CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY ANTOINE DE CHANDIEU (1534-1591): ONE OF THE FATHERS OF REFORMED SCHOLASTICISM? A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY THEODORE GERARD VAN RAALTE GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN MAY 2013 CALVIN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 3233 Burton SE • Grand Rapids, Michigan • 49546-4301 800388-6034 fax: 616 957-8621 [email protected] www. calvinseminary. edu. This dissertation entitled ANTOINE DE CHANDIEU (1534-1591): L'UN DES PERES DE LA SCHOLASTIQUE REFORMEE? written by THEODORE GERARD VAN RAALTE and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has been accepted by the faculty of Calvin Theological Seminary upon the recommendation of the undersigned readers: Richard A. Muller, Ph.D. I Date ~ 4 ,,?tJ/3 Dean of Academic Programs Copyright © 2013 by Theodore G. (Ted) Van Raalte All rights reserved For Christine CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction: Historiography and Scholastic Method Introduction .............................................................................................................1 State of Research on Chandieu ...............................................................................6 Published Research on Chandieu’s Contemporary Theologians ............................8 Argument of the Present Work .............................................................................11 Historiography and Methodology in Intellectual History .....................................14 ‘Seeing things their way’ ...............................................................................14 Objectivity but not neutrality .........................................................................16 Need for study of religious texts and ideas ....................................................18 Scholastic Method and Renaissance Humanism ..................................................21 Introduction ...................................................................................................21 Scholastic method defined and described ......................................................22 Renaissance humanism ..................................................................................27 Free-flowing rhetoric versus tight scholastic reasoning ...............................30 The Renaissance humanists’ Aristotle ...........................................................31 Aristotle as artifex methodi in the early modern period ...............................34 The teaching of Aristotelian logic in Reformed Basel, Strasbourg, Lausanne, and Geneva ....................................................................................................38 The role of disputations in sixteenth century Reformed pedagogy ................42 Two kinds of disputations: question and argument formats ..........................46 The Periodization of Intellectual History: Continuities and Discontinuities ........47 Broad continuity in intellectual history c. 1250 to c. 1750 ...........................47 Specific developments in rhetoric and logic in the sixteenth century ...........51 Plan of the Present Work ......................................................................................55 Outline of the Present Work .................................................................................56 Chapter 2 A Chronology of the Life and Writings of Antoine de Chandieu Introduction ...........................................................................................................59 Chandieu’s Family, Titles, and nommes de plume ...............................................61 Chandieu’s Education ...........................................................................................64 Chandieu’s Service and Travels ...........................................................................70 Chandieu’s Writings .............................................................................................76 The Structure of the Opera Theologica ................................................................95 Conclusion ............................................................................................................97 Chapter 3 The 1560s: Scholastic Method in Two Early Disputations Introduction ...........................................................................................................99 Fallacy of Origins and Genetic Fallacy ................................................................99 iv Possible Influences on Chandieu’s Method ........................................................102 La confirmation de la discipline ecclesiastique (1566) ......................................104 The Discipline ecclesiastique of 1559 .........................................................105 Context: Morély threatens the stability of the French Reformed Churches .........................................................................106 Evidences of scholastic sophistication ........................................................110 Structure of enumerated arguments, objections, and errors .......................111 A rather keen sensitivity for disputational and hermeneutical principles ...113 Contextual, philological, and grammatical arguments ...............................118 Conclusion ...................................................................................................123 Refutatio libelli quem Claudius de Sainctes (1567) ...........................................125 Historical circumstances of the Refutatio ...................................................125 Style and structure of the Refutatio .............................................................127 The arguments of the Refutatio – I. Defence of Calvin ...............................129 The arguments of the Refutatio – II. Ridiculing the Schoolmen ..................130 The arguments of the Refutatio – III. Religious orders are divisive ...........132 Medieval sources in the Refutatio ...............................................................133 Conclusion on the Refutatio ........................................................................134 Conclusion re. the 1560s .....................................................................................136 Chapter 4 The 1570s: Chandieu’s Scholastic Refutations Regarding Lawful Calling Introduction ........................................................................................................137 De Legitima vocatione pastorum Ecclesiae Reformatae (1577) ........................138 Scholastic terms to guide the reader ...........................................................139 “Common sense” enlisted in his support ....................................................142 The lengthy summarizing argument, expressed hypothetically ...................144 Sophismata F. Turriani . rectè & Theologicè disputandi (1577) ..................146 Leading the way scholastically and analytically .........................................147 Structure of the disputation .........................................................................149 Pursuit of academic precision .....................................................................152 Patristic and Medieval sources, especially Gratian ....................................154 Conclusion ...................................................................................................154 The State of Chandieu’s Scholastic Method c. 1577 ..........................................155 Claude Auberi and the Development of Chandieu’s Scholastic Method ...........157 Chandieu “revived” the precepts of the Aristotelian method .....................157 Claude Auberi and the “highly erudite Frenchmen” of Lausanne .............159 Auberi’s textbooks on early parts of the Organon .......................................161 Conclusion re. Auberi’s influence up to 1577 .............................................165 Some Conclusions re. Chandieu’s Sources of and Occasions for Scholastic Method ..............................................................................................166 Chapter 5 Prolegomenal Matters in 1580: “Theological and Scholastic” Introduction .........................................................................................................170 Choosing a Scholastic Style, not Rhetorical ......................................................171 v The Titles of the “Theological and Scholastic” Treatises ..................................173 The Programmatic Introduction to the “Theological and Scholastic” Treatises 176 Editions of the preface: 1580, 1584, and the 1592 Opera Theologica ......176 The opening letter of 1580 ...........................................................................180 The Preface: I. Theology as a Science with Principles/Axioms (1592) ......182 The Preface: II. Disputing “scholastically” ...............................................188 The Preface: III. “Disputing theologically and at the same time scholastically” .............................................................................................193 The Hermeneutical Rules from 1581 .................................................................194 Conclusion re. Chandieu’s preface