Quidditas Volume 9 Article 9 1988 The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, History Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Renaissance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Platt, F. Jeffrey (1988) "The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service," Quidditas: Vol. 9 , Article 9. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/rmmra/vol9/iss1/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quidditas by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. JRMMRA 9 (1988) The Elizabethan Diplomatic Service by F. Jeffrey Platt Northern Arizona University The critical early years of Elizabeth's reign witnessed a watershed in European history. The 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the long Hapsburg-Valois conflict, resulted in a sudden shift in the focus of international politics from Italy to the uncomfortable proximity of the Low Countries. The arrival there, 30 miles from England's coast, in 1567, of thousands of seasoned Spanish troops presented a military and commer­ cial threat the English queen could not ignore. Moreover, French control of Calais and their growing interest in supplanting the Spanish presence in the Netherlands represented an even greater menace to England's security. Combined with these ominous developments, the Queen's excommunica­ tion in May 1570 further strengthened the growing anti-English and anti­ Protestant sentiment of Counter-Reformation Europe. These circumstances, plus the significantly greater resources of France and Spain, defined England, at best, as a middleweight in a world dominated by two heavyweights. Elizabeth and her chief counselors eventually concluded that an imaginative foreign policy combined with an effective diplomatic system would provide the most telling and least expensive means of counteracting these worrisome developments. 1 Building upon the foundation laid by her father and sister, Elizabeth presided over the creation of a highly trained and surprisingly professional diplomatic corps, truly a remarkable achievement of the Elizabethan Age. Together with Lord Burghley and Sir Francis Walsingham, she guided the ship of English foreign relations fully into the mainstream of Continental diplomatic tradition. Moreover, as France increasingly suffered from civil­ religious conflict, financial chaos, and mediocre leadership, and as Spain endured the fatal flaw of a paper-s huffling administration and the blinding 94 Elizabethan Diplomatic Service religious fanaticism and arrogance of both king and diplomats, England, in contrast, often excelled, especially in diplomacy.2 While the contributions of Elizabeth and her counselors to England's diplomacy have been carefully studied, much remains to be said concern­ ing the diplomats they directed. 3 Space does not permit an in-depth study of all the men who served on missions between 1558 and 1603, but a singular document in the British Library offers a ready-made, complete, and reveal­ in~ roster of that diplomatic corps for the middle years of Elizabeth's reign. Located in a Privy Council ready-reference guide known as Lansdowne MS. 683 (fols. 48-49) and dating from August 1579 (see Table), it contains a list of 48 "Noblemen and gentlemen that have served and are fitt to be employed in forrein messages."4 Subdivided into 8 noblemen and 23 gentlemen "that have served" and 8 noblemen and 19 gentlemen "that have not served but are fitt to serve," this roster has the advantage of containing men who, in large part, served primarily in Elizabeth's reign. 5 This document reveals the names of few churchmen. Because religious issues predominated in this period of European history, Elizabeth rarely used ecclesiastics as diplomats after the first years of her reign. Men of such pro· nounced religious views were not the "fittest ambassadors for peace."6 She also reduced the role of the nobility in diplomatic concerns, using them primarily for ceremonial missions to ratify agreements, bestow gifts, and offer expressions of good will or condolence. This did not preclude th~m from more traditional diplomatic business, however, as seen in Lord Buckhurst's 1581 embassy of peace to Henry IV of France and his expostulatory mission to the Low Countries in 1587. But these were rare exceptions. Out of 22 missions served by the 8 noble diplomats, only 6 involved negotiations, and of these, Lord Henry Norris's 2 missions came before he was raised to the peerage. As Abraham de Wicquefort concluded in his famous study of early modern diplomacy, even though noble birth "is a great ornament to the Embassador [which] gives great lustre to the Embassy," 7 few such men apply themselves sufficiently to acquire the qualities necessary to be successful diplomats. They are better used for "Parade than of negotiation."8 The major emphasis of this study is therefore the 23 diplomats of gentry status who were the real workhorses of the Elizabethan diplomatic corps.9 They were middle-ranking men who helped form the core and framework of government and society-men who helped establish the standards, values, and tone of Elizabethan foreign relations. They supplied the second in command and the important followers of the great figures of the day. Without them, Elizabeth, Burghley, and Walsingham could not have hoped to accomplish many of the things they set out to do. Their careers reveal a conscious government policy of selecting men who were widely traveled, intelligent, highly educated, and, when compared to their French and Spanish counterparts, remarkably proficient in foreign languages (see the Appendix F. Jeffrey Platt 95 TABLE "Noblemen and gentlemen that have served and are fitt to be employed in forrein messages" (August 1579) Noblemen that have served: Noblemen that have not served but are fi tt to serve: L. Admirall L. Chamberlaine Earle of Oxford Earle of Bedford Earle of Derbye Earle of Worcester Earle of Hertford L. of Hunsdon Earle of Northumberland L. of Buckhurst Earle of Rutland L. Northe L. Howard of Effingham L. Norreis L. Graye L. Cobham Gentlemen that have served: Gentlemen that have not served but Sr. Henry Cobham are fitt to serve: Sr. Amyce Pawlet Sr. William Wynter Sr. Walter Mildmay Sr. Tho: Chamberlayne Sr. Henry Lee Mr. Wylson Sr. Henrye Wallop Mr. Randolphe Mr. Roger Manners Mr. Henry Killegrew Sr. John Clifton Sr. Edward Horsey Sr. Thomas Gresham Sr. Tho: Leighton Mr. Bertye Mr. Middlemore Mr. Tremayne Mr. Henry Knolles thelder Mr. Willm. Killegrew Mr. John Hastings Mr. Beddingfield Mr. Somers Mr. Francis Caro Mr. Corbet Mr. Michaeli Blunt Mr. Beale Mr. Fortescue Mr. Herbert Mr. Wyndebanck Mr. William Davison Mr. Raufe Warcupp Mr. Daniell Rogers Mr. Shute Sr. John Smithe Mr. Edward Lewknor Mr. Philip Sidney Mr. Wollye Mr. Edward Wootton Mr. Frances Alforde Sr. William Druery Mr. Thomas Wilkes Mr. Robt Beale 96 Elizabethan Diplomatic Service for a summary of their backgrounds). Their careers also reveal the employment of an apprenticeship training program, an emphasis upon long years of diplomatic service, a calculated stress upon nonresident diplomacy, and a strong government commitment to adequate and regular diplomatic remuneration including "enablements," per diem payments, extraordinaries, gifts, and postmission rewards. Such policies help to explain why this branch of the Elizabethan civil service attracted not only the most highly skilled but also some of the most fascinating men found in the Queen's service. 10 The other list of 19 men who had not served became an emergency reserve that as a last resort could be called upon if a seasoned or apprenticed diplomat proved unavailable. 11 Dominating her government as few English monarchs ever have, Elizabeth loved the practice of diplomacy as a royal game of chess and participated in all diplomatic decisions, even the selection of personnel. In keeping with her father's tradition and the Renaissance stress on civic Humanism, Elizabeth, who explained that when a resident ambassador was called she would nominate a university graduate to be his secretary or chaplain, early on instructed the chancellors of both Oxford and Cambridge to compile a list of promising young graduates, along with their colleges and standings. To these young aspiring diplomats, the possibility of being chosen for such a prestigious assignment was a "switch and spur on their industries." 12 Consequently, 19 of the 23 diplomats are known to have studied at one or more institutions of higher learning at Oxford or Cambridge, the Inns of Court, and on the Continent. This is a larger percentage than found among any other group of Elizbethan civil servants. Even Members of Parliament could not match it. 1 3 While the English Reformation somewhat reduced the number of English Protestants taking degrees in European universities, Marian exile had assisted several others, including Wilson, Randolph, Drury, and Beale, to study on the Continent. Other younger diplomats, such as Wilkes, Rogers, Sidney, and Wotton, studied abroad in the early years of Elizabeth's reign. These 23 diplomats represent Oxford and Cambridge equally, while at least 8 studied law in Italy, at the Inns of Court, or took B.CC. or LL.D. degrees at Oxford or Cambridge. While no educational records survive for Hastings, Horsey, Middlemore, or Winter, their careers reveal highly articulate men who quite probably undertook some form of advanced 1 education. • Indeed, several of their number were celebrated for their learning. Chief among them were Henry Knollys, a gifted linguist; Thomas Wilson, author, translator, and economist; Philip Sidney, poet, linguist, soldier, and patron of the arts; and chief clerk of the Privy Council and expert Parliamentarian Robert Beale.15 Foreign travel was another important prerequisite for future diplo­ matic service as it brought a familiarity with geography, peoples, courts, and languages.