranism Translated the New Testament into German, but sermons spread the Word, pamphlets helped The Spread of Luther’s Ideas Started as largely urban/upper classes Some followers became radical. Older humanists unhappy. The Peasants’ War (mid-1520s) Peasants upset when Luther didn’t support the revolt The state and rulers ordained by God and given the authority to maintain peace Revolts were suppressed Organizing the Church Kept two sacraments-baptism and communion Denied transubstantiation A hierarchical priesthood was not needed- “priesthood of all believers” Secular authorities in Germany played a role in church affairs New service-vernacular liturgy-Bible reading, preaching the word of God, song Married a former nun- Katherina von Bora Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics Charles V was HRE-immense empire was overextended. Charles’ problems gave Luther’s movement time to grow. The French and the Papacy Spain and France were fighting (24 years off and on) Pope Clement sided with the French initially April 1527, Rome was sacked Clement sided with Charles Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics The Ottoman Empire 15th century-Controlled Constantinople 16th century-Made it to Vienna before turned back Politics in Germany Germany had developed into independent states Diet of Augsburg All Lutherans must return to Catholicism Lutheran princes formed the Schmalkaldic League to defend each other in case of an attack Schmalkaldic Wars 1555 Peace of Augsburg-end of religious warfare-each German prince could determine the state’s religion The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Lutheranism in Scandinavia Frederick I encouraged the spread of Lutheran doctrine in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden The Zwinglian Reformation Ulrich Zwingli-influenced by Christian humanism, priest, began Reformation in Switzerland Reforms in Zurich Looked to the state to supervise the church No decorations or music A Futile Search for Unity Some Swiss areas strongly Catholic Wanted to join forces with Luther, but they split over the symbolic nature of the Lord’s Supper 1531-Fighting between Catholic and Protestant Swiss The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists The Ideas of the Anabaptists No involvement from the state Adult baptism Tried to return to practices of early Christianity Varieties of Anabaptists Munster (nw Germany near Dutch border) became an Anabaptist haven Some-millenarianism – radicals led by John of Leiden Lutherans and Catholics joined forces vs. Munster Pacifist again-led by Menno Simons Long-term Impact Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Unitarians The Reformation in England Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife for Anne Boleyn 1533-Didn’t happen-Boleyn is pregnant, marries secretly 1534-Act of Supremacy-completed break with Catholic church, king was the head of the church Treason Act-cannot deny the king is the head of the church 1539-Statute of Six Articles-Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines The Reformation in England The New Order Thomas Cromwell-financial rescue by closing about 400 religious houses Henry had a long string of wives Edward VI was 9 (and sickly) when his father died, regents moved church in a more Protestant direction Reaction Under Mary (1553-1558) VERY Catholic, mistrusted by the people Burned more than 300 Protestants-created a backlash John Calvin and Calvinism Had a profound conversion experience, no longer safe in Paris Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)-Protestant thought, secured his role as a new leader Calvin’s Ideas Predestination-Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to Heaven Calvin’s Geneva Theocracy, 1540, new center of Reformation in Europe Protestant work ethic Impact Presbyterians (Scotland, John Knox), Huguenots (French Calvinists), Dutch Reformed Church, Puritans in England Did not spread-Ireland, Spain, Italy The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Family Catholicism praised family Celibacy was ideal (IE: clergy) Reformation brought more positive side to family relationships for P and C Traditional female roles-House, children-Few choices However, more women were literate (the Bible) Education in the Reformation Humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools Wider audience Luther-children should have the opportunity of an education provided by the state Secondary school with liberal arts and religion Religious Practices and Popular Culture Ended customary, dogmatic practices No veneration of saints=fewer holy days Some reformers tried to ban customary forms of entertainment Drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, dancing Dutch Calvinists-Christmas gift-giving Not very successful The Catholic Reformation Revival of the Old Mid 16th century Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed Mysticism-Saint Teresa of Avila Monasticism-reformed and renewed The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola-Founder, The Spiritual Exercises- training manual for spiritual development 1540-absolute obedience to the papacy Activities of the Jesuits Education (best schools in Europe) Spread the Gospel to pagans Fight Protestantism Oh…and the Spanish and Italian inquisitions (1542) A Revived Papacy (Pope Paul III) Continued many bad practices but recognized a need for change Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church Recognized the Jesuits and summoned the Council of Trent Pope Paul IV (conservative)-increased the power of the inquisition, created the Index of Forbidden Books The Council of Trent 3 major sessions (1545-1563) established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers Salvation by both “good works” and faith All 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed Approved the Index of Forbidden Books Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests Baroque Art
As part of the Catholic Reformation Baroque Art Began in Catholic Reformation to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church Spread to Protestant countries (N Germany, England) Sought to overwhelm the viewer-grandure, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Architecture and Sculpture Reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) personified baroque architecture and sculpture Colonnade for piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome was his greatest architectural achievement. Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Cathedral Altarpiece sculpture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, evokes tremendous emotion His statue of David shows movement and emotion Constructed several fountains throughout Rome Results of the Reformation The unity of Western Christianity was shattered. Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism. Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.