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Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500-1560 Author(S): Raymond A Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500-1560 Author(s): Raymond A. Mentzer, Jr. Source: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, Vol. 74, No. 5 (1984), pp. 1-183 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1006391 . Accessed: 17/12/2013 10:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TRANSACTIONS ofthe AmericanPhilosophical Society Held at Philadelphiafor Promoting Useful Knowledge VOLUME 74, Part 5, 1984 Heresy Proceedingsin Languedoc, 1500-1560 RAYMOND A. MENTZER,JR. Associate Professorof History, Montana State University THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Independence Square, Philadelphia 1984 This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Copyright? 1984 by The AmericanPhilosophical Society Libraryof Congress Catalog Card Number 83-73280 IntemationalStandard Book Number 0-87169-745-9 US ISSN 0065-9746 This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CONTENTS Page Introduction.......................................... 1 Part 1. JudicialInstitutions ............ ................... 13 I. The Inquisition. ................................... 15 II. The Crisis of the Inquisition ........ ................ 25 III. The Episcopacy ............... ................... 35 IV. The Royal Tribunals ........... ................... 44 V. Municipal Justice .............. ................... 57 Part 2. CriminalProcedure ............ ................... 65 VI. Preliminariesof the Trial ........ .................. 67 VII. The Interrogationand Confrontation...... ........... 81 VIII. Defense and Torture ........... ................... 93 IX. A ppeals ........................................ 104 X. Punishment ..................................... 112 Part 3. The Law and Its Application ....... ................ 129 XI. Heresy Statutes ............... ................... 131 XII. The Geographyof the Accused ....... .............. 142 XIII. Social and Occupational Status of the Accused .... .... 151 Conclusion ........................................... 159 Appendices ........................................... 167 Glossaryof Terms ....................................... 171 Bibliography .......................................... 172 Index ............................................ 182 This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions GRAPHS AND MAPS Page Fig. 1. Registersof the CriminalChamber of the Parlementof Toulouse ............. ........................... 5 Fig. 2. Area Administeredby the Parlementof Toulouse ....... 6 Fig. 3. Distributionof Accused Hereticsby Departement ....... 145 Fig. 4. PrincipalTowns at which HereticsWere Sought .... .... 147 Fig. 5. ReformedChurches in SouthernFrance (Sixteenth Century) ............. ........................... 149 Fig. 6. Number of Accused HereticsCalculated by Decade ..... 164 Fig. 7. Number of Accused HereticsCalculated by Year .... .... 165 This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ABBREVIATIONS A.D. ArchivesDepartementales A.D.H.G. ArchivesDepartementales, Haute-Garonne A.M. ArchivesMunicipales A.N. ArchivesNationales Annales:E.S.C Annales:e'conomies, societes, civilisations ARG Archivfur Reform ationsgeschichte BHR Bibliothequed'Humanisme et Renaissance B.N. BibliothequeNationale BSHPF Bulletinde la Societe'de l'histoiredu protestantisme fran(ais reg. register RHD Revuehistorique de droitfrantais et etranger NOTE REGARDING DATES Unless noted specificallyas old style (o.s.), all dates have been changed to reflectthe modernpractice of beginningthe year on 1 January. This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This monographbegan as a doctoral dissertationat the Universityof Wisconsinand a generous fellowshipfrom the universitymade possible the initialresearch in the Frencharchives and libraries.A laterfellowship fromthe AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies permittedmy returnto France for revisionand refinementof my manuscript.A summerat the Universityof California,Berkeley, under the auspices of the National Endowmentfor the Humanities Summer Seminar programgave me the opportunityto utilize the collectionof the Instituteof Medieval Canon Law. The NewberryLibrary was gracious and helpfulas I consulted the Inquisitorialmanuals which are a part of its holdings. Finally,Montana State Universityhas assisted at everyturn and in everyway. Edward Gargan and Domenico Sella read and commentedupon the earliestand rawestversion of the manuscript.Its presentform owes much to the thoroughand extensivecriticism of JohnTedeschi. Edward Barry, David Buisseretand GeoffreyParker offered valuable insightsin the final stages. A special note of gratitudeto RobertM. Kingdon who supported and guided this study frombeginning to end. ChaptersII, XI and XIII were initiallypublished in somewhat different formas "The Inquisitoras Heretic: the Pre-Reformationat Toulouse," Wascana Review,9 (1974): 156-165; "The Legal Response to Heresy in Languedoc, 1500-1560," SixteenthCentury Journal, 4 (1973): 19-30; and "Heresy Suspectsin Languedoc priorto 1560: Observationson theirSocial and OccupationalStatus," Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renaissance,39 (1977): 561-568. I thank the editorsfor giving permission to incorporate major portionsof those articles. This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Introduction n earlyNovember 1560, the countof Villarspresented to the Parlement of Toulouseroyal letters-patent that commissioned a presidentand two counsellorsof the court to investigatethe activitiesof religious agitators(rebelles et esmotionnaires)in the towns situatedalong the littoral plain of Languedoc.The threejudges, along withthe royal attorney general, leftToulouse on 22 November.They visitedCastelnaudary, Carcassonne, Narbonne,Beziers, Saint-Thibery, Montpellier, Nimes and Beaucaire.Upon gatheringsufficient evidence and testimonyfor formalindictments, the magistratesconcluded theirinvestigation on 30 January1561.1 Yet the commissionfrom the crown had come too late. Officialreports of armed Protestantassemblies to the east at Annonay and Nimes, as well as to the west at Lombez, had reached Toulouse as early as April and May 1560. The Parlement,in each instance,ordered several of itsmembers to conduct an inquiry,adding thatthe investigatingjudges should assemble an armed escortif necessary.2Despite ferventand continuedefforts, the judiciary had not suppressed heresyin Languedoc. Rather,the reformedreligion prospered and grew far beyond the limits of the courts' effectiveness. Catholic and Protestantplunged into open, armed conflict. The onset of the Wars of Religion marked a temporarydisruption of thejudicial system, at least in thoseaspects pertaining to westernEuropean Christianityand its practice.Religious customs and the relevantlegal stat- utes affirmedvalues no longeracceptable to the entirecommunity causing frequentand unmistakablediscord. The courtsfound it increasingly difficult to enforcethe standardsof beliefand practiceto which theywere officially committed.The judiciaryfailed, too, in the discharge of another of its basic functions,the minimizationof conflictwithin society. That the quarrel reached such violentproportions is a reflectionof the fundamentalplace accorded religionwithin the lives of sixteenth-centurymen and women. The experienceof religiousconflict, violent and non-violent,and the temporaryparalysis of the judicial systemwere not unique to Languedoc. Devoted but unsuccessfulattempts to curbthe Reformationfrom the mag- istrate'sbench were common throughoutFrance. The failureto maintain unityand preventstrife cannot be ascribed to a lack of effort.By far the A.D.H.G., 51 B 66, Registrede Monsieurle Procureurgeneral du roy pour le voiage par luyfaict au bas pays de Languedoc.The documentis examinedby GabrielLoirette, "Catholiques et Protestantsen Languedoc a la veilledes guerresciviles (1560), d'apres un documentinedit," 503-525. 2. assemblergens en armes en tel nombreque la forceen demeureau roi et a justice . A.D.H.G., B, Toumelle, reg. 74 (19 avril 1560) and (20 mai 1560). 1 This content downloaded from 142.58.129.109 on Tue, 17 Dec 2013 10:14:05 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 MENTZER: HERESY PROCEEDINGS IN LANGUEDOC most notoriousof these judicial undertakingsinvolved the creationof a special criminalchamber within the Parlementof Paris. During the early years of the reign of Henry II, the chambre ardente specialized
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