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Petrus Ramus y el Derecho Rafael Ramis Barceló Petrus Ramus y el Derecho The Figuerola Institute Programme: Legal History The Programme “Legal History” of the Figuerola Institute of Social Science History –a part of the Carlos III University of Madrid– is devoted to improve the overall knowledge on the history of law from different points of view –academically, culturally, socially, and institutionally– covering both ancient and modern eras. A number of experts from several countries have participated in the Programme, bringing in their specialized knowledge and dedication to the subject of their expertise. To give a better visibility of its activities, the Programme has published in its Book Series a number of monographs on the different aspects of its academic discipline. Publisher: Carlos III University of Madrid Book Series: Legal History Editorial Committee: Manuel Ángel Bermejo Castrillo, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Catherine Fillon, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Manuel Martínez Neira, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Carlos Petit, Universidad de Huelva Cristina Vano, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II More information at www.uc3m.es/legal_history Petrus Ramus y el Derecho Los juristas ramistas del siglo XVI Rafael Ramis Barceló Historia del derecho, 40 © 2015 Rafael Ramis Barceló Editorial Dykinson c/ Meléndez Valdés, 61 – 28015 Madrid Tlf. (+34) 91 544 28 46 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.dykinson.com Preimpresión: TALLERONCE ISBN: 978-84-9085-683-3 ISSN: 2255-5137 D.L.: M-2486-2016 Versión electrónica disponible en e-Archivo http://hdl.handle.net/10016/22197 Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España Para Antonio Planas Rosselló ÍNDICE Introducción . 11 Debate historiográfico en torno a Ramus . 17 Derecho y dialéctica en Ramus . 48 El ramismo en el contexto jurídico del siglo XVI . 82 Primera etapa del ramismo jurídico . 112 Segunda etapa del ramismo jurídico . 140 Tercera etapa del ramismo jurídico . 168 El postramismo jurídico . 193 Conclusiones . 213 Elenco de juristas ramistas . 223 Bibliografía . 225 9 INTRODUCCIÓN Pierre de la Ramée, latinizado Petrus Ramus (1515-1572), fue un pensador francés que contribuyó decisivamente a la transición desde el humanismo al racionalismo. Su papel en la historia del derecho ha sido confuso y el princi- pal objetivo de este libro es intentar una clarificación de su obra y la de los juristas que siguieron sus ideas. Quizás valga la pena explicar, antes de entrar en materia, el “contexto de descubrimiento” de este libro, pues los siguientes capítulos son el planteamiento de un problema historiográfico y la respuesta que damos al mismo. Al estudiar la influencia de Ramon Llull en el pensamiento jurídico de la época moderna, observamos que el método de algunos juristas del XVII no dependía solamente del Arte de Llull, sino que lo hacía también de Petrus Ramus. Así como era relativamente fácil aislar las influencias lulianas en los autores del siglo XVI, advertimos que éstas aparecían mezcladas con rasgos aristotélicos y ramistas en obras a partir de la última década de la centuria. Optamos por estudiar aisladamente las corrientes luliana y ramista duran- te el siglo XVI, a fin de establecer una genealogía intelectual de los juristas y de determinar con mayor exactitud el momento en el que ambas se entrecru- zaban. Tras leer buena parte de la literatura histórico-jurídica sobre Ramus y el ramismo intentamos una aproximación en un artículo “Petrus Ramus on Law and Jurisprudence”, publicado finalmente en 2013, en el que seguimos los criterios estandarizados sobre el tema, y en el que llamábamos la atención sobre la influencia de Pierre de la Ramée en la historia de las ideas jurídicas y políticas. Sin embargo, tras algunas lecturas y a raíz de varios epistolarios sosteni- dos a partir de la publicación de este trabajo, nos percatamos de que había algunos extremos que no concordaban y que las conclusiones eran inexactas y, en ocasiones, contradictorias. El tema, por lo tanto, tenía que analizarse de nuevo desde la raíz, estudiando detalladamente todos los escritos tanto de Ramus como de sus seguidores. En particular, cabe indicar los siguientes extremos conflictivos: 11 RAFAEL RAMIS BARCELÓ 1) La reiterada insistencia por parte de la historiografía en que Petrus Ra- mus no tocó temas jurídicos se compadecía muy mal con la cantidad de juris- tas que se vindicaban como seguidores del maestro francés. 2) Muchos de los juristas del siglo XVI eran calificados de “ramistas”, sin que hubiera ningún criterio claro para determinar cuál o cuáles eran los ras- gos que tenían que tener para incluirse en esta categoría. 3) La adscripción al ramismo resultaba, en la historiografía que ha llegado hasta nuestros días, una suerte de cajón de sastre. Se vindicaba la adscripción al ramismo de muchos juristas del siglo XVI (de orientación distinta, perte- necientes a diferentes generaciones y corrientes). Hemos detectado que Thomasius fue el principal crítico de las ideas jurí- dicas de Ramus y sus seguidores. Con él comienzan algunos tópicos que se han asentado hasta nuestros días. Por lo demás, la historiografía decimonó- nica hizo una lectura respetuosa de la obra de Ramus y, siguiendo en parte a Thomasius, adscribió al ramismo a los juristas que cumplían con estos dos rasgos, a saber: a) el uso de tablas, dicotomías y otros recursos visuales en sus obras y b) el análisis del derecho a partir de la teoría de las cuatro causas. Salta a la vista que esta última teoría no procede de Ramus, sino de la tradi- ción aristotélica, y que el uso de los recursos visuales era fruto de la difusión de la imprenta. Ambos rasgos son claramente anteriores a Ramus y tampoco tiene sentido el tópico historiográfico de calificar de ramista a cualquier jurista que hubiese usado dicotomías y recursos visuales, especialmente en la época en la que Ramus aún no había nacido o aún no había publicado ninguna obra. En este libro queremos revisar esos tópicos historiográficos a la luz de la lectura de las obras de Ramus y de los autores pretendidamente ramistas, para ofrecer una nueva visión de la obra de Pierre de la Ramée y de los que denominamos “juristas ramistas”. En particular, este libro contiene las si- guientes bases novedosas, que devienen tesis fuertes de nuestro estudio: 1) Una lectura de la obra de Ramus en la que no sólo se analiza la evolución de sus contribuciones sobre la Dialéctica (que es la base de su pensamiento), sino también los otros textos del autor, donde aparecen diseminados sus jui- cios sobre el derecho. Así, en contra de lo que se había sostenido hasta ahora, se puede afirmar que Ramus llegó a elaborar fragmentariamente un pensa- miento (metodológico y epistemológico) sobre el derecho, que se explica en el libro siguiendo un análisis histórico. 2) La fijación de unos criterios para calificar como “ramista” a un jurista, con lo que se puede revisar toda la historiografía anterior, descartando a mu- 12 PETRUS RAMUS Y EL DERECHO chos juristas que antes se tenían como tales. A los juristas que sólo cumplen con una parte de estos criterios se les califica, como se verá, de filoramistas, semiramistas o postramistas. 3) La elaboración de una periodificación para entender el desarrollo y la influencia del ramismo en los juristas. Sostenemos que la obra de Ramus pue- de clasificarse en tres grandes etapas, en las que su concepción fue virando. Defendemos que las tres etapas de la obra de Ramus se proyectan en la recep- ción que de ellas hicieron las tres generaciones posteriores de juristas imbui- dos de los ideales ramistas. En el primer capítulo se encuentra una breve exposición de la biografía de Ramus y de la historiografía hasta el momento, analizada de forma crítica. El segundo es un estudio diacrónico de la obra del pensador francés, en el que se pone de relieve tanto su dialéctica (como base metodológica) como las referencias al derecho, contenidas en varias obras, fundamentalmente en Ciceronianus y Scholarum Mathematicarum. Al final de este capítulo se con- creta nuestra propuesta metodológica para estudiar tanto a Ramus como a los juristas ramistas. En el tercer capítulo estudiamos el contexto en el que floreció el ramismo entre los juristas (Francia, el Sacro Imperio e Inglaterra). Sus páginas tienen la intención de ayudar a comprender el humus en el que se asentó el ramis- mo, así como también de desmentir algunos tópicos sobre muchos juristas asociados erróneamente con las doctrinas de Ramus. Los capítulos cuarto a sexto están dedicados al estudio de los juristas ra- mistas, en perspectiva generacional. La primera generación (1560-1575), ba- sada en las obras primerizas de Pierre de la Ramée, abarca a juristas franceses que fueron alumnos o que colaboraron con Ramus y concluye con Freigius y la apertura del ramismo a los juristas de Suiza y del Sacro Imperio. La segun- da generación de juristas (1575-1590) es la que siguió más fielmente los dicta- dos metodológicos de Ramus y viene a coincidir con la etapa intermedia de su pensamiento, cuyo paradigma es la Dialectique de 1555. La última generación (1590-1610) es el resultado de la síntesis del ramismo con otras corrientes, de forma que las ideas de Ramus aparecieron cada vez más desdibujadas. El séptimo capítulo es un cuadro de la difusión (cada vez más diluida) del ramismo entre los juristas del siglo XVII, hasta llegar a autores que prescin- dieron de sus nociones y su método. Con ello, nos detenemos en Thomasius, pensador que puede ser considerado un punto de inflexión en la historia del ramismo. 13 RAFAEL RAMIS BARCELÓ En una perspectiva más amplia, este libro, a la vera de los textos de Petrus Ramus, pretende revisar las categorías de la historia del pensamiento jurídico de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI.
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