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University of Southampton FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe East and West KATARZYNA KOSIOR Doctor of Philosophy in History 2017 ~ 2 ~ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES History Doctor of Philosophy BECOMING A QUEEN IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: EAST AND WEST Katarzyna Kosior My thesis approaches sixteenth-century European queenship through an analysis of the ceremonies and rituals accompanying the marriages of Polish and French queens consort: betrothal, wedding, coronation and childbirth. The thesis explores the importance of these events for queens as both a personal and public experience, and questions the existence of distinctly Western and Eastern styles of queenship. A comparative study of ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ ceremony in the sixteenth century has never been attempted before and sixteenth- century Polish queens usually do not appear in any collective works about queenship, even those which claim to have a pan-European focus. The thesis combats the stereotype of the cultural ‘otherness’ and political isolation of sixteenth-century Poland in relation to the ‘West’ through a comparison with France, considered a quintessentially ‘Western’ early modern state. Comparing the ceremonies of France, an absolute monarchy, and Poland, a ‘noble democracy’, exposes the complex impact of the system of government on royal ceremony. The comparison is especially viable since French and Polish queens consort were related to each other and married their husbands for political gain. The role of early modern queens was steeped in mystique and mythologised through ceremonies that transformed them into the virgin mothers of the coronation or the sexual objects of wedding poetry and pageant. But these queens were inherently political, spinning the thread that connected the realms of Europe. Armed with diplomatic protocol, titles, lands and objects, they brought alliances, their native culture and dynastic connections to European monarchs. The thesis suggests that the identities of these queens were often multiple and as they became daughters, wives, and often widows of European monarchs, they carried the imprint of their ancestors and relatives. The similarities between ceremonies were dictated by shared liturgy and the willingness of monarchs to follow European fashions and remain part of the shared royal culture. This by no means excluded local flavours from entering royal ceremony. Subtly distinctive customs, such as a traditional first meeting place, specific colour scheme, or preparation of a royal entry, were shaped by the practicalities of staging the royal ceremonies and addressed matters of legitimacy particular to every European realm. ~ 2 ~ Table of contents List of Illustrations 4 Declaration of Authorship 5 Acknowledgements 6 Abbreviations in Footnotes 7 Introduction: East and West 9 Chapter 1: Royal Weddings: Protocol, Identity and Emotion 33 Chapter 2: Coronation: Consort to Royal Power 67 Chapter 3: Civic or Civil? Politics of Celebration and Criticism 103 Chapter 4: Conception, Childbirth and Motherhood: Performing a Royal Family 139 Conclusion 171 Appendix 1: Map of Queens 178 Appendix 2: Family Tree of Polish and French Queens 180 Appendix 3: Information Table: Wives of European Rulers 182 Appendix 4: ‘List of Catherine of Austria’s Trousseau’ 184 Appendix 5: ‘The Manner of Queen Barbara’s Coronation’ 201 Appendix 6: ‘Speech welcoming Queen Anna to Kazimierz’ 207 Appendix 7: ‘Piotr Boratyński’s third speech...’ 209 Appendix 8: ‘Libel against the second marriage of King Sigismund August...’ 216 Bibliography 218 ~ 3 ~ List of Illustrations Figure 1: The map of queens. Figure 2: Fragment of Albrecht Durer's Triumphal Arch, The British Museum, E, 5.1. Figure 3: Map representing the spatial relationship between St Denis and Paris. Figure 4: Panoramic view of Cracow in 1576. Figure 5: Marcello Bacciarelli, Portrait of Jadwiga I, 1768-1771, The Royal Castle in Warsaw Museum. Figure 6: Anne of Brittany’s coronation. Figure 7: Martin Kober, Portrait of Anna Jagiellon in coronation robes, 1576, Wawel Cathedral in Cracow. Figure 8: This map represents the processional route in Cracow. Figure 9: Map of Paris showing processional routes of Mary of England's and Elizabeth of Austria's entries. Figure 10: Marguerite of Navarre, BnF, MS. Nal. 82, fol. 151v. Figure 11: Louis, Joan and Victoria. BnF, MS. Nal. 82, f. 156v. Figure 11: Claude of France and Eleanor of Austria. BnF, MS NAL 82, f. 100r. Figure 13: 'Clementina Sobiesky' in Museo Nacional del Prado (P02275). ~ 4 ~ Academic Thesis: Declaration Of Authorship I, Katarzyna Kosior declare that this thesis and the work presented in it are my own and has been generated by me as the result of my own original research. Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West I confirm that: 1. This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a research degree at this University; 2. Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree or any other qualification at this University or any other institution, this has been clearly stated; 3. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed; 4. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work; 5. I have acknowledged all main sources of help; 6. Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself; 7. Either none of this work has been published before submission, or parts of this work have been published as: [please list references below]: Signed: ………………………………………………………………………… Date: 3 August 2017 ~ 5 ~ Acknowledgements My greatest debt is to my supervisors, Professor Maria Hayward and Dr Alice Hunt. Their expertise, constant enthusiastic support and belief in me and the importance of the project have been my greatest motivation. The time they gave to reading drafts, in-depth discussions and providing me with thoughtful feedback is unparalleled and I consider myself very lucky indeed. I would also like to thank my examiners, Professor Mark Stoyle and Dr Natalia Nowakowska, for their feedback, encouragement and great discussion in the viva. Completing the thesis would not have been possible without the financial support of several institutions. I am grateful to the Hanna and Zdzislaw Broncel Trust, the Society for Renaissance Studies, Funds for Women Graduates and Catherine Mackichan Trust for their generous grants towards the project. My friends gave me feedback at various stages of the project, which proved to be anything but a solitary exercise. Amber Dudley, Dr Caroline Williams and Dr Leona Skelton proofread and commented on sections of the text. They did a fantastic job and any remaining mistakes are my own. I would like to thank Marcin Knut for his friendship, support, and help to rein in my data within the information table and family tree (Appendices 2 and 3). The challenges of conducting international research have been significantly lessened by the help and support of Ewa Knut, Barbara Charmas, Michał Charmas, Kasia Charmas, Michalina Fijałkowska, Jacek Fijałkowski and Dr Leonie Hicks. All my friends have been enthusiastic about the project, and I would like to thank Lusia Kiszewska, Emma Travers, Tom Wilson, Jack Mellish, Rachel Hardy, Paulina Bulczak, Chloë McKenzie, Brenna Gibson and Kasia Jaworska. This thesis is strongly grounded in my origin and heritage. It would not have been possible without the education provided by my parents, Ela and Darek. They put the first history book in my hand and sent me to my first language lessons. My tutor, Professor Maria Charmas, not only taught me the English language, but also hopefully managed to instill in me some of her impeccable work ethic. I would also like to thank other members of my family: my fantastic stepdad Krzyś, and my grandparents, Zosia, Stach and Jan. Michał was my first intellectual sparring partner and remains the best older brother any historian could wish for. Matt Kelly’s curiosity and enthusiasm have been a positive force, as were his unfailing belief in me, readiness to read drafts and endlessly discuss queens. I am grateful for all he has done. ~ 6 ~ Abbreviations in Footnotes AGAD The Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw AT IV Acta Tomiciana: Tomus Quartus Epistolarum. Legationum. Responsorum. Actionum et Rerum Gestarum; Serenissimi Principis Sigismundi Primi, Regis Polonie et Magni Ducis Lithuanie, S. Górski (ed.) (Kórnik: Biblioteka Kórnicka, 1855) Auton P. L. Jacob (ed.), Chroniques de Jean d’Auton, publiées pour la première fois en entier, d’apres les manuscrits de la Bibliothéque du Roi, vol. 2 (Paris: Silvestre, Libraire- Éditeur, 1834) BL British Library BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France Choque A. Le Roux De Lincy, Discours des cérémonies du mariage d’Anne de Foix, de la maison de France, avec Ladislas VI, roi de Bohême, précédé du discours du voyage de cette reine dans la seigneurie de Venise, le tout mis en écrit du commandant d’Anne, reine de France, duchesse de Bretagne, par Pierre Choque, dit Bretagne, l’un de ses rois d’armes.