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Abelard, Peter 24–25, 26–27, 94, 246, on reason in theology 49 316 state of texts 334–35 Abu Mashar 178 truth 92 Abu Ya‘qub 108 Antony of Egypt 17 action theory 223 “appetitus” 342 “actus” 342 Aquinas, Thomas 34, 80, 84, 111, 113, Adam of Balsham 94 142, 145, 160, 164–65, 210, 307, Adelard of Bath 25, 175–76 313 Aelred of Rievaulx 258, 271, 273 angels and place 190 aeviternity 52 condemnations 35, 211 Agent Intellect 104, 105, 107–09, 110, eternity 56–57, 59–60 112, 115 ethics 237–38, 248–49 agent/active intellect 201, 218, 305–08 freedom 225, 226 Agostino Nifo 268 friendship 271–72 Alan of Lille 64, 87 happiness 261–65 Albert of Saxony 76 hierarchy 66–67 Albert the Great 34, 57–58, 80, 177 immortality 226–27, 303 Alexander de Villa Dei 74 language and logic 77–78, 82: analogy Alexander of Aphrodisias 119, 133 88–89; naming 84; paronymy 86; Alexander of Hales 55, 142 supposition theory and the Trinity Alhazen 215, 216 90; truth 93; universals 201–02, Ali al-Qushji 179 203–04 Ambrose of Milan 13 love of God more than self 230, 238 ampliation 91 metaphysics (see also esse): “God analogy 86–89, 132, 162–66 exists” self-evident in itself but not analytical languages 184 to us 156; God the immediate cause angels (see also hierarchy) 61, 65, of any contingent being’s existing 189–93 169; proofs of God 147–48, 153; Anselm of Canterbury 23–24, 29, 82, unicity of God 158 209, 239, 258 philosophy and theology 6 being of God 161 physics of the eucharist 188–89 eternity 54–55 political thought 282–85 ethics 223, 235–37 revivals of interest in 40, 317–18 freedom 225 soul and body 211, 213 ontological argument 79 soul and its powers 211–12 paronymy 86 species 82–83, 217

398

Index 399

Aristotle 20, 21, 79, 87–88, 92, 99 papal 29, 283, 287–89, 292, 293 on the heavens 178, 190 its place in medieval thought 40–42 influence on: Averroes 98; Avicenna political 286: based on consent 286;of 105, 112; al-Farabi 104, 109; city over itself 288, 291–92;of Gersonides 137; Ibn Gabirol 127; community 290 Maimonides 128, 132–33; spiritual and temporal 287, 292, 295 philosophy in Islam 98; scholastic Averroes see Ibn Rushd political thought 277, 281, 282 Averroism, Latin 35–36, 194, 268–69 integration of his writings into Avicenna see Ibn Sina university curriculum 32–34, 35, 179–81 Bacon, F. 300, 309 interpreted by Cajetan as denying Bacon, Roger 76, 118, 142, 217, 218 individual immortality 300–05 Banez, D. 168 logic: dialectical and demonstrative beatitude (see also happiness; syllogisms 79; paronymy 86; friendship) 258, 264, 265 Rhetoric and Poetics considered Bede, the Venerable 18, 175 parts of logic 80, 100; transmission being (see also esse; essence, existence) of texts 75 beings of reason 80 Aristotle’s Theology (Plotinian) 99 degrees of 148 astrology, physics of the heavens 177 Benedict of Nursia 17–18 astronomy, mathematical 177–79 Berengar of Tours 23 passim Bernard of Clairvaux 26–27 Augustine of Ancona 39, 42 Bernard Sylvester 175 Augustine of Hippo 13–14, 18, 263, 294 body 209 and classical ethics 232–34 Boethius 8, 14, 114, 175, 177 freedom 225 creation 173 friendship 257, 271 eternity 52–53, 59 grace 222, 234 God 87, 161 happiness 255–59 happiness 259–61 illumination 219 logical works and translations 75 liberal arts 73–74 universals 82, 196 language 77: divine simplicity and Boethius of Dacia (Denmark) 35, 181, language about God 87; inner word 266–70 84; knowing words and knowing Bonaventure 34, 80, 127 things 82 deadly sins 245 logic 75, 78: dialectic 79; rules of hierarchy 65–66 inference and truth of propositions illumination 219 95 self-consciousness 209–10 political thought 278–80 truth 92 in the Renaissance and seventeenth Boniface VIII 38, 66 century 40, 315 Bradwardine, Thomas 173, 222 Scripture and natural philosophy 174 Buridan, John 37, 182, 183, 193 self-consciousness 208–09 logic 76, 83, 91, 94 against skepticism 214 possibility of a vacuum 185–87 truth, God as 92 universals 206 universals 196–98 Burley, Walter 92 will 221–22, 223 Aureol, Peter 229 Cajetan, Tomasso de Vio 165, 301–06 authority (see also hierarchy) Calvin, J. 68, 247 and grace 289 Carleton, T.C. 314, 315

400 Index

Cassiodorus 14 Donatus 74 categories dreams 123–24 reduced by Ockham 183, 205 Dumbleton, John 171–72 transcended by God 87 Duns Scotus, John 34, 83, 127, 142 causation 112, 168, 181–82 causation 112, 168 celestial 177 cognition 157, 219–20 metaphysical and physical 112 eternity 70 regresses 167–68 freedom 226, 239–41 Calcidius 175 happiness 265 change, kinds of 154–55 physics of angels 190, 191 charity 249 political thought 285–86 and other virtues 232, 248 self-motion of elements 192–93 and perfect happiness 249, 250 state of texts 336–37 and self-love 233–34 unity of soul and body 213 Charlemagne 19 virtue 249–50 Chartres, School of? 25–26 will as rational appetite (opposed) Chaucer, G. 300 223–24 Cicero 5, 13, 176 DuHamel, J.B. 312–14 friendship 257, 271 duration, modes of 55–56 logic 75, 79 political thought 277–78, 281 Eckhart, Meister 36, 161, 162 Clement of Alexandria 12 educational institutions Clement VII 301 bishops’ households 16 cognition (see also illumination; cathedral schools 27 intellect; self-consciousness) methods of instruction and intuitive and abstractive 220 curriculum 28, 171–72, 180–81, 330 role of species in 83, 216–17 monasteries 17, 18, 23 sensory 123, 215–17: internal 216 universities 31–32 Colet, J. 68 Elijah del Medigo 144 commentaries 45–46 Epicureans 12, 114 compound and divided senses 89 Erasmus, D. 68, 258 conciliarism 288 esse (“to be,” “being”) and God 160–62 condemnations 26, 35, 182–83, 211, 247, “esse est Deus” (Eckhart) 161 268, 270 God is “just esse” (Aquinas) 161 Constantine 12 God not the formal esse of things contingency 151–53, 182–83 (Aquinas) 161–62 Cousin, V. 317 subsisting esse and participation in Crathorn, William 229 esse 161 creation 112, 125–26, 127, 133–35, essence 163, 202 138–40, 155, 173–74 and existence 111, 154–56: distinction and exemplars 197–98 rejected 159–60; identical in God 132, 156–57 Dante 143, 245 eternity (see also creation) 51–60 Descartes, Rene´ 109–10, 309, 310–16 and God’s life 53 passim and the problem of prescience 58–60 Derrida, J. 321 definition 51, 52–53 DeWulf, M. 318 of the world (beginninglessness) 57 dialectic 79 ethics Dietrich of Freiberg 36 inquiry into the supreme good 232 “doctors” of the church 42 scientific or therapeutic 114, 115, 116

Index 401

eudaimonist principle 235, 236–37, proofs of existence of 23, 79, 132, 238, 240–41 147–48, 150–51, 152–53 Evrard de Bethune´ 74 simplicity of 87, 198 existence (see also esse; essence) unicity of 131–32, 157–58, 159–60 of existence itself 160 Godfrey of Fontaines 34, 225, 230, as participation in God’s being 253 160–62 Goudin, A. 310–13 Grosseteste, Robert 33, 68, 142, 170, faith (see also virtue) 5–6, 23–24, 246 184, 243, 244 Al-Farabi 103–04, 106, 108–09, 115, Gratian of Bologna 28 128, 157 Gregory of Nyssa 71 FitzRalph, Richard 289 Gregory I, the Great 62–63, 244 Frederick II 38, 142 freedom 115, 136, 140–41, 182, 224–26, happiness (see also beatitude; 241, 295 inclinations; eudaimonist principle) compatibilists and libertarians 232, 255, 256, 260 224–26 at the end of history 273–74 and happiness 260 contemplation central in 261 and justice 236–37, 239–40 and God 260, 263–64 and philosophy 8 in the intellectual life 266–70 friendship perfect and imperfect 238, 257–58 and beatitude 258, 264, 273 Haureau, J.-B. 317 and community of possessions 271 Heidegger, M. 321 and happiness 257, 264 Henry of Ghent 34 and self-love 272 angels and time 190 spiritual 271, 272–73 eternity 52 and the Trinity 273 friendship 272, 273 God and being 162–63 Galen 99, 114 illumination 220 Galileo 174 intellect 218 genres of medieval philosophy 43–48 universals 198–200 Gerard of Cremona 26 heresy 30–31, 39, 42, 101 Gerbert of Aurillac 75 Hermann of Carinthia 175, 176–77 Gerson, Jean 289 Heytesbury, William 89, 92, 184 Gersonides 137–41 hierarchy 60–69 creation 138–39 active and contemplative 65–66 God’s knowledge of individuals angelic 61 140–41 definition 60, 64 Al-Ghazali 98, 102, 109, 112 ecclesiastical 61, 63, 66 creation and soul 112 functions 61–62, 68–69 criticism of Avicenna’s proof of God human/secular 64–65, 69 151–52 objections to 66–68 Gilbert of Poitiers 75, 87 and Trinity 65 Giles of Rome 38, 66, 252, 288–89 Hillel of Verona 143 Gilson, E. 319 Hincmar of Rheims 63 God (see also creation; essence; eternity; Hobbes, T. 309 love) Holcot, Robert 337–38 incorporeality of 131–32 “honestum” 342–43 knowledge of particulars by 106, 112, Honorius Augustodunensis 63 135–36, 140–41 Hugh of St.Victor 63

402 Index

Hume, D. 316 inference 93–94, 124 hylomorphism 127 inner discourse/word 83, 84–85 Innocent III 30, 38 Iamblichus 71 Innocent IV 38 Ibn ‘Ady, Yahya 115–16 intellect (see also Agent Intellect; Ibn al-‘Arabi 169 agent/active intellect; mind) 215 Ibn Bajjah 107, 119 and body 301–05 Ibn Daud, Abraham 127 four in soul 110 Ibn al-Haylan 109 and imagination 110–11 Ibn Gabirol 20–21, 126–28 material 112–13 creation 127 Isaac Israeli 93, 127 education 126 Isidore of Seville 15, 75, 79, 175 hylomorphism 127 Islam 19–21 influence 127–28 on plurality of substantial forms 211 Jacob Anatoli 143 Ibn Hazm 116 James of Viterbo 38, 253 Ibn Miskawayh 116 Al-Jami 169 Ibn Paqudah 116 Jean le Page 91 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 21, 98 Jewish–Christian interactions 141–44 commentaries on Aristotle 108 Joachim of Fiore 273–74 intellect 112–13, 218 John of Jandun 193 logic 76, 86 John of Paris 39, 67, 286–88 metaphysics 149–50, 151–54 John of Salisbury 33, 281 quasi-equality of women 106 John of St.Thomas 170 religion and philosophy 101–03 John XXII 39, 42 Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 20, 35, 98, 167–68, justice (see also inclinations) 278, 201 279 astrology and astronomy 177: Justin Martyr 12 intelligences and Christian Justinian I 15 angelology 65 logic 75, 78, 81, 86, 88 Kalam 98, 100, 102, 104, 105 metaphysics 149–50: argument for attacked by al-Farabi for denying existence of God 150–51; essence human freedom 115 and existence 154–56; God as influence on Saadiah Gaon 122 ultimate cause 169; unicity of God source for concept of “thing” in 157–58 Avicenna 111 psychology 109–12: intellect 110, 218; Kant, I. 1, 252 sense perception 215–16 Kemal Pasazade 99 religion and philosophy 104–06 Kilwardby, Robert 70, 80, 94, 217 Ibn Tufayl 107 Al-Kindi 20, 114 illumination 197–200, 201, 219–20 and hierarchy 62, 63 LaGrange, J.B.de 310, 315 imagination 216 Lambert of Auxerre 81, 82 Immanuel of Rome 143 Lanfranc of Bec 23 immortality 110, 112, 136, 226–27, language 74–75, 77–78 301–05 conventional or natural? 83–84 impetus 186–87 mental 84–85, 205–06 inclinations for justice/rightness and law advantage/happiness 223–24, of Christ 284 236–37, 239–41 civil and canon 280, 281 individuation 207 defined 283

Index 403

eternal 283 monasticism 17–19 human 284, 286, 291–92 and learning 18–19, 23–24 Islamic, and philosophy 101, 103 monopsychism 218–19 natural 281, 283–84, 285–86 More, T. 258, 259 LeGrand, A. 309–14 Moses Maimonides 21, 128–37 Leibniz, G.W.F. 313, 314, 315 education and influence 128, 136–37 Leo X 301 Guide of the Perplexed 128–36 Leo XIII 317 creation 133–35 Liber de causis 99, 169 negative theology 131–32 liberal arts 69, 73–74 unicity and incorporeality of God Locke, J. 217, 316 131–32 logic (see also ampliation; analogy; Moses Narboni 118 compound and divided senses; Moses of Salerno 143 inference; dialectic; language; motion paradoxes; paronymy; signification; of the heavens 178 sophismata; supposition theory; of indivisibles 191–92 truth) 75–76, 78 self- 192–93 linguistic or rational? 79–80 Mulla Sadra 99, 169 universal or only Greek grammar? mysticism 36, 111 100–01 love (see also charity; friendship) nature 176–77 of God 224, 239–40, 249–50, 251, and regularity 176–77, 290–91 256 natures 180, 196–202, 206 of others 239–40 negative theology 87, 131–32 of self 233–34, 242 Nemesius of Emesa 212–13 Luther, M. 68, 247, 251, 301 Neoplatonism and early medieval philosophy 12, 13, Mach, E. 183 15, 71 Macrobius 175 logic and language 79, 84 “malitia” 244, 341–42 and natural philosophy 25, 175 Mani al-Majusi 97 and philosophy in Islam 99, 105, 109, Maritain, J. 319 112, 114 Marius Victorinus 71, 75 neoscholasticism 326 Marsilius of Inghen 91 Newton, I. 173 Marsilius of Padua 39, 290–93 Nicholas of Autrecourt 220–21 Martianus Capella 74, 175 nominalism 37, 83 Martin of Tours 18 mathematics 183–84 Ockham see William of Ockham Matthew of Aquasparta 198 Olivi, Peter John 34, 211, 217, 239 Maximilian, emperor 301 Oresme, Nicole 37, 173, 182 meaning see signification Origen 12, 17, 20 merit 235, 246–47 Oxford calculators 37 Michael du Bay 253 Michael Scott 143 Pachomius of Egypt 17 mind (see also intellect) Pardies, I. 309–15 as faculty of the soul 210 paradoxes of strict implication 94 as image of the Trinity 209 paronymy 85–86, 162 Mir Damad 99 Paul of Venice 76 miracles 135, 139, 182, 199 peace 279–80, 291 Modistae 74–75, 80 “peccatum” 243 Moliere` 300 Pelagius 222

404 Index

Peter Helias 74 religion and philosophy, relations Peter Lombard 28 between Peter of Spain 76 in Islam 100–06, 107–08 Petrarca, Francesco 40 in Jewish philosophy 122–26, 128–29, Philip IV 38 138 Philip the Chancellor 55–56, 228 in later medieval philosophy 24–27, Philoponus, John 99 34–35, 266: interactions of natural Pius V 247 philosophy and theology 173–74, Plato, Platonism 161, 196 187–93 creation 133 in Roman Empire 11–14 and early medieval philosophy 12, 13, representation see cognition, role of 261 species in and philosophy in Islam 98, 104 Richard of St.Victor 52, 273 quasi-equality of women 106 right/s, natural 281, 293–94 Timaeus and twelfth-century Roscelin 23 natural philosophy 25–26, 175, 176 Pliny the Elder 174 Saadiah Gaon 122–26, 129 Plotinus 12, 13, 36, 71 creation 125–26 politics (see also authority; peace; education and influence 122 justice) harmony between philosophy and and the human good 277–78, 282–83, biblical revelation 122–25 291 status of dreams 123–24 and property 285–86 schools of philosophy closed? 15–16 Porphyry 12, 13, 20, 71, 75 science, as ideal of knowledge 33–34 “potentia” 342 Scottus Eriugena 19, 175, 266 poverty, Franciscan 285 Scotus see Duns Scotus, John “principium” 343 self-consciousness 109–10, 209–10, 256 Priscian 74, 86 Seneca 175, 176 Proclus 15, 20, 36, 61, 71, 127, 161, Siger of Brabant 35, 83, 218, 267–70 169 signification 81–83 Pseudo-Dionysius 15, 20, 36, 60–62, 169, as generating an understanding 81 288 as making known a conception 81–82 Pseudo-Empedocles 127 and meaning 81 Pseudo-Kilwardby 84 and naming (appellation) 86 Ptolemy 134 of concepts or things? 82–83 sin (see also “peccatum”;“malitia”) quaestio, the 46–47 and grace 233–34 political consequences of 278, 279, “ratio” 343 285, 291 rationalization of society 28–31 types 243–45 Al-Razi, Abu Bakr 98, 114–15 skepticism 213–14, 220–21 realism 39 Skeptics 114 reason 6, 22–26, 123–24 Socrates 98, 259 and law 283–84 sophismata 76–77 limits 129–30 soul (see also substantial form) 109, 110, and the passions 223 115, 208, 210–13 and universals (divine reasons) and body 210–13 196–200 principle of life 210 reasoning secundum imaginationem space, created 173 183, 187 Spinoza 141

Index 405

Stoicism 127, 147 via moderna 37, 204 and early medieval philosophy 12, 13, virtue 232, 246–48, 249 259, 261: criticized by Augustine infused, need for 250–51 233 kinds 246, 248–49 and philosophy in Islam 99, 114 Stoic and Christian 233 logic 79, 80 Vitoria, Francisco de 289 Strode, Ralph 94 Suarez,´ Francisco 165–66, 215, will 221–22 306–07 and grace 222 substantial form 310–14 as intellectual/rational appetite one or many in humans? 211–13 223–24, 237, 240 al-Suhrawardi 99, 168 and passions 223 supposition theory 90–92 and pleasure 242 Swineshead, Richard 184 to believe 221–22 under the aspect of the good 237–38, Tertullian 11, 26 239, 241–42 Thabit ibn Qurra 97 William of Auvergne 64–65 Themistius 119 William of Auxerre 264 Thierry of Chartres 84, 175 William of Conches 86, 175 time, created 52, 173 William of Ockham 37, 39, 184, 211, 316 tradition 26–27, 124–25, 308–16 eternity 70 transcendentals 88, 111 ethics: enjoyment 274; freedom, love, transubstantiation 185–86, 188–89, and pleasure 241–42; love of God 314–15 more than self 230; virtues 250–51 truth 92–93 intuitive and abstractive cognition as “commensuration of understanding 229 and thing” 93 logic 76: language of thought 85; and eternity 54 paronymy 86; second intentions 81; and God 54, 92, 256 signification 83; supposition 92 as rectitude/rightness 92 metaphysics: God’s unicity and semantic paradoxes 93 indemonstrable 159–60; ontological al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din 99, 116, 178 minimalism 183, 205, 206; rejects essence–existence distinction 159 Ulrich of Strassburg 36 physics of the Eucharist 188–89 universities see educational institutions political thought 293–95 Urban II 49 universals 204–06 William of Sherwood 76, 80 vacuum, possibility of 184–87 Wolff, C. 315 Valeriano Magni 312–13 women 106 validity 94 Wyclif, John 39–40, 67–68, 207, 289 Valla, L. 68 Varro 258 Yehudah ha-Levi 132