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Home , 1593 in Sweden, Battle of Jarnac, Battle of Moncontour, Bernardino de Mendoza, Burgrave, Charles IX of France

p.1: Prominent Foreigners. p.25: French hostages in England, 1559-1564. p.26: Other Foreigners in England. p.30: Refugees in England. p.33-85: Ambassadors to and from England.

Prominent Foreigners.

Principal suitors to the Queen: Archduke Charles of : see ‘, Holy Roman’. : Charles IX; Henri, of Anjou; François, Duke of Alençon. : King XIV.

Notable visitors to England: from : Waldstein (1600). from : Duke of (1560). from France: Duke of Alençon (1579, 1581-1582); of Condé (1580); Duke of Biron (1601); Duke of Nevers (1602). from : Duke Casimir (1579); Mompelgart (1592); Duke of Bavaria (1600); Duke of Stettin (1602). from : (1583-1585); Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (1601). from : Count Alasco (1583). from Portugal: Antonio, former King (1581, Refugee: 1585-1593). from Sweden: John Duke of (1559-1560); Cecilia (1565-1566).

Bohemia; Denmark; Emperors, Holy Roman; France; Germans; Italians; ; Navarre; Papal State; Poland; Portugal; ; ; ; Sweden; Transylvania; Turkey.

Bohemia.

Slavata, Baron Michael: 1576 April 26: in England, ’s friend; May 1: to leave. Slavata, Baron William (1572-1652): 1598 Aug 21: arrived in London with Paul Hentzner; Aug 27: at court; Sept 12: left for France.

Waldstein, Baron (1581-1623): 1600 June 20: arrived, in London, sightseeing; June 29: met Queen at Greenwich Palace; June 30: his travels; July 16: in London; July 25: left for France. Also quoted: 1599 Aug 16; Beddington.

Denmark. King Christian III (1503-1 Jan 1559): 1559 April 6: Queen Dorothy, widow, exchanged condolences with Elizabeth.

King Frederick II of Denmark and (1534-1588): 1564 5: has intercepted letter from King of Sweden offering marriage. 1582 May 6: requires horses; May 22: Queen sends horses; July 14: envoy left to invest him with . 1583 Jan 13: Installation by proxy as of the Garter; Oct 12: granted free trade for English merchants to Muscovy. 1585 June 14: his special cloth for made in London; June 28: he drinks to the Queen, wishes to come to England; July 8,13: Queen sends him hounds; Dec 15: he wears her picture. 1586 April 20: is sending a special ambassador in great state. 1588 Jan 26: wishes daughter to marry King James; April 4: died; May 7: Queen’s grief; June 12: envoy went to condole.

1 King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1577-1648): 1588 April 4: succeeded father, with widowed Queen Sophia as , and four Governors of Denmark, including Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. 1589 Aug 20: sister Anne married King James of , by proxy. 1596 December, start: after his sent an ambassador. 1598 June 12: envoys left to congratulate him on his marriage. 1602 July 3: requests a portrait of the Queen.

Holstein, Adolph, Duke of (1526-1586), uncle of Frederick II: 1560 Jan 10: Queen consents to his visit; Jan 21: hopes to marry the Queen; March 28: in London; March 31: at court; May 9: may get Order of the Garter; May 24: Robert Dudley with him; June 9: is to depart; June 10: elected K.G; June 23-28: at Greenwich; June 28: has left; letters; Dec 15: installed K.G. by proxy, his special ambassador. 1561 Jan 20: Queen’s response to his suit.

Holstein, Duke of: 1592 March, end: going to Bath and Scotland.

Holstein, Ulrik Duke of (1578-1624), brother of Anne, Queen of Scotland: 1598 March 15: passed through England en route to Scotland; May 11: in Scotland, banqueting and drinking until June.

Emperors, Holy Roman.

Emperor Charles V, abdicated 1555, died 21 Sept 1558; brother of Ferdinand; father of King Philip II of Spain: 1558 Dec 24: Obsequies, at Westminster Abbey.

Emperor Ferdinand (1503-1564). 1559 February, May, and December, sent ambassadors to offer one of his sons, the Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles, in marriage to the Queen; Nov 4: will not allow Charles to come incognito. 1564 July 12: Dr had been at his court; July 25: Emperor died in Vienna succeeded by 1st son Maximilian; Oct 2-3: Obsequies, at St Paul’s Cathedral.

Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Emperor’s 2nd son: possible suitor to Queen, but was already married: 1559 Feb 22,25; April 13,25,28; May 10; May 28: no longer a suitor, is known to be married.

Archduke Charles of Austria (1540-1590), Emperor’s 3rd son, suitor to Queen: 1559 Feb 22; April 13,25; May 28: Baron Breuner came to propose him; May 30, June 5,7,19,27: Queen’s response; July 8: new instructions; Aug 6,23: court news; Sept 7,28,30: court news; Oct 2: Queen is set on this marriage; Oct 13,16,20,29: is to come secretly (not permitted by Emperor); Nov 13: court news; Nov 14, Dec 5: news from abroad; Dec 5, 10: court news. 1560 Jan 22: ‘all nations’ like the marriage; Feb 1,18: court news; May 29: news; Sept 11; Queen’s answer: she will not marry. 1563 May 8: rumoured to be marrying Queen of Scots; also June 10, Sept 20. 1564 Jan 15: special ambassador, Allinga, to attempt to resume negotiations Sept 12: Queen may secretly intend marriage; Sept 17: to re-open negotiations. 1565 May 5-August: Baron Zwetkovich in England to continue negotiations; many audiences; Aug 10: Queen’s reply; Aug 13: he left with questions for Emperor; Aug 30: Charles is likely to come; Dec 24: the Emperor’s reply to the Queen. 1566 April 30: Queen’s reply, still wishes to meet him; July 29: of Leicester favours this match; Aug 20: Emperor’s reply.

2 1567 June 26: Earl of Sussex sent to continue negotiations; Nov 7: Henry Cobham returned to court with description of Archduke; Nov 15: there are hopes of a marriage; Dec 10: Cobham left with Queen’s reply. 1568 Jan 11: Queen’s answer is ambiguous; March 15: Earl of Sussex has returned; May 26: Queen receives his portrait. 1570 Aug 18: Cobham sent secretly to re-open marriage negotiations; Dec 10: Cobham returned with news that Charles has married his niece.

Emperor Maximilian II, K.G. (1527-1576), 1st son of Emperor Ferdinand: 1564 July 12: Dr Dee had dedicated book to him; July 25: became Emperor, on his father’s death. 1565 May 5: sent ambassador to continue negotiations for Archduke’s marriage; many audiences until August; Dec 24: his reply to the Queen over the marriage. 1566 Jan 27: Queen discusses his reply; Jan 28: disagreements at court; April 24: elected Knight of the Garter; April 30: Queen sent envoy, Danett, with reply to his 1565 letter; Aug 20: at Kenilworth with Emperor’s reply. 1567 June 2-26: his Ambassador in England, for financial aid; June 26-March 1568: Earl of Sussex special ambassador to continue marriage negotiations. 1568 Jan 4: invested with Order of the Garter, in Vienna; Jan 10: his comment; Jan 11: letter to Archduke Charles, of the marriage negotiations, which ceased. 1570 June 5: daughter, , betrothed to King of Spain; Nov 4: daughter, Elizabeth of Austria, betrothed to King of France. 1571 April 24: Garter banner set up at Windsor. 1573 Nov 11: recommends Queen to marry Prince Ernest, his second son. 1574 May 10: King Philip of Spain offered Ernest to the Queen. 1576 Oct 12: died in Prague. Succeeded by son Rudolf.

Archduke Rudolf, later Emperor Rudolf II (1552-1612): 1571 March 12: a proposal that he marry Queen Elizabeth; April 1: she has his portrait; June 20: he is highly recommended. 1576 Oct 12: became Emperor Rudolf II. 1577 June 9: envoy arrived to return father’s Garter insignia. 1591 May 12: Edward Kelley, alchemist, at his court. 1596 Feb 1: had created Thomas Arundell an ; sequel; March 6: Queen’s letter to the Emperor. 1597 April-May: ‘Imperial Count’ Arundell again in custody. 1597 Oct 12: his Proclamation against trading with Englishmen. 1598 Jan 13: in response the Queen expelled the Hanse merchants.

Archduke Matthias, later Emperor Matthias (1557-1619): 1581 April 6: wished to propose marriage to the Queen. 1590 Nov 10: had visited England incognito.

Archduke Maximilian, Emperor Rudolf’s brother: 1600 June 14: at English court incognito.

Archdukes Albert, Andreas, Ernest: Governors of the Low Countries. See: Low Countries.

See also: Ambassadors from the Emperors: 1559-1560: Count Helfenstein (twice). 1559: Baron Breuner. 1565: Baron Zwetkovich. 1567: Count Stolberg. 1577: Baron Preyner.

3 France.

King Henri II (1519-1559): 1559 Jan 29: refuses to restore Calais; Feb 29: admired the Queen’s portrait; June 21: order concerning Earl of Arran; June 22: daughter’s marriage; June 30: injured in celebration tournament; July 10: died; Aug 15: had loved the Queen; Sept 9: Obsequies, St Paul’s Cathedral.

Catherine de Medici (1519-1589), wife of King Henri II: 1559 June 30: King’s injury; her astrologer; July 10: on his death, and Accession of King François II, known as . 1560 Dec 5: on Accession of young King Charles IX became Queen Regent. 1563 April 27: wishes to catch and execute Bastard of Vendôme. 1564 Jan 21: would like to be at meeting of Mary and Elizabeth; Oct 21: to send puppets showing different costumes. 1565 Feb 14: opens negotiations for Charles IX (age 15) to marry the Queen; April 15: audience with English Ambassador concerning the marriage. 1567 Oct 13: had been captured by ; Oct 16: Queen’s letter to her. 1568 May 2: has information of Queen of Scots’ jewels for sale; May 21: wishes Queen Elizabeth to keep jewels; June 29: Elizabeth writes concerning Queen of Scots. 1569 July 9: denies two men were poisoned; Sept 1, Nov 1: wishes Duke of Norfolk to marry Queen of Scots. 1570 May 4: discussed whether Queen Elizabeth would marry her son Duke of Anjou; Oct 20: secret letters to her Ambassador about a marriage; Nov 4: his response. 1571 Jan 13: her ‘little letter’ of October 1570 is known; Feb 2: as her son Anjou does not wish to marry the Queen, recommends her son Alençon; Feb 18, March 2: Anjou has changed his mind; Feb 24: comments on the Queen; April 1,3: Cavalcanti is coming to negotiate; April 27: she promises to come to England for the wedding; July 3: sends paintings of Anjou; July 22: has Queen’s portrait; July 25: Duke of Anjou is very obstinate about his religion; Sept 28: Duke of Alençon to be put forward instead as a suitor. 1572 Jan 6: is to offer Duke of Alençon or to make a league with England; March 22: discusses slanders against women; June 5: her love for the Queen; Aug 21: could arrange to meet the Queen; Aug 22, 24: involved in attempt against Coligny’s life, and in the Massacre of St Bartholomew; Sept 22: proposes that Alençon could meet the Queen at sea. 1573 May 25,29: her son Henri has been elected King of Poland. 1574 April 25: rejected a plea for clemency; May 30: son King Charles died; Queen Regent till Henri’s return from Poland in September; Aug 9: going to meet him; Aug 10: sent to her; Dec 15: Lord North’s bad reports of the French court; Dec 28: she had a jester dressed like Henry VIII, and dwarfs dressed like the Queen. 1575 Jan 2: should write to the Queen; Feb 18: declared the reports to be false; Feb 28: Queen would like a dwarf; June 15: sends Queen a book of poems. 1576 Dec 16: English Ambassador’s audience. 1578 Oct 7: her ‘flying squadron’ of 150 . 1579 Feb 13, March 10: may come to England; Sept 6: praised by Queen. 1580 Aug 2: is pleased that Queen is to marry Duke of Alençon. 1582 Jan 11: news from ; Jan 22: has the Queen’s picture. 1583 Jan 16: Queen: Alençon is a ‘faithless tyrant’ like his mother. 1584 July 14: with English Ambassador; Dec 28: wants ’s envoy caught. 1585 July 30: she jests at criticism of her. 1588 Dec 26 (o.s.): died, at Blois. 1589 Feb 4: Queen Elizabeth was advised not to send envoy to condole.

4 King François II (1544-1560): 1558 married Mary Queen of Scots. 1559 as Dauphin: June 28: to proclaim himself King of England; July 10: on father’s death became King of France; Sept 27: styles himself King of England. 1560 Dec 5: died, succeeded by brother Charles.

King Charles IX (1550-1574): 1560 Dec 5: succeeded brother; his mother initially Queen Regent. 1561 Jan 25: Earl of Bedford left to condole and congratulate. 1563 July 19: is coming to ‘with courtiers and lovers’. 1564 April 11: Treaty of ; April 21: envoy was to propose the King in marriage to Queen Elizabeth; April 24: elected as a Knight of the Garter; May 12: his esteem for Queen; June 24: invested K.G. in France; July 26: Queen wore a diamond ring from him. 1565 Feb 14: negotiations opened for him to marry the Queen; Feb 15: William Cecil’s objections; March 20,24,26: discussions on the marriage; April 15: he would like the marriage; May 7: ambassador came to propose marriage; May 9: Queen praised him, but explained why they could not marry; May 19: ambassador sent to France to answer the proposal; June 30: Queen refused the proposal. 1566 Jan 7: special ambassador in England as his deputy at Garter Installation; Jan 16: installed Knight of the Garter; Jan 24: Order of St Michael conferred on Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Leicester. 1567 July 3: Queen to have Calais if they marry; Sept 29: Huguenot conspiracy against him. 1569 July 27, Sept 20: desires Duke of Norfolk to marry Queen of Scots. 1570 July 10: his portrait sent to England; Nov 4: is betrothed to Elizabeth of Austria; Nov 30: has proclaimed a tournament in celebration. 1571 Feb 1: Lord Buckhurst sent to congratulate, and attend ; March 7: King’s gifts to English envoys; Nov 15: complains of a book against Queen of Scots. 1572 April 19: Treaty of Blois, defensive league with England; May 26: Earl of Lincoln left to witness his ratification; June 23: King’s gifts; Aug 22: Admiral Coligny wounded, in Paris; Aug 24: orders Massacre of St Bartholomew; Aug 25,26: attempts to justify it; Sept 7: still hopes the Queen will marry Alençon; Oct 27: daughter born; Dec 2: special ambassador invites Queen to be godmother; Dec 5: she agrees. 1573 Jan 15: Earl of Worcester left to represent Queen at christening; March 1: sends his Ambassador a letter which he is to lose; April 23: news of Count Montgomery; Aug 18: is sending Count de Retz to England; Nov 18: has smallpox. 1574 March 7: defers a journey; March 28: on bad terms with Duke of Alençon; April 17: a conspiracy against him; April 19: has a fever; May 30: died, succeeded by brother Henri, in Poland; June 8,13,20: Queen Elizabeth’s grief; Aug 7: Obsequies, St Paul’s Cathedral. 1601 Sept 1: Count d’Auvergne, illegitimate son, arrived to visit England.

5 Henri, Duke of Anjou (1551-1589), from 1574 King Henri III: 1565 May 9: a better match for the Queen than his brother Charles IX. 1568 Aug 25: first proposition that Henri should marry the Queen. 1570 May 4, Oct 20: his mother writes of a marriage; October, end: de urges a marriage; Nov 4: Sir William Cecil’s pros and cons of a marriage; Dec 24: Queen discussed the proposal. 1571 Jan 14,23: Queen informed her Council of the proposal; Feb 1: Lord Buckhurst to negotiate secretly; Feb 2: Anjou does not wish to marry the Queen; Feb 6: court news; Feb 18: Anjou has now agreed to marry; Feb 23: a French plot for him to marry Queen of Scots; March 2: he desires to marry Queen Elizabeth; March 6: court news; March 12: the French plot; March 16: Buckhurst had conferences, received written offer of the Duke’s hand; March 23: Elizabeth wishes to treat privately; March 24: her answers to Articles concerning the marriage; April 1: English and French court news; April 3: Cavalcanti is coming to negotiate secretly; April 10-19: his secret embassy; April 27: to marry in Kent; May 1: Anjou has heard the Queen has a bad leg; May 2: proposal ‘broken off’ for religion (but continued); May 25: Anjou’s praise of the Queen; June 6: Articles to be sent to French King; June 7: Earl of Leicester is to escort Anjou; June 20,23,24: court news; June 30-July 11: French special ambassador, L’Archant, continued negotiations; July 25: insists on assurances about his religion; July 31: praises Queen; Aug 10-Sept 6: French special ambassador, De Foix, continued negotiations; Sept 2: Queen and Burghley explain the proposals made to De Foix; Sept 28: Anjou must have public exercise of his religion; his brother the Duke of Alençon is to be put forward in his place. 1572 Jan 6: he is such a devout Catholic that his brother is offered instead; Jan 15: a secret message from him to the Queen; Jan 26: Queen’s comment; March 22: he has heard slanders of the Queen. 1573 May 25,29,31: has been elected King of Poland; Aug 10: a safe-conduct.

1574 May 30: became King Henri III; left Poland on news of brother’s death; July 20: Queen received his first letter; Sept 29: has arrived at ; Oct 6: Lord North left to congratulate him; Dec 28: North’s bad report. 1575 Feb 18: had been crowned, and married to Louise of ; April 1: Treaty of Blois renewed; April 24: elected Knight of the Garter; April 30: congratulated on it; June 12: Garter will soon be brought; Aug 6: delay in bringing it (brought in 1585). 1578 Nov 9: praises the Queen’s perfection. 1579 April 11: questions English Ambassador about the Queen; Nov 26: Peace of Fleix. 1580 Aug 3: his joy that the Queen is to marry the Duke of Alençon. 1581 June 12: if the Queen will marry he will enter into an alliance; Dec 18: had sent Jean Simier to report back secretly. 1582 Jan 17: has ratified marriage Articles; June 25: requests various animals; July 25: has conceded everything; Aug 15: is to send a coach and mules; Oct 31, Nov 5: the Queen’s new demands; Dec 3,6: sequel. 1584 April 10: gifts of coaches and mules awaited; May 23: coach is ready; July 14: has left off mourning for Duke of Alençon. 1585 Jan 26: Earl of Derby left to invest King with the Garter; March 10: refused to deliver up Thomas Morgan; July 7: . 1586 Nov 19: sent special ambassador to plead for Queen of Scots. 1588 May 1: Day of the Barricades: next day fled from Paris; May 10: thanked Queen for kindness; Oct 3: praised her after Armada defeat; Dec 13,14 (o.s): had Duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise murdered. 1589 July 24 (o.s): assassinated. King of Navarre became King Henri IV of France.

6 François, Duke of Alençon (1555-1584), brother of Charles IX and Henri III. 1571 March 6: marriage proposal could be transferred to him; July 25: Queen Mother wishes to succeed with him; Sept 28: is to be put forward for marriage instead of his brother Anjou. 1572 Jan 6,17,20: to be offered in marriage; Jan 22,23: discussed with Burghley; Feb 10: Queen thinks him too young; April 27: is willing to have his proposal; May 24: has his portrait; June 8: special embassy partly to negotiate privately; July 1: difficulties are age and religion; July 2: information required; July 10,13,24: his pock-marks; July 11: willing to go to England; July 23,27: Queen’s contradictory letters; Aug 20: she has decided to marry; Aug 21: Queen Mother wishes Queen to meet Alençon; Sept 7,11,22: interview could be at sea, in Channel Islands, or Dover; Sept 28: Queen’s decision; Oct 9,13,25: difficulty in having an interview; Dec 3,14: Maisonfleur, the Duke’s envoy, urges him to come to England. 1573 March 18: Queen is resolved to marry, but there must be an interview; March 20,28: Burghley’s opinion; April 1: Walsingham’s opinion; April 22, May 5: Alençon is to come; July 15: safe-conducts are to be sent; July 31: they can meet at Dover; Aug 2: he is praised; Aug 10: no safe-conduct; Aug 11: he is sick; Aug 18,22: Count de Retz coming instead; Sept 4-12: De Retz at Dover, and at Canterbury with the Queen; Sept 20: visit described; Oct 14: Thomas Randolph to go to see Alençon and report to the Queen; Dec 31: Randolph has made his report. 1574 Jan 19: Queen has new scruples; Jan 27,Feb 1: agrees to private interview; Feb 20: Walsingham’s advice; March 12,14: plans for private meeting; March 16: safe-conduct; March 28: King of France postpones the interview; April 17,19: Alençon is under arrest; May 30: King Charles IX died. 1575 Aug 27: Ambassador arrived to re-open negotiations; Sept 10: conference; Sept 15: Lord Burghley’s comment. 1576 Jan 3: envoys arrived to re-open negotiations; Feb 2: not convenient for him to come to England; May 6: Peace of ; later became Duke of Anjou.

1578 May 20: has ‘woken up’ to the Queen’s existence; July 30: envoys to renew his suit; Aug 13: Peace Treaty at Antwerp; Aug 18: Queen is ‘the best marriage in her parish’; Sept 23: he is coming to England; Sept 28: Queen asked Spanish Ambassador if they should marry; Nov 9: Henri III writes in his favour; Nov 28: Simier has commission to conclude marriage.

1579: Jan 5: Alençon’s envoy, Simier, came to continue marriage negotiations. April 4,8: arrangements for meeting Alençon; June 18, July 4: passport granted; Aug 6: Stubbs’ book attacking the marriage; Aug 17: Alençon arrived at Greenwich on a ‘private’ visit; described; Aug 20,22,25: court news, from the Spanish Ambassador; Aug 28: dinner, at Cobham, Kent; exchange of gifts; Aug 30: Alençon sailed to France; September, start: Philip Sidney’s objections to the marriage; Sept 6,7: court news; Sept 25,27: action against Stubbs’ book; Oct 4,6,7,8,16: conferences on the marriage; Oct 18: gifts to Alençon; Nov 11: Queen has decided to marry; Nov 24: marriage Articles signed; Simier took leave; Dec 4,27: court news.

1580 Jan 1: Alençon to come to England again; Jan 12: Queen will never marry; Jan 14: discourages Alençon from coming; Feb 28: Queen’s dilemma; March 5: marriage Commissioners to come; April 18: Alençon’s love; May 4: asked if Commissioners could come; June 2: envoy asks Burghley’s aid; June 5: Commissioners should come; July 10: will come on Aug 12 (came in 1581); Aug 22: French Ambassador is content to be deceived; Sept 19: Treaty: Alençon has Sovereignty of the Low Countries.

7 1581 Feb 16: Alençon’s special Ambassador, Marchaumont, arrived; Feb 27: Queen sent Alençon a wedding ring; April-June: Marriage Commissioners in England. May 12: court news; June 2,4: his supposed secret visit; June 11: marriage Treaty; June 15: court news; Aug 10,12,13, Sept 7,28: court news; Oct 1: court news; Oct 9,20,29,31: preparations at Richmond; Oct 31: Alençon landed in Kent; Nov 1: at Westminster; Nov 2: Richmond; Nov 7,11: court news; Nov 16: moved to Whitehall Palace; Nov 18,20; Nov 22: Queen promised to marry him; Nov 23: repudiated promise;. Nov 29: Pinart came from Henri III; Dec 4,5,7,9,11: court news; Dec 14: Duke is to return; Dec 14,16,17: ships ready; Dec 18-24: preparations in Kent; Dec 19: loan; Dec 25,29; court news, in detail. 1582 Jan 1: Alençon’s New Year gifts for Queen; tournament; Jan 6: festivities at court; Jan 10,11,17,21,24,27,28: court news; Feb 1: left Whitehall with Queen; Feb 1-3: at Rochester, described; Feb 3-5: at Sittingbourne, described; Feb 5-7: at Canterbury; Feb 7: left for Dover and Flushing; Feb 9,13,19: court news; March 1,6, April 1,11,25,26: court news; May 4,5, July 8,11: court news; Dec 3,6: La Mothe at court, partly to conclude marriage negotiations. 1582 end: Queen’s poem on Alençon’s departure. 1583 Jan 7: Alençon’s men attempted to seize Antwerp; Jan 10-16: sequel; Feb 20: in satirical picture; Sept 10: Queen’s letter to; Nov 17,19: pictured with the Queen, at Paris. 1584 June 1 (o.s.): died; June 16,17, July 2,6: Queen’s great grief.

King Henri IV (1553-1610), formerly King Henri III of Navarre (see ‘Navarre’): 1589 July 24: became Henri IV; July 28: nobles swore loyalty to him. For several years still frequently referred to as King of Navarre. 1590 March 15: prayers for the King of Navarre; April 24: elected a Knight of the Garter; his praise of the Queen; Aug 13: she sends him an emerald; Aug 21-24: more prayers for the French King. 1591 May 25: Queen received his portrait; June 4: he needs the Queen’s aid; Aug 19-23: met Earl of Essex: leaping contest; Aug 25: letter to Queen, plans to meet her in Portsmouth; Oct 15: apologises for not coming; Oct 18: praises the Queen; Nov 3: has begun to besiege ; Nov 13: knighted three Englishmen; Dec 5: Queen’s ‘mislike’ of such ; Dec 20: the King ‘only feareth’ her. 1592 Jan 25: Queen’s response to his envoys; Feb 12: her advice for him; Feb 19: she ‘cannot be a housewife for all the world’; March 7: more advice; March 15: needs the Queen’s help; March 19: criticism of him; April 10: he has her picture and scarf; April 12: has raised ; May 11: plans a secret voyage to England; May 25: needs further aid; Oct 19: sends the Queen an elephant as a gift. 1593 April 16: sends Antonio Perez to England; June 10: Parisians will make peace if he becomes a Catholic; sends an envoy with his explanation; June 12: may become Catholic; July 14: Queen’s response to his envoy, Morlans, is sending her own envoy, Wilkes; July 15 (o.s): King converted to Catholicism; July 28: Queen’s lamentation at the news; Aug 19: his Bond of Amity; Aug 23: Queen’s criticism of the King; Oct 7: praises his envoy, De Mouy; Nov 30: Queen sends special envoy, Sir Robert Sidney. 1594 Feb 17: Coronation; March 7: has conferred Order of St Michael on Clifford and Sherley; Queen was incensed: sequel.

8 1596 Jan 28: with his mistress met English Ambassador; took Queen’s picture; April 11: met Sir Robert Sidney on sea-shore; May 14: Treaty of Greenwich; Sept 7: gifts for his investment with Garter insignia; Sept 16: Earl of Shrewsbury left as special ambassador to invest him. 1597 May 14: Earl of Shrewsbury’s gift of hounds with a huntsman; May 27: King liked the hounds, attempted to wind the hunting-horns; Oct 5: mocks the Queen for demanding towns for her forces; Oct 12: has no resident Ambassador in England; Nov 16; Queen is amazed at his conduct; Dec 5: she is displeased that he failed to visit her (in 1591). 1598 March 8: to make peace with Spain; March 21: Sir Robert Cecil met the King and his mistress; April 14: gave Cecil jewel with his picture; April 22: secretly signed Treaty of Vervins; May 17: Queen angry at his treachery; June 2,7: both are represented in dumb-shows. 1600 April 17: Governor of Dieppe arrived to represent him at his Installation as a Knight of the Garter; April 27: Installation described. 1601 April 20: praises Queen; Aug 21: at Calais; Sept 4,5: has honoured the Queen by sending the Duke of Biron. 1602 April 2: Duke of Nevers, nephew, arrived for visit to England.

Biron, Charles, Duke of (1562-1602): 1601 Aug 27: Henri IV is sending Biron or the Duke of Bouillon; Aug 28,30: preparations for receiving Biron; Sept 1: arrived at Dover; his many companions included the Count d’Auvergne, incognito; Sept 2: needs horses in Kent; Sept 4: in London; Sept 4,5: to be received at Basing, Hants; Sept 5: preparations at Basing; Sept 7: with Sir Walter Ralegh in London; Sept 9: at Bagshot; Sept 10: at the Vyne, and Basing; Sept 11: hunted; Sept 12: audience; Sept 13,14: at Basing; Sept 15: left for London; Sept 16,17: at London; Sept 19: comments on visit; Oct 24: in Paris. 1602 April 17,26: visit criticised; July 21: executed in France for treason.

Bouillon, Duke of (1555-1623), formerly Turenne: As Viscount Turenne: in England: 1590. As Duke of Bouillon: in England twice: 1596. See ‘Ambassadors from France’, 1590, 1596.

Coligny, Gaspard de, Admiral (1519-1572): 1561 April 20: praised the Queen. 1562 Dec 26: after Condé’s capture ratified Treaty of Hampton Court. 1563 Feb 10: now chief of the Huguenots; Feb 18: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton is taking him money. 1568 Sept 8: brother Cardinal de Châtillon fled to England. [See ‘Refugees’]. 1572 Aug 22: wounded in a murder attempt, in Paris; Aug 24: killed, at the start of the Massacre of St Bartholomew.

Condé, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of (1530-1569): 1562 April 29: secretly sent an envoy after taking up arms against King; July 19: secretly sent the Vidame de Chartres, for money; also Aug 16; Aug 25: to make a league with the Queen, to protect Le Havre; Sept 20: Treaty of Hampton Court; Queen is to send soldiers to France; Oct 15: is sending a litter and a coach to the Queen; Nov 20: advice to treat well his Agents; Dec 15: asks for a scarf in the Queen’s colours; Dec 15: sends another envoy, Briquemault; Dec 19: Prince was captured at Battle of Dreux; Dec 26: news of him.

9 1563: March 19: Peace of Amboise: Condé appointed Lieutenant-General of France, obliged to unite with King Charles IX; April 1: discusses the Queen’s marriage; April 17: Queen angry with him; April 24: Briquemault sent by him and Coligny; May 8,9: Queen spoke ‘much ill’ of him; June 19: had sent an envoy, La Haye; July 11: is coming to Le Havre, with Coligny; July 19: news of him; Dec 24: sends a Spanish scholar. 1567 Sept 29: Huguenot conspiracy; Condé besieged Paris; Nov 13: his envoy, Teligny, came with news; Dec 13: French news not to be discussed at court. 1568 March 23: Treaty ended Second War of Religion. 1569 March 13: killed at Battle of ; April 6: news brought to Queen; April 12: widowed Princess of Condé appeals to the Queen; the news was at first not believed; Dec 10: Princess asks for refuge if needed.

Condé, Henri de Bourbon, Prince of (1552-1588): 1569 March 13: new joint Huguenot leader, on father’s death. 1572 Aug 18: has just married Marie of Cleves, in Paris. 1574 April 17: has fled from Paris. 1575 June 10: to have a loan; Oct 28: sends for another loan. 1580 April 30: has taken up arms against King of France; June 18: secretly arrived in England, for aid; June 22,23: court news; June 24: at Nonsuch; audience; June 26: described; June 28,30: court news; July 1: left England; expenses for him; July 10: comment. 1585 Dec 23: in England, at Plymouth, described. 1588 March 17: had died, poisoned by the Princess his wife.

Guise, Henri, 3rd Duke of (1550-1588): 1563 Feb 24: on father’s death became 3rd Duke. 1583 Aug 18: his plot to invade England; Sept 16: King James follows his advice; Nov 16: Throckmorton Plot discovered. 1588 May 1: Day of the Barricades, Paris; Dec 13 (o.s.): murdered on King Henri III’s orders.

Montgomery, Count (1530-1574): 1559 June 30: in France in a tournament accidentally injured King Henri II; was dismissed from his post as Captain of the King’s Scots Guard; July 10: the King died. 1562 Oct 10: at Le Havre; Nov 4: gives a to Queen; Nov 17: in London for more men for Normandy; Nov 26: servant killed a man; Dec 6: has returned to France; Dec 15: described as a ‘paragon’. 1563 May 3: Queen orders galley armed, it requires 300 men. 1571 in England for daughter’s marriage; Nov 30-Dec 6: at court. 1572-1574: in England. [See ‘Refugees’].

Montmorency, François de, K.G. (1531-1579): 1559 May 23-28: led special embassy to England; Aug 14: sends songs to Queen; Aug 15: his father, the Constable of France, praises the Queen. Became Duke of Montmorency on father’s death, 12 November 1559. 1572 April 19: signed Treaty of Blois; April 24: elected Knight of the Garter; May 7: ready to come to England to witness Queen’s ratification of Treaty; May 28, June 5,6,7: arrangements for meeting him; new banqueting-house; June 8-28: led special embassy. 1574 May 4: imprisoned in the ; May 16: reaction in England; May 23: Queen will intercede for him. Released in October 1575.

10 Montmorency, Charles de, Count de Méru (1537-1612); brother of the imprisoned Duke; came to England on his behalf, with two Captains. 1574 Sept 10: in London; Sept 19: has gone to the Queen at Farnham, Surrey; Sept 29: spent eight days with her; Dec 28: at court. 1575 Feb 17: sometimes at court; May 12, June 7,17: again at court; June 20: left for Emden; July 1: received money before he left.

Nemours, Jacques de Savoy, Duke of (1531-1585): 1560 Nov 18: Savoy envoy, Morette, came to offer him in marriage to the Queen; Dec 30: she does not wish to marry. 1561 Nov 27: Morette again offered the Duke (and others); Dec 17: in Scotland, offered him to the Queen of Scots; Dec 20: in England, French Ambassador offered him again to Queen Elizabeth; praise of him.

Nevers, Duke of (1580-1637), nephew of King Henri IV: 1602 Feb 23: is coming to England; March 17: preparations at court; March 29: at Calais; April 2,3,4: in London; April 6: audience; April 8,10: proposed visit to Wimbledon; April 11: audience, danced with Queen; visited Hampton Court; April 15: took leave; April 16,17, left for Kent; April 26,28,30, May 12: his visit described and praised.

Retz, Count de: see Ambassadors from France, 1573.

Rhinegrave, the: Jean-Phillippe de Salm; notable soldier, from Lorraine: 1559 Dec 13: raising a regiment to invade England. 1560 Jan 6: is sending horses to Queen, is worth a pension. 1563 April 8: wishes to serve and visit Queen, sends gifts; May 18: her thanks; his forces attacked English in Le Havre (June 5); Oct 12: advice on her marriage; might come disguised. 1564 Oct 21: to bring the Order of St Michael; Nov 20: visit deferred. 1566 April 18: at English court. Died Sept 18.

Rohan, Viscount: 1569 Oct 8: arrived from Germany; Oct 13: left for France.

Rohan, Henri, Duke de (1579-1638); with brother Benjamin (1589-1642): 1600 Oct 15: in London; Oct 21: at court; Oct 27: going to Scotland; Oct 28: well entertained in Scotland by their kinsman King James. 1601 Feb 3: at a London dinner; Feb 4,5: leaving; Feb 16: in Paris; April 20: had a ‘libellous letter’ against the Queen.

Turenne, Viscount: later Bouillon, Duke of.

Germans.

Anhalt, also called Hainault: Prince Bernard of Anhalt: 1594 Aug 25: at court; Oct 4: took leave. Prince Ludwig of Anhalt, in England: 1596 June 22-July 27. Count of Anhalt: 1599 June 6: at Windsor Park; June 10: with Queen.

Baden, Christopher, Marquis: 1565-1566: in England with wife Cecilia of Sweden. See: ‘Court’: Women (Cecilia).

Baden, John Charles, Marquis, son of Cecilia: 1595 Sept 11: ‘very dissolute man’ coming to England; Oct 3: described; Oct 5,19: at court, Nonsuch. 1596 Feb 2: his letter to the Queen. 1598 Jan 27: carried Leven’s answer to a challenge to a duel.

11 Bavaria, Wolfgang Wilhelm, Duke of: also called Count . 1600 Dec 14: in London and at court; Dec 18: at Oxford; Dec 20: at Woodstock; Dec 23: left for London; Dec 26: at court for a play. Left January 1601.

Brandenburg, Albert, Marquis of; also Duke of 1550-1579: 1558 Dec 28: gift of falcons to Queen Mary delivered to new Queen. 1560 Christmas: has sent hawks; 1561 Dec 29: has sent falcons.

Brandenburg, George Frederick, Marquis of; also Duke of Prussia: 1580 Sept 30: sends falcons, as in 1579; desires horses for wife. 1584 Oct 24: sends falcons, as in 1583.

Brandenburg, Joachim George (1525-1598), Elector 1571-1598.

Brandenburg, Joachim Frederick (1546-1608), Elector 1598-1608. 1600 July 11: arrived in England incognito; July 25: left for France.

Brunswick, Duke Otto of: 1560 Feb 28: Queen continues his pension granted by Edward VI. 1564 Jan 18: hopes to come to England. 1574 Dec 5: asks Queen to be godmother to daughter.

Brunswick, Duke Julius of: 1585 May 31: Queen had been godmother to son Joachim.

Casimir, John: see Palatine: John Casimir.

Cleves, Duke of, brother of Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII’s 4th wife: 1560 Aug 4: is a pensioner of the Queen.

Emden, a Hanse Town ruled by two brothers: Count Edzard and Count John: 1564 April 13: Count John is to have a pension from the Queen; July 3: accepts a reduced pension, as the younger brother. 1581 Sept 11: Count John arrived in London; visited palaces; Sept 13,17,18: court news; Oct 10: took leave; Oct 20: had received jewels; Dec 5: is raising men and money for the Queen. 1584 June 8: envoy sent to reconcile the two . 1586 Feb 21: Count Edzard is ‘the King of Spain’s’; John is melancholy; April 2: envoy went to Count Edzard. 1591 Nov 13: Count Edzard sends horses. 1593 July, mid: Edzard’s sons Counts John and Christopher in England. 1594 Jan 20: Count Edzard’s gift of white horses for the Queen.

Hesse: Philip, of (died 1567): 1564 March 5: broke off King of Sweden’s suit to his daughter.

Hesse-Cassel: William IV, Landgrave of (1532-1592), Elector 1567-1592: 1577 May 30: Queen godmother to daughter.

Hesse: Ludwig, Landgrave of: 1581 April 12: recommends a nobleman, to buy horses for him.

Hesse-Cassel, Moritz, Landgrave of (1572-1632), Elector 1592-1627: 1596 May 24: Queen to be godmother to his daughter; July 6: gifts to be taken; July 27: Earl of Lincoln left as special ambassador to represent the Queen; Oct 26: printed description of Lincoln’s embassy; Dec 1: , musician, at his court.

12 Mansfield, Volrad, Count (1520-1578): 1559 Sept 18: in England as envoy from Duke of Saxony; Oct 20: is to have a pension from the Queen. 1560 March 26: sends messenger concerning Hanse Towns; May 3: Hans Keck, his Agent, in England to make a loan to the Queen. 1560 July 2: offered to send his only son to be brought up at English court. 1569 June 11: Wolfgang Duke of Deux-Ponts died; Count Mansfield was made General in his place; Dec 10: wishes to fight under the Queen’s ensign and favour. Dec 18: brother Count Charles in London; Dec 21: has had secret negotiations; Dec 27: Charles has gift of money, is leaving for Germany.

Mansfield, Countess of: 1577 Sept 26: at court. Mansfield, Polixena: 1577 Sept 28: at court.

Mompelgart, Count: see Wurttemberg.

Newenar, Count Adolph: 1576 Sept 11: wife wears Queen’s picture.

Palatine: Wolfgang, of the : 1563 April 15: would like his son brought up at the English court.

Palatine: Frederick III (1515-1576), Elector Palatine 1559-1576: 1564 April, end: James Melville describes visit to. 1565 July 21: sends envoy with books, and advice on marriage. 1568 March 25: sends Emmanuel Tremelius to discuss a league. 1570 Jan 14: secretary’s secret audience; Jan 18: has had money. 1571 Dec 6: proposes marriage of 3rd son Christopher to Queen. 1575 June 10: asks for a loan for Huguenots; Nov 25: Queen’s message to. 1576 Oct 27: died; succeeded as Elector by 1st son Ludwig VI (1539-1583).

Palatine: John Casimir, Count Palatine (1543-1592), K.G., also called Duke Casimir, second son of Frederick III: 1564 April, end: James Melville brings his picture, Casimir wishes to marry the Queen. 1575 Oct 28: recommends Thomas Wilkes; Nov 25: Queen’s message concerning him. 1578 Dec 31: secretly wishes to visit the Queen. 1579 Jan 10,14: coming to England; Jan 18,19: described, arrived; Jan 22: in London; Jan 24: bell-ringing; at Whitehall; Jan 25: audience; Jan 26: court news; Jan 27-30: out of London; Feb 1-2: at Tournament; Feb 3-5: court news; Feb 7: oration to; Feb 8: invested K.G; Feb 11: took leave; Feb 12: gifts; court news; Feb 13: at Tower; also at bear-baiting; court news; Feb 14: left London; Feb 15,16: in Kent; Feb 19: Sir Henry Sidney’s payments for him; Feb 20,28: court news; March 5: at Flushing. 1581 May 23: sends a book for the Queen. 1582 June 22: recommends George Zolcher, a messenger, for a pension. 1583 Jan 13: installed by proxy as Knight of the Garter. 1584 Sept 1: wife Elizabeth recommends George Zolcher. 1592 Jan 6: died, in Germany; July 9: his Garter insignia was returned.

Palatine: Frederick IV (1574-1610), Elector Palatine 1583-1610: 1592 July 9: sent ambassadors to return Casimir’s insignia, and for aid.

13 Palatine: George Frederick, Count Palatine: 1582 Aug 31: son Duke George Gustavus in England.

Palatine: George John, Count Palatine; also Duke of Bavaria: 1579 Sept 6: warns of a conspiracy against Queen; Oct 9: has Bishop of Ross’s papers incriminating Queen of Scots; is referred to as Duke of Petit Pierre. 1582 Dec 22: has sent John Haller to the Queen with Bishop of Ross’s papers. 1583 Feb 20: Haller in Scotland to offer Count’s daughter to King James. 1584 March 12, April 6: sends Councillors in search of Haller, who is missing; April 30: Queen wrote to him as Duke of Petit Pierre. 1588 June 24: warns Queen of a plot to poison her.

Saxony, John Frederick II, Duke of: 1559 Sept 18: sends embassy for Queen’s marriage to his brother William; Oct 3: Queen’s response.

Saxony, William, Duke of: 1564 Aug 8: his envoy at Cambridge with the Queen.

Saxony, August, Duke of (1526-1586), Elector 1553-1586: 1570 Dec 18: sends envoy, with gifts. 1573 Feb 9: English envoy has a medal from him; March 13: his displeasure. 1574 Sept 9: his agent at court.

Stettin-Pomerania, Duke Philip of (1584-1625): 1602 Sept 12: in London; described; at plays; Sept 26: at court, Oatlands, described; ballad on Earl of Essex.

Waldeck, Count Francisco: cousin of Duke of Cleves: 1562 July 4: Queen continues his pension.

Waldeck, Count Francis, a younger namesake: 1581 Sept 11: arrived in London, travelling with Count John of Emden; Sept 13,17,18: court news; Oct 10: took leave.

Wurttemberg, Duke Christopher of (1515-1568), Duke 1559-1568: 1562 Nov 22: sends a theological book to Queen. 1564 Jan 15: sends special ambassador to urge Queen to marry Archduke Charles. Jan 27: Queen’s response, reported to the Emperor.

Wurttemberg, Ludwig III: Duke 1568-1593.

Wurttemberg, Frederick, Duke of (1557-1608), Duke 1593-1608: As Count Mompelgart: 1592 Aug 17: arrived in England, described; Aug 17,18: audiences at Reading; Aug 19,20: at Windsor; other sightseeing; note on Merry Wives of Windsor. Also quoted: 1587 July 10: Theobalds. As Duke of Wurttemberg: 1595 March 27: sent Baron Breuning to request to be elected a Knight of the Garter. 1597 April 24: elected KG. 1602 April 10: complains about delay in investing him.

Wurttemberg: Baron Breuning: 1578 March 29: passport to leave England, with dogs. 1595 March 27: arrived as Duke of Wurttemberg’s envoy.

Zeirotin, Baron of: 1596 March 5: was at court; March 7-10: passport to travel in England and Scotland; May 31: to have 10 post-horses, leaving England.

14 Italians.

D’Arco, Counts: Count d’Arco: 1563 June 4: gifts to him. Count Juan Baptista d’Arco: 1564 Jan 22: his envoy at court. Count Oliver d’Arco: 1564 Sept 23: in England. 1566 Oct 11: on private business; 1567 Jan 16: gift to him; Jan 18: has left.

Ferrara, Dowager Duchess of (1510-1574), living in France: 1561 Jan 10: praised Anne Boleyn, the Queen’s mother; March 25: is ‘chief of the heretics’. Ferrara, Duke of: 1561 Nov 18: envoy, Morette, came to offer him in marriage to the Queen. 1562 Feb 10: Cardinal of Ferrara hopes to negotiate the marriage.

Bruno, Giordano, philosopher (1548-1600): 1583 April, end: arrived in England; biographical note; June 10: at Oxford. 1584 end: ‘Ash Wednesday Supper’ book. 1585 Oct 2: left with French Ambassador; his books; biographical note.

Tuscany, Ferdinando, of (1549-1609): Duke 1587-1609: 1596 June 19: Queen’s picture to be sent to ‘Duke of Florence’; Oct 25: Queen’s letter to the Grand Duke; Dec 10: picture has arrived.

Bracciano, Virginio Orsini, Duke of (1572-1615), nephew of the Grand Duke: 1601 Jan 3: arrived in London, described; Jan 5: court preparations; Jan 6: at court, fully described; Jan 8: at a dinner; Jan 9: at Hampton Court; Jan 10: visits the Tower; Jan 11,12: at court; Jan 13: court news; left London; Jan 20, Feb 3: comments after his visit.

Low Countries.

Aerschot, Duke of: 1560 Christmas: has given a horse to the Queen. 1574 Nov 1: wishes for a hound for the Duchess. 1577 Nov 4: imprisoned in Ghent; his brother Marquis of Havrech, in England, barred from court three weeks.

Albert, Cardinal/Archduke (1559-1621): Governor of the Low Countries: January 1596-1621. 1596 March 29 (o.s): began to besiege Calais, successfully. 1598 May 20: is to marry King Philip of Spain’s daughter Isabella (Infanta Isabella, 1566-1623); left for Spain. 1599 Aug 26: Albert and Isabella’s ceremonial entry to as joint Governors of the Spanish ; Aug 28: has commission to treat with England. 1600 Feb 15: his special ambassador came for peace negotiations. 1602 Aug 24: raised the ; the Queen’s jest.

Alva/Alba, Duke of, Fernando (1507-1582): 1567 Aug 8: arrived in Low Countries as military governor; Oct 6: took complete command, as Governor of the Low Countries. 1568 Dec 29: ordered arrest of English merchants and goods in Antwerp. 1569 Jan 19: Queen’s complaint of his ‘Valentine’; Jan 20: sent envoy to require restitution of ships and money seized in England; had no audience; March 31: Proclamation forbidding trade with England; April 15, May 1: Queen’s response.

15 1570 June 5: prepares ships for new Queen Anne of Spain; July 10: sent Commissioners to visit seized ships. 1571 May 14: in Ridolphi Conspiracy against the Queen; June 20: recommends Archduke Rudolf, to marry the Queen. 1572 March 5: his conspiracy with Queen of Scots. 1573 Nov 11: recommends Prince Ernest, to marry the Queen. 1577 Feb 5: his ‘love and affection’ for the Queen. 1579 March, end: Duchess sends needlework to Queen. 1580 Aug 7: Duke had invaded Portugal. 1581 Nov 20: Duchess’s gloves and needlework for Queen.

Andreas, Archduke: cousin of Archduke Albert: Interim Governor of Low Countries, during Albert’s long absence for his marriage, summer 1598-summer 1599.

Champagney, Governor of Antwerp: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1576.

Chimay, Prince de: Governor of Flanders: 1584 April 1: sends an envoy; May 31: Princess de Chimay’s complimentary letter to the Queen.

D’Aubigny, Gilles, Baron: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1574,1576.

Ernest, Archduke (1553-1595): Governor of Low Countries, January 1594-February 1595. 1594 Sept 14: Queen to send a special ambassador; cancelled. 1595 Feb 28: has died; French envoy brought intercepted letters.

Ghent, Viscount of: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1577.

Havrech, Marquis of: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1577,1578.

Hohenlohe, Count Philip of (1550-1606), also called Count Hollock: 1586 April 28: would like Queen’s picture; is drinking less; Nov 23: left in charge of foreign troops.

Nassau, Count William of (1560-1620), son of Count John of Nassau: 1577 March 11: in England with Marquis of Havrech.

Nassau, Justin of, Dutch Admiral: 1588 Aug 16-17: at Dover with 40 ships. 1594 June 12: has come to see England.

Nassau, Count Ludovic of, son of Count John of Nassau: 1596 June 21: knighted at Cadiz; Sept 5,6: leaving England; father’s thanks.

Orange, William of (1533-1584), Stadholder 1579-1584: 1567 March 9: praises the Queen’s wise government. 1568 April 3,8: his envoy declares his dutifulness to King Philip; Oct 30: has taken up arms against the Duke of Alva. 1572 Feb 21: his Admiral at Dover; April 1: proclaimed Stadholder (July). 1573 June 11: William Herle’s discourse with him. 1575 Oct 29: Queen sends John Hastings to; Nov 21: is sending envoys to offer Sovereignty of Holland and to Queen; Dec 17: Queen’s distress at the news.

16 1576 Jan 2: his special ambassadors arrive; Jan 9: his gift of a watch; March 23: Queen refuses Sovereignty; April 16: to take action against pirates; May 31: his response; June 24: aggrieved by Queen’s ‘sharp letter’; July 21: Convention for restitution of arrested shipe. 1577 May 30: Queen godmother to daughter. 1578 March 24: English agent’s audience; April 5: talk of marriage between Philip Sidney and the Prince’s sister. 1581 Feb 16: his answer to King of Spain’s reward for his assassination. 1582 March 18: wounded, in attempted assassination; April 1: Queen’s grief; April 15: is recovering; Aug 3: he warns of a plot to murder the Queen. 1583 Feb 20: in a satirical picture; March 21: recommends an author. 1584 June 30: assassinated; July 6,7: general grief; Sept 10: envoys came to England in connection with his six orphaned daughters; Oct 15,17: sequel.

Orange, Princess of: 1595 Oct 13: rumoured to be coming to see the Queen.

Nassau, Count/Prince Maurice of (1567-1625), son of William of Orange: 1598 June 7: represented in a dumb-show. 1599 April 22: passport for horses for him; July 26: Queen would like white horses from him for her coach.

Parma, Marguerite Duchess of Parma (1522-1586), half-sister of King Philip: 1559 Aug 27: now Regent of the Low Countries. 1563, 1564: sent special ambassadors, had banned English goods after plague. 1565 June 15: sent Trade Commissioners. 1567 June 2-26: her Ambassador in England, for financial aid; July 5: at Earl of Sussex’s audience discussed the Queen’s picture; Oct 6: resigned as Regent.

Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of (1545-December 1592): Son of Marguerite; married 1565 in Brussels. 1578 Oct 2: to be Governor of the Low Countries; until 1592. 1584 Dec 10: has sent an envoy, ‘a very bad man’: denied audience. 1585 Aug 17: entered Antwerp; Aug 26: Queen is ‘greatly troubled’. 1586 succeeded father as Duke of Parma. 1586 April 21, June 24: ready to make ‘overture of a peace’. 1588 March 5: his questions about the Queen; March 10: met Dr Dale; wrote to King Philip; April 30, May 13: Queen’s messages to him; June 11,22: King’s orders to; June 22: his boats at Dunkirk; June 27: is wasting time; July 12: audience with Dale; July 16,17: court news; Aug 2,6: was to invade England; King Philip had sent him and sceptre of England; Aug 10,11: said to have embarked for England. 1592 April 12: has caused King of France to raise Siege of Rouen.

Schenk, Colonel Martin (1549-1589): 1586 April 16: is given a gold chain; April 23: knighted in Holland. 1588 Sir Martin Schenk in England: May 6: audience; May 30: Queen wrote in his favour; June 1: took leave. 1589 Feb 20: sends Queen captured colours.

Vitelli, Marquis: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1569.

17 Navarre. of Béarn and Kingdom of Navarre. United with France in 1589. Now in south-west France.

King Antoine (1518-1562), also Duke de Vendôme: 1559 Aug 25: praises the Queen, advises on her marriage. 1561 Nov 27: has sent De Foix to England and Scotland to observe the envoy from Savoy’s negotiations. 1562 Nov 18: died in France; succeeded by young son, Henri. Antoine’s illegitimate son: Sieur de Savigny, called ‘Bastard of Vendôme’: 1563 April 26: arrived in London from France, with stolen goods; April 27: audience; May 8: secret audience; May 14: is spending his booty; May 21: feasted the Privy Council; left later in May. 1566 May 18: again in England, wishes to challenge another Frenchman; May 25: King of France wants him arrested and sent back; eludes arrest.

Queen Jeanne (1528-1572), widow of King Antoine: 1569 July 7: sends a ship with jewels; July 19: has sent rings to borrow money on; July 26: jewels brought to court; July 27: she needs 200,000 ; Aug 3: Queen lends £20,000; Sept 14: Queen denies lending anything; Oct 24: jewels pledged for 20,000 crowns; Dec 10: sends for aid and safe refuge. 1571 Aug 25: has secretly proposed that her son marry the Queen. 1572 June 9: died, in Paris.

King Henri III of Navarre (1553-1610): 1569 March 13: new joint Huguenot leader, after Prince of Condé’s death. 1571 Aug 25: is to marry the sister of King Charles IX of France. 1572 Aug 18: married Marguerite de Valois, in Paris. 1574 April 17,19: is a prisoner in France; Aug 9: is with Catherine de Medici. 1578 Oct 7: visited by Catherine de Medici; reunited with his wife. 1579 Sept 17: his mother’s jewels may be sold. 1580 April 30: has taken up arms against King of France; Nov 26: Peace Treaty. 1583 Dec 1: envoy allegedly came to seek the Queen as his wife. 1584 June 1: on Alençon’s death became heir to the Throne of France. 1585 March 2: desires to meet Queen; April 14: had been declared incapable of inheriting French Throne; May 20: ambassador went to offer assistance. 1586 April 30: sent poet Du Bartas to England. 1589 July 24: on death of King of France became King Henri IV of France. See above: France: King Henri IV.

Papal State.

Pope Paulus IV: 1555-August 1559. 1559 Feb 1: appointed Dr Edward Carne.

Pope Pius IV: December 1559-1565. 1560 Oct 17: has written kindly to Queen. 1561 April 12,29: is sending a Nuncio to the Queen; May 1,5: Nuncio not permitted to come to England.

Pope Pius V: 1566-May 1572. 1567 July 1: will not send further envoys to Queen of Scots. 1569 Nov 8: rebel asked him to excommunicate Queen Elizabeth. 1570 Feb 25: Papal Bull of excommunication freeing the Queen’s people from allegiance to her; May 25: Bull made public in London; June 1: Queen’s satirical response.

18 Pope Gregory XIII: May 1572-April 1585. 1580 Sept 12-13: supported invasion of Ireland by Spanish ships. 1582 Oct 4: introduced the Gregorian Calendar. 1583 Feb 26: consultations in England on Calendar reform; April 4: no change. 1584 March 31: has absolved Dr Parry of his sins; Parry plans to kill the Queen.

Pope Sixtus V: April 1585-1590. 1586 Feb 22: involved with plots against the Queen. 1587 Aug 19: praises the Queen’s courage. 1588 March 2: praises the Queen highly; July 12: had issued a Bull. 1589 April 9: Bull to be used in evidence against Earl of Arundel. 1597 Dec 14: Queen quoted his praise of her.

Pope Clement VIII: 1592-1605. 1598 Dec 21: has absolved friars coming to kill the Queen.

Poland.

As King Zygmunt II died in 1572 without an heir, the Poles elected a King, Henri, brother of King Charles IX of France.

King Henryk, King 1573-1574, then King Henri III of France: See above: France: Henri, Duke of Anjou, later King Henri III.

Zygmunt III, King 1587-1632. Also King Sigismund of Sweden 1592-1599. 1597 July 23: his ambassador arrived from Poland; and angered the Queen.

Alasco (1536-1605), Count Palatine of Siradia: 1583 March 18,19: is coming to England; April 25, arrived, described; May, first week: audiences; May 6: described; May 13: to visit Oxford; May 16: at a Tilt in his honour; May 18: with Dr Dee; May 31: news of him; June 9: at a marriage; June 10-13: at Oxford; June 15,19: visited Dr Dee; July 6: news of him, visits to ships; Sept 21: left for home, with Dee.

Portugal.

King Sebastian (1554-1578), King 1557-1578: During his boyhood his grandmother the Queen Regent sent several special ambassadors to England. He took the government into his own hands in 1568. 1578 Aug 4: killed in battle in Morocco; succeeded by great-uncle.

Cardinal Henrique (1512-1580), King Henrique 1578-1580: 1568 April 14: discourteous letter angers the Queen. 1578 Aug 4: became King Henrique. 1580 Jan 31: died; several claimants to the Throne.

19 Antonio (1531-1595), King of Portugal 1580 June-August. Illegitimate nephew of King Henrique. 1580 Jan 31: claimant to the Throne, became King in June; June 18: his envoy came for aid; Aug 25: after Spanish forces took Lisbon the King of Spain became King of Portugal; Don Antonio went into exile in France; Sept 4: his envoy to England brought jewels. 1581 Jan 17: was in ; March 17: is to come to England. [See ‘Refugees’ for stay in England June-September 1581]. 1582 Feb 24; Queen denied being involved in his affairs; in August his ships were heavily defeated by Spanish forces. 1584 Jan 30: asks permission to come to England when necessary. [See ‘Refugees’ for stay in England September 1585-December 1593]. 1594 Jan 9: arrived in France; Feb 18: Dr Lopez would have poisoned him. 1595 Aug 19: wrote in favour of a French envoy; Aug 26: died in Paris.

Don Christopher and Don Emanuel, sons of Don Antonio: See ‘Refugees’.

Russia.

Tsar Ivan IV, called (1530-1584): 1566 December, end: Anthony Jenkinson brought his requests for architect, doctor, apothecary. 1567 May 18: Anthony Jenkinson left with skilled men; Nov 10: wishes to enter into a treaty. 1568 June 22: Randolph sent as special ambassador; Tsar wishes for a treaty, secretly asks to be permitted to take refuge in England if necessary. 1569 Aug 27-1570: Saviena, Tsar’s secretary, in England for trade. 1570 May 18: Queen will give Tsar and family refuge if required; May 25: Bomelius, astrologer, at first in favour with Tsar. 1571 June 15: Anthony Jenkinson again sent to Russia: Tsar’s complaints. 1577 July 15: English envoy killed by lightning; negotiations suspended. 1580 end: sent Horsey to England with his letters concealed in a bottle. 1582 Sept 16: envoy came, partly to arrange marriage to Lady Mary Hastings. 1583 Jan 20: Tsarina has had a son; May 18: envoy met Lady Mary; June 22: envoy left, with the Queen’s answer as to a marriage. 1584 March 18: died, in Moscow; succeeded by son Feodor.

Tsar Feodor I (1557-1598): 1585 March 21: his messenger in London; Tsar complains of his treatment. 1586 March 23: Jerome Horsey took many gifts to Tsar: described. 1587 Oct 5: Jerome Horsey at court on return from Russia with gifts. 1588 January, end: presentation of Tsar’s gifts to the Queen, described. 1589 Sept 2: Queen’s presents to him were returned.

Boris Godunov, later Godunov (c.1551-1605): 1586 March 23: accepted many gifts sent from England. 1587 Oct 5: Jerome Horsey at court with gifts from Boris and the Tsar. 1591 Oct 4: complained about Jerome Horsey. Succeeded brother-in-law Feodor as Tsar , 1598 Feb 20. 1599 March 23: his letters brought to the Queen. 1600 Sept 15: sent special ambassador, Mikulin, who left in May 1601. 1601 Sept 11: Queen’s letter to him about a bride for his son; Sept 19: letter being prepared; an offer should be made. 1602 Sept 5: sends four youths to be educated in England; Oct 5: Queen has found a suitable bride for his son.

20 Savoy.

Dukes of Savoy and Piedmont.

Emanuelo Filiberto, K.G. (1528-1580), Duke 1553-1580: Suitor to the Queen before her Accession. 1560 Nov 18: sent envoy, Morette, to offer Duke of Nemours in marriage. 1561 Nov 18: sent Morette to offer Duke of Ferrara in marriage. 1580 Aug 30: died, succeeded by son Carlo.

Carlo Emanuele (1562-1630), Duke 1580-1630: 1581 Jan 8: his special ambassador arrived to return Garter insignia. Count de Monreal. See: Ambassadors from Savoy.

Carlo Emanuele several times attacked Geneva, which sent envoys to appeal to England for aid. See: Ambassadors from Geneva.

Spain.

King Philip II (1527-1598): 1558 Nov 17: Queen Mary Tudor, his second wife, died. 1559 Jan 10: proposes marriage to Elizabeth; Feb 18, March 14: her response; April 7: is to marry French princess; June 22: married Elisabeth de Valois; Aug 9: King to be received if in an English port; Aug 25: left Low Countries for Spain; Sept 24: Henry VIII’s insignia of Golden Fleece returned; Dec 24: recommends Queen to marry Archduke Charles. 1560 May 10: Queen would like to go in disguise to meet Philip. 1567 Jan 25: King is to sail to Flanders (but remained in Spain). 1568 3rd wife Elisabeth died Oct 3; Nov 14, Dec 22: Queen’s grief. 1570 June 5: to marry Anne of Austria; ships prepared for her; Aug 18: envoy, Cobham, sent to her; Aug 31: her gifts; Sept 4: her ship; Oct 10: gifts to her. 1574 May 10: said to be coming to Flanders; July 20-22: offered Don John and Prince Ernest as suitors to the Queen; Aug 21: Treaty of Bristol. 1575 Oct 1: is sending ships to Low Countries. 1577 April 22: Emperor of Morocco makes little account of him. 1578 June 15: Queen: what did it matter if his Protestant rebels went to the devil in their own way? 1579 May 3: is advised to send jewels to courtiers. 1580 Jan 31: claimant to Portuguese Throne; Aug 7: has invaded Portugal; Aug 25: Spanish forces entered Lisbon; became King Philip I of Portugal; Oct 16: Queen was incensed with him; he was incensed after Drake’s voyage. 1581 Feb 16: had offered a reward for assassination of William of Orange. 1583 Feb 20: in satirical picture. 1584 Jan 10: involved in Throckmorton Plot; Spanish Ambassador expelled; July 6: contrived the assassination of William of Orange. 1585 March 12: Queen was making a powerful enemy; Dec 26: he prepares a mighty navy and a great army ‘to annoy her’. 1586 March 20: is preparing a great naval force. 1587 April 19: at Cadiz Drake sank many ships ready for invasion of England; June 1: has 400 ships at sea; Dec 30: Queen advised to make peace. 1588 March 10: his peace negotiations are intended to deceive the Queen; May 20: sailed from Lisbon; June 11,20: orders to Duke of Parma; July 12: Armada sailed from Corunna; Aug 15: defeat will begin his ruin; Dec 16: after defeat wants his revenge. 1591 July 7: involved in plot to kill the Queen.

21

1592 December, end: ‘Spanish Blanks’ intended for him. 1593 Feb 28: involved in a plot to kill the Queen; April 16: his ill-treatment of Antonio Perez, former Secretary. 1594 Jan 23: had given a jewel to Dr Lopez; Feb 6: Cullen had pension from; Feb 28: Trial of Lopez; June 10: Walpole had conferred with the King. 1595 Feb 14: in plot to burn the Queen’s ships. 1596 April 28: seditious words about him; June 21: capture of Cadiz. 1597 Sept 15: English and Dutch can never make peace with him; Sept 24: Queen discussed him with the Dutch Agent. 1598 May 20: had transferred to daughter Isabella; Sept 3 (o.s): died; succeeded by son, King Philip III; Sept 12: at Newington the Queen alludes to his motto; Oct 18: in August Philip II had sent John Stanley to murder the Queen. 1599 June 6: his Order of the Garter had been sent back.

Don (1547-1578), half-brother of King Philip: 1571 Oct 7: : fleet under his command defeated Turks. 1574 July 20-22: offered as a suitor to the Queen. 1576 Dec 13: alleged plan to marry Queen of Scots. 1577: now Governor of the Low Countries; Feb 20: plan to invade England, marry Queen of Scots; March 22, June 11: asks for portrait of Queen Elizabeth; June 22: sent Viscount of Ghent to England, as a special Ambassador. [See: Ambassadors from Low Countries, 1577]. 1578 June 15: special ambassadors sent to him; Aug 28: he is praised; Oct 1: died in his Camp.

King Philip III of Spain (1578-1621), son of Philip II: 1599 July 31, Aug 9: is sending a fleet against England. Aug 28: has given Archduke Albert commission to treat for peace. 1601 Dec 12: assails England more hostilely than his father did.

Alva, Duke of: see Low Countries.

Feria, Count de: Ambassadors from Spain, 1558-1559.

Parma, Prince and Duke of: see Low Countries.

Antonio Perez (1540-1611), former Secretary to Philip II: 1591 April 17: sent nephew Gil de Mesa to England. 1593 April 16: in England from France; biographical note; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; April, end: Earl of Essex’s memo about him; became an adviser to Queen. 1594 Feb 5,11,16: plots against him, Irishman came to kill him; Sept 16: lives with Earl of Essex; Dec 24: Queen’s gift of land. 1595 Jan 27; was at a court marriage; July 30: left for France. 1596 April 16,17: returned to England; April 25: Queen is incensed against him; May 18: left for France.

Saria, Marquis de: 1568 Oct 5: sent gloves to Queen; Oct 7: to have hawks and greyhounds annually.

22 Sweden.

King Gustav (c.1496-1560): 1559 July 18: his special ambassadors in England on behalf of his son Eric, suitor to the Queen; Aug 25: Queen’s letter to him; Nov 8: her further response: she prefers celibacy. 1560 Sept 29: died in .

Eric, King-Elect (1533-1577), son of Gustav: Suitor to the Queen before her Accession. 1559 still a suitor: April 10, May 10,29; special embassy: July 22,23; Aug 16: Queen’s response; Sept 23-April 1560: brother in England on his behalf. 1560 April 3: Queen’s response; June 16: he proposes to come to England; July 4,11,12,13,14,17: his preparations for coming; Sept 3,8: preparations in England; Sept 29: father King Gustav died. Now King Eric XIV.

King Eric XIV of Sweden (deposed 1568): 1560 Sept 29, succeeded his father; Oct 7: still expected in England; Oct 10: is not coming; Oct 17: may come; Oct 22: disadvantages of a marriage; December, end: Dymock’s statement quotes Queen’s views on Eric. 1561 New Year: Dymock’s further statement; Jan 13,14: portraits exchanged; Feb 20: news from Dymock; April, start: Dymock’s audiences with Eric; April 1: Guildenstern has come to negotiate a marriage; July 4: rumour that Eric will come; July 11: is ready to come; July 14: Queen ‘not yet disposed’ to marriage; July 21: order against joint portraits of King and Queen; Aug 29,30: is certainly coming to England; Sept 13: Queen is displeased; Sept 15: ‘has landed’; Sept 16: ship has arrived, he is expected hourly; Sept 21,23,25: preparations to receive him; October, start: to be received at Hampton Court; Oct 3,4,7: news of him; Nov 25: Guildenstern’s audience; Nov 28: visit deferred to 1562; Dec 4: Guildenstern’s audiences over conditions for a marriage; Dec 9: to come at Easter. 1562 March 29: Guildenstern’s hopes, prior to his departure; July 27: Queen said to favour the King; Aug 4,6: Goldborne and Keyle’s dealings with the King; Oct 31: his love is unabated; requests trading privileges. 1563 Jan 1, Feb 7, May 28: slanders of the Queen, to prevent their marriage; Oct 12: Rhinegrave can ‘animate’ his suit; Oct 15: King still wishes to marry the Queen, although he has courted Landgrave of Hesse’s daughter. 1564 March 5: his letter to Hesse intercepted by King of Denmark. 1565 July 2: sends sables to the Queen; Aug 22: his sister Cecilia is coming. For her visit, 1565-1566, see ‘Court’: Women (Cecilia). King Eric married his Swedish mistress, Karin Mansdotter.

John Duke of Finland (1537-1592), later King John III: 1559: Duke John, also called ‘the Prince of Sweden’, suitor on behalf of his brother Eric of Sweden, later King Eric XIV. Sept 23: arrived; Sept 27, Oct 1: in Essex, described; Oct 5: came to London, described; Oct 12: audience; Oct 19: at court; Oct 20: praised; Oct 29: ‘fit to kill’ Emperor’s Ambassador; Oct 27: is a godfather; Nov 2: often with the Queen; Nov 8: Queen’s answer concerning marriage; Nov 13: at court; Nov 25: plays tennis; Dec 14: presented marriage proposals. 1560: Jan 1: at court; Jan 10: dined with Lord Robert Dudley; Feb 12: at court, dissatisfied; Feb 25: at Lord Cobham’s marriage; March, start; April 11: began his journey back to Sweden. 1562: married Catherine, sister of King Zygmunt II of Poland.

23 King John III of Sweden: formerly John Duke of Finland: 1568 Duke John deposed his brother Eric XIV; had him murdered in prison, 1577. 1578 April 10: refuses to pay his English debts. 1583 October-November: being at war with Russia, sent envoys to request the Queen to mediate a peace between him and the Tsar; she obliged; Dec 9: Queen is treating for a marriage between his daughter and King James. 1585 July 29: the King has married a Swedish woman.

King Sigismund (1566-1632), King 1592-1599, deposed. Also King Zygmunt III of Poland, 1587-1632.

Duke Charles of Sweden, later King Charles IX (1550-1611): 1599 April 22: sent special ambassadors, one an Englishman. 1601 May 10: Queen godmother to his son.

Transylvania. Now in Romania.

1594 Jan 30: Prince Sigismund has sent his Secretary to request the Queen to intercede with the ‘Great Turk’; Feb 9: her favourable response.

1600 Aug 20: Prince Sigismund requests permission to take refuge in England, if necessary; Sept 9: permission granted.

Turkey.

Sultan Murad III (1546-1595): 1579 Oct 25: Queen’s letter answering him; his jest about the Queen and the Pope. 1582 Nov 20: Turkey Company’s list of gifts for him; Dec 20: his letter ‘full of endearments’. 1583 April 24: presentation of gifts from England, described. 1588 Aug 31: his praise of the Queen; Dec 24: his letter to the Queen. 1590 June 19: Queen’s letters to him. 1593 Jan 27: has not yet received gifts; March 21: gifts sent to him; Oct 7: presentation of gifts, described. 1594 Jan 30: Queen is asked to intercede with the Sultan; Feb 9: she obliged; July 31: Sultana’s letter and gifts to the Queen, described. 1595 Jan 17: died.

Sultan Mehmed III (1566-1603): 1595 Jan 17: succeeded father; advice on gifts for him. 1597 February, end: complimentary letter to Queen; her gifts of clocks. 1599 Jan 31: Queen’s gift of an organ; its presentation described. 1600 May 9: Sultan’s mother’s gifts for the Queen.

24 French hostages in England, 1559-1564.

1559 April 2: By the Peace Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis four hostages were required to live in England; to take oath not to depart without licence. May 26: three hostages arrived in London; the fourth, the Provost of Paris, remained in France, arriving in England in 1562. May 27: hostages at court to meet the Queen and take their oath: Count de Candalle; Marquis de Nesle; Marquis de Trans. June 27: hostages give banquets. Aug 6: London affray: Nesle’s servants killed an Englishman. Aug 13: Proclamation ordering peace kept in London. Oct 12: hostages at court; names of new hostages brought. Dec 17: hostages at court with French Ambassador. Dec 28: Count de Candalle at court.

1560 March 17: Lord Robert Dudley dined with Marquis de Trans. April 5: two new hostages at court to meet the Queen: Louis de Luxembourg, Count de Roussy (or Rouci); Charles Baron du Pont (1548-1572). April 9: new hostage at court: François d’Ailly, Vidame de Amiens. May 3: Lord Robert Dudley dined with Count de Roussy. May 20: new hostage at court: Claude Count de Maur (1517-1564), uncle of the Baron du Pont.

1561 Jan 25: Vidame de Amiens died. April 8: new hostage at court: Claud de la Tremoille, Count de Benon. April 17: new hostage at court: Baron de Courtillan, not accepted. May 29: Queen now accepted Francois d’Avaugour, Baron de Courtillan (or Châteauvillain). Count de Roussy took leave. June 15: new hostage at court: Charles Baron de Moy. Count de Maur took leave. Sept 25: hostages at court with French Ambassador.

1562 March 26: new hostage at court: Sieur de Palloiseau. April 26: former hostage, Count de Roussy, came on special embassy. May 10: new hostage at court: Baron de la Ferté-Fresnay. Count de Benon took leave. Aug 23: new hostage at court: Antoine Duprat, Sieur de Nantouillet, Provost of Paris.

1563 Jan 3: Provost of Paris incited attempted murder. Jan 4: Provost put into custody at Alderman’s house. Jan 31: Provost to go to the Tower. Feb 7: Provost in the Tower, his letters intercepted. April 30: three other hostages at court. June 19: four hostages captured attempting to escape; all in Tower. June 29: French Ambassador’s audience concerning the hostages. Aug 30: because of plague hostages to be moved from Tower.

1564 Jan 2: complaints of behaviour of hostages at Eton College. April 12: Treaty for liberation of hostages for 120,000 French crowns. April 21: French special ambassador procured release of hostages. April 23: Queen was reluctant to release Provost of Paris. May 25: at Calais John Somers received 60,000 crowns. May 31: Somers arrived at Dover; hostages embarked. June 1: at Calais Somers received 60,000 crowns; hostages released.

25 Other Foreigners in England. Travellers or foreign residents who left valuable descriptions were: Il Schifanoya (1558-59); Alessandro Magno (1562); Lupold von (1584); Francesco Gradenigo (1596); Paul Hentzner (1598); Thomas Platter (1599).

1558 Il Schifanoya, Venetian merchant in London, writer of news-letters, with court news: Dec 17,31. 1559 Il Schifanoya’s court news: Jan 6; Jan 12: Queen’s move to Tower; Jan 14: procession to Whitehall; Jan 15: Coronation; Feb 6,13; April 23: Garter ceremonies; May 2,10; May 24: special French embassy; May 26,28; June 27.

1559 Spanish ‘heretic’ physician: June 19: going to court. 1559 Giovanni Antonio of Valence: July 22: court news. 1559 of Macedonia’s reward: Oct 9.

1560 Captain Ost, German serving King of Sweden: April 24. 1560 Baptista de Favory, coming to warn of a plot: April 25. 1560 Sherrard Henvich, Dutchman: May 27: reward. 1560 John Portinari, Italian engineer: Aug 10: at Portsmouth.

1561 Chevalier Rimynald: March 25: from Duchess of Ferrara, in France. 1561 Vergecio: June 30: had medals for sale to the Queen. 1561 François de Lorraine, uncle of Queen of Scots, who had escorted her back to Scotland in August: Oct 25-29, in London and at court. 1561 Viscount de Gruz: Nov 25: ‘double spy’ was at court. 1561 Florence Diaceto: Nov 26: bringing mules and marble from France.

1562 Montignac, on way to France: Jan 13. 1562 Marquis d’Elboeuf, uncle of Queen of Scots, who had escorted her back to Scotland in 1561: March 9: described; March 31: comment.

1562 Pompeo Cyntheo, taking horses to France: June 10,12. 1562 Monsieur and Madame de Peguillon, en route Scotland to France, with one of Queen Mary’s Maids of Honour: Aug 29: described; at court.

1562 Alessandro Magno, Venetian merchant, who described his sightseeing. August, end. Also quoted: 1561 July 10: Tower; 1565 Oct 29: Nonsuch. 1562 Portinari, engineer: Nov 17: sent to Le Havre; Dec 4: is coming to the Queen. 1562 Diaceto: ‘an alchemist’, in London: Nov 29.

1563 Andreas: Jan 3: attempted to murder another Italian; Jan 4: arrested. 1563 Florence Diaceto has died in England: May 21. 1563 Portinari at Le Havre: May 18; June 29: not esteemed by labourers. 1563 Francis Barth: May 28: secret memo about deceiving King of Sweden. 1563 Meliorino Ubaldino, Italian engineer: June 1: to go to Le Havre. June 24: at Le Havre; June 29; July 16: conferred with Queen.

1563 Captain , explorer: June 19: captured with French hostages attempting to escape; June 25: discovered Florida (1562); June 26: still a prisoner; De Silva’s description (1565); Nov 27: his men rescued; died, 1565. 1563 Capitan Casaro de : Aug 7: at court. 1563 Petrus Ximenez: Dec 24: has plans of towns.

1564 Don Alonso de Fez: March 11: at Lord Robert Dudley’s house. 1564 Eschiata Cavalcanti, merchant: June 1: gift to him. 1564 Don Philippo Dawsfrior: June 9: gift to him.

26 1564 Benedict Spinola, merchant: June 10: Dudley’s payments to. 1564 Italian on his way from France to Queen of Scots: July 22. 1564 Count of Luxemburg, a German: Dec 23: received by Earl of Leicester.

1565-1566 Cornelius Lanoy: see Subject Indexes: Alchemists.

1566 Joseph Riccio: April 6: going to Scotland after brother’s murder. 1567 René Dolu, Treasurer of Queen of Scots: Feb 26: on way to France. 1567 Anthony, Italian musician: June 15: gift.

1568 Madame de Mouy: Aug 13: arrived at Rye with Robert Stewart; Aug 18. 1568 De Villiers: Oct 1: his book for the Queen. 1569 Eschiata Cavalcanti: June 21: hidden in Sir William Cecil’s lodgings.

1570 Vandenberg: March 8: Flemish secretly at court. 1570 Elizeus Bomelius: April 3: astrologer in prison: May 25: left for Russia.

1571 two Bohemians: January, end. 1571 strangers from the Emperor, at Hampton Court: April, end.

1572 Count de la Marck: Feb 21: orders for his fleet to leave Dover. 1572 two Germans at court: May 12. 1572 Petro Capponi and Gioan Figliazzi, to see the court: June 12. 1572 Portinari, engineer: July 16: at Havering with the Queen. 1572 Schonvall, ‘a famous pirate’: Oct 26. 1572 French merchants at court: Nov 14.

1573 D’Anguillière, from : Feb 9. 1573 Michael Shure of Danzig, brought falcons: April 5. 1573 President of Tours, to see Queen of Scots: July 3; in Kent: Aug 20.

1574 Baron of Rappolsem, Dutch: Jan 7. 1574 German, disguised, supposed Prince: March 12. (La Mothe). 1574 Charles Boisot and wife, from Flushing: June 25,28; July 2. 1574 two Italians, at Lacock: Aug 26. 1574 German visitor’s description of Salisbury (1562): Sept 24. 1574 ‘Polish of the house of Alasco’: Oct 5. 1574 three German : Oct 7.

1575 Baron von Ruissingen, German: Sept 22: to go to court. 1575 Benedict Spinola, Italian merchant: Sept 24. 1575 Don Pedro de Valdes, in Devon: Oct 1; Oct 8: sequel. 1575 four Venetian noblemen: Nov 17: described; Nov 20: at court, Windsor, described; Dec 19: sequel.

1576 Scotto, Italian performer of card-tricks: March 25; May 30. 1576 Baron of Potlitz, German: May 1 to leave with Baron of Slavata. 1576 René Dolu, Treasurer of Queen of Scots, robbed: May 11, 31. 1576 General Portall, Frenchman: June 27: gift. 1576 Frenchmen, Canay and Ulec, at Reading: Sept 24.

1578 two German barons: March 23,24. 1578 Count Jerome Schlick, German scholar: Sept 16, described. 1578 Germans wish to come, from Ghent: Dec 19. 1578 Monsieur Kentell, a German, to see the Tower: Dec 29.

27 1579 Dr Beutterich: Jan 14: in England with Casimir; Feb 20. 1579 : Jan 14: in England with Casimir; Feb 19. 1579 Monsieur Saint Marie: March 31: gift. 1579 Gombal de Guaras: May 10: had come on behalf of brother Antonio, in prison. 1579 three German barons, going to Scotland and Ireland: May 20.

1580 Odet de la Noue, sent by his father: March 23.

1581 : Feb 16: came with Alençon’s envoy; Feb 23: met Dr Dee; Oct 31: came with Alençon; Dec 18: at court. Left in February 1582. 1581 Heinrich Westphal, from Hesse: April 12. 1581 three noble youths from Brunswick: Aug 16. 1581 German mercenary soldier, Spindelern: Aug 30. 1581 Jean Simier; Baron de Viteau; Fervaques: Dec 18.

1582 Combelles and La Fin robbed: Feb 11,12. 1582 George Zolcher, coming to England: June 22: wishes for a pension. 1582 Carlo and Ottaviano Doni, from Florence: Aug 21. 1582 five French noblemen: Sept 2-8 hunted with the Queen in Windsor Forest. Sept 8: dined at Egham. 1582 Italians, Pigafetta and Aragon: Sept 17: coming to England.

1583 Gabriel Strozzi: Feb 22: has a device for the Queen; March 28. Piero Strozzi came to England instead of Gabriel: April 15. 1583 three shabbily dressed Frenchmen at court: March 18. 1583 French gardener appointed: April 23. 1583 John de Vigues: May 24: brought confitures from France. 1583 Ottavian Cornaro, Venetian traveller: May 25: described. 1583 Forges, a Frenchman: Aug 27: had audience, but mistaken identity.

1584 Nicholas Carenzone, Italian financial agent: May 22: his expenses. 1584 Italian musician arrested in London: June 18. 1584 John Everard, German: June 20: gift. 1584 three Italians wishing to see England: July 11,12,14. 1584 two Italians in Kent, hastening to court: July 25. 1584 Germans arrested at Dover on way home: Aug 29. 1584 George Zolcher, messenger: Sept 1: praised by Countess Palatine. 1584 two natives from Virginia at court: Oct 18.

1584 Lupold von Wedel, German traveller who wrote full descriptions of visit. Oct 18: described Queen at Hampton Court; Oct 28,29: Lord Mayor’s election and procession; Nov 11: saw tilters practising; Nov 12: Queen’s return to St James; Nov 17: Accession Day Tilt; Nov 23: procession at Opening of Parliament; Dec 6: tournament, married men v bachelors; Dec 23: at court, Greenwich. Left England: 1585 April 29.

1584 Chevalier Courtez: Nov 13: is coming to court; Dec 9 (note).

1585 Samuel Kiechel, German traveller: Sept 19: at Nonsuch; Oct 8: saw Queen arrive at Richmond; Oct 10: at Richmond Palace. 1585 Paul Melissus, poet: November, end. 1586 Melissus: Jan 20: verses. Left England.

1586 four travellers from Savoy: March 19. 1586 ‘Baron de la Fage’ (assumed name): April, end: audience; sequel. 1586 Prince of Moldavia’s son Elias: Aug 4: passport.

28 1586 Don Pedro Sarmiento, captured Spaniard: September, end: audiences; Dec 29: news of him, from Paris. 1587 Jan 16: Sarmiento is in . 1587 Duke Otto of Luneburg: March, end; April 30 (note). 1587 Daniel , from Holland: June 21: gift. 1588 General Portall: Feb 28: burial at Barking; his will. 1588 Don Pedro de Valdes, a Spanish Armada commander: July 22: captured; July 31: sent to London, and to Surrey. Held prisoner until 1593.

1590 Antonio da Gama, Admiral: May 20: licensed to leave. 1590 Lazarus Melchesio, suspicious messenger: Sept 23: at court. 1590 Danish servant and German baron coming to England: Oct 19. 1590 Don Pedro’s rapier given to Frenchman by Queen: Dec 1.

1591 Emanuel d’Andrada’s papers brought to England: July 7. 1591 Baron of Dona and five others: Dec 12: going to Siege of Rouen.

1592 George Zolcher: Jan 22: Queen’s ‘reward’. 1592 two Frenchmen, servants of Madame de Thoré: March 13. 1592 Gil de Mesa: April 17: in England for several months.

1593 Don Pedro de Valdes: January, mid: at court before release. 1593 French baron and friend: Feb 23: had audience.

1594 Italian, Caresana: July 4: coming for ‘special service’. 1594 end: Duke Frederic of Brunswick-Luneburg.

1596 Francesco Gradenigo, Venetian traveller: Aug 15: audience, described; also saw Queen touching for ‘King’s Evil’. 1596 Colonel Baldi, Swiss: Oct 29: at court.

1597 Jacomo Marenco, with Essex and the Queen: Feb 24; March 9,12,13. 1597 Jean de la Jessé, French poet: May, end: was at court. 1597 three visitors from Hesse: July 23: at Oxford. 1597 Governor of Dunkirk: Sept 23: captured; Dec 26: sequel.

1598 Paul Hentzner, German traveller, with Baron William Slavata: Aug 21: in London; Aug 27: at court, Greenwich, described; Aug 29: his travels; Sept 5: saw theatres, royal barge; Sept 12: left.

1598 Monsieur de Vic/de Viques: Sept 17: at court; Sept 20,21. 1598 five Germans who came to see London: Nov 27: left. 1599 Andreas Spinola: April 11: has come to see England.

1599 Thomas Platter, Swiss traveller: Sept 8: in London; Sept 16: at court, Nonsuch, described; Sept 17: his travels; Oct 7: at court, Richmond; Oct 10: passport. Also quoted: 1592 Sept 18, Woodstock; 1597 Sept 19, Kensington.

1600 Austrian visitors led to a new regulation: June 20. 1601 Lady Killigrew, Frenchwoman: June 12: Queen’s letter of naturalisation. 1601 Baron of Dona: July 15: at court, going to Scotland; Sept 17: at court. 1601 Marco Giustinian, Venetian: September, end: had been a month at court. 1601 Boronio: Oct 20: coming with news of churches abroad. 1601 Lamoral Egmont: Nov 17: watched Accession Day Tilt. Sequel: 1600 May 17. 1601 Prince of Moldavia: Dec 1: at court; Dec 9: has left, with a gift.

1602 Pietro Guicciardini: May 3,4,5: in London and at court.

29 Refugees in England.

1563 Sieur de Beauvoir: April 28: to see Vidame de Chartres (envoy). May 14: both are banished from France; July 29: leaving for Germany. The Vidame returned in 1569.

1566 Count Rocandolf, from France: Oct 11.

1567 Low Country refugees’ petition to Queen: May 16. Aug 8: more Low Country Protestants began to flee; and Oct 6.

1568 Dutch ‘rebels’ are returning home: July 11. Proclamation concerning Low Country rebels: July 18.

1568 Cardinal de Châtillon, from France. In England 1568-1571, died. Sept 8-29: numerous letters concerning the Cardinal; Oct 1: his wife has arrived; Oct 2,3: Cardinal to move to London; news of his wife; praise of him; Oct 5-31: more news of the Cardinal; Nov 6: loan paid to him; Nov 29, Dec 3: conferred with Queen, out hawking; Dec 17: Cardinal’s recommendation of a Greek.

1569 Cardinal: Jan 10: is accredited representative of Huguenots; March 12: lives beside Whitehall Palace; March 21: visited the Tower; March 28: at Hyde Park muster; May 5: proposed visit to Oxford; May 23: has received wine; May 31: is going to Bristol; June 10: sorrow for brother’s death in France; July 25: conferred with Queen; Aug 3: has loan of £20,000.

1569 De Maligny, Vidame de Chartres, from France. In England 1569-1570. April 27, May 1: Vidame and wife have arrived; May 6: Vidame wrote to Queen and Sir William Cecil; May 16: not yet at court; May 23: is coming to London; July 5: to come further inland; July 18: at Greenwich; July 19: described. July 21: at Lambeth; July 22: described.

1569 ‘Many rebel Frenchmen’ have arrived: May 9. 1569 Van der Noot, Dutch refugee, book dedicated to Queen: May 25. 1569 Countess of Montgomery is in Jersey: Oct 13.

1570 Vidame: July 5: Queen godmother to Vidame’s daughter, described; Sept 24: Vidame is to leave to return to France. Returned in 1572, after the Massacre of St Bartholomew.

1570 Cardinal de Châtillon: March 18: Queen visited his wife; May 27: Cardinal dined with the Queen; Aug 8: Peace in France: some refugees to return home; Sept 15: soon to return to France; Sept 24: to leave; Oct 2,3,5,10,15: Cardinal’s leave-taking, gifts; Oct 20: proposes that the Queen should marry the Duke of Anjou; Oct 20: at Southampton; became a Burgess (Oct. 29). Nov 10: at Portsmouth; Nov 28: at Leicester House; Dec 7: has gone to Canterbury.

30 1571 Cardinal: Jan 14: having returned to London, had audience; Jan 22,23: urged Queen’s marriage with Duke of Anjou; Jan 24: took leave; Jan 25: gifts at Canterbury; March 2: dangerously ill; March 21: died at Canterbury; March 30: funeral; report on his death; poisoned; Sir George Carew’s meeting with Cardinal’s widow (1597).

1572 Massacre of St Bartholomew causes Huguenots to flee: Aug 24. Huguenot refugees are arriving from France: Aug 30. Duplessis-Mornay arrived: Sept 2. Vidame de Chartres has escaped: Sept 7; is at court: Oct 12,13. Villiers, a minister, among the refugees: Oct 2. French merchants at Hampton Court: Nov 14.

1572 Count Montgomery, from France. In England 1572-1574. Sept 7: escaped to Jersey after the Massacre; Oct 2: Queen’s orders to Captain of Jersey.

1573 Count Montgomery: Jan 8: is ‘weary of this idle life here’; Jan 22: summoned to court; March 13: going towards the west; March 19: has changed his plans; April 6: some wish to make an attempt on his life; April 21: has embarked to go to La Rochelle; April 23: news of him from King Charles IX; May 31: Countess of Montgomery was at court; June 9: Count Montgomery is at the Isle of Wight; Dec 17: at court; Dec 24: news of him.

1574 Count Montgomery: March 31: has landed in France; April 2,6: Queen is ‘greatly offended’; May 22: Captain going to join Montgomery; June 27: Montgomery, having been captured, was executed in France.

1574 Vidame de Chartres: Oct 5: preparing to leave; Oct 30: in France. 1576 Piero Capponi, from Florence: March 25. 1577 Gabriel Montgomery to study at Cambridge with Earl of Essex: Jan 17.

1578 Norwich: Huguenot refugees’ gift to Queen: Aug 19. Queen’s gift to Dutch and Walloons of Norwich: Aug 30. 1579 book by Huguenot refugee, Hollyband: Sept 18.

1581 and 1585-1601: Don Antonio and sons: see below, separate page.

1582 Piero Capponi buried in London: Oct 27.

1586 François de Civille, Huguenot living in England: Jan 12 (note). 1586 slanderous words by Huguenot refugee: June 20. 1586 end: Georges de la Motthe’s Hymne dedicated to the Queen.

1588 Colonel Sonoy, refugee from Holland: Oct 7. Adolf van Meetkerk and wife lived in London: Oct 30. 1589 Colonel Julian Clarhagen: Nov 6: Queen godmother to child.

1591 Huguenot refugees met Queen outside Southampton: Sept 7.

1593 Libels against foreign refugees: April 22.

1603 Dutch Church noted: Queen was ‘a refuge for the strangers’: March 24.

31 Refugees: Don Antonio and his sons Don Emanuel and Don Christopher.

1581 Don Antonio, former King of Portugal: is coming: Jan 17; Feb 13; March 17; April 6: invited to come. In England: June 22-Sept 30. June 22: arrived secretly in disguise; June 25,26,27,29: court news; June 30: audience; July 4,6: court news; July 14: is here publicly; July 29, Aug 6,12,24,27: court news; Sept 2: took leave; Sept 10: described; Sept 23: final audience; Sept 26: at Dover; Oct 1: news of his departure; Oct 20: court news.

1585 Don Antonio: Sept 7: returned to England; Nov 6: rumours about; Nov 18: at review.

1586 Don Emanuel, elder son of Don Antonio: Jan 24: arrived in Holland. 1586 Don Antonio: Feb 24: Queen’s presents to; May 1: his pension; Dec 23: is coming to court.

1587 Don Antonio: Feb 9, Feb 19-27: at court; April 30: wishes to leave; May 30: wants a passport; June 13: audience, wants to invade Portugal; Aug 12: lacks money; Nov 26: soothsayer’s prophecy; Dec 25: at court.

1588 Don Antonio: March 1: ‘is sad’; March 12: attempted to leave England; April 9: audience; Nov 5,10: has sent younger son Don Christopher to Barbary.

1589 Don Antonio: Feb 23: to go to Portugal hoping to be restored as King; March 19: left for Dover with son Don Emanuel; April 18: Portugal Voyage began; July 2: returned after disastrous voyage; July 17: described; July 21: is now unpopular.

1590 Don Antonio: Feb 11, 18: his poverty and misery; Edward Prynne sent to Morocco on his behalf; March 15: in a miserable condition; June 2: hunted in Waltham Forest (on Sept 12).

1592 Don Emanuel: August, end: returned to England.

1593 Don Antonio: Dec 23: leaving for France. 1594 Don Antonio: Jan 9: in France, sons remained in England; Feb 18: Dr Lopez would have poisoned him; Sept 29: Queen gave sons money to join their father in France; Nov 12: Queen is keeping Don Emanuel.

1595 Don Antonio died in Paris: Aug 26. Don Emanuel was in England during the winter.

1596 Don Emanuel: Jan 19: took leave; Jan 28: is leaving for France, with the Governor of Terceira. Returned: April 17; May 1: leaving for France; Nov 21: in England, passport to go to France.

1596 Don Christopher, also in England: April 17; June 21: knighted at Cadiz; Nov 21: passport; Nov 25: at court. Both Don Christopher and Don Emanuel left in March 1597.

1601 Don Christopher, again in England: April 26: passport to go overseas.

32 Ambassadors to and from England.

Including resident Ambassadors, Ambassadors Extraordinary, Agents, special Ambassadors and special messengers. Also foreign Ambassadors on their way through England. Resident Ambassadors in bold type. For Ambassadors to and from Scotland see: Irish and Scots Index.

Peace and Trade Commissioners. Denmark; Emperors, Holy Roman; France; Geneva; German States; Hanse Towns; Italian States; Low Countries; North Africa; Navarre, King of; Poland; Portugal; Russia; Savoy; Spain; Spanish Netherlands; Sweden; Transylvania; Turkey.

Peace and Trade Commissioners.

1558 Peace Commissioners, for Peace with France and Scotland: Nov 23: Earl of Arundel; Dr Thirlby; Dr Nicholas Wotton; Dec 10: Arundel had returned; replaced by William 1st Lord Howard of Effingham.

1559 Feb 14: their report; March 12: preliminary Treaty; March 16: Sir John Mason joined Commissioners; March 18: their grief at Queen’s displeasure; March 19: Charles Howard brought news of Peace. April 2: Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis. May 9: Howard, Wotton, left for France to witness King’s oath for Treaty; May 30: gifts received; June 7: Howard, Wotton, returned.

1559 Peace Commissioners, for further Treaty with Scotland: May 31: Treaty of Upsetlington, made by Thomas Percy 7th Earl of Northumberland; William 3rd Lord Dacre of Gilsland; Bishop Tunstall of Durham; Sir James Croft. July 20: Tunstall at London, to inform the Queen.

1560 Peace Commissioners, for Peace with the French in Scotland: May 21: Randan arrived; May 22: Sir William Cecil and others to treat with him; May 27,28: arrangements made; May 30: Cecil and Dr Nicholas Wotton left for the North; with Bishop of Valence and Randan; June 17: at Edinburgh: preliminary Articles; July 6: Treaty of Edinburgh; Cecil and Wotton’s letter; July 7: Peace proclaimed in Scotland; July 18: Pacheco belatedly arrived in England to treat for peace; July 28: Cecil returned.

1565 Trade Commissioners, to meet Duchess of Parma’s Commissioners at Bruges. March 16: Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu; ; Nicholas Wotton, left for Bruges; negotiations were adjourned on Sept 29; Nov 7: Montagu at court; negotiations to resume in March 1566.

1566 April 11: Commissioners again at Bruges; conference broke up in June, without reaching agreement.

1577 Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners, in . July 20: Anthony Jenkinson and Dr John Rogers were ‘dispatched’. Oct 28: Jenkinson returned; Dec 7: Rogers returned from the Hanse Towns.

1586 Commissioners for Treaty with Scotland. May 31: Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland; William 2nd Lord Eure; Thomas Randolph. June-July: met Scottish Commissioners at Berwick. July 3: Queen’s order; July 6: Treaty of Berwick.

33 1587 Peace Commissioners for Peace with Spain nominated. Nov 11: to be Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby; William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham; Sir James Croft; Dr Valentine Dale; Nov 30: Dale left as special Ambassador to Low Countries, joining the other Commissioners in Feb 1588; Dec 30: their departure has been delayed.

1588 Peace Commissioners for Peace with Spain. Feb 1: took leave; Feb 15 and 16: Lord Derby, Lord Cobham, Sir James Croft, with the addition of Dr John Rogers, arrived at Dover, with Robert Cecil; Feb 24: Croft at Dunkirk; Feb 26: others at Ostend; March 10: letters from Cecil and Duke of Parma; April 11: first meeting; April 16: Cecil returned with news; April 17: Queen’s complaint of Croft; April 30: Queen’s instructions; May 7: Lord Talbot’s news; May 13: Queen’s instructions; May 21: Queen recalled Croft (permitted to remain); June 11: King Philip’s orders; June 14: Queen’s instructions; July 12: Dr Dale’s letters (on the same day the Armada sailed); July 16: Burghley’s message to Parma; July 24: Queen recalls the Commissioners; Aug 1: Commissioners at Calais; Aug 8: at Dover.

1600 Peace Commissioners for Peace with Spain, to meet at Boulogne. March 11: Commissioners to be Earl of Northumberland (replaced); Sir Henry Neville, Ambassador to France; ; John Herbert; April 19: Thomas Edmondes also named; May 10: Herbert became the Queen’s Second Secretary; May 15: Commissioners embarked, joined Neville in France; June 23: Edmondes returned for instructions; June 24: negotiations never began because of disputes over precedency; July 27: Queen has recalled Commissioners; Aug 7: all four Commissioners at court on their return.

1600 Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners at Emden. March 16: Commissioners to go to Emden; March 24: trading companies to provide money and shipping; March 29: Commissioners to be Bancroft, Bishop of London; John Herbert (replaced); Dr Christopher Parkins; April 4: preparations; April 6: Dr Richard Swale appointed, to be at court; April 12: Whyte’s news; April 13: Commissioners took leave; April 14: left, at Emden until July; July 12: Bishop of London at court on return.

1602 Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners at Bremen. July 20: Ralph 3rd Lord Eure, appointed by the Queen, is to come to court; July 25: Lord Eure’s reluctance; Robert Cecil passes on the Queen’s reply; Aug 29: Lord Eure at court to take leave; with Secretary John Herbert, newly knighted, and Daniel Dunne; Sept 7: the Commissioners left for Bremen, remaining there until May 1603.

Denmark: Ambassadors to. Including Holstein, ruled by the King of Denmark.

1559: John Spithonius: sent to condole and congratulate new King. April 6: at court on his return, also to condole and congratulate.

1559: Armagil Waad: to Duke of Holstein: April 15. Returned in August.

1577: See Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners. 1577: Richard Allen: special ambassador: Sept 11. Returned Nov 7.

1580: Dr John Rogers: Aug 11; also to Hanse Towns, Poland. To autumn 1581.

34 1582: Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby de Eresby: to take Garter insignia to Frederick II: June 28: took leave; July 14: left. Returned Sept 27.

1583: John Herbert: special ambassador, for trade and navigation, and later to the Hanse Towns, Poland, Prussia: May 16: left. Returned in August 1585.

1585: : concerning a union of Protestant : April 27: left; June 28: audiences at Elsinore. Returned in August.

1585: Peregrine Bertie, Lord Willoughby: special Ambassador: July 11: with Queen; delayed his departure until September; Dec 15: with King Frederick. Left Denmark to be a commander in the Low Countries.

1587: : Sept 12: to be special ambassador; Sept 18: left, mainly for mediation for peace. 1588: Rogers: Jan 26: returned to England. Sent again, to condole on King’s death and congratulate new King Christian IV: June 12. Returned in August.

1589: : special ambassador: Oct 1: left. 1590: Dyer: March 15: at court on his return.

1590: Dr Christopher Parkins: May 9; also to Hanse Towns, Poland, Prussia. Returned in July 1591.

1598: Lord Zouche and Dr Parkins, to congratulate on King’s marriage: June 12: left; Aug 1: returned. 1598: Dr Parkins: Sept 1: left again; Dec 17: returned, with a Danish Ambassador, Dr Krag; Dec 20: comment.

1599: Thomas Ferrers: Jan 12: with Queen; April 19: special ambassador, concerning regulations for fishing; Aug 30: at court on his return.

1600: See Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners at Emden.

1602: Stephen Lesieur: special ambassador: March 14; July 3: returned.

1602: See Trade Commissioners, to meet Danish Commissioners, at Bremen.

Denmark: Ambassadors from.

1559: from Duke of Holstein: Adam Thraciger: Oct 1; Oct 20: is leaving. 1560: Duke of Holstein’s visit, March-June: ‘Prominent Foreigners: Denmark’.

1560: Provost of Bremen, from Duke of Holstein, after his own visit to England, to continue his courtship: Oct 14; Oct 17: unanswered; Dec 16: proxy at Duke’s Installation as K.G. 1561: Jan 20: Queen’s answer to the Duke. The Provost left.

1565: Dr Albert Knopper: for trade: Jan 5: audience; Feb 8: leaving. 1566: Dr Knopper: again for trade: April 14. Left in May.

1572: March 31: messenger from the King had come in 16 days.

1577: April 8: messenger from the King; dispatched April 14.

35 1580: George Swooke: concerning navigation: Nov 13; Nov 29: gift; Dec 11: has left; Dec 17: in Antwerp.

1582: George Schuavenius: threatening English ships: April 1.

1582: Matthias Budde: for navigation, marriage; horses for the King: May 6: audience; May 22: has already left; Queen sends horses.

1583: John Henrick: messenger from the King: Oct 19.

1584: Matthias Budde: to congratulate on discovery of the Throckmorton Plot: March 19; April 18: Queen’s response; April 29: took leave.

1585: Henry Kirkman (an Englishman): with ‘offers of friendship’: June 23; July 8,11,13, and sequel: his misbehaviour in England.

1585: Corfitz Grubbe: with letters from King Frederick: Nov 4: at court.

1586: Henrik Ramel, of Denmark: April 20: has left secretly; May 8: in London, described; May 10: audience; May 15; May 24: at court for service, dinner, bear-baiting, described; May 26: with John Stubbs; May 29: took leave; May 30: left, with musicians and players.

1587: Envoy, proposing peace negotiations with Spain: March, end.

1587: Calixtus Schein, with letters from the King: June 14.

1588: Alex Durham (a Scot): for peace negotiations, and marriage: Jan 26: had arrived; Feb 10: to change lodging; March 1,15,16: court news.

1588: George: King of Denmark’s servant: June 11. Sent after Frederick II’s death in April.

1588: Jacob Rostrup: Nov 28: has arrived; Dec 3: Queen’s gift.

1589: Dr George Schomaker: concerning English pirates: Dec 7: audience. 1590: Dr Schomaker: July 20: took leave, after making many complaints.

1592: Dr Paul Knibbe: Sept 24: abortive audience at Oxford; died Oct 8.

1596: Dr Nicolas Theophili: with complaints about English merchants: December, start: arrived. Left in March 1597.

1597: Huitfeldt, Chancellor of Denmark, and Barnikou: for trade, and for Denmark to negotiate a peace between England and Spain: Aug 28: arrived; Lord Mayor to provide a house; Sept 5: preparations for them at Theobalds and Enfield; Sept 7: audience; Sept 9: hunting; Sept 13,14: to negotiate; Sept 23: audience; Sept 24: Queen’s reply; Sept 27: gifts; left.

1598: Dr Nicolas Krag: with complaints about English pirates; Dec 17: arrived; audience; verses; Dec 20: dissatisfied with his lodging. 1599: Dr Krag: Jan 6: at court; April 13: preparations for an audience; April 15: audience; April 21: took leave.

36 Emperors, Holy Roman: Ambassadors to.

1558: Sir Thomas Chaloner, to Ferdinand: Nov 26. Returned January 1559.

1565: Roger L’Estrange: concerning Queen’s marriage to Archduke Charles: Aug 14: left with Baron Zwetkovich; Dec 14: at court on return.

1566: Thomas Danett: concerning Queen’s marriage to Archduke Charles: April 30: left; July 29: Queen’s message to; Aug 20: at court on return.

1567: Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex: for Queen’s marriage to Archduke Charles, and to invest Emperor Maximilian II with the Garter: May 24: awaits Emperor’s ambassador, who arrived June 2; June 26: left, his company including Lord North, Sir Thomas Mildmay, Henry Cobham; July 5: at Antwerp with Duchess of Parma; Nov 7, 15; Henry Cobham at court to report; Dec 10: Cobham took leave. 1568: Earl of Sussex: Jan 10,11: letters; March 13: at court on his return; May 26: Lord North at court with Archduke’s picture.

1570: Henry Cobham: Aug 16: to go to Emperor Maximilian II to re-open marriage negotiations with the Archduke; Aug 18: left, going first to Low Countries; Dec 10: at court on his return from the Emperor. The Archduke had married.

1577: Philip Sidney: to new Emperor Rudolf II, to condole and congratulate: Feb 21: left, described; May 30: Queen’s deputy at christening in Zeeland; June 8: at court on his return: June 10: praised.

1585: Dr Henry van Holtz: July 19: has gone 4 times in 2 years to the Emperor for trade; wants remuneration, and to invite Queen to his wedding in Hamburg.

1593: Dr Christopher Parkins: April 20, to Rudolf II. Returned in September.

Emperors, Holy Roman: Ambassadors from.

1559: Count Helfenstein: from Emperor Ferdinand, concerning Queen’s possible marriage to one of his sons, Archdukes Ferdinand and Charles. Feb 22: described; Feb 25: audience; March 3: took leave; April 13: secretary’s audience; April 25: secretary’s news.

1559: Baron Breuner: concerning Queen’s marriage to Archduke Charles. May 28, 30: audiences; June 5: Queen’s reply; June 7: report to Charles; June 10,11: on river with Queen; June 19: in favour; June 27, July 8: audiences; July 2: at Greenwich Muster; July 8: audience; July 13: court news; Aug 6: report to Emperor; Aug 23: audience; Sept 28: on river with Queen; Oct 16, 29: news; Nov 4: rebuked by Emperor; Nov 7: report; Nov 13: had audience; Dec 5: reports to Emperor, and Archduke Maximilian; Dec 10: audience; Dec 20: often with Queen.

1559: Count Helfenstein: concerning marriage with Archduke Charles: Oct 16: advice for; Dec 5,10: in England; Dec 24: in London; Dec 27: audience.

1560: Breuner: Jan 12: has left; Jan 22: is in Antwerp.

1560: Helfenstein: Feb 18: audience; May 12: took leave; May 29: in Antwerp.

37 1565: Baron Zwetkovich: from Emperor Maximilian II, for marriage to Archduke Charles. May 5: arrived; May 13: at service with Queen; May 20,23: audiences; May 24,25: at Tower and bear-baiting; May 26,31,June 1: audiences; June 4: his report to Emperor; June 10: audience; July 16: at tournament; July 17: Emperor’s answer; July 22,29, Aug 2,5: audiences; Aug 8-11: at Windsor with Queen, described; Aug 13: in London; Aug 14: left.

1567: Count Stolberg: June 2: arrived; June 4: audience; June 9: received a horse; June 15: audience; June 22: took leave; June 25: gifts.

1571: envoys from Emperor Maximilian II: April, end.

1577: Baron John Preyner to return Garter insignia of Emperor Maximilian II: June 9: audience; June 18: took leave; various lodgings had been made ready.

France: Ambassadors to.

1558-1559: See Peace Commissioners.

1559: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: resident: 1559-1562. May 3: to be Ambassador; May 6: his plate; May 9: left; June 28: his news; July 17: his instructions; July 21: Henry Killigrew to join him; July 27: news; Aug 15: with Constable of France; Aug 25: with King of Navarre; Oct 11: permitted to return; Nov 7: returned on leave; Nov 9: comment; Dec 20: reasons for his return; Scots hidden in his house.

1559: Sir George Howard: sent with ratification of Peace: May 3-15. 1559: Thomas Randolph: June 26: at court from France; sent back to aid Earl of Arran to escape from France; Aug 29-31: secretly at court with Arran; both left for Scotland. 1559: Charles Howard: sent after King’s injury: July 10. 1559: Sir Peter Mewtas: to condole and congratulate: August 7-c.Sept 15.

1560: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: Jan 24: is returning to France; Feb 22: news; March 21: news of Bishop of Valence; April 15: news of Diaceto; April 25: warning to Queen; May 21: describes Randan; June 27: news of Diaceto; Aug 22: audience with Queen of Scots; Oct 10,28,29: slanderous rumours in France after Amy Robsart’s death; Nov 17: with Cardinal of Lorraine; Nov 18: news of Morette; Dec 1: news of Lord Seton and Alexander Clarke coming to England; Dec 31: news of Queen of Scots, widowed; advice for Sir William Cecil.

1560: Sir Peter Mewtas: to attempt to obtain ratification of Treaty of Edinburgh: Sept 2. Returned in January 1561.

1561: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: Jan 10: with Duchess of Ferrara; Feb 26: with Queen of Scots; recommends Earl of Bedford. March 29: describes De Sault; April 29: advice to the Queen.

1561: Earl of Bedford: Ambassador Extraordinary, to condole and congratulate: Jan 25: left; Feb 26: with Queen of Scots; March 9: returned. 1561: John Somers: sent to Queen of Scots: May 6. Returned in July.

1562: Sir Henry Sidney: to pacify matters: April 28. Returned c.May 20. 1562: Sir Peter Mewtas: to mediate: July 22. Died in France: Sept 8.

38 1562: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: Jan 24: has Jewel’s Apology; Feb 21: describes De Foix; April 14: to be replaced by Smith; April 26: describes Count de Roussy; April 29: describes Condé’s envoy; May 20: describes D’Antas; June 13,14: his advice sought; June 23, July 9: purchases for Queen; July 28: revoked; Aug 5: describes Beaton; Aug 7: describes Vielleville; Sept 1: captured; Sept 9: report to Queen; Oct 15: at Orleans; Nov 20: advice for Cecil; Dec 1: letter to Queen; Dec 19: captured again (to January 1563).

1562: Sir Thomas Smith: resident: 21 Sept 1562-May 1566. Oct 31: has Queen’s ‘Apology’; Nov 9: with Catherine de Medici.

1562: John Somers: Dec 24: sent to France. 1563: Somers: Jan 22: at court on his return. Jan 26: sent again to France; returned Feb 25.

1563: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: Jan 3: replaced, is returning home. Special ambassador to France, taking money, Feb 18-c.March 20; Feb 24: gifts of mules. July 20: again special ambassador; July 25: prisoner again (to April 1564).

1563: Sir Thomas Smith: Jan 3: has met Throckmorton; Feb 10: recommends Middlemore; April 1: with Prince of Condé; April 2: met Lethington; June 13: is to demand Calais; July 19: at Rouen; Aug 16: French Ambassador is in his old lodgings at Eton; he is himself under arrest, August-September; Oct 12: news of the Queen’s suitors; Oct 13,14: rumours about her; Oct 27: Queen’s instructions to treat for peace; Dec 19: more instructions.

1563: Henry Middlemore: Agent to French Protestants, Feb 10-August; July 19: at Rouen with Sir Thomas Smith.

1563: Thomas Danett: June 13: sent to demand Calais. Returned c.July 4.

1563: John Somers: took instructions to Throckmorton and Smith, Nov 27-c.Dec 26. 1564: Somers: again took instructions, March 17-April 20, returned.

1564: Sir Thomas Smith: Jan 1: sends books to Queen; April 11: Treaty of Troyes; May 12: court news; June 27: his gift from the King.

1564: Sir Nicholas Throckmorton: April 11: with Smith negotiated Treaty of Troyes; April 14: court news; April 18: Queen godmother to his child; May 9: court news; May 15: jewellery for Queen; June 2: in London on return.

1564: Henry Carey, 1st Lord Hunsdon: June 1: Ambassador Extraordinary. To invest Charles IX with Garter, and witness ratification of peace. June 15: complained about the King’s Garter; June 27: he is well liked. Returned c.July 31.

1565: Sir Thomas Smith: April 15: audience with King and Catherine de Medici; Aug 8: Queen at his house in England; Dec 23: English court news for Venetian envoy. 1565: John Somers: May 19: to join Smith, over marriage negotiations.

1566: Sir Thomas Smith, replaced, returned c.June 1.

1566: Sir : resident: March 10: knighted; April 26: took leave; his expenses for outward journey; July 13: died in Paris; wife’s expenses for her return; Sept 17: Queen godmother to son; condolences to Lady Hoby,

39 1566: Sir Henry Norris: resident: November 1566–1571. 1567: Sir Henry Norris: Feb 20: Queen needs French tailor; April 3: at Calais; May 30: recommends Greek scholar; July 22: Queen godmother to son, in England; Sept 3: Cecil’s letter to him; his wife in England (to October 1568).

1567: Admiral : March 20: to demand Calais, under terms of Peace Treaty, of 1559; April 3: at Calais. Returned later in April.

1567: Sir Thomas Smith: March 21: to go secretly with Wynter to Calais: April 3: at Calais; April 21: Queen awaits reply; May 17: has returned; May 27: Queen’s response.

1568: Sir Henry Norris: Aug 29: Queen at Rycote, his house in England; Sept 6: news of portraits; Sept 15: news from Paris; Nov 16: Cecil’s letter.

1570: Sir Henry Norris: May 4: audience with Catherine de Medici; Aug 9: Queen is to visit Oxfordshire; Aug 23: news of Earl of Thomond; Aug 30-Sept 12: Queen stayed at Rycote, Oxon, his house in England.

1570: : special ambassador, to congratulate on Peace: Aug 11,15: going to France; Sept 7: is to replace Norris as resident Ambassador, but can return home first; Sept 29: at court on his return; his travel expenses.

1570: Francis Walsingham: resident: 1570-1573. Dec 19: took leave; his travel expenses to France.

1570: Thomas Sackville, 1st Lord Buckhurst: Dec 13: to go on special embassy: Dec 18,20: Earl of Rutland to accompany him; Dec 23: court news. 1571: Lord Buckhurst: to congratulate Charles IX on his marriage: Jan 23: court news; Feb 1: left; Feb 18: news from Catherine de Medici; Feb 24: news to Queen and to Thomas Heneage; March 2: with Catherine; March 7: gift to him; March 16: news of the French court; March 22: at court on his return.

1571: Sir Henry Norris: Feb 25,26: at court on his return; March 6: had praised Duke of Anjou.

1571: Francis Walsingham: Jan 1,2: in France; Jan 28, Feb 23: his news; Feb 26: wife took leave, Whitehall; March 3,23: instructions to him; March 24: Queen’s detailed answers concerning marriage with Duke of Anjou; April 1: court news; May 25: audience with Duke of Anjou; June 25: warns of plots; July 9: information for him; July 27, 31: court news; autumn: ill, remained in France.

1571: Henry Killigrew: resident: during Walsingham’s illness: Oct 20: left.

1571: Sir Thomas Smith: special ambassador for marriage or a treaty: 1571-1572. Dec 3: about to leave.

1572: Henry Killigrew: Jan 6: audience with Catherine de Medici. Returned to England early in March.

1572: Sir Thomas Smith: Jan 6: audience with Catherine de Medici; Jan 20: court news; Jan 26: instructions to; March 22: audience with Catherine; April 11: comment; April 19: signed Treaty of Blois; May 7: news of a special embassy to come to England; June 23: King’s gift on departure; July 5: returned; July 10: his report.

40 1572: Francis Walsingham: Jan 6: audience; Jan 17: court news; Jan 31: as to Queen of Scots; Feb 11: instructions to (and to Killigrew and Smith); April 2: advice to; April 19: signed Treaty of Blois; June 12: news of Italians; June 23: gift to him; July 2: instructions to report on Duke of Alençon; July 13: response; July 23,27: contradictory instructions; July 27: describes La Mole, special Ambassador; Aug 24: witnessed Massacre of St Bartholomew; Aug 29: sent the news; Sept 2: recommends Duplessis; Sept 9: information for him; Sept 12: Queen agrees to revoke him; Sept 28: instructions to him; Oct 8,25: Paris news; Nov 7: to send news of Maisonfleur; Nov 12: search for a new ambassador; Dec 11: desires to be replaced. 1572, end: given painting by the Queen.

1572: Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln: Ambassador Extraordinary: to witness the King’s ratification of Treaty of Blois (signed April 19). April 3, 24,27: Admiral Lord Clinton is to go to France; May 4: created Earl of Lincoln; May 7: chosen to go, rather than Earl of Leicester; May 24: is preparing to leave; May 26: left London; May 28: court news; June 23: King’s gift; July 5: at court on his return; July 10: report.

1572: William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester: to represent Queen at christening of Charles IX’s daughter: Dec 23,24: he is described. 1573: Earl of Worcester: Ambassador Extraordinary: Jan 7: his preparations; Jan 9: is delayed; Jan 10: taking leave; Jan 12: is a Papist; Jan 15: left, with a gold font; Jan 30: his company was attacked by pirates; Feb 8: Queen’s anger; Feb 27: at court on his return; March 6: some pirates taken.

1573: Francis Walsingham: Jan 12: reason for delay in replacing him; Feb 6: news of Lord Livingston; Feb 28: news of secret writing; March 19: his dispatch is signed; March 20: instructions concerning the Queen’s marriage to Duke of Alençon; April 1: opinion of the marriage; April 1: revocation signed; May 11,12: at court on his return.

1573: Dr Valentine Dale: resident: 1573-1576. Jan 12: delay in sending him; March 19: is coming after Easter; April 1: left for France; Aug 1: news of Alençon’s proposed visit to England; Aug 2: Alençon’s appearance; Aug 11: Alençon has been sick; Aug 18,22: Count de Retz to come instead.

1573: Edward Horsey: mainly to prevent Duke of Alençon coming to England: June 14,17: is to be sent; June 20: left; July 15: at court on his return. 1573: Henry Killigrew: to go to Duke of Alençon: Sept 20; Oct 14: is ill.

1573: Thomas Randolph: to go to Alençon to bring details of his appearance: Oct 14: to replace Killigrew; Oct 18: in London; Oct 23: court news; Oct 26: left, with the Queen’s instructions; Oct 31, Nov 11: court news; Dec 22: returned with a portrait; Dec 24,31: his report described.

1574: Valentine Dale: Feb 1: letter from Queen as to Alençon’s possible visit; March 14: her answer to French Ambassador; April 25: had audience; Aug 9: court news; Aug 10: his secretary, Thomas Wilkes, to go to Catherine de Medici.

1574: Thomas Leighton: sent secretly on news of troubles in France: April 30: he is described; May 3: left; June 30: at court on his return.

1574: Roger 2nd Lord North: partly to condole and congratulate new King: Sept 29, Oct 5: preparing to leave; Oct 6: left; Dec 7,12: at court on return; Dec 15: brought a bad report of the French court; Dec 28: described court.

41 1575: Valentine Dale: March 23: court news; Dec 19: news of Venetians.

1575: Thomas Wilkes: Nov 25: Agent with Huguenot army in France: to June 1576.

1576: Thomas Randolph: sent ‘to treat of a peace’: April 1: left; May 24: at court on his return.

1576: Valentine Dale: March 25: news of Italians, a refugee and a card-player; Oct 24: at court on his return, having been replaced as Ambassador.

1576: Sir Amias Paulet: resident: 1576-1579. Sept 6: took leave; his company included Francis Bacon, Nicholas Hilliard; Dec 8: sends a muff for the Queen.

1577: Sir Amias Paulet: March 4: sends a gown; March 17: sends a farthingale; May 27: news of Duke Casimir’s envoys secretly in England; Nov 19, Dec 18,25: sends Walsingham material for gown for the Queen, a New Year gift. 1578: Sir Amias Paulet: May 1: describes Gondi, envoy coming to England.

1578: Edward Stafford: sent to Henri III and Duke of Alençon to resume marriage negotiations: May 16: left; June 13: at court on his return.

1579: Sir Amias Paulet: Feb 6: a muff for the Queen; Feb 12, March 10: Alençon is coming; April 11: audience with King; July 4: with Alençon; Sept 29: news; Dec 7: replaced, to be met in Kent; Dec 12: at court on return.

1579: Sir Henry Cobham: resident: 1579-1583. Oct 17: left to replace Paulet.

1579: Edward Stafford: special ambassador to Alençon and Henri III: Nov 28: his secret marriage; Nov 30: left. 1580: Stafford: Jan 1: at court on his return. Again special ambassador to Alençon: Jan 14; Feb 16: returned. May 29: to go to France again; June 21: left, expenses; Aug 2: had audience in France; Aug 11: at court on his return. Oct 7: to go to France again; Dec 27: returned.

1580: Sir Henry Cobham: May 23: news; June 7: received jewel and picture; June 18: news of Prince of Condé; July 12: sends a book.

1581: Sir Henry Cobham: Jan 9: news of an exiled earl; Feb 20: news of marriage Commissioners to come to England.

1581: John Somers: to Henri III and Alençon, concerning a league: June 20: left; July 19: letter to. Returned in September.

1581: Sir Francis Walsingham: special ambassador, for a league: July 22: instructions; July 25: took leave; July 27: in France; July 30: Queen’s great favour to her ‘Moor’; Aug 1: court news; Aug 9,10: his first dispatches; Aug 12: Alençon’s response; Aug 25: Walsingham complains of the Queen’s irresolution; Sept 2: of the Queen of Scots; Sept 12: advice to the Queen; Sept 18: praised by Alençon; Sept 21: at court on his return; Sept 28: his comment; Oct 1: had met Don Antonio at Dover.

1581: Lord Henry Seymour: Aug 29: in France with a loan for Alençon; Sept 18: has returned; Sept 28: was given a diamond.

42 1582: Sir Henry Cobham: Jan 10: sends a book; Jan 22: the Queen’s picture; July 25: court news; Aug 15: a coach for the Queen; Aug 21: news of an Italian; Sept 17: news of two Italians; Sept 26: news of a musician; Oct 26: Lord Percy.

1583: Sir Henry Cobham: Feb 22, March 28: news of Gabriel Strozzi; April 15: more news; April 21: news of a Venetian; Nov 6: replaced, at court on his return.

1583: Sir Edward Stafford: resident: 1583-1589. Sept 15: newly knighted, left, with Richard Hakluyt; Nov 17,19: news of pictures of Queen; Nov 19: news of Alençon’s envoy; Dec 1: news of envoy from Navarre; Dec 2: Lord Paget and Charles Arundel, Catholics, arrived at his Paris house.

1584: Sir Edward Stafford: Jan 30: news of Don Antonio; May 21: news of a gift; July 11,14: news of Italians, and of the court; July 27: warning for Queen; Nov 13,14: news of an Italian.

1584: Sir Philip Sidney: to condole on Duke of Alençon’s death: July 5,7: to go to France; July 8-18: abortive embassy; July 14: news from France; July 18: at court; July 29: not to go to France.

1585: Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby: Ambassador Extraordinary: to invest King Henri III with the Garter: Jan 20: took leave; Jan 26: left; Feb 2: his mens’ liveries; March 16: returned.

1585: Sir Edward Stafford: Feb 12: information for; March 30: news of a translation of ‘Leicester’s Commonwealth’.

1585: William Waad: special ambassador: to demand Thomas Morgan, ‘traitor’. March 10: left. Returned in April, without Morgan.

1585: Sir Thomas Leighton: to offer assistance to Henri III: April 1-c.June.

1586: Sir Edward Stafford: April 19: news of a Scottish baron; May 6: a warning; Nov 5: another warning of a plot.

1586: Edward Wotton: to inform Henri III of the Babington Plot, incriminating the Queen of Scots: Oct 4: left; Dec 2: at court on his return.

1587: William Waad: to inform Henri III of his Ambassador’s implication in a plot to kill the Queen: Jan 16: left; not permitted to return until June.

1587: Sir Edward Stafford: April 11: court news; Aug 1: sends books; Aug 19: reports the Pope’s praise of Queen. 1588: Stafford’s wife is returning to England: Aug 19.

1588: Thomas Bodley: to Henri III, after ‘Day of the Barricades’: May 10. 1588: Sir Thomas Leighton: to offer to aid King: May: end; June 18: is back.

1589: Edward Wotton: Feb 4: to condole on Catherine de Medici’s death; not sent.

1589: Sir Edward Stafford: Jan 28: advice to; April 8: in England on leave; June 9: Queen’s visit to him. Special Ambassador: Sept 1- Oct 10.

1590: Sir Edward Stafford: resident: July 13: left. Returned in December.

43 1590: Sir Horatio Palavicino: special ambassador: July 13-October.

1591: Edmund Yorke: special ambassador, to report on state of Brittany: Jan 29: left; Feb 6: in France; Feb 13: court news; March 10: returned, Queen would not grant audience.

1591: Sir Henry Unton: resident: 21 July 1591-17 June 1592. June 21: is preparing; July 21: Ambassador; July 23-31: preparations, cipher, embarkation; Aug 2: in France; his expenses; taken ill; Sept 13: is asked to use ‘old ’ dates; Oct 4: Queen’s comment; Oct 18: audience with Henri IV; Nov 13: King has knighted three Englishmen; Dec 5,6: Queen’s response; Dec 20: King is sending Duplessis, envoy.

1592: Sir Henry Unton: Feb 28: letter to the Queen; March 15: ‘the poor King’; April 8: Queen has assented to his revocation; April 12: news of Rouen; May 11: the King to make a secret voyage to England (no voyage); June 1: is returning; June 17: at court on return; his expenses.

1592: Thomas Wilkes: special ambassador: March 7: Queen’s letter to Henri IV; March 8: left; March 19: memorandum for him; April 10: returned, now Sir Thomas Wilkes, having been knighted by the King; May 11: at Bath, receives message.

1592: Thomas Edmondes: Agent: June 1. Until December 1595, when Sir Henry Unton was again appointed Ambassador.

1593: Captain Edward Fenner, sent by the Council to Boulogne: May 21.

1593: Thomas Edmondes: June 10: his information about Henri IV’s likely conversion, and special ambassador, Morlans; July 15: King’s conversion.

1593: Sir Thomas Wilkes: special Ambassador after news of King’s conversion to Catholicism: July 14: instructions; July 28: left for France; Aug 19: Bond of Amity; Sept 2: at court on return.

1593: Sir Robert Sidney: special ambassador, taking a Bond of Amity: Nov 30: took leave; his instructions; Dec 22,23: still in Kent.

1594: Sir Robert Sidney: Jan 9: in France; Jan 11: Queen’s affectionate letter; March 7: her command about Sir Nicholas Clifford and Sir Anthony Sherley, who had received the French Order of St Michael; April 8,13: at court on his return.

1594: Thomas Edmondes: June 4: has returned Clifford’s and Sherley’s insignia.

1595: Sir : with answer to two French envoys: Sept 2: left; Oct 3: at court on return, with a French envoy, Lomenie.

1595: Thomas Edmondes: Sept 25: sends a book for the Queen.

1595: Sir Henry Unton: resident: 1595-1596, died: Nov 22: is chosen by Queen; Dec 17-22: preparations; Dec 27: sailed.

1596: Sir Henry Unton: Jan 10: first audience; Jan 28: audience, Henri IV took the Queen’s picture; March 22: is gravely ill; March 23: died in France; March 31: Queen learnt of his illness; Thomas Edmondes, his Secretary, was sent from France with condolences.

44 1596: Sir Robert Sidney: April 11: in France to meet Henri IV, and back.

1596: Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury: Ambassador Extraordinary, to invest Henri IV with Garter and witness ratification of Treaty of Greenwich. Aug 20: instructions; Sept 7,8: Dethick, Garter King of Arms, to accompany him; Sept 16: at Dover; embarked; Sept 20: aboard ship; Sept 24: cousin died, Dieppe; Oct 30: at Dover on return; criticism of Dethick.

1596: Sir Anthony Mildmay: resident: 1596-1597. Aug 17,19: his preparations; Sept 16: at Dover; embarked with Shrewsbury.

1597: Sir Anthony Mildmay: Jan 10: describes Viergier; May 27: describes the King’s hounds. Returned to England c.Aug 15.

1597: John Phillips: Agent, August-November; Dec 14: at court with De Maisse.

1597: Thomas Edmondes: special ambassador: April 12-June 2. Agent in France: 12 Sept 1597-June 1599. 1597: Oct 14: describes Boissise; Nov 22: describes De Maisse. 1598: Dec 4: had described the Master of Gray; the Queen’s response.

1598: Ambassadors Extraordinary, to France, to prevent peace negotiations: Jan 4: to be Sir Robert Cecil, Sir Anthony Mildmay (replaced by John Herbert), Sir Thomas Wilkes; Jan 9,14: Cecil’s preparations; Feb 10: left for Kent; Feb 12,15: at Dover; Feb 17: Cecil ordered not to sail (countermanded); Feb 18: all arrived in France; Wilkes taken ill; March 2: Wilkes died; March 7,8: news of Wilkes; March 21: audience with Henri IV; April 14: took leave; April 27-29: voyage; April 30, May 1: Cecil at court.

1599: Sir Henry Neville: resident: April 1599-July 1601. April 9: knighted prior to departure.

1600: See Peace Commissioners for Peace with Spain, to meet in France.

1600: Sir Henry Neville: Aug 7: at court on recall from France; Oct 3,18: ordered to return to France, but delayed. 1601: Arrested, imprisoned, did not return to France. See ‘Prominent Elizabethans’.

1601: : Agent in France, 1601-1602. April 20: sends news of a libellous letter; May 27: supplies the place of an ambassador; Oct 22: sends news of Duke of Lennox.

1601: Thomas Edmondes: special ambassador: June 12: left; Aug 9: returned. Aug 22-c.Aug 30: sent again, as King Henri IV was at Calais.

1602: Ralph Winwood: Feb 12: still Agent in France; April 10: news of Duke of Wurttemberg; May 3: recommends an Italian coming to England.

1602: Sir Thomas Parry: resident: 1602-1606. Feb 12: making preparations; May 17: still preparing; June 25: took leave; June 27, July 8: delays his departure; July 12: Queen is displeased; July 24: Queen proposes to visit him (he arrived in France, Aug 5).

1603: Ralph Winwood: Feb 11: in London; Feb 28: had favourable audience.

45 France: Ambassadors from.

1559: Guido Cavalcanti: from and to France: Jan 8,29; Feb 14,19,25. 1559: La Marque, messenger from French King: Feb 25: at court. Sent again, after Peace Treaty: April, end; May 2: has left.

1559: special ambassadors to witness Queen’s oath for Peace Treaty. May 6, 8: preparations in Kent; May 15: still in France; May 23: François de Montmorency and others arrived; May 24: audience, entertainment; May 25: oath-taking, bear-baiting; May 26: at bear-baiting; May 27: with Queen; May 28: left, with gifts; Aug 14: Montmorency’s letter.

1559: Gilles de Noailles: resident: May 1559-February 1560. May 23: arrived; June 21: orders to; June 29, July 1: court news; July 2: at Greenwich Muster; July 9: court news; July 11: at Tournament; July 29: court news; Aug 3: audience; Aug 22: court news; Aug 29: audience; Sept 5,6: court news; Sept 24: audience; Oct 12,28, Nov 2,9: court news; Dec 17: audience; Dec 20,21: court news; Dec 24: his messenger La Croix was stopped at the ports; Dec 28: audience.

1559: Du Croc: en route from Scotland to France: Oct 12. 1559: Carrouges: to bring names of new hostages: Oct 12-14; Nov 14: his report. 1559: De Seurre: Dec 18: is to come as new resident. 1559: La Marque: Dec 27: coming to England en route to Scotland. 1560: La Marque: Jan 1: audience, Whitehall; Jan 9,12: in Scotland, prisoner; Jan 24: sequel. 1560: Gilles de Noailles: Jan 1: audience; Feb 15: took leave. 1560: Cavalcanti: Feb 17: to have pension for help with 1559 Peace Treaty.

1560: Michel de Seurre: resident: 1560-1562. Feb 11: described, arrived; Feb 15: audience; March 27: at court received a challenge to a duel; March 28: his response; April 16: audience, with Diaceto; April 20: audience, his ‘Protestation’; May 4: reply to him; May 21,27: audiences, with Randan; July 3: audience; Sept 23: audience; December, early: audience, with Scottish envoys.

1560: Jean de Monluc, Bishop of Valence: special ambassador en route to Scotland: March 21: described, audience; March 25: wastes time; March 27: took leave; March 30: left for Scotland; May 9: has left Scotland; May 13,21: at court, then Peace Commissioner in Scotland. July 6: Treaty of Edinburgh. Aug 1: at court; Aug 8: has left for France.

1560: Florence Diaceto: concerning marriage, and wishing to go to Scotland: April 15: described, audience, Queen’s letter; May 4: took leave; June 27: returned from France, described, audience; Aug 8: is leaving. 1560: Randan: to treat for peace in Scotland: May 21,22: described, audience. Peace Commissioner in Scotland. Aug 1: at court; Aug 8: has left for France. 1560: De Beuil: July 4: at court en route from France to Scotland. 1561: De Sault: March 29: arrived; April 3: left; April 20: in France.

1561: De Seurre: Jan 21, March 14, April 17: audiences; July 9,13: audiences, with D’Oysel, from Mary Queen of Scots; Sept 25: audience; Nov 20: quotes the Queen.

1561: Paul de Foix: special ambassador en route to Scotland. Nov 17: arrived; Nov 19: audience; Nov 23, has left for Scotland.

46 1562: De Seurre: Feb 28: took leave; gifts to him.

1562: Paul de Foix: resident: 1562-1566. Feb 21: described, arrived; Feb 28: audience; Oct 29: at Guildhall; Nov 10: with Council.

1562: Count de Roussy: April 26: described, audience; May 1: left. 1562: De Séchelles: sent secretly from French Protestants: April 29: described, audience; left. 1562: Plessey: June 18: messenger to French Ambassador. 1562: Marshal Vielleville: Aug 7: described, audience; Aug 9,11: court news; Aug 16: took leave; Aug 17,18: described.

1562: De Maligny, Vidame de Chartres: from French Protestants: July 19-23: secret visit; Aug 1: visit denied by Queen; Aug 16: second visit; Aug 25: agreed terms; Sept 20: Treaty for English aid and forces.

1562: Briquemault: from Prince of Condé: Dec 10: described. 1563: Briquemault: Jan 11: news of. Returned to France in February. Sent again: April 24: described; April 26,28: audiences; April 30: took leave; May 3: Queen’s response. 1563: Charles de Teligny, from Admiral Coligny: Feb 13. 1563: D’Allouy: May 31: audience; June 3: took leave; June 5,12,13: described and criticised.

1563: De Foix: May 6,8,9, June 29, audiences; Aug 16: detained at Eton; Dec 30: complaints about his behaviour at Eton. 1563: Du Croc: on his way to and from Queen of Scots: May 8; May 28.

1564: Charles de Teligny, from Admiral Coligny: Feb 23: gift to him.

1564: De Foix: April 21,23: audiences, Windsor; June 6-9: at Richmond; July 5: dined with Queen; July 22: news of an envoy.

1564: Mauvissière: special ambassador, after Peace Treaty: April 20; April 21: at Windsor; April 23: at Garter ceremonies, and release of hostages; described; April 27: took leave; May 12: in France. Oct 21: to come again; Nov 20: journey deferred (to 1565).

1564: De Gonor: to witness ratification of Peace Treaty. April 14: is to come; May 9,12,14: preparations for him; June 1: arrived; June 2,3: in Kent, with Archbishop of Canterbury; June 6-9: at court, Richmond, hunting, ; June 10: at Westminster; June 11: gifts; June 15: sequel.

1564: Andrew Beaton (a Scot): Nov 17: on way to Scotland; Dec 15: on way back to France.

1565: De Foix: Jan 1: had been at court; Jan 7: at tournament; Jan 30: court news; Feb 14: audience; Feb 15: with Sir William Cecil; March 3: was at supper and play; March 24-27: conferences with Cecil; April 26: court news; April 28: audience; May 2,10,26: court news; June 3: audience, Queen at chess; June 28: court news; June 30: audience; July 16: dined with Queen; July 24: hunting with Queen; Aug 17: audience; Aug 22: court news; Aug 23: sends a book by Ronsard; Aug 30: audience; Sept 14: court news; Sept 15: audience; Sept 29, Oct 11, Nov 27, Dec 19: court news.

47 1565: Mauvissière: to propose marriage with King Charles IX. May 7: arrived, with mules and camels; May 8: with the Queen, who declined marriage. Left to see the Queen of Scots. Second visit, on way again to Queen of Scots: Aug 30: audience; Sept 10: court news; Sept 15: audience; Oct 16: has returned.

1565: Andrew Beaton: July 21: from King, for release of Lady Lennox.

1566: Rambouillet: to be proxy at Charles IX’s Installation with Garter: Jan 7-9: described; Jan 11,13: audiences; Jan 15: rode to Windsor; Jan 16: at Windsor for Installation; Jan 20: dined with Queen; Jan 24: at conferment of Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Leicester with Order of St Michael; left for Scotland Jan 25; Feb 26: took leave on his return.

1566: De Foix: Jan 11,13: audiences; Jan 15-16: at Windsor; Jan 20: dined with Queen; Jan 24: at conferment of Order; April 18: at court; May 22: his replacement arrived; May 24: took leave; gifts.

1566: Mauvissière: special ambassador on his way to the Queen of Scots, after the murder of David Riccio; with Joseph Riccio. April 6: audience. July 20: in London on his way again to Mary to congratulate her on the birth of her son; July 27: has left for Scotland; Aug 17: at court on way back to France.

1566: La Forêt, Jean Bochetel, Sieur de: resident: 1566-1568. May 22: arrived; May 24: audience; May 27: banqueted; July 1: with Queen at a marriage; Aug 6: court news from his nephew at Stamford; Sept 7: court news; Sept 10: audience; Oct 12,22: court news.

1566: Du Croc: Ambassador to Scotland: June 27: at court on his way. 1567: Du Croc: Feb 10: at court on his way back from Scotland. July 12: in France.

1567: La Forêt: Feb 10: audience; May 27: audience, concerning Calais; July 2: visited by Sir Nicholas Throckmorton; Sept 30 dined with Throckmorton; Oct 13: was at court with De Pasquier; Nov 12: audience.

1567: Villeroy: on his way to and from Scotland: June 12; July 2,3.

1567: Lignerolles: on his way to and from Scotland: July 25; Sept 3.

1567: Etienne de Pasquier: hoping to go to Scotland; Sept 22: arrived; Sept 25-27: at Windsor; Sept 30: to visit the Tower; Oct 13: took leave; Oct 16: Queen’s comment.

1567: Charles de Teligny, from Admiral Coligny: Nov 13,15.

1568: Beaumont: April 11: audience on way to Scotland with news of Peace Treaty.

1568: La Forêt: March 28: at court; May 2,15: news of Queen of Scots’ rings; [May 16: Mary arrived in England]; May 22: court news; June 7: audience; June 12,17,19: court news; June 27: audience; July 11: audience; Sept 19,24: brother, Bishop of Rennes, has arrived as special envoy; Sept 25: court news; Oct 1: audiences described; Nov 10: replaced; Nov 14: took leave.

48 1568: Montmorin: hoping to visit Queen of Scots: June 7: audience; June 12: Queen permits visit; June 27: audience on return from Mary.

1568: Robert Stewart, from Prince of Condé and Admiral Coligny: Aug 13: arrived at Rye; Aug 18: described; Aug 25: audience.

1568: Bernardin de Bochetel, Bishop of Rennes: Sept 19: arrived; Sept 24: described; Sept 27: audience deferred; Sept 28,30: audiences; Oct 1: audiences described. Left for France.

1568: Huguenot envoys, from Admiral Coligny: Oct 2: described; Oct 5,6: news of them; Nov 6: loan from Queen.

1568: La Mothe Fénélon, Bertrand de Salignac de: resident: 1568-1575. Nov 10: arrived; Nov 14: audience; Nov 22,29: court news; Nov 30: audience; Dec 22: audience.

1569: La Mothe: Jan 19: audience; Feb 23: described conspiracy of Councillors; March 13: secret mémoire; May 16,23,28: court news; June 3,10,21: court news; June 28: audience; July 5,19,22,25,27, Aug 1: court news; Aug 17: audience; Sept 1,5,14,19,23,27: court news, whilst Queen on summer progress; Oct 3,7: theft of his packet; Oct 8,13,18: court news; Oct 21: audience; Oct 28: court news; Oct 29: audience; Nov 12,18: court news; Nov 30, Dec 5: court news and news of Northern Rising; packet returned; Dec 10,21: court news

1569: Montassier, with news of : April 6,12. 1569: Du Doict: to be Agent from La Rochelle: July 27. 1569: Cavellier and Vimont, Deputies from Rouen: Aug 17: at court.

1569: Amour, with news of : Oct 21; Oct 29.

1570: Montlouet: sent to aid the Queen of Scots and to go to Scotland: Jan 28: described; Jan 29: audience; Feb 6: audience for his answer; Feb 10: has left for France.

1570: La Mothe: Jan 28: news that Montlouet is coming; Jan 29: audience; Feb 6: audience; Feb 10,17: court news; March 11,27,31: court news; April 4, May 17: court news; May 21,22: audiences; May 27,31: court news; June 1: news of Papal Bull; June 11,16: court news; June 22: audience deferred; June 26: audience; July 5: court news; July 9,16: audiences; July 25,30: court news; Aug 4: audience; Aug 11: court news; Aug 15: audience, after news of peace in France; Aug 26: hunted; Sept 5,15,19,24,29: court news; Oct 10,16: court news; Oct 20: secret letters from Catherine de Medici concerning the Duke of Anjou and marriage to the Queen; Nov 4: court news; Nov 19: news of merchants; Nov 30: news of a conspiracy; audience; Dec 7: news of Queen of Scots; Dec 13,18,23: court news; Dec 24: audience.

1570: Lumbres: resident Agent from La Rochelle: June 17: asks for money.

1570: De Poigny: sent to visit Queen of Scots, and to go to Scotland: July 9: audience; July 15: comment; July 16: audience for answer; allowed to go to the Queen of Scots; Aug 4: took leave on his return.

1570: L’Aubespine: Oct 20: sent by Catherine de Medici; Nov 4: audience.

49 1571: La Mothe: Jan 13: court news; Jan 14: audience; Jan 23: court news; news of Royal Exchange; describes Queen’s visit to; Jan 24: court news; Feb 6: court news, in detail; Feb 24: court news; March 6,12: court news; March 15: audience; April 1: court news; April 11: audience; April 19: court news; May 1,2,3,4: audiences; watched tournaments; May 8,18: court news; June 1,2,7,9,15,20,23: news; July 3: receives paintings; July 6: at court; July 9: Queen’s dealings with; July 11: audiences described; July 14: audience; July 22: sends portrait; July 24: gift of apricots from Queen; Aug 1,5: venison from Queen; Aug 12,13,14: news of arrival of De Foix, special Ambassador; Aug 16: audience; Aug 23: conferences; Aug 25: instructions; Aug 30: at Cambridge; Sept 1: money sent by Queen of Scots; Sept 2: Queen describes their conferences; Sept 2: in London; Sept 20: audience deferred; Sept 28: instructions; Oct 5: court news; Oct 7: audience; Oct 20: court news; Nov 8: audience, after victory at Battle of Lepanto; Nov 10: news; Nov 15,22: is to complain of a book about Queen of Scots; Nov 30: news; Dec 5: court news; Dec 6: audience, about book; Dec 19: at a dinner; Dec 22: news of marriages; Dec 23: at a dinner.

1571: Guido Cavalcanti: March 2: wishes to come to negotiate over marriage to Duke of Anjou; March 16: has conferred with Catherine de Medici; April 1,3: is to be sent secretly; April 10: arrived, secret audience; April 11: news; April 13,15,16: his Articles for the marriage; April 19: left for Paris; April 27: departure was very secret. June 30: returned, with L’Archant; July 11: took leave. Oct 7: returned; audience; Dec 21: is waiting to return to France; Dec 24: left.

1571: L’Archant: special Ambassador, to negotiate over marriage to Duke of Anjou: June 30: arrived; July 2,6: audiences; July 6: at court; July 9: Queen’s answers; July 11: audiences described; left for France; July 14: favour shown him; July 27,31: in France, praises Queen.

1571: Paul de Foix: special Ambassador, for marriage negotiations: July 11,31: is to come; Aug 10,12: arrived, preparations; Aug 13,14: Lord Buckhurst’s preparations; Aug 15: private audience; Aug 16: public audience; Aug 23,27: court news; Aug 28,29: at Audley End; Aug 30: at Cambridge; Aug 31: took leave; Sept 2: Queen and Lord Burghley’s descriptions of their conferences; Sept 2,3: in London, visited the Tower; Sept 4: has left for Dover; Sept 6: has left for France.

1572: La Mothe: Jan 1: at court; Jan 3: court news; Jan 15: audience; Jan 22,23: audience; first reference to Duke of Alençon as a suitor; Jan 25: court news; Feb 5,10,22: court news; March 5: audience; March 13: court news; March 15: summoned to court; March 18: court news; March 25: news of Queen’s illness; March 26: audience; April 3,7: court news; April 13: audience; April 14: court news; April 24: audience; April 27: court news; May 7: audience; May 19,24,28: court news; June 8,13,14,15,22, July 1: described Duke of Montmorency and special embassy; July 3: audience; July 10,20: court news; July 24: at Theobalds for audience, described; Aug 3: with La Mole, special Ambassador, in Bucks; Aug 5: audience; Aug 7,10,11: court news; Aug 14: at Kenilworth; Aug 17,18: at Warwick; Aug 20: audience, Kenilworth; Aug 21: took leave; Aug 30: court news; Sept 2: court news; Sept 7: at Oxford; Sept 8: audience, after Massacre of St Bartholomew; Sept 9: court news; Sept 22: audience; Sept 28: court news; Oct 2: news of French refugees; Oct 7: court news; Oct 9: with Council; Oct 13,18,22: court news; Oct 30: audience; Nov 3,15: court news; Nov 17, Dec 2: audience; Dec 8,23: court news; Dec 24: audience.

50 1572: Du Croc: special Ambassador to Scotland, in London, asks for the Queen of Scots to be sent to France: March 1; March 5: audience; March 15: summoned to court; March 17: is ‘stayed’ in England; April 13,24: audiences; permitted to go to Scotland; May 11: at Berwick, going to Scotland; sent son-in-law De L’Espinasse to France for new instructions; Aug 26: King is sending L’Espinasse, to justify the Massacre of St Bartholomew; Sept 3,7: L’Espinasse in London and Oxford; Oct 13: Du Croc has left Scotland; Oct 22: Du Croc at Windsor to take leave; Oct 27: had a cold reception at court; has left for France.

1572: Guido Cavalcanti: from Catherine de Medici with a portrait of Duke of Alençon: May 7: court news; May 24: Queen’s opinion of portrait.

1572: Duke of Montmorency led special embassy to witness Queen’s ratification of Treaty of Blois: May 7: is ready; May 12,19,24,30: great preparations for him; June 5: Catherine de Medici’s letter; June 5,6: preparations at Dover; June 7: new banqueting-house completed; June 8: arrived in England with a large company including De Foix, former resident Ambassador; preparations; June 13: at ; June 14: audience; June 15: witnessed the Queen’s Oath; entertainment including evening tournament, described; June 16: Windsor preparations; June 17-19 at Windsor: Montmorency installed as K.G.; June 20: audience; June 22: banquet; June 23: masque, described; June 26: at Council; June 28: left for France; July 1: their gifts; July 2: court news; July 13: in Paris.

1572: La Mole: special Ambassador, from the King, on behalf of the Duke of Alençon: July 27: arrived, described; Aug 3: secret audience, in Bucks; Aug 5: audience; Aug 7,10,11: court news; Aug 14: at Kenilworth; Aug 17,18: at Warwick; Aug 20: audience, Kenilworth; Aug 21: took leave; Aug 22: answer to him; Aug 30: has left for France; Sept 7: in Paris.

1572: Bobineau at court: Oct 18; remained as Agent for La Rochelle. 1572: Maisonfleur: envoy from Duke of Alençon: Nov 1572-August 1573: Nov 4: at Windsor; Nov 7: is a genuine messenger; Dec 3,14: letters to Alençon.

1572: Mauvissière: to request Queen to be godmother to King’s daughter: Nov 29: arrived; Dec 2: audience; Dec 4: comment; Dec 5: Queen agreed; Dec 8: took leave. Returned in 1575 as resident Ambassador.

1573: La Mole: sent secretly from Alençon: Jan 22; Jan 23: at court; left.

1573: Maisonfleur: Jan 22,23: has advised Duke of Alençon to come; Feb 15: is refused audience; April 6: court news; April 9: letter to the Queen; Aug 14: is leaving England.

1573: La Mothe: Jan 8: court news; Jan 9: audience; Jan 15,22: court news; Jan 30: audience; Feb 8: court news; March 1: King sends a letter to be ‘lost’; March 6: court news; March 7: audience; March 13,16,18,19,28: court news; March 31: news of De Vérac; April 6,26: court news; May 5: audience; May 12,23: court news; May 31: audience, after Duke of Anjou’s election as King of Poland; June 6,9,27, July 3: court news; July 10,14: audiences; Aug 10: had audience at Eridge; Aug 14: court news; Aug 20: audience in Kent; Aug 25: news of Marshal de Retz; Aug 30: audience at Dover; Sept 4: with De Retz; Sept 7: at dinner, Canterbury; Sept 20: described De Retz’s visit; Oct 14,18,23: Randolph to go to Alençon; Oct 31, Nov 11: court news; Nov 18: King has smallpox; Nov 30: court news; Dec 17,24: court news; Dec 31: audience.

51 1573: De Vérac: French envoy to Scotland: Jan 15: La Mothe wishes him sent; March 31: at Greenwich for audience; April 14: has gifts for King James; April 17: can send a man to Scotland; May 23: has left for Scotland; June 8,9: at court on return, not permitted to enter Scotland; left.

1573: Châteauneuf: with letters from Alençon: March 16,20; left. 1573: Du Verger: sent from France to Queen of Scots with money: July 3; Aug 20: in Kent with Queen Elizabeth. 1573: Count de Retz: to come to England in place of Duke of Alençon: Aug 18; Aug 22: to be ‘a solemn embassy’; Aug 30: La Mothe’s audience; Sept 4: arrived, described; Sept 7: at dinner, Canterbury; Sept 8/10: at Canterbury Cathedral; Sept 12: took leave; Sept 20: visit described.

1574: La Mothe: Jan 2: at court; Jan 12,18: court news; Jan 19: audience; Jan 26: court news; Jan 27, Feb 6: audiences; Feb 15,20,26: court news; March 12: audience, concerning a secret interview with Duke of Alençon; March 23, March 28: interview postponed; March 30: audience; April 2,15,19: court news; April 20: audience; May 10: court news; May 16: had audience after two executions in France; May 22: audience; requests from Mary Queen of Scots; June 8: had news of Charles IX’s death; June 13,18: court news; June 20: audience; July 3,16: court news; July 20: audience at Reading; now Ambassador from King Henri III; July 22: news of Spanish special Ambassador; Aug 3: court news; Aug 7: at King’s Obsequies; Aug 13,17: court news; Sept 5: at Wilton; Sept 10: news of Count de Méru; Sept 19,29: court news; Oct 5,15,20: court news; Oct 26: audience; Nov 8,13,17,22, Dec 12: court news; Dec 15: audience; Dec 24: court news; Dec 28: court news, in detail.

1574: Bobineau, Agent for La Rochelle: April 19: with the Council.

1575: La Mothe: Jan 2,19,24, Feb 17: court news; Feb 18: audience; Feb 28: court news; March 11: presented gifts from the Queen of Scots; March 14,24,31: news of La Châtre, special Ambassador; April 15: audience; April 26,30, May 6,12: court news; May 26,June 2: Queen’s progress has begun; June 7: court news; June 12: well received by Queen; June 17: court news; July 1: court news; July 5: dined with Queen in Buckinghamshire; July 19: court news; July 24: described Queen’s visit to Kenilworth; Aug 6,13: court news; Aug 27: new Ambassador has arrived; Aug 31: audience to present new Ambassador; Sept 10: took leave; Sept 14: plate given by the Queen, listed; Sept 20: his thanks. Returned in January 1576.

1575: La Châtre: special Ambassador, to renew Treaty of Blois: March 14,24: requires ships; March 27: arrived; audience; March 31: described; April 1: Treaty renewed; April 7: gift; left for Calais; April 14: well used; April 15: court news.

1575: Mauvissiere, , Sieur de: resident: 1575-1585. Aug 27: has arrived; Aug 31: audience; Sept 1,3: conferred with Walsingham; Sept 4/10: at Woodstock entertainment, admired pictures; Sept 10: audience; Sept 15: Lord Burghley’s news.

1576: La Mothe and La Porte: special Ambassadors, to re-open marriage negotiations: Jan 3: audience; Feb 2: took leave; Feb 7: gifts to them.

1576: Mauvissière: Jan 3: audience; Feb 23,29: court news; April 8, May 31, June 24, July 4: court news. 1576: La Tour, from the Duke of Alençon: March 18: audience; March 20: news.

52 1576: Duplessis-Mornay, from Alençon, for aid: March 28.

1577: Mauvissière: Jan 27: Queen godmother to his child; Nov 17: described a tournament in London; Nov 20: court news, of a new comet. 1577: L’Aubespine, with news of Peace of Bergerac: Nov 3; Nov 16: took leave. 1578: secret envoy from Duke of Alençon: March 20; has left: April 10.

1578: Mauvissière: April 27, May 4: audiences; July 29: court news; July 30, Aug 3: audience; Aug 20: at Kenninghall and Norwich; Sept 2: dinner and audience, Kirtling; Sept 23: dinner, Wanstead; Oct 7: was refused audience.

1578: Jeronimo Gondi: from Catherine de Medici, to go to the Queen of Scots (not permitted): May 1: audience; May 3: described; May 4: dispatched; May 20: Queen’s response. 1578: De Vray, Alençon’s secretary: June 17-19: at court.

1578: De Bacqueville: from Duke of Alençon, to re-open marriage negotiations: July 29: is coming; July 30, Aug 3: audiences; Aug 6: court news; Aug 14: Spanish Ambassador’s news; Aug 20: at Kenninghall and Norwich; Aug 30: had come with Alençon’s ‘youths’ (Topcliffe); Sept 2: dinner and audience, Kirtling; Sept 7: audience to receive the Queen’s answer; Sept 8: has taken leave; Sept 10: gifts to his three companions; Sept 11: is in London, now going to the Duke.

1578: De Quissy: from Duke of Alençon, to re-open marriage negotiations: July 29: is coming; July 30: audience; Aug 7: going to Low Countries; Aug 8: has gone to the Duke; Sept 2: at Kirtling; Sept 10: gift. 1578: Marquis de Rambouillet: from Henri III, for the marriage negotiations: Aug 18: is coming; Aug 19: at Norwich; Aug 20: at Kenninghall and Norwich; Sept 2: dinner and audience, Kirtling; left for Dover; Sept 7,8: gifts.

1578: Jean de Simier: to be sent by Alençon, for marriage negotiations: Oct 17, Nov 9: is coming; Nov 28: has power to conclude a marriage; Dec 29,31: preparations for him.

1579: Mauvissière: Jan 5: with Simier; Jan 11: at court, ; Jan 24: accompanied Queen to Whitehall; Feb 1,2: at Tournament; Feb 13: describes snow and cold; March 2,5: at court; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; Aug 14: Duke of Alençon is coming. [For his visit, August 17-30, see ‘Prominent Foreigners: France’]. Sept 7: court news; Sept 14: invited to join Queen in Essex; Sept 18: described Queen’s entertainment at New Hall; Dec 27: audience.

1579: Jean de Simier: envoy from Duke of Alençon: Jan 5: described, arrived; Jan 9,10: news of him; Jan 11: first audience; masques, described; Jan 12,13,14,15,16: news of him; Jan 26: audience; Feb 1,2: at Tournament; Feb 13: has ‘very good usage’; March 5,11,22: at court; March 26: audience; March 29,30: with Privy Council; March 31: ‘articles’; April 3: response; April 12: at court; to attend Maundy; April 23: at court; May 3: was at Wanstead; May 4,14: at court; May 15,17: news of him; June 14: has revealed to the Queen Leicester’s secret marriage; June 15-18, July 7: sequel; July 17: with Queen on royal barge; July 26, Aug 14: lodged at Greenwich; Aug 15: at court; Aug 17,20: news of Alençon’s arrival; Aug 30: at Dover; Sept 14: invited to join Queen in Essex; Nov 11: at court; Nov 16: articles; Nov 20, Nov 24: took leave; Nov 25,27: letters from Kent, and cipher; Nov 28: gifts; Nov 30: escorted to Calais; Dec 12: expenses.

53 1579: De Rochetaillé: March 9: sent from Queen of Navarre and Catherine de Medici, to recommend Alençon: April 8: left on March 23; April 11: in France. Sent again to the English court: May 14; June 21: his delayed departure.

1579: Alençon’s secretary, concerning marriage: March 22,30: at court. May 14: has left with message. 1579: L’Aubespine, Henri III’s secretary: Aug 22,25: arrived for short visit. 1579: Hallot de Montmorency, from Alençon: Sept 17,18; Sept 29: has left.

1580: Mauvissière: Feb 14: audience; Feb 15: at a marriage; Feb 28, March 5,7: news of him; March 10: Queen visited him at his house, described; April 14: audience; May 29: at Nonsuch with Queen; June 2: letter to Lord Burghley; June 23: was ‘stayed’ for his long rapier; June 24,26: his audience on June 25; July 4: court news; Aug 22: audience; Nov 11: with Queen at Eton and Windsor; Nov 15: at Richmond; Nov 17: at tournament; Dec 16: at court.

1580: Captain Bourg: from Alençon: March 7,10; March 18: gift; left. 1580: De Vray, Alençon’s secretary: May 4: audience; May 8: with Leicester; May 16: took leave; May 21: news of him; May 23: in Paris.

1580: July 10: Marriage Commissioners to arrive on Aug 12; Aug 2: names sent; Oct 20: to arrive in November. Arrived in April 1581. 1580: De Buhy: from Alençon: Sept 16; Sept 21: took leave.

1581: Mauvissière: Jan 9: court news; Feb 27: court news; April 4: on Golden Hind; July 23, Aug 13: court news; Aug 24: audience; Oct 1: with Don Antonio. Nov 22: at court when Queen promised to marry Duke of Alençon.

1581: Marchaumont, Pierre Clausse, Sieur de: Alençon’s resident Agent: 1581-1583. Feb 16: arrived, with Jean Bodin; Feb 24,27: court news; April 4: on Golden Hind; April 11: had the Queen’s garter; May 12, July 30, Sept 7: court news; Sept 18: has been sick; Sept 28: is lodged at Nonsuch; Oct 20: preparations for Alençon’s visit. [For Alençon’s visit 1581-1582 see ‘Prominent Foreigners: France’].

1581: De Nery: Feb 27: arrived with Marchaumont, now sent to Alençon; April 4: has returned; on Golden Hind; April 11: sent again to Alençon.

1581: Marriage Commissioners: Jan 9: preparing to come; March 26-April 18: new banqueting-house built, details; April 1,6,10: other preparations; April 16: court news; April 18: Proclamation for honour to be shown them; and Lord Mayor’s Precept. In London and at court: April 20-June 14. Led by the Prince Dauphin, son of the Duke of Montpensier. April 20: arrived, described; April 24: audience, described; April 25: dinner, Whitehall; April 26: with Councillors; April 27: dinner, Leicester House; April 29: hunting; April 30: dinner, Cecil House; May 1: at court, and bear- baiting; May 2: with Councillors; May 4: supper, Arundel House; May 4,6: court news; May 7: at court; May 12: court news; conference; May 15-16: at Tournament; May 21: at court; May 26: went to Windsor; May 29: court news; May/June: hunting; June 2,4: court news; June 10: horses and carts; June 12: Treaty of Marriage; June 13: last audience; gifts; June 14: left London; June 15: court news; July 14: praise of the Queen.

1581: De Vray, Alençon’s secretary: April 16: arrived; May 7; sent to Alençon: June 2: has returned; June 14: sent again; July 23: returned again from France.

1581: Du Bex: Oct 9: took a loan to Duke of Alençon.

54 1581: Pinart: Henri III’s Secretary of State, came with marriage Commissioners. In England again, to urge Alençon marriage: Nov 29: audience; Dec 4: court news. 1581: Jean de Simier: sent by Henri III to report back secretly: Dec 18; Dec 25: has secret audience.

1582: Simier: Jan 17: to be sent away, to please Alençon; Jan 21: at court with Alençon. Left for France. 1582: Pinart: Jan 17: his son has come from the King; Jan 24,27: Pinart’s warnings for the Queen; took leave.

1582: Marchaumont: Feb 11,12; robbery from London house; Feb 19: court news; March 6: had private audience.

1582: Mauvissière: Feb 12: robbed of plate; April 1,11: with the Queen; April 26: Queen angry with him; May 4: summoned by her; June 8: at Blackheath; June 25: animals for the King; July 25: court news; Sept 2-8: with the Queen, hunting; Sept 13: has given a ship to his son; Sept 17: at Oatlands; Oct 31, Nov 5: at court; Nov 18: with La Mothe, special ambassador.

1582: De Bacqueville: from Duke of Alençon: May 2; May 4: Alençon’s eagerness to marry the Queen; sequel. Left in January 1583.

1582: La Mothe Fénélon: special ambassador to Scotland: in London: Nov 18: described; Nov 29: audience; Dec 1: comment; Dec 3,6: his mission and audience described by Spanish Ambassador; Dec 11: took leave; Dec 17: delayed; Dec 20: court news; Dec 22: left for Scotland to renew alliance. 1583: La Mothe: Jan 4: had met John Colville; Feb 24: at court on his return; March 7: audience described.

1583: Mauvissière: Jan 4: went hastily to court; Jan 16: with Duke of Lennox; Feb 28: recommends a gardener; March 18, May 6,14: court news; May 16: at tournament; Sept 8: audience; Oct 15, Nov 25: court news; Nov 29: to and from Hampton Court with Queen, described; Dec 3,9: gives news of Scottish Archbishop.

1583: Bacqueville and Marchaumont: Jan 10: ready to leave, and Jan 16: left. 1583: Du Bex: from Duke of Alençon, for money: April 7: Denied.

1583: Chertier: Alençon’s secretary, for advice: May 15: has arrived; May 16: at a tournament, audience; May 31: captured on his way back, executed.

1583: De Vigues: messenger, brought letters and confitures: May 24. 1583: De Reau: from Alençon: Sept 6, 8: audience; Sept 10: left with letter. 1583: Alferon: secretly from Alençon: Nov 19,25; Dec 9: court news.

1584: Mauvissière: March 23: was defrauded by Scottish Archbishop; April 10: court news; July 6: Queen’s sorrow after Alençon’s death; July 7: Philip Sidney is going to condole; July 14: news of Italians; July 18: court news; July 29: was at court; Aug 18: court news; Aug 29: court news; joined the Queen’s hunting, described; Nov 15: news of the Queen of Scots; Dec 9: at a feast.

1584: François de Civille and De Jolitemps, from Duchess of Bouillon, for a home in England for two orphaned nieces, daughters of William of Orange: Sept 10: described; Oct 15: sequel; Oct 17: Queen’s response.

55 1585: Mauvissière: April 29: Croydon horse-race; May 1: at Croydon; May 18: at Greenwich Muster; May 24: recalled, requires passport; June 20: his writings; June 26: Queen godmother to child; Aug 18: took leave; Sept 7: gifts; Sept 14: has been teaching his daughter; Oct 2: left, with Giordano Bruno; Oct 20,24: robbed by pirates.

1585: Châteauneuf, Claude de L’Aubespine, Sieur de: resident: 1585-1589. July 29: arrived; Aug 8: audience; Sept 12: at court; Sept 21: wife at court; Oct 4: seeks a house.

1586: François de Civille: from Duke of Bouillon, with news of Spanish preparations: Jan 12; and sequel.

1586: Châteauneuf: Feb 18: complains about his house; March, start: Queen godmother to child; March 19: with travellers from Savoy; April 16: ‘is a very naughty man’; Aug 21: audience, with Baron d’Esneval, French Ambassador to Scotland, on his way back; Sept 18: audience; Nov 27, Dec 28: audiences.

1586: Bellièvre: special Ambassador, to intercede for Queen of Scots: Nov 19; Nov 25: to delay audience; Nov 27: audience, described; Nov 30, Dec 3: comment; Dec 5: audience; Dec 6: letter to Queen; Dec 8: response; Dec 28: audience. 1587: Bellièvre: Jan 1: gift for; Jan 4: left for Kent; Jan 7: for Calais.

1587: Châteauneuf: Jan 1: implicated, with servant D’Estrapes, in plot to kill the Queen; Jan 7: D’Estrapes was questioned; Jan 9: Châteauneuf with Scots; Jan 9,11: further implicated in plot; Jan 12: summoned to Cecil House; Jan 16: Queen sent special Ambassador to France; Jan 28: descriptions of the plot; Feb 9: court news; April 29: audience, described; April 30: poet Du Bartas at court; May 14: D’Estrapes allowed to leave for France; Aug 7: Ambassador’s wife dined with Queen at Theobalds, Herts.

1587: Roger: sent after D’Estrapes’ arrest: Feb 12: at court; Feb 15: audience. 1587: Chalonges: from Duke of Bouillon: Dec 9: at court.

1588: Châteauneuf: March 4: wife is returning to France; March 31: audience; May 9: audience, after ‘Day of the Barricades’; July 6: servants in affray; Nov 24: at Armada Thanksgiving Service; Nov 28: court news. 1589: Châteauneuf: Jan 19: took leave; Jan 28: court news.

1589: De Buhy: from Henri III, for a loan: June 12; June 26: sequel; July 20: audience. King Henri III died on July 24 (o.s.), and was succeeded by the King of Navarre, now King Henri IV of France.

1589: Beauvoir, Jean de la Fin, Sieur de: resident: 1589-1595. Aug 25: arrived, audience; Nov 7: audience.

1589: De Fresne: special Ambassador, for a loan: Nov 7. 1590: De Fresne: March 6: left London.

1590: Beauvoir: Jan 12,24: audiences, with De Fresne; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; May 16: audience, with De Incarville, for a loan; June 2: had a buck (on July 13); June 4: hopes to accompany Queen; Aug 13: Queen sends an emerald; invites him for hunting; Nov 8: audience, with Turenne; Nov 14, 27: court news.

56 1590: Viscount Turenne: for men and money: Nov 5: has arrived; Nov 8: audience, preparations in Kent; Nov 10,14: court news; Nov 16: Queen’s secret visit; Nov 17: at Tilt (Segar); Nov 20,22: court news; Nov 24: took leave; Nov 27: is leaving ‘much pleased’; Dec 1: in Essex; Dec 2: had received gift of a rapier. Returned in 1596 as Duke of Bouillon.

1590: De Mesnils: from Governor of Brittany: Dec 9: audience. 1591: Deputies from Brittany, for aid: Feb 6.

1591: Beauvoir: Feb 13: court news; April 3: signed contract for aid; April 9-10: with Earl of Essex; May 16: dined at Theobalds; May 25: audience; June 25: agreed accord; July 26: with Sir Henry Unton; Sept 1,3: audiences, with De Reau; Oct 15: audience.

1591: De Reau: special ambassador, for aid: April 3; April 6: left. Again: June 25: at Greenwich on his return; left on July 8. Again: Aug 25: is to return; Henri IV recommends him; Aug 26: Sir Robert Cecil describes the Queen’s displeasure; Aug 27: Cecil’s further news; Sept 1,3: audiences, took leave. Returned in 1596 as resident Ambassador.

1591: Garnier: July 7: sent from Dieppe with papers of Emanuel d’Andrada.

1591: Philippe Duplessis-Mornay: special ambassador, for aid: Dec 20: is coming; Dec 21: arrived; Dec 23,24: Queen displeased; December, end: description by his wife. 1592: Duplessis-Mornay: Jan 2: took leave; Jan 23: still at Dover; a messenger had come from France.

1592: Beauvoir: Jan 2, May 25: audiences; June 30: signed Contract; Aug 6: to have audience; Aug 17-20: with Count Mompelgart, visitor; Aug 17,18: audiences; Sept 27: at Oxford became Master of Arts; Oct 1: at Rycote; Oct 20: plague-deaths at his house.

1592: De Fourneaux: special ambassador, from Brittany for aid: June 8; July 2: took leave. 1592: De Sancy: special ambassador, from Henri IV: June 15; June 19: audience; June 30: signed Contract; July 2: took leave. 1592: De Poillé, special ambassador, from Duke of Montpensier, for aid: Oct 20; Oct 23: took leave.

1593: Beauvoir: Jan 29, Feb 23: court news; April 16: Vidame de Chartres, his son, arrived (see below); he accompanied him to audiences, and dinners; June 25: at Garter Installation, Windsor; Aug 24: dreads the Queen’s anger; Aug 26: audience; Dec 11: gave a dinner.

1593: Pregent de la Fin, Vidame de Chartres: for a loan and a treaty: April 16: arrived; April 18,22: audiences; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; April 29: audience; May 13: audience; May 15: dines with Sir Henry Unton; May 16: court news; May 21-22: with Earl of Essex; May 28: audience; June 12: court news; Aug 26: audience; Sept 14: recommends a Frenchman; Sept 20: took leave; Sept 26: at Southampton; Oct 25: in France with King.

1593: Jean Morlans: special Ambassador with news that Henri IV was to convert to Catholicism; June 10: described; July 14: Queen’s response; July 28: is leaving, with the Queen’s letter to the King.

57 1593: Ambroise de Mouy: sent for aid: Aug 23: left with the Queen’s letter; Oct 18: in France. 1593: Carenton: sent for aid: October, end. 1593: Beringham: has had audience: Nov 13. 1593: La Varenne: to report on a visit to Spain: Nov 23, Dec 3,4.

1594: Deputies from Brittany, for aid: March 6: audience; March 18: took leave; March 19: going to Holland.

1594: Beauvoir: April 11: audience; May 2: court news; Aug 2: audience; Aug 10: contract for forces for Brittany; Aug 31: lacks money to go to Scotland; Nov 27: gout delays his departure for France. 1594: Huguenot envoy, for aid: May 20. De Forges, for aid: Aug 2.

1595: Beauvoir: returning to France for 3 months: Feb 14; Feb 28: in London; March 4: audience; left for France, but did not return.

1595: Marshal Chorin, bringing deciphered letters: Feb 28: described; March 4: audience; left for France. 1595: La Fontaine: Agent in absence of an Ambassador: March 4. 1595: Chevalier, from Parlement of Paris, for aid: Aug 19, 22: described; Aug 27: to have audience. 1595: La Barauderie, from Henri IV, for aid: Aug 27: to have audience. 1595: La Haye, from Brittany, for aid: Sept 15: described.

1595: Lomenie: for aid: Oct 3,4, described; Oct 8,9: has offended the Queen; Oct 14: at Rye; Oct 15: comment; Nov 12: is at Dieppe; Nov 14: Queen enquires into his delayed voyage; Nov 22, 24: he is discontented (Lake). 1596: English Ambassador complained of Lomenie: Jan 10. 1596: De Sancy: special ambassador, for aid for Calais: April 10; April 11,14,21: audiences; thereafter at court with Duke of Bouillon.

1596: Duke of Bouillon: special ambassador, for a league with England: April 16,17: arrival described; April 20: is sick; April 24: his lodging; April 27,29: conferences with Council; May 5: Queen’s visit; May 7,8: at court; May 9: dissatisfied; May 10: audience; May 14,16: Treaty of Greenwich; May 17: took leave; May 18: left. July 25: preparations for Bouillon’s return, to witness ratification of Treaty of Greenwich; Aug 13: court news; Aug 16: at Dover; court preparations; Aug 20,21,28: court news; Aug 29: Duke witnessed Queen’s Oath: fully described; Sept 2: cupboard of plate; Sept 4,5,6: court news; Sept 7: has left, with gifts for the King; Sept 8: sailed from Kent; 1596 end: his description of the Queen. 1597: Dec 22: his secretary came for his cupboard of plate.

1596: Le Chatte, Governor of Dieppe: arrived with Duke of Bouillon: Sept 3: posthorses for him; Sept 4: leaves today; Sept 9: complains of his mis-treatment in Kent; Sept 14: left for Dieppe. Returned in 1600.

1596: De Reau, Antoine de Moret, Sieur: resident: August-November 1596. Aug 16: arrived with Duke of Bouillon; Sept 1: audience; Sept 22: Queen’s criticism; Sept 28: not at court; Oct 2: is discontented; Oct 8: audience; Nov 21: is leaving.

1597: Viergier: messenger, for aid: Jan 10. 1597: De Fouquerolles: for aid: April 2,3; left. 1597: De Reau: special ambassador, for aid: June 2,3; left. 1597: La Fontaine, French resident Agent: Oct 11: audience, discontented.

58 1597: De Maisse: Nov 22: described, arrived, to discuss peace negotiations; Nov 26; Nov 28: audience; Nov 30, Dec 2,3,4: court news; Dec 5: audience; Dec 14: audience; Dec 19: at Greenwich; Dec 21: audience; Dec 22,25,26,28,30: court news; Dec 27,31: audiences, all described. 1598: De Maisse: Jan 2,4; Jan 5: left; Jan 10: alleged hire of coaches.

1598: Boissise, Jean de Thumery, Sieur de: resident: 1598-1601. Oct 14: arrived, brother-in-law of De Maisse; Oct 22: audience; Nov 24: court news.

1599: Boissise: April 23: at Garter ceremonies; May 29: at bear-baiting; July 22: court news; Aug 16: coming to court; Aug 17: at Beddington; Aug 18: had admired the gardens; Nov 10: at Putney Park with Queen; Nov 13: dined at Chelsea; described the Queen’s return to Whitehall; Dec 4: at court with complaints.

1599: De La Motte: Aug 23: sent from Brest with news of a ‘Spanish’ fleet; Aug 29: fleet was Dutch. Imprisoned for debt; released in December.

1600: Boissise: Feb 29: had audience; June 17: was at Anne Russell’s marriage; Sept 12: hunting with Queen; Nov 13: dined at Chelsea; Nov 13: at Whitehall with Queen; Nov 17: at Accession Day Tilt.

1600: Le Chatte, Governor of Dieppe, to be proxy at Henri IV’s Garter Installation: April 17: expected in Kent, landed in Sussex; sequel: April 18,19,20; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; April 26: left for Windsor, in cavalcade; April 27: Installation at Windsor; April 28; April 29: took leave; May 5: feasted in London; May 6: left; May 10: Whyte’s court news.

1601: Boissise: Jan 11: Orsino dined with; Jan 12: his comment; Feb 5: with the Rohan brothers; April 20: alleged libellous letter; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; May 8: audience concerning the letter; May 9: Queen’s response; Dec 27: at court; Dec 29: court news.

1601 Duke of Biron in England. See ‘Prominent Foreigners: France’.

1601: Count Beaumont: Nov 16: to come as new Ambassador; Lord Mayor is to provide a house; Nov 27: is daily expected, but Lord Mayor in difficulties; Dec 27: still at Calais.

1602: Boissise: Jan 17: audience, with new Ambassador; Jan 30: to remain, to confer on trade; May 4: to take a letter; gift; May 14: at Dover.

1602: Count Beaumont: resident: 1601-1606. Jan 5: in Kent; Jan 9: in London; Jan 17: audience; Jan 26: his anecdote; Jan 30: to confer on trade; Feb 2,15,16: at court festivities with St Luc; Feb 23: to prepare for Duke of Nevers; April 3-17: with Duke of Nevers; May 21: at court; May 31: conversed with Queen; July 15: to accompany Queen on her progress; July 19: hunted with Queen; July 26: his wife at court; Aug 6: not at court; Sept 3, Nov 14: news of the Queen’s health; Nov 15: at Chelsea and Whitehall; Nov 19: at tournament; Nov 30, Dec 8: court news; Dec 9: Queen godmother to his child; Dec 10,15: christening described.

1603: Beaumont: March 3,5,14,18,22: news of Queen’s grief, ill-health; April 28: at her funeral.

59 Geneva: Agents from. No English Agents to Geneva during this .

1582: Jean Malliet: for aid against Savoy: Nov 13: described, arrived.

1583: Malliet: Jan 5: a national collection to be made for Geneva; March 7: Spanish Ambassador’s news of the collection; April 21: court sermon; April 24: contributors; May 6: Faunt’s news of; Sept 1: Queen’s letters to Switzerland; Sept 2: Malliet at court; Sept 4: passport; Sept 6: left.

1589: Jacob Leck: for aid against Savoy: Dec 23: audience. 1590: Leck: Jan 2: Queen wishes a collection to be made; July 18: Queen wrote to Switzerland for assistance for Geneva.

German States, Agents and Ambassadors to.

1558: Dr Christopher Mount: Agent: Dec 14-to 1572, died. 1560: Dr Mount: Dec 30: instructions to.

1562: Henry Knollys: to Protestant Princes: Aug 11. Returned Feb 1563.

1569: Henry Killigrew: to several States: Feb 14: left; May 25: letter to Sir William Cecil; Sept 22: returned.

1572: Dr John Sturm: Agent: 1572-1589, died. Sept 15: appointed, after Dr Mount’s death.

1572: Henry Horne: secret messenger to several States: Nov 21: described. 1573: Horne: Feb 9: at court on his return, with a medal; March 13: Duke of Saxony has sent to complain of Horne wearing his medal.

1573: John Sturm: July 24: is asked about vestments for ministers.

1575: Thomas Wilkes: Agent to Frederick III, Elector Palatine: Feb 16: left, to go secretly; May 12, June 10: in England; June 17: returning to Germany. Oct 28, Nov 1: sent back to England by Prince of Condé and Duke Casimir; Nov 10: in court on his return; Nov 25: left with messages. To be Agent with French Huguenot army.

1575: John Sturm: June 17: described by French Ambassador as ‘simple’.

1576: Dr Henry Furstemburg, financial agent: June 11: has a pension.

1577: Philip Sidney: to Ludwig, new Elector Palatine, to condole and congratulate: Feb 21: left, described; June 8: at court on his return; June 10: highly praised. 1577: Richard Allen: to Landgrave of Hesse: May 30: at a christening.

1577: Robert Beale: to several States: Aug 21: left. 1578: Beale: Feb 6: returned. 1578: Daniel Rogers: to Duke Casimir: Dec 5; Dec 19: news of Germans; Dec 31: advice to. 1579: Daniel Rogers: Jan 14: Casimir is coming to England, wishes him to escort him.

60 1579: John Sturm’s books: May 4.

1580: Daniel Rogers: Sept 7: to German bishops (abortive embassy). Oct 1: describes a book; Oct 10: captured, prisoner until ransomed, 1584. 1581: Stephen Lesieur: to attempt to obtain release of Daniel Rogers: Agent: 22 April 1581-October 1582.

1582: : sent from Antwerp to an Imperial Diet, July 3-Sept 20. July 31: sends a book of poems by Melissus.

1584: Stephen Lesieur: to Duke of Cleves: to negotiate for Daniel Rogers: March 1 (to December). Rogers was ransomed and released in October.

1586: Horatio Palavicino: to several States to negotiate a Treaty: Feb 15. Returned in March 1587.

1589: William Milward: Feb 26: sent for a loan for the Queen. 1590: Sir Horatio Palavicino: to several States: March 6: left. Returned in June. Again special ambassador: Dec 1. 1591: Palavicino: April 18: is to marry in Frankfurt. Returned in August.

1596: Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln: to Landgrave of Hesse: special Ambassador, proxy for the Queen, godmother to the Landgrave’s child: July 5,6: preparations, gifts; July 8,10: court news; July 27: left for Hesse, described; Oct 7: returned to England; Oct 16: criticised.

1596: John Wroth: to several States: July 27: left with Earl of Lincoln. Returned early 1597.

1597: Stephen Lesieur: to several States, and the Hanse Towns: Dec 26: left. Returned in April 1598. 1597: John Wroth: to several States, the Hanse Towns, and the Emperor: Dec 26: left. Returned in June 1598.

1598: George Carew: to States, Hanse Towns, Denmark, Poland: May 20: left; Dec 20: has returned.

German States: Ambassadors from.

1559: from Saxony: two special ambassadors for marriage with Duke William: Volrad Count of Mansfield; Francis Burchardt: Sept 18: arrived; Oct 1; Oct 3: Queen’s answer; Oct 20: Count Mansfield to have pension; left.

1560: from Saxony: Christopher Hartman, from Count Mansfield: March 16,26. 1560: from Count Mansfield: Hans Keck: May 3: offering a loan; May 12: comment.

1563 from Count Palatine: Gallus Tuschelin: April 15.

1564: from Wurttemberg: Allinga: to attempt to treat for marriage with Archduke Charles: Jan 15: arrived; Jan 16: court news; Jan 17: audience, described; Jan 20,24: court news; Jan 26: took leave, described; Jan 27: Queen’s reply.

1564: from Saxony: Husanus: Aug 8: at Cambridge during Queen’s visit.

61 1565: from Count Palatine: Tuschelin: July 21: audience.

1568: from Count Palatine: Emmanuel Tremelius: March 25: audience; April 8: his mission; April 28: Queen’s reward.

1568: from Count Palatine: Dr Junius: Dec 22: at court; Dec 28: is leaving. 1569: Dr Junius: Jan 10: is returning to court; Feb 14: left.

1569: from Deux-Ponts: May 28: an envoy is leaving. 1569: from Hesse: Sept 22: an envoy arrived; Oct 8: left with gifts. 1569: from Deux-Ponts: Oct 20: Dr Wolph, with news from La Rochelle. 1569: from Count Mansfield: Dec 18: brother Count Charles; Dec 21,27.

1570: from Count Palatine: his secretary, for aid: Jan 14: secret audience; Jan 18: has received 18,000 crowns.

1570: from Count Palatine and Duke of Saxony, for an alliance: Aug 1: have arrived; Sept 5: news of secret negotiations.

1570: from Duke August of Saxony: Hans Olsamer, special Ambassador; Dec 5: has arrived; Dec 18: described; Dec 20: sequel.

1571: from Frederick Elector Palatine: Aug 1: William Melville (a Scot). 1571: from Count Palatine: Dec 6: envoy to propose marriage to his son.

1572: from German princes: July 21: Casimbrot.

1573: from Count Palatine: his secretary: Feb 18; Feb 21: news; Feb 23: to be at Theobalds with the Queen: March 6: court news. 1573: from Elector Palatine: Pierre Dathenus: Dec 12: audience.

1574: from Germany: Frenchman called Dupin: Aug 13. 1574: from Count Palatine: William Melville: Sept 19; Sept 29: court news; Oct 5: has left; Oct 15: to return. 1574: envoy from Duke of Saxony: Sept 19,29; Oct 5: has left; Oct 15.

1575: from Elector Palatine: William Melville, for a loan: June 10.

1577: from Duke Casimir: La Personne secretly for aid: May 27.

1578: from Duke Casimir: Dr Beutterich: Feb 1: arrived; Feb 6: audience; March 2: gift; March 7: left; Oct 16: insolent letter. [Beutterich was in England with Casimir, Jan-Feb 1579].

1578: from Marquis of Brandenburg: Feb 22: a messenger. 1578: from Duke of Deux-Ponts: Christopher Landschad: March 19,27.

1578: from Duke Casimir: unnamed envoy: May 16; May 25: gift. 1578: from Duke Casimir: Dr Junius, for money: Sept 8: audience; Sept 9,10: court news; Oct 17: gift. [Casimir was in England himself, January-February 1579: see ‘Prominent Foreigners’: Germans: Palatine].

1579: from Count Palatine: a councillor, with a warning: Sept 6. 1579: Count Palatine will send an envoy with papers: Oct 9.

62 1582: from Count Palatine: John Leonard Haller: Aug 31 (note); Dec 22: at court, gift. 1583: Haller: Feb 20,21: in Scotland; allegedly robbed of the Queen’s gift. 1584: from Count Palatine: La Creance: March 12, sent as no news of Haller. Malleroy also sent: April 6; April 30: took leave.

1587: from Duke Casimir: La Huguerye: for aid for the King of Navarre: March, end; April 10: Walsingham’s news of him; April 30: wishes to leave; May 10: has letter for Casimir; May 19: response.

1587: from Duke Casimir: Dr John Junius, for aid: Nov 12; Dec 1: gift.

1588: from Duke Casimir: Denais: for aid: May 19. 1588: from Count Palatine: messenger warning of plan to poison Queen: June 24.

1592: from Frederick Elector Palatine, three special Ambassadors, for aid, and to return Duke Casimir’s Garter: July 9: described, audience; July 16: hunted, visited Theobalds; July 23: took leave; Aug 17: had met Count Mompelgart, Dover.

1595: from Duke of Wurttemberg: Baron Breuning, to request Garter for Duke: March 27: described; April 6: audience, described; April 23: at Garter ceremonies, described; April 26: took leave, described; May 6-8: visited palaces; May 10: at court; May 15: left, with purchases; Oct 15: his man still in England.

1595: from Landgrave Moritz of Hesse: Count of Solms, to request Garter for the Landgrave: April, start.

1596: from Landgrave Moritz of Hesse: Georg Meyerbug, to request the Queen to be godmother to his daughter: May 24: Queen sent the Earl of Lincoln to represent her.

1598: from Duke of Wurttemberg: Viman, messenger: Jan 19.

Hanse Towns, Ambassadors to. Including: Bremen, Brunswick, Cologne, Danzig, Emden, Hamburg, Stade.

1577: Dr John Rogers: July 20: left as Trade Commissioner; became special Ambassador to Hanse Towns; Dec 7: returned.

1580: Dr John Rogers: Aug 11: also to Denmark, Poland. To autumn 1581. 1584: William Herle: to Count John of Emden: June 8: left; July 22: news from Holland for the Queen. Returned in October. 1585: Thomas Bodley: to Brunswick: for a union of Protestant Princes: April 27; May 31: at Brunswick. Returned in August. 1586: William Herle: to Count Edzard of Emden: April 1; June 28: in Holland; Aug 23: at court on his return. 1587: Dr Giles Fletcher: Agent: May, end. Returned in October.

1590: Dr Christopher Parkins: May 9; also to Denmark, Poland. 1590-1591. 1596: Thomas Ferrers: Agent at Stade: March 9: concerning alchemical secrets for the Queen; May 18: passes on false reports of England. 1597: Stephen Lesieur: Dec 26. Returned in April 1598. 1597: John Wroth: Dec 26. Returned in June 1598. 1598: George Carew: May 20; also to neighbouring countries. Returned Dec 20.

63 Hanse Towns, Agents from.

1560: from Brunswick: Feb 28: two councillors about Duke Otto’s pension. 1560: four cities to send envoys: March 16; Aug 5: Agreement.

1564: from Brunswick: Andreas Saur: Jan 18,22; Jan 29: has left. 1564: from town of Emden: Trade Commissioners: March 25; April 13: returned.

1568: from Count of Emden: July 10.

1572: from Count of Emden: George Podwelson: Oct 10.

1578: from Count of Emden: May 22.

1579: George Lisemann: July, end.

1585: Commissioners for trade negotiations: Aug 13, Oct 3: at court; Nov 4: took leave.

1588: from Hamburg: Sebastian à Bergen, Secretary of the Senate: Sept 27.

1590: Councillors from Hamburg: July 2.

1593: from Hamburg: Sebastian à Bergen: Aug 4,7.

1599: from Hamburg: Deputies, including Bergen: May 12: arrived; May 26: asked for audience; June 24: at court for their answer.

1602: from Stade: Langius: April 25: at court.

Italian States, Agents and Ambassadors to.

(Queen Mary): Dr Edward Carne: resident, recalled in 1559 but remained in Rome, where he died in 1561.

1596: James Guicciardini: Earl of Essex’s Agent: to take messages and portraits to Duke of Florence: June 19; Sept 16; Oct 25. 1596: Dr Henry Hawkins: Earl of Essex’s Agent in Venice: letters to and from: June 19; Aug 1,13,20; Sept 3,4; Oct 9,16; Nov 6; Dec 10.

1600: Ludovic Bryskett: special ambassador to Florence: Nov 15-early 1601.

Italian States, Agents from.

1590: De Gozzi: Agent from Ragusa: May 6: dispute with Scottish Ambassador.

1603: Giovanni Carlo Scaramelli: Agent from Venice. Jan 26: arrived at Dover; Jan 29: in London; Feb 6: audience, described; Feb 9: Councillors to meet him; March 10: news of the Queen’s grief and ill-health; April 28: declined to attend Protestant funeral; his tribute to the Queen.

64 Low Countries: Agents and Ambassadors to. 17 , including Holland, and Flanders (now mainly in Belgium); ruled by the King of Spain.

1559: Sir Thomas Chaloner: resident: 1559-1560. July 10: to King Philip II at Brussels; Aug 25: King left for Spain; Aug 27: Chaloner now Ambassador to the Regent, Margaret Duchess of Parma.

1559: Sir : Agent in Flanders: Dec 20: Instructions, before leaving for Antwerp and Brussels; knighted by Dec 23. From 20 Nov 1558 Gresham was also the Queen’s chief financial agent, until his death in 1579.

1560: Chaloner: Jan 6: Brussels news; Feb 5: replaced by Gresham.

1560: Sir Thomas Gresham: Jan 22: sends news from Antwerp. Feb 5: Agent in the Low Countries; May 12,29, June 16, July 2,4: Antwerp news; July 21: in London; Aug 18: Antwerp news.

1563: Dr Valentine Dale: to Duchess of Parma, for trade: Dec 27. To March 1564. 1564: John Shers: to Duchess of Parma, for trade: March 3. To April.

1565-1566: See Trade Commissioners, to meet Duchess of Parma’s Commissioners.

1566: Sir Thomas Gresham: Aug 7: in Lincolnshire with the Queen, prior to returning to Antwerp; was to make purchases for the Queen.

1567: Sir Thomas Gresham: Jan 12: at court on his return; Jan 27-Feb 1: Queen’s visit, at Osterley; March 9: sends news fom Antwerp; May 6: in London, with sword ordered by the Queen.

1570: Commissioners left to negotiate with Duke of Alva over seized ships: March 12; June 1: have returned.

1570: Henry Cobham: to the Duke of Alva and the new Queen Anne of Spain: Aug 18: left; Aug 31: had audience with the new Queen; Sept 4: ships at Antwerp. Cobham went on to Germany, to visit the Emperor. Dec 10: returned.

1574: Dr Thomas Wilson: to Flanders, to the Spanish Governor. Oct 20: is to leave; Nov 7: left; Nov 8,13: court news. 1575: Dr Wilson: March 21: is to return; April 7: is coming with Dutchman.

1575: Daniel Rogers: Agent in the Low Countries: June 8: sent to William of Orange over merchants’ grievances. 1575: Robert Corbet: sent to Spanish Governor of Low Countries: Oct 29. 1575: John Hastings: sent to William of Orange: Oct 29; Nov 21: news of a forthcoming Dutch embassy. 1576: Hastings: Jan 2: returned to London. 1576: Corbet: Jan 31: had returned to London.

1576: Daniel Rogers: Jan 2: back in London; Jan 3,6,9: extracts from journal. March 1: Agent in the Low Countries (1576-78): May 3,10, June 6: news from him; June 20: at court on his return; June 24: left again, with Sir William Wynter.

1576: John Herbert: sent after news, March 4, that Lucrecia, betrothed to the Portuguese Ambassador, was robbed at sea by Dutch pirates: March 5: Queen’s anger; Herbert left; May 3: detained in Zeeland; May 10: left for England.

65 1576: William Davison: sent for a cessation of arms: March 31: left; May 18: returned. 1576: Robert Beale: to William of Orange, to complain about pirates: April 16: left; May 31: the Prince’s promises; July 26: at court on return. 1576: Sir William Wynter: to William of Orange: June 24: left; July 21: Convention; July 26: at court on his return; Aug 7: court news.

1576: Dr Thomas Wilson: to Don John, coming to be new Governor of Low Countries: Oct 25: left. Returned in July 1577.

1576: Edward Horsey: sent to Don John: Dec 20: left. 1577: Horsey: Jan 15: at court on his return; Jan 16: to be sent back; Jan 18: sent again to Don John; Feb 5: at court on return.

1577: William Davison: sent to William of Orange: Jan 18: left; back c.Feb 15. Aug 3: Agent to Low Countries (1577-79): Aug 30, Sept 3: to obtain a linen suit for the Queen; Sept 17: describes Marquis of Havrech, coming to England.

1577: Dr Thomas Wilson: Feb 5: news from Brussels of an author; June 11: his audience with Don John; June 22: described Viscount of Ghent, coming to England; July 13: returned, with portrait of Marchioness of Havrech.

1577: Daniel Rogers: sent to William of Orange: June 26.

1577: Thomas Leighton: to the States and Don John: Dec 23: left. 1578: Leighton: Feb 4: at court on his return. Sent again to the States and Don John, after a Dutch defeat: Feb 7; Feb 23: back.

1578: Daniel Rogers: Agent since 1576: Feb 1: returned. Sent again to the States to offer aid: March 7; March 24: with William of Orange; May 16: has returned, after also visiting Duke Casimir.

1578: Thomas Wilkes: sent to Don John: April 4: left; April 29: returned.

1578: William Davison: received £20,000 for Casimir: May 20.

1578: Sir Francis Walsingham: special ambassador, with Lord Cobham, to negotiate for a peace between the Dutch States and Don John: May 11: Queen is deciding whom to send; June 13: preparations; June 15: took leave; embassy described; June 17; July 18: Queen’s orders; July 29: with Cobham has been rebuked by the Queen; Aug 9: Queen’s hasty letter; Aug 18: his opinion of Duke of Alençon; Aug 29: letters taken to him by John Somers; Sept 8: De Bacqueville’s request; Sept 15: may return home; Sept 28: gift; Oct 7: at court on his return.

1578: William Brooke, 10th Lord Cobham: special ambassador, with Walsingham: June 13: took leave; June 15: embassy described; June 17; July 18,29; Aug 9; Sept 15: may return home; Sept 28: gift; Oct 7: at court on his return.

1578: John Somers: sent from Cobham and Walsingham: July 16,17,18: at court; is to recall them, unless they need to remain longer.

1579: William Davison: Jan 10: news of Duke Casimir, coming to England; April 25: to obtain cloth for Earl of Leicester; May 25: returned to England, with jewels pawned by the Dutch.

66 1582: Fulke Greville: sent to the injured William of Orange: March 24: left; April 7: at court on his return. 1582: Edward Norris: sent to the recovering William of Orange: April 2: left; April 15: has returned.

1583: Edward Darcy: to Duke of Alençon and William of Orange: Jan 20: left; March 2: at court on his return.

1583: John Somers: to Alençon, the States, and William of Orange: March 17: left; April 20: at court on his return. 1583: George Gilpin: Agent 1583-1585. June 23: sends news of Alasco.

1584: Edward Dyer: to William of Orange: Jan 31; Feb 28: returned. 1584: John Somers: to condole and confer after William’s murder: July 7.

1584: William Davison: special Ambassador, 1584-1585. Oct 12: to go to Holland; Nov 13: left, to prevent Dutch offering Sovereignty to King of France. 1585: Davison: March 13: instructions to; April 21: Deputies are at ; June 24: in England, met Deputies.

1585: Edward Burnham: sent with Queen’s message: March 9: left; April 20: at court, on return; April 21: his news. 1585: George Gilpin: April 24: news of Dutch Deputies. 1585: William Davison: Councillor on Dutch Council of State: 1585-1586. Aug 25,26: is returning to the States; Sept 30: took the keys of Brill.

1585: Dr Bartholomew Clerke: Councillor on Dutch Council: 1585-Nov 1586. Henry Killigrew: Councillor on Dutch Council: 1585-Nov 1586. Nov 16: appointed; Dec 6: taking bread and beer. 1586: Killigrew: Jan 12: still in Kent; Jan 24: at the Hague; Oct 12: replaced by Thomas Wilkes; Nov 30: in England, his advice.

1586: Sir Thomas Heneage: to the States, and Earl of Leicester, after he accepted to be Governor-General: Feb 10: his instructions, and the Queen’s angry letter to Leicester; Feb 13: her letter to the States; Feb 14: left for Kent; March 3: at Flushing; March 17,18: sequel; April 27: Queen’s instructions, and angry letter to Heneage; May 13: Burghley’s advice; June 10: at court on return.

1586: William Herle: sent from the Hague as special ambassador to : June 28; Aug 23: at court on his return.

1586: Thomas Wilkes: to the States, and Earl of Leicester: July 19,21: chosen by Queen; July 21: left; Sept 15: at court on his return. Councillor on Dutch Council: 12 Oct 1586-June 1587.

1587: Thomas Sackville, 1st Lord Buckhurst: special ambassador: March 15: left; May 3: Queen’s criticism; left for England soon after Earl of Leicester arrived on June 26; July 18: is barred from court; July 19: before Privy Council; July 25: Council’s letter to Leicester; July 27: Leicester’s letter; Buckhurst long out of favour.

1587: Dr Bartholomew Clerke: with Buckhurst: March 15; also left for England after Leicester arrived.

1587: Thomas Wilkes: April 13: his advice; also left after Leicester arrived; June 12: report to the Queen; June 15: imprisoned; July 25: Council’s letter to Leicester; July 31: released from prison, but long out of favour.

67 1587: Henry Killigrew: Councillor on Dutch Council: June 25. To Jan 1589. 1587: Robert Beale: Councillor on Dutch Council: June 26. To Sept 1587.

1587: Dr John Herbert: special ambassador: Oct 1587-Feb 1588. Oct 8; Oct 10/15: memo for him; Oct 17: left, with Ortell, Dutch Agent.

1587-1588: See Peace Commissioners, for Peace with Spain.

1588: Killigrew: April 18, June 30: warning of Duke of Parma’s preparations. 1588: Sir : special ambassador: Oct 20; to December. 1588: Thomas Bodley: Councillor on Dutch Council: Nov 8. To June 1593.

1591: Sir John Norris: special ambassador: Jan 1-March.

1593: George Gilpin: Councillor on Dutch Council: June 30-1602 Sept 4, died.

1594: Thomas Bodley: special ambassador, and Councillor on Dutch Council: 1594-December 1596. May 15: left; Sept 22: in England, audience.

1594: Sir Thomas Wilkes: to go to Archduke Ernest: Sept 14. Cancelled.

1595: Thomas Bodley: in England: May 8; May 12: audience; May 24: Queen’s displeasure; July 11: is ordered to return to Holland.

1596: Sir Francis Vere: Feb 17: special ambassador. To c.April 20.

1598: Dr Giles Fletcher: May 23: left; June 2: sends news of a dumb-show. Returned in July.

1598: Sir Francis Vere: June 7: left; July 8: at court on his return; Nov 1: again special ambassador (to December).

1601: George Buc: sent to Sir Francis Vere (injured commander), and to Count Maurice: Aug 19; Sept 1: payment on his return.

Low Countries: Ambassadors from.

1558: Christophe d’Assonleville: from Philip II, at Brussels. Nov 18: at Hatfield with new Queen; Nov 27: with the Queen; Dec 11: audience. Left England. Returned in 1563 and 1569.

1563: D’Assonleville: from Duchess of Parma, Regent of Low Countries; for trade and shipping. April 3: in London; April 4: audience, described; April 10,17: court news; April 23: audience; April 27,28,30: court news; May 8: court news; May 15: audience; May 21: court news; May 27: took leave; May 28: secret memorandum concerning the Queen.

1564: De la Torre, from Duchess of Parma and Philip II, for trade: Jan 1: described; Jan 8: court news; Jan 13: took leave.

1564: Sweveghem, Sieur de: from Duchess of Parma, for trade: May 5: audience; May 9: gift to him. Returned in 1571, 1574, 1576.

1565: Commissioners for trade matters: from Duchess of Parma: June 15; July 23: took leave.

68 1567: De Maldeghem: from Duchess of Parma, for aid. June 2: arrived, with Emperor’s ambassador; June 4,15: audiences; June 22: took leave; June 25: his gifts; July 5: at Antwerp.

1568: Jerome Tseraerts, William of Orange’s : March 30; April 3,8. 1568: Brucel and Dolhain, from William of Orange: Oct 30.

1569: Christophe d’Assonleville: from Duke of Alva, over seized ships and money. Jan 20: in Kent, letters; Jan 23,25: Lord Mayor’s letters; Jan 26,29,30, Feb 1, Feb 3,5,19: news of him; Feb 22,25: met Councillors; March 1: passport; March 5: left London; March 7: description of him; March 11: left England, without having audience with Queen.

1569: Marquis Vitelli: from Duke of Alva, over seized ships and money: Sept 14: passport; Oct 7: at Calais; Oct 9: his low birth; Oct 15: at Dover; Oct 16: letter to Alva; moved to Surrey and Bucks; Oct 22: first audience, described; Oct 22: audience, described; Oct 28; comment; Oct 30: met Councillors; Oct 31: his letter; Nov 6: audience; Nov 11: again met Councillors; Nov 17: audience; Nov 26: had given satin to Queen; Nov 27: was asked to leave England; may await Alva’s reply; Dec 1: court news; Dec 15: audience; Italian plot; Dec 18: audience; Dec 19: began journey to Dover and Calais; Dec 27: was given two horses.

1569: Lumbres, from William of Orange, for aid: Dec 18,21: in London.

1570: William of Orange’s servant, for aid: Feb 25. 1570: Thomas Fiesco, from Duke of Alva: March 12: left. Returned in 1571. 1570: Tseraerts, from William of Orange: June 17: audience; June 22: has left. 1570: Commissioners, from Duke of Alva, to visit seized ships: July 14-October.

1571: Sweveghem, from Duke of Alva: Commissioner for restitution of seized goods: March 12: arrived, described; March 18: audience; April 11: at court; April 26: audience; Dec 15: summoned to court; Dec 19: at a dinner.

1571: Fiesco, from Duke of Alva: second Commissioner: May 20: arrived; June 20: proposes Archduke Rudolf as suitor to the Queen. [September: returned for further instructions. Back in England in December].

1572: Fiesco: Jan 2: audience; Feb 17: audience. Soon left for Flanders. 1572: Sweveghem: Jan 2,13: audiences; Feb 17: audience; Feb 22: Council’s answer; March 25,31: court news; April 10: audience; April 22: took leave. Returned in 1574.

1572: Casimbrot: from Dutch and German Princes: July 21: at Havering. 1572: Boisot: from William of Orange, secretly for aid: Nov 4: has left. 1572: Commissioners from Holland, for aid: 1572-1573: Dec 24: in London. 1573: Commissioners: Jan 7: four have come; Feb 16: three have left.

1573: Lumbres: from William of Orange, going to France: June 6: was captured by English pirates; June 7: audience; June 9: news of a plot; has left.

1574: Gilles, Baron d’Aubigny: from Requesens, new Governor of Low Countries: Jan 14: arrived; Jan 17: audience; Jan 18: comment; Jan 20: took leave; Jan 26: court news. Returned in 1576.

69 1574: Trade Commissioners from Flanders: Jean de Boischot and Sweveghem: Jan 2,18: are coming; Feb 10: have arrived; Feb 15; April 6: are plotting; May 3: court news; June 22: Sweveghem’s abortive audience, described; June 25,28: court news, of a visitor; July 5: Sweveghem going to Devon; July 28: at Plymouth; Aug 1: Boischot’s court news; Aug 17: going to Bristol; Aug 21: Treaty of Bristol; Sept 19: expenses for Sweveghem; Oct 10: Boischot took leave; Oct 15; Nov 1: Sweveghem took leave; Nov 7: left with Dr Wilson; Nov 8,13: court news. Boischot returned in 1575, Sweveghem in 1576.

1574: Textor: sent by La Noue: April 19; April 20: has left for Holland. 1574: Calvert: ’s Agent: April 19: at court; Dec 24: to return to Holland.

1575: Jean de Boischot: with requests from the King of Spain over trade: March 31: has arrived; April 7: described; audience; April 26: Queen received him as an agent, not an ambassador; June 7: court news; Sept 1: took leave; Sept 15,16: left on The Achates for Calais.

1575: Calvert: Agent from William of Orange: mid-October. Edward Chester: from the States of Holland: mid-October. Oct 29: both referred to by the Queen, who sent her own envoys.

1575: Dutch Deputies, from William of Orange, to offer the Queen Sovereignty of Holland and Zeeland: Nov 21: are coming; Dec 17: Queen distressed at the news; Dec 20: their coming made public.

1576: Dutch Deputies: Paul Buys; Philippe de St Aldegonde: Jan 2: arrived in London; Jan 7: at court; Jan 9: audience; Jan 14: court news; Jan 26-27: St Aldegonde at court; Jan 28, Feb 11,12: court news; March 18: took leave; March 23: the Queen’s answer, declining Sovereignty over Holland and Zeeland; March 29: they are leaving.

1576: Sieur de Champagney: special Ambassador from Requesens, Spanish Governor of the Low Countries, to dissuade the Queen from accepting Sovereignty: Jan 27: arrived, described; wishes to meet Lord Burghley; Jan 28,31: court news; Feb 5: audience, described; Feb 6,8: court news; Feb 11,12,15: his news; Feb 18: audience, described; Feb 19: at court; Feb 25: describes his ‘useless’ week; Feb 27,28: his news; Feb 29: court news; Feb 29-March 1: at Eltham, with Tournament at Greenwich; March 2: audience; March 5: at court, bear-baiting; March 6: is praised; at Gresham House and court; March 15: his news; March 16: audience; March 19: audience, to notify the death of Requesens; March 20: his court news; March 21: took leave; March 23: gift; his ship; March 29: has sailed, returning to his post as Governor of Antwerp.

1576: Gilles, Baron D’Aubigny: from the States, having taken up arms against the Spanish again: Nov 4: audience; Nov 11: took leave. 1576: Jacques Taffin: over merchants’ grievances: Nov 25. Left March 1577. 1576: Sweveghem: from the States, for a loan: Dec 15,18: audiences; received a loan to take to Brussels.

1577: De Gastel: from Don John, new Governor: Jan 21; Jan 24: took leave. Sent again: Nov 23; Nov 26: his news; Dec 1: audience; Dec 9: to leave; Dec 11: gift. 1577: De Famars: from William of Orange, for aid: Feb 20; March 7: gift. Sent again: Aug 6: at court; Aug 30: is well used; Sept 29: is leaving. Sent again: Nov 26. Became Agent: January 1578.

70 1577: William Melville (a Scot): from William of Orange: May 24.

1577: Robert, Viscount of Ghent: from Don John, to dissuade alliance with William of Orange: June 19: lodgings made ready; June 22: arrived, described; audience; June 24: second audience; June 26: court news; June 30: audience; July 6: took leave.

1577: George Fremin: from Flanders: Aug 12; Aug 30: is in Brussels.

1577: Marquis of Havrech: special Ambassador from the States, for aid, with Adolf van Meetkerk: Sept 17: arrived, described; Sept 18: preparations for him; Sept 22: audience, described; Sept 23,24,25: at Staines and Eton; Sept 27,28: audiences; Sept 29: at Windsor; praised; Sept 30: at Eton; in September visited Hampton Court; Oct 6: audience; Oct 10: court news; Oct 18: audience; Nov 4: moved to London, after his brother was temporarily imprisoned at Ghent; Nov 10: news of him; Nov 17: at a tournament in London; Nov 19-21,24: audiences, Windsor; Nov 26: news of him; Dec 1: at court, described; Dec 9: audience; Dec 10: followed Queen to Hampton Court; Dec 12,14: took leave; Dec 16: Queen’s gifts; Dec 17,21: praise of him. Returned in March 1578.

1577: from Governor of Hainault: De la Moullery: Oct 10.

1578: De Famars: to be Dutch Agent: Jan 12,23: audiences.

1578: Marquis of Havrech: special Ambassador from the States, for a loan: March 11: arrived; March 18: comment; March 21,28: audiences; April 10: took leave; April 11: news of him; April 19: received £5000.

1581: St Aldegonde: from William of Orange: arrived with Duke of Alençon: Oct 31; Nov 2: brought money for Alençon; Nov 7: Alençon is spending it; Nov 22: informed Antwerp that Queen was to marry; Dec 9: Queen’s response. 1582: St Aldegonde: Jan 17: in secret treaty with Queen.

1582: Commissioners: Jan 21: sent by William of Orange, to hasten Alençon’s departure; Jan 24: presented to the Queen; Feb 9: Queen’s anger with them.

1583: Joachim Ortell: Aug 2: to be resident Agent. 1583-1590, died.

1584: De Grise: from Brabant: March 13: is leaving.

1584: Envoy from Prince de Chimay, Governor of Flanders: April 6; May 31: Princess’s letter to the Queen.

1584: Joachim Ortell: June 3: Deputies are coming; July 25: Ortell is at Gravesend, going to Holland; Aug 17,19: to be sent back as a Deputy from the States; Aug 29: has arrived, with De Grise, for advice and aid; Sept 4: Queen declined to accept Sovereignty over United Provinces.

1584: De Grise: July 6: to be sent after William of Orange’s murder; Aug 17: to be sent as Deputy with Ortell, for advice and aid. 1584: Suderman: from the Admiral of the States: Sept 4.

1584: Zuffarino, from the Prince of Parma: Dec 10: news of him, was refused audience; Dec 28: ‘a notable knave’, going to France.

71 1585: De Grise: to ask Queen to take the States under her protection; March 12: described, audience; March 13: left for Holland. 1585: Joachim Ortell: March 12, April 21: audiences.

1585: Dutch Deputies: to offer the Queen Sovereignty over the States: April 21: are at the Hague; April 24: their repeated delays; June 24: arrived, described; June 29: audience, described; June 30, and July: conferences with Privy Council; July 19: news; July 26: audience, described; July 30: expenses; Aug 2: provisional Treaty; Aug 10: Treaty of Nonsuch; Aug 12: Convention for Relief of Antwerp; Queen’s speech; Aug 13: some Deputies are leaving; Sept 4: supplementary Treaty; Oct 24: four Deputies ready to leave; Oct 31: audience.

1586: Augustin Grafigna: from Duke of Parma over possible peace negotiations: April 21. Returned to England, with William Bodenham: June 24; July 8: Queen’s complaints of them.

1586: Dutch Deputies: Oct 2: preparing to come; Nov 27: two have arrived. 1586: Joachim Ortell: Nov 27: three Dutchmen have arrived.

1587: Dutch Deputies: Jan 28: audience, described; Jan 30: with Privy Council; Feb 1: at court (referred to by Davison); Feb 6: Leicester’s gold chains for; Feb 16: at Sir Philip Sidney’s funeral; Feb 28: De Buhy brought a letter critical of Leicester. Deputies returned home in March.

1587: Andreas de Loo: from Duke of Parma over peace negotiations: April 20. 1587: George Fremin: with news: June 14. 1587: Ortell accompanied John Herbert, special Ambassador: Oct 17 (to Feb 1588).

1588: Dutch Deputies: to urge Queen not to make peace with Spain: Feb 2: arrived; Feb 4,5: audience, Queen’s response; Feb 21: took leave.

1588: Joachim Ortell: March 12: audience. 1588: Martin Blavoet: from the Captains of Camphire: April 7,8; April 26: has an annuity. 1588: Deputy from , for aid: May 15. 1588: Deputies from Dutch Reformed Churches: July 2: with Walsingham; July 5: brief meeting with the Queen; July 10: audience, and sequel.

1589: Dutch Commissioners: May 5: are expected; May 23,26: audience; June 19: have no authority. Left in September.

1590: St Aldegonde: from the States, with deciphered letters: March 9,10; March 25: payment to sea-captain. 1590: Andreas de Loo, from Duke of Parma, for peace negotiations. April 2: described; Aug 30: has died; the Queen has his papers. 1590: Joachim Ortell: Sept 7: has died, burial in London. 1590: Dutch Deputies: concerning shipping: Dec 20. Left February 1591.

1591: Noel Caron: resident Agent for United Provinces: 1591-1624, died. July 20: audience. 1592: Noel Caron: April 22: court news; July 28: audience; Aug 6; Aug 7: Queen’s visit; Nov 14: audience, fully described; Dec 10: action taken after audience.

1593: Noel Caron: April 6: problems with the Queen’s elephant, a gift from King of France; Dec 4: court news. 1593: Lord Burghley’s views on Dutch Deputies: Dec 7.

72 1594: Noel Caron: Jan 2: at court; June 3: problems with the elephant; June 12: news of Justin of Nassau; July 15: audience.

1594: Dutch Ambassadors, on way from christening in Scotland: Oct 5,11.

1595: Noel Caron: Nov 1: audience; Nov 17: at Tilt with Queen, described; Dec 3: court news.

1596: Calvert: accompanied French envoy, negotiating a league: April 16; May 7: his news; May 18: left for Holland.

1596: Dutch Deputies, for further aid: Sept 6: arrived; Sept 7: court news; Sept 22: court news; Sept 23: their poor accommodation; Sept 24: court news; Sept 25: first audience, described; Sept 28,30: court news; Dec 2: in Holland. 1596: Noel Caron: Nov 2: entertained Dutch Deputies before their departure.

1597: Noel Caron: Jan 16: going to Holland; Feb 2: left; April 30: audience on return; May 20: at court; Sept 15,24: court news; Nov 16, Dec 6: audiences.

1598: Deputies from : Jan 10. 1598: Burghers of Middelburg: Feb 8. 1598: Burgomasters of Dort: March 10.

1598: Noel Caron: Feb 18: at court; July 31, Aug 1: at court with Dutch Deputies.

1598: Dutch Deputies, opposed to peace with Spain: March 9: arrived; March 16: audience; April 5: at court; left on May 10. Two more Dutch Deputies arrived from France: May 11: described; May 16: Lord Mayor to provide house; May 17,19: audiences; May 20: comment; May 21: suddenly left; May 22: Earl of Essex’s letter. More Dutch Deputies: July 10: arrived; July 18: audience; July 31: audience, and sequel; Aug 6: Treaty of Alliance; Aug 16: contract; Aug 17: passports; Aug 18: gifts

1599: Noel Caron: June 6: at Windsor; July 7,22: Queen to visit; July 23: needs venison and music; July 27: Queen visited at Clapham, Surrey; Oct 15: at court; Oct 16: sent to Holland by the Queen for peace negotiations; Dec 4,6: has had audience on return; Dec 28: has been at court.

1599: Dutch Deputies: Oct 17: to come; Nov 13: daily expected; Nov 24: hourly expected; Dec 4: Noel Caron has returned alone.

1600: Noel Caron: Jan 26: had audience; Feb 22,24,26: court news; March 1,3: court news; March 22, April 3: at court; April 12: had audience; April 22: requests passport for Dutch esquire; July 25: had audience; Aug 8: to come to court; Aug 20: at court with Barbary Ambassador; Aug 31: knighted prior to being sent to Low Countries; Oct 13: at court on his return.

1600: Walloon envoy with Council: Feb 26.

1601: Sir Noel Caron: Aug 22: sent to the States by the Queen.

1602: Sir Noel Caron: April 29: informed Queen of proposed duel.

73 Navarre, King of: Ambassador to. Navarre was united with France in 1589.

1585: Arthur Champernown: to offer assistance to the King. May 20: in France. Returned in July.

Navarre, King of: Ambassadors from.

1561: De Foix, sent by King Antoine to Scotland: Nov 17: in London; Nov 19: audience; Nov 23,27: court news. Returned in 1562 as resident French Ambassador to England.

1569: Dovet, from Princes of Condé and Navarre, to thank Queen for aid: Jan 10. To April.

1569: Bourdeille, from Condé to effect a league: March 12. [March 13: Louis Prince of Condé killed in battle].

1569: De Vezines, from Queen of Navarre: April 19: audience.

1569: Pardillan and Saint-Simon, to condole: May 6,9,16.

1570: President of Brittany, from Queen of Navarre: Aug 4,11,12.

Queen Jeanne died in 1572; thereafter envoys came from her son, King Henri III of Navarre and/or the young Henri Prince of Condé.

1576: Du Pin, from the King; Oct 23: at court; Oct 26: took leave.

1577: Philippe Duplessis-Mornay: resident: from the King for aid: 1577-1578. April, end: wife’s description of his embassy; July 23: at court.

1577: Ségur: with news of peace in France: Dec 1; Dec 5: gift; Dec 11: left.

1578: Duplessis-Mornay: June 1: birth of daughter; Aug 17: took leave at Norwich, described; Aug 18: had ‘favourable hearing’; Aug 23: going to Holland.

1580: Duplessis-Mornay: from the King and Condé, with news: April 30: has left. Sent again, from the King: June 2,5: at court. Prince of Condé’s own visit, June 18-July 1: ‘Prominent Foreigners: France’.

1581: Duplessis-Mornay: resident: from the King for aid: 1581-1582. September, end: wife’s description of his embassy. Left in February 1582.

1582: De la Roque: with news of reformed churches: July 9: took leave.

1582: De Senegas: for advice: Sept 19: audience; in France by Oct 17.

1583: Jacques Ségur, King’s secretary: Sept 6: has come; Sept 8,12: audiences; Oct 7: took leave; Dec 1: news of him from Paris.

1584: Jacques Ségur: for aid: Oct 4: has arrived; Oct 16: has been at court; Dec 13,15: at Southampton, on his way abroad. 1585: Ségur: March 21: made a good report on his return.

74 1585: William Fenner: at court from the King: April 16.

1585: Jacques Ségur: for a loan: June 1: again in England; June 17: loan denied; July 2: now has a loan; July 3: took leave; July 17: is leaving, discontented.

1585: Buzenval, Paul Choart, Sieur de: to be resident Agent: Dec 12.

1586: De Quitry: sent for a loan: Jan 14: left for Holland. 1586: Buzenval: Sept 10: warned about a foreign jeweller.

1587: De la Roche Gisard: for aid: Feb 8: audience.

1587: Saluste du Bartas, poet, diplomat, sent to England and Scotland. April 30: described; audience; May 1: has a sonnet for the Queen; May 8: took leave; spent summer in Scotland with King James. 1587: Buzenval: May 1: and Du Bartas; Aug 26: audience.

1588: Du Fay: sent after Henri Prince of Condé’s death: March 17; March 19: audience; April 2: took leave.

1588: De Mouy: April 9; July 6: his servants in an affray.

1588: D’Amboise: for aid: Aug 6: audience; Aug 17: in France.

In 1589 the King became King Henri IV of France: see ‘Ambassadors from France’.

North Africa: Agents and Ambassadors to.

1577: Edmund Hogan: Agent to Emperor of Morocco: April 22: left; June 1: audiences described; Sept 2: has returned to court.

1585: Henry Roberts: Agent of Barbary Company to Morocco: 1585-1589. Aug 14: left.

1589: Roberts: Jan 12: returned, with a Moroccan Ambassador, described.

1590: Edward Prynne: special Ambassador: c.18 Feb 1590-March 1591.

North Africa: Ambassadors from.

1589: Moroccan Ambassador, Mushac Reyz: Jan 12: described, arrived; Feb 26,27: court news; March 3: Queen’s gift; March 19: is to leave in disguise; April 18: sailed for Portugal.

1600: Barbary Ambassador, Abd el-Ouahed: Aug 8: described, arrived; Aug 11: a house for him; Aug 16: in London; Aug 20: audience, described; Sept 10: audience; Sept 15: his proposition; Sept 22: needs shipping; Sept 26: his offer; Sept 28,29, Oct 8: ships; Oct 15: is to leave; Oct 20: took leave (but remained); Nov 1: his expenses; Nov 13: a house near Whitehall; Nov 17: had a standing to see the Tilt. 1601: February, start: left England.

75 Poland: Ambassadors to. Combined with visits to neighbouring countries.

1581: Dr John Rogers. 1584: Dr John Herbert. 1588: William Harborne, on way back from Turkey. 1590-1591: Dr Christopher Parkins. 1594: Dr Parkins: Dec 29: left. Returned in June 1595. 1598: George Carew: May 20: left; Dec 20: has returned.

Poland: Ambassadors from.

1582: Stanislaus Ossowinski: for trade: Sept 9: audience; Sept 18: took leave; with greyhounds.

1597: Paul Dzialynski: mainly for complaints about merchants: July 23: described; Lord Mayor to provide a house, and July 24; July 25: audience described; Queen’s angry response in ; July 26: orders to London merchants; July 27: Burghley’s response; July 27: Beale’s letter; July 28, Aug 6: Queen’s speech praised; Aug 10: court news; Aug 15: passport for Poles.

1600: Dr William Bruce: for a passport for Prince of Transylvania: Aug 20: arrived; Sept 9: received licence; Sept 21: is leaving.

Portugal: Ambassador to.

1579: Edward Wotton: to congratulate new King Henrique: May 16-October.

Portugal: Agents and Ambassadors from.

1559: Joam Pereira: April 15: to condole and congratulate. 1561: D’Aranjo: for trade: April 8; April 24: requests granted. 1562: D’Antas: May 20: described, audience; May 27, June 6: replies; June 23: took leave. 1564: Cardoso, for trade: Nov 19: audience.

1568: Dr Alvarez: for trade: April 3: arrived; April 10,14,24: audiences; June 12: court news; Dec 19: final audience.

1572: Francisco Giraldi: resident Ambassador: 1572-1579. Feb 2: signed Treaty with England.

1576: Giraldi: March 4: his betrothed, Lucrecia, robbed by pirates at sea; news from John Cobham, escorting her; March 5: Queen’s anger; April 6: more news; April 9: she left for England; May 3: rest of her company still held; Sept 25/Oct 7: Giraldi at Reading and Windsor; Oct 29: Treaty signed in London; Nov 4: Recorder of London and Sheriffs forcibly entered his house during Mass; Nov 5: details; Nov 7: Recorder in prison; Council’s instructions; Nov 19: Recorder released. 1578: Giraldi: Jan 12: audience deferred by Queen for a feigned reason; July 21: his lodgings referred to; Nov 10: audience, with new commission from the new King Henrique, succeeding Sebastian, killed in August battle.

76 1579: Giraldi: March 27: took leave; April 8: gifts to him and wife.

1580: Jan 31: King Henrique died; till June a Regency Council governed; June-August: Don Antonio, Henrique’s nephew, reigned as King Antonio.

1580: Antonio de Castillo: resident Ambassador, from Governors of Portugal: March 17: ship for his servant; March 23: had private audience; April 4: audience; April 6: court news; Aug 14: refuses to acknowledge Don Antonio as King, considers himself no longer an Ambassador. [Don Antonio, defeated by Spanish forces, went into exile late in August].

1580: Antonio D’Escobar: envoy from Don Antonio: June 18: audience; left for Antwerp.

1580: De Souza: envoy from Don Antonio: Aug 14: has arrived; Aug 29: audience; Sept 4: court news; Nov 13: leaving for Antwerp; Nov 14: at Isle of Wight, described. Returned to England: Dec 21. 1581: De Souza: March 17: news of; April 6: sent to invite Don Antonio. Returned to England with Don Antonio: June 22. [See ‘Refugees’ for Don Antonio’s stays in England].

1581: Antonio de Castillo: Nov 11: has letters of recall from King Philip. 1582: Castillo: Feb 24: took leave. Left in May. 1582: Leitam: from Don Antonio, for aid: July 11; July 12: audience.

1585-December 1593: Don Antonio lived in England; he died in France 1595.

Russia: Agents and Ambassadors to.

1566: Anthony Jenkinson: Agent: May 4; December, end: returned. 1567: Anthony Jenkinson: Agent: May 18; Nov 10: returned.

1568: Thomas Randolph: June 22: left, audience with Tsar (1569). 1569: Randolph: Aug 27: returned, with a Russian Ambassador.

1571: Anthony Jenkinson, special Ambassador for trade: June 15: left, audiences with Tsar (1572). 1572: Jenkinson: Oct 20: has returned. Daniel Sylvester took the Queen’s answer and returned in 1573.

1577: Daniel Sylvester: special Ambassador: July 15: killed by lightning on his way to Moscow.

1580, end: Jerome Horsey brought secret messages from Tsar Ivan.

1583: Sir Jerome Bowes: concerning Tsar Ivan’s requests to marry an Englishwoman. June 18: took leave; June 22: left, with a Russian ambassador.

1584 March 18: Tsar Ivan the Terrible died; succeeded by Tsar Feodor.

1584: Sir Jerome Bowes: left Russia: at court on his return, with reindeer: September, end; Nov 16: presented a reindeer to Earl of Leicester.

1585: Jerome Horsey: brought letters from Tsar Feodor: Dec 14: audience, Tsar’s complaints of Sir Jerome Bowes; Dec 20: audience.

77 1586: Jerome Horsey: January, end: report, and details of the Tsar’s complaints of Sir Jerome Bowes; March 23: Agent to Russia: taking many gifts; details of audiences. 1587: Horsey: Oct 5: audiences on his return, described. 1588: Horsey: January, end: presented Russian gifts to Queen, described.

1588: Giles Fletcher: special Ambassador: 1588-1589. June 6: left; Dec 19: report to the Queen. 1589: Fletcher: returned: Sept 2; 1591, end: his book on Russia.

1590: Jerome Horsey: special Ambassador: 1590-1591. March, early: took leave, described. No audience with Tsar. 1591: Horsey: Oct 4: at court on his return.

1598: Francis Cherry: messenger to Boris Godunov: April 7: left. 1599: Cherry: March 23: returned.

1600: Sir Richard Lee: June 1,2,5: knighting described, prior to leaving. 1601: Lee: May 10: godfather to Duke of Sweden’s son, proxy for Queen; July 25,28: in Kent, on his return.

1601: John Meyrick: special Ambassador: Oct 29. 1602: Meyrick: Sept 5: returned, with four Russian youths to be educated.

Russia: Ambassadors from.

1567: Pogorella and Twerdico: Aug 17: audience. 1568: May 9: took leave.

1569: Andrea Saviena: Aug 27: arrived; Sept 1: described; Sept 25: audience. 1570: Saviena: April 9: audience; May 6: his requests; May 18: Queen’s letter to Tsar; May 25: departure; Nov 19: news of him.

1582: Feodor Pissemsky: for a close alliance, and a bride for Tsar Ivan: Sept 16: arrived, details; Oct 26, Nov 2: to come to court for his audience; Nov 4: audience; Dec 17: with Privy Councillors.

1583: Pissemsky: Jan 19: to have audience; Jan 20: audience; sequel; May 18: met Lady Mary Hastings, described; June 22: left for Russia.

1585: Reynold Beckman: with friendly message from new Tsar Feodor. March 21; with Tsar’s later complaint of his treatment at court.

1600: Grigori Mikulin: from Tsar Boris Godunov: 1600-1601. Sept 15: arrived; Sept 20: in London; Oct 14: audience, described; Oct 18: further described; Nov 13: a house near Whitehall for him; Nov 17: watched Accession Day Tilt; Dec 22: burial of one of his men described.

1601: Mikulin: Jan 4: invited to court; Jan 5: preparations at court; Jan 6: at court, fully described; Feb 3: hunted; March, end: at Whitehall; April 23: at Garter ceremonies; May 17: took leave; praises England.

78 Savoy: Ambassadors from. No English Ambassadors to Savoy during this reign.

1560: Morette: special ambassador, for marriage with Duke of Nemours: Nov 18: described; audiences November/December; Dec 24: has left unsatisfied; Dec 31: at Orleans, without a gift from the Queen. 1561: Morette: Jan 24: a belated gold chain for him. 1561: Morette: special ambassador en route to Scotland: Nov 18: in England; Nov 20,23: left; Nov 27; Dec 17: in Scotland. David Riccio accompanied him to Scotland, remained there and was murdered there in 1566. 1562: Morette: in England on return from Scotland: Jan 21: took leave.

1567: Morette: Jan 14: going to Scotland with belated christening gift; Feb 26: audience on his return (after King’s murder); March 8: has left.

1580: Count de Monreal: to return Duke Emanuele’s Garter insignia: Dec 20: is coming; Earl of Sussex’s memo on whether to defray his expenses. 1581: Monreal: Jan 8: arrived in London; Jan 11: audience; Jan 15: court news; Jan 17: gift to him.

Spain: Ambassadors to.

1560: Viscount Montagu and Sir Thomas : Jan 30: left; May 10: Queen revoked Montagu. Sir Thomas Chamberlain now resident Ambassador: 1560-1562. Dec 7: Chamberlain sends the Queen pillowcases, etc.

1561: Sir Thomas Chaloner: resident: 30 Sept 1561-May 1565. 1563: Chaloner: New Year: his poem for Queen; Aug 31: sends a book; Dec 18: has letters for his revocation. 1564: Chaloner: New Year: sends books; June 6: sends verses; June 18: describes new Spanish Ambassador to England.

1566: Dr John Man: resident: 27 Jan 1566-1568. 1568: Dr Man: April 11: book sent from; May 9: complaints by Philip II; June 5: to be recalled; Oct 5: returned.

1571: Henry Cobham: March 26: after news of Thomas Stukeley being in Spain; July 6: at court on his return; July 7: comment.

1575: (Sir) Henry Cobham: June 7: named to go to Spain; July 15: his cart; July 18: knighted at Kenilworth; July 20: special ambassador, to Jan 1576; Nov 13: his news from Madrid. 1576: Jan 6: at court on his return.

1576: Sir John Smith: special ambassador: in response to Baron d’Aubigny’s embassy from the Low Countries: Nov 23: knighted; took leave; Dec 8: sends a muff for the Queen; Dec 16: news of the French court. 1577: Sir John Smith: Feb 5: news from Madrid; July 28: at court on return.

1577: Thomas Wilkes: special ambassador, to complain of Don John: Dec 21: left. 1578: Feb 16: at court on his return.

1584: William Waad, to complain of expelled Spanish Ambassador: Jan 19: left; not granted audience. Returned in April.

No further special or resident Ambassadors to Spain until 1605.

79 Spain: Ambassadors from.

1558: Count de Feria: Nov 21: court news; now resident; Nov 27: with Queen; Dec 10: audience; Dec 11,14,29: court news; Dec 29: his private marriage.

1559: De Feria: Jan 31: court news; Feb 18,21, March 14,20: audiences; March 24: court news; April 7: audience; April 10,18: court news; April 28: audience; May 2: is to leave soon; May 10: court news; May 23: left; news of his secret marriage; July 26: wife’s passports; left.

1559: Alvaro de Quadra: resident: 1559-1563, died. May 21,28: audiences; May 30, June 19,27,28: court news; July 26: ‘misdemeanour’ at court; July 27, Aug 13, Sept 7,9,12: court news; Sept 30, Oct 2: audiences; Oct 9,16,29: court news; Nov 9: audience; Nov 13,18: court news; Dec 13: audience; Dec 20: often with the Queen; Dec 27: court news.

1560: De Quadra: Jan 16,21: court news; Feb 1: audience; Feb 2,12,15,18, March 7,21: court news; March 25: Queen’s message to; April 9,16, May 10, July 12,20: audiences; Aug 4,10,27: court news; Sept 11: news of Amy Robsart’s death; Oct 15, Nov 20, Dec 30: court news.

1560: De Glajon: to request the Queen not to assist rebels in Scotland: April 5: described, arrived; April 7,9: audiences; April 17: court news; May 10: audience; May 12,13,27, June 26,27, July 3: court news; July 12: audience; July 20: audience, took leave. 1560: Pacheco: to ask the Queen to treat with French in Scotland: July 18: arrived; July 20: audience; as Peace Treaty already made, left.

1561: De Quadra: Jan 22: court news; Feb 15: audience; March 25, April 12; court news; April 29, May 5: audiences; June 24: on boat with Queen; June 30, Aug 29, Sept 13: court news; Sept 25: audience; Nov 15,25,27, Dec 20: court news.

1562: De Quadra: Jan 31, March 13, April 2: court news; April 28: slanders of Queen; June 6: court news; June 20: slanders; July 4,11,17, Aug 1,7: court news; Sept 14: audience; Oct 3,10: court news; Oct 17: Queen’s smallpox; Oct 25: its aftermath; Nov 15,22,30, Dec 6: court news.

1563: De Quadra: Jan 3-7: an attempted murder near embassy, and its aftermath; Jan 14, Feb 7, March 28, April 24, May 9,21, June 19,26: court news; July 1: audience; Aug 1: moved to avoid the plague; Aug 7: court news; Aug 24: died; Aug 25: memo of his servants.

1564: Guzman de Silva, resident: 1564-1568. June 18,19: described, arrived; June 22: audience; June 28: court news; July 5: at supper, play, masque with Queen; July 22: court news; July 26: dined with Queen; July 31, Aug 2: court news; Aug 10: news of a masque before Queen; Aug 12, Sept 4: court news; Sept 9: venison for; Sept 17: audience; Sept 20: with Lady Northampton and the Queen; Oct 6: audience; Nov 19,21, Dec 4,15,18,23: court news.

1565: De Silva: Jan 2: court news; Jan 7, March 6: at tournaments, described; March 12: court news; March 20, April 11: audiences; April 17,21,26: court news; May 5, June 10,20,23,26, July 2,9: court news; July 16: at supper with Queen; July 17,21,22,23,29: court news; July 31: visited Nonsuch; Aug 5: audience; Aug 8,9: at Windsor with Queen; Aug 13,27, Sept 3,10,11,14: court news; Oct 7: with the Queen; Oct 14: court news; Nov 5: court news, sent from Antwerp. Abroad until January 1566 for Prince of Parma’s marriage.

80 1566: De Silva: Jan 24: in London on his return; Jan 27: audience; Jan 28: court news; Feb 4: with Queen; Feb 14, March 11,18: court news; March 28: audience; March 30: court news; April 9: audience; April 29, May 18,25, June 2,23: court news; July 1: at marriage with Queen; July 20,27, Aug 3,10,17: court news; Aug 23: in Buckinghamshire; Aug 29: in Oxfordshire with Queen; Aug 31-Sept 6: at Oxford during Queen’s visit; Sept 7: at Bradenham; Oct 11: court news; Oct 23: audience; Nov 4: court news; Nov 10, Dec 1: audiences; Dec 7: court news; Dec 15: audience; Dec 23,24: news of Parliament.

1567: De Silva: Jan 5,11,18; court news; Jan 25: at Nonsuch with Queen; Feb 3,14: court news; Feb 22: audience; Feb 26, March 24: court news; April 7,14,17,21: court news; May 17,24, June 4,11,14: court news; June 15: at court; June 21,26,27, July 3, Aug 2,30, Sept 25: court news; Oct 13,18, Nov 1: court news; Nov 5: audience; Nov 15,25, Dec 13,29: court news.

1568: De Silva: Jan 10,24, Feb 2: court news; Feb 7, March 15: with Queen; March 25, April 3,10: court news; April 14: audience; April 19: is unwell; April 24: court news; May 9: audience; May 11: court news; May 22: news that Queen of Scots is in England; June 12,26,27: court news; June 29: audience; July 3,10: court news; July 11: audience; July 17,18,24: news of a Proclamation; July 30: new Ambassador coming; Aug 3,4: at Hatfield with Queen; her sorrow at his recall; Sept 4: his gift of plate; Sept 11: took leave; Sept 12: praised.

1568: Guerau de Spes: resident: 1568-1571, expelled. July 30: is to come; Sept 3: arrived; Sept 11: first audience; Sept 18,20; Oct 9,30: court news; Nov 29: informed Queen of Spanish ships at English ports; Dec 14: audience; Dec 21: advises Duke of Alva to seize English ships; Dec 22,28: audience deferred; Dec 29: audience; Dec 31: English ships to be seized. No further audience ever granted by the Queen.

1569: De Spes: Jan 8: confined to his house and guarded; Jan 10,12,14,18: discussion of his ‘offensive’ letters; March 1: some guards removed; June 15: court news; July 5: moved to another house, guards removed; Oct 8, Nov 8: court news.

1570-1576: Antonio de Guaras: Spanish merchant sent newsletters, to King’s Secretary Zayas or the Duke of Alva: 1570 June 30; July 28; Aug 1; Aug 12.

1570: De Spes: Jan 30, Feb 25: court news; March 8,19: court news; April 30: never to have audience; June 14: news of Sir Nicholas Bacon’s speech; June 17,22, July 1: court news; Aug 11: summoned by Council; Sept 2: news of a conspiracy; Sept 5: news of his treatment; Oct 15,20: court news; Nov 28, Dec 5,20: court news.

1571: De Spes: New Year: court news; Jan 13,22: court news; March 14,25: court news; April 10,15,27: news of Guido Cavalcanti; May 8: invited to see tournament; July 6: court news; Aug 16,23,27, Sept 29: court news; Oct 7,13,15,31: court news; Nov 8,10: news of Battle of Lepanto; Dec 14: Queen orders his expulsion; Dec 15: her explanation to Duke of Alva; Dec 21: is to go to Kent; Dec 24: left London; Dec 28: Burghley’s complaint.

1572: De Spes: Jan 7: at Canterbury; Jan 16: Steward arrested; Jan 25: leaving.

81 1572: De Guaras: Jan 25: note; April 7,8: at court; Aug 29: news of Massacre of St Bartholomew. 1573: De Guaras: Jan 7, Feb 16: court news. 1573: Antonio Fogaza: Portuguese, sent newsletters: Jan 30; June 9.

1574: De Guaras: Jan 17, Nov 7, Dec 5: court news.

1574: Bernardino de Mendoza: special Ambassador, sent by new Governor of the Low Countries: July 10: arrived; July 11,13: court news; July 20-22: audiences at Reading, described; privately offered the Queen two possible suitors. Returned in 1578 as resident Ambassador.

1575: De Guaras: March 19: walked and talked with Queen; May 29, July 11,18: court news; Oct 8: audience; Dec 5: court scandal.

1575: Juan Cipres: with a message from the King, after Spanish ships took shelter in Devon: Oct 1; Oct 7: at court; Oct 8: Queen’s response.

1576: De Guaras: Jan 9; Feb 1,6; March 6; July 28: court news; Nov 4: found at Mass with Portuguese Ambassador.

1577: De Guaras: Oct 20: arrested and kept in custody.

1578: De Guaras: April 14: having purported to act as an Agent of the King of Spain is to be examined; sent to the Tower in June. Released 10 May 1579; left to return to Spain.

1578: Bernardino de Mendoza: resident Ambassador: 1578-1584, expelled. March 12: arrived, described; March 16,24: audiences; April 5: court news; April 10,29: audiences; May 1,4,8,16: court news; May 20: audience; June 3: court news; June 15: audience; Aug 14: court news; Sept 8,11,23: court news; Sept 28: audience; Oct 7: court news; Dec 31: court news.

1579: Mendoza: Jan 15: court news; Jan 18: audience; Jan 19,26: court news; March 5,11,21,26; court news; March, end: received needlework; April 8,12: court news; May 3,14: court news; June 21, July 6,26: court news; Aug 20,22,25,28: news of Duke of Alençon’s visit; Sept 6: audience; Sept 13,17,25,29: court news; Oct 16, Nov 11, Dec 27,28: court news.

1580: Mendoza: Jan 1: court news; Jan 13: audience, bear-baiting; Feb 12: audience; Feb 28, March 10,23, April 4: court news; April 6: audience; April 14,30: court news; May 4,21: news of Alençon’s envoy; June 5: court news; June 8: Lord Mayor has provided a new house for him; June 18: news of Don Antonio, now King of Portugal; June 24: news of Prince of Condé’s visit; July 10: court news; audience; Aug 7: had audience; Aug 14: court news; audience; Sept 4: court news; Oct 16: news of Drake; was refused audience; Oct 23,30: news of Drake; Nov 13, Dec 11: news of ambassadors.

1581: Mendoza: Jan 9,15,17: court news; Feb 27, March 17: court news; April 6: news of Drake, and of preparations for French Commissioners; April 11, 16: court news; May 4,7,12: news of marriage Commissioners; June 2,4: Alençon’s supposed secret arrival; June 15: Commissioners left; June 17: audience; June 26: Don Antonio’s arrival; July 1: audience, described; July 14: news of Don Antonio; July 23, Aug 6,12,27: court news; Sept 7,10,13: court news; Oct 1: Queen refuses him audience; Oct 9: news of Duke of Alençon; Oct 20: had audience, long description; Oct 29, Nov 2,7,11,20,22: news of Alençon, in England; Dec 4,11,14,17,25,29: further news of Alençon.

82 1582: Mendoza: Jan 10,17,21,24,27,28: news of Alençon; Feb 2: Alençon is in Kent; Feb 9,19: court news; Feb 24: audience, with Portuguese Ambassador; his last known audience; March 1,6,19: court news; April 1,11,25,26: court news; May 4,6: court news; May 18,21: is refused audience; June 29: court news; July 11: court news; Sept 1: court news; Oct 21: cannot get audience; Oct 31, Nov 5, Dec 3,6,20: court news.

1583: Mendoza: Jan 4: court news; Jan 10,13: news from Antwerp; Jan 16: court news; Feb 20: describes a picture; March 7,18, April 7: court news; May 11,23,25: court news; Aug 9: court news; Nov 16: Throckmorton Plot; Dec 12: implicated in Plot; December, end: news of a soldier at court.

1584: Mendoza: Jan 9: expelled, his description; Jan 10: his plotting.

Spanish Netherlands: Ambassador to.

1599: Thomas Edmondes: special ambassador to Albert and Isabella: Dec 23: about to leave for Brussels for peace negotiations; Dec 28: left.

1600: Edmondes: Jan 26: Queen angry about his triumphal reception; Feb 17: at court on his return; Feb 21: met Vereken, special ambassador; March 12: again special ambassador to Brussels; April 12: has returned to court.

Spanish Netherlands: Agents and Ambassadors from.

1599: Jerome Cooman: Agent from Cardinal Andreas for secret peace negotiations: Jan 28: audience. March 10-April: again Agent; Secret messenger: June 30; July 21,24: has left. Aug 20: Jerome again Agent, with brother Jasper, from Archduke Albert and the Infanta Isabella; Aug 28: their news; Aug 29: at Dover; Sept 1: have left. Sept 24: Jerome again Agent; Oct 17: has left, satisfied.

1600: Louis Vereken: special ambassador for peace negotiations: Feb 15: at Dover; Feb 16; Feb 17: to have an Alderman’s house; Feb 18: in London; Feb 21,22; Feb 23: audience described; Feb 25,29: court news; March 3,5,8: is entertained and feasted; March 9: took leave; March 11: left. Sept 21, 27: his messenger has come.

1600: See Peace Commissioners, for Peace with Spain.

1601: Jerome Cooman: incognito, from Archduke Albert, to resume negotiations: Sept 9: in London, described; Sept 15: audience at Basing; November, start: audience at Whitehall.

83 Sweden: Ambassadors to.

1578: special ambassador, concerning the King’s debts: April 10: returned.

1582: Thomas Gorges: special ambassador: April, end. Returned in August.

Sweden: Ambassadors from.

1558: Dionysius Burreus: resident: Nov 27: with the Queen.

1559: Burreus: Feb 28: Queen godmother to child; April 10: secretary’s audience; May 10: his gifts; May 29: audience, concerning marriage to Eric of Sweden.

1559: three special ambassadors for marriage with Eric of Sweden: July 18: in London; July 22: described; July 23: Queen’s response; Aug 13: ‘made fun of’; Aug 16: took leave; Aug 25: Queen’s reply.

1559-1560: John Duke of Finland in England on behalf of his brother Eric. See ‘Prominent Foreigners: Sweden’.

1560: Burreus: Jan 27: Queen godmother to child; April 3: audience. 1561: Burreus: replaced: April 23: at court; May 5: left.

1561: Nicolas Guildenstern, resident ambassador: 1561-1562. Feb 20: is to come; April 1: has arrived; April 23: at court; July 4: keeps great cheer; Nov 25, Dec 4,7: audiences.

1562: Guildenstern: Jan 21: gave a dinner; March 13: is badly treated; March 29: to leave; March 31: gifts to him; April 2: is leaving; April 14: has left.

1583: Allard, servant of the King: Feb 3: Queen has lost his cipher.

1583: Count of Wissenburg, and other special ambassadors from King John III, for Queen to mediate a peace with Russia: Oct 17: have arrived, Lord Mayor to provide houses; Oct 25: at Alderman’s house; October-November: audiences; November, start: hunting; Nov 27: gifts to them.

1583: Andrew Keith (a Scot): sent from the King: Dec 18: his gift.

1599: James Hill and John Nicolai, special ambassadors from Duke Charles: April 22: described, audience; May 14: to dine with Lord Mayor; May 18: gifts; May 22: Queen’s letter ‘fell into Thames’; May, end: leaving; Sept 25,26: letters from James Hill as to his poor treatment in England.

Transylvania: Agent from. Now in Romania.

1594: Prince Sigismund’s secretary, for the Queen to intercede with the Great Turk: Jan 30; Feb 9: Queen’s reply.

84 Turkey: Ambassadors to.

1578: William Harborne: merchant; Agent 1578-1582. July 1: left. Returned to England in 1582.

1582: William Harborne: resident Ambassador: 1582-1588. Nov 20: appointed; Turkey Company’s proposed presents, listed; Dec 3: court news.

1583: Harborne: Jan 14: sailed; April 24: presented Queen’s gifts to Sultan Murad III and Sultana Safiye, described.

1584: Harborne: Jan 27: sends two carpets.

1588: Harborne: Dec 24: returned to England, triumphal journey described.

1588: Edward Barton: Agent: 1588-January 1593. Aug 31: Sultan Murad III desires friendship. Information on Baron de la Fay (Nov 23): quoted 1586 April, end.

1593: Edward Barton: resident Ambassador: 1593-1597. Jan 27: now Ambassador; no gifts received for the Sultan; March 21: gifts sent to Turkey; Oct 7: presented by Barton, described.

1594: July 31: gifts and letter received from Turkey.

1595: Barton: Jan 17: asked for a gift for the new Sultan Mehmed III.

1597: Barton died: Dec 15.

1597: Henry Lello: Agent: 15 December 1597-Sept 1599.

1599: Lello: Jan 31: gifts for Sultan, including an organ, presented in August by Lello, described. September: Henry Lello: resident Ambassador: 1599-1607.

1600: May 9: Sultana’s gifts and letter brought to court by secretary.

1601: Dec 1: Council’s letter recommending the Prince of Moldavia.

Turkey: Agent from.

1580: an Italian, from the Sultan: Nov 13; Dec 11: has left for Holland.

Venice: Agents from: see Italian States.

No English Ambassadors to Venice during this reign.

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