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A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle's A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition A series of handbooks and reference works on the intellectual and religious life of Europe, 500–1800 Editor-in-Chief Christopher M. Bellitto (Kean University) VOLUME 43 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bcct A Companion to the Latin Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics Edited by Fabrizio Amerini and Gabriele Galluzzo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: Aristotle and Plato: detail of School of Athens, 1510–11, Fresco by Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio of Urbino) (1483–1520). Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City/ The Bridgeman Art Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to the Latin medieval commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics / edited by Fabrizio Amerini and Gabriele Galluzzo. pages cm. — (Brill’s companions to the Christian tradition, ISSN 1871-6377 ; VOLUME 43) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26128-0 (hardback) : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26129-7 (e-book) 1. Aristotle. Metaphysics. 2. Philosophy, Medieval. I. Amerini, Fabrizio, editor of compilation. B434.C63 2013 110—dc23 2013032798 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1871-6377 ISBN 978-90-04-26128-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26129-7 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Fabrizio Amerini and Gabriele Galluzzo Latin Medieval Translations of Aristotle’s Metaphysics ...................... 19 Marta Borgo The Commentator: Averroes’s Reading of the Metaphysics .............. 59 Matteo di Giovanni Avicenna’s and Averroes’s Interpretations and Their Influence in Albertus Magnus ........................................................................................ 95 Amos Bertolacci English Commentaries before Scotus. A Case Study: The Discussion on the Unity of Being ............................................................................... 137 Silvia Donati Aquinas’s Commentary on the Metaphysics ........................................... 209 Gabriele Galluzzo Giles of Rome’s Questions on the Metaphysics ..................................... 255 Alessandro D. Conti Five Parisian Sets of Questions on the Metaphysics from the 1270s to the 1290s .................................................................................................. 277 Sten Ebbesen Alexander of Alessandria’s Commentary on the Metaphysics .......... 315 Fabrizio Amerini The Questions on the Metaphysics by John Duns Scotus: A Vindication of Pure Intellect .............................................................. 359 Giorgio Pini Jandun’s Question-Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics ............. 385 Roberto Lambertini vi contents Three Franciscan Metaphysicians after Scotus: Antonius Andreae, Francis of Marchia, and Nicholas Bonet ............................................. 413 William O. Duba John Buridan’s Commentary on the Metaphysics ................................. 495 Femke J. Kok Paul of Venice’s Commentary on the Metaphysics ............................... 551 Alessandro D. Conti Fifteenth-Century Parisian Commentaries on Aristotle’s Metaphysics .................................................................................................. 575 Paul J.J.M. Bakker Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 631 List of Manuscripts ......................................................................................... 665 Index of Names ................................................................................................ 667 INTRODUCTION Fabrizio Amerini and Gabriele Galluzzo Few philosophical books have been so influential in the development of Western thought as Aristotle’s Metaphysics. For centuries, Aristotle’s most celebrated writing has been regarded as a source of inspiration as well as the starting point for every investigation into the structure of reality. Not surprisingly, the topics discussed in the book—the scientific status of ontology and metaphysics, the foundation of logical truths, the notions of essence and existence, the nature of material objects and their properties, the status of mathematical entities, just to mention some— are still at the center of the current philosophical debate and are likely to excite philosophical minds for many years to come. Friends and foes of Aristotle’s philosophical project cannot help measuring themselves against the strength and intricacies of his metaphysical arguments and finally recognize the importance of the Metaphysics for the constitution of our philosophical interests. This volume reconstructs a particular phase in the long fortune of the Metaphysics by focusing on the medieval reception of Aristotle’s master- piece. Moreover, the narrative contained in the volume is told from a par- ticular point of observation, that of the commentaries on the Metaphysics. This choice is deliberate and stems from the assumption that the his- tory of the reception of Aristotle’s thought is first of all the history of the interpretations of Aristotle’s texts. Although the influence of Aristotle’s metaphysical doctrines shows up in many aspects of medieval theology and philosophy as well as in many different kinds of writings, it is first of all to the commentaries on the Metaphysics that we should look for an answer to the question as to how medieval philosophers understood Aristotle’s metaphysical enterprise. We said “medieval reception” of the Metaphysics, where “late medi- eval” would have been a more appropriate expression. As is known, the Metaphysics has been a comparatively late acquisition of Latin medieval thought. As Marta Borgo clearly shows in her chapter, it is only at the beginning of the 13th century, when Michael Scot translated into Latin the Arabic translation of the Metaphysics contained in Averroes’s Long Commentary, that the text of the Metaphysics became fully available 2 fabrizio amerini and gabriele galluzzo to Western philosophers and theologians. This does not mean that the contents of Aristotle’s book were altogether inaccessible to early medi- eval thinkers. The fact remains, however, that early medieval thoughts about ontology and metaphysics have been mainly guided and shaped by the reading of another fortunate work of Aristotle’s, i.e., the Categories. The Metaphysics entered the scene only later on when the tradition of the Categories commentaries was already well established. This volume is a history in fourteen chapters of the late medieval recep- tion of Aristotle’s Metaphysics. Our aim in assembling the volume is not only to provide the readership with up-to-date information about medi- eval commentaries on the Metaphysics and the scholarly research they have given rise to but also to offer a rough guide to and a map of the dif- ferent philosophical issues that were raised and discussed when comment- ing on Aristotle’s celebrated writing. The authors and works with which the contributors to the volume deal differ in many respects. One major difference is in literary genre. Roughly speaking, medieval commentaries on Aristotle basically split into two different categories: literal expositions of Aristotle’s text, which take up and comment on the text lemma by lemma; and commentaries per modum quaestionis, i.e., works consisting of a series of discussions about the philosophical topics that are taken up by Aristotle. Some commentaries (like the one by the Franciscan Master Alexander of Alessandria) present both literal expositions and questions and so properly belong to the literary genre of the commentaries cum quaestionibus, while some others (like Albert the Great’s Metaphysica) are difficult to accommodate within the bipartite schema. But in gen- eral, commentators choose one or the other of the two main literary genres. Even though it is difficult to draw precise lines here, it is a fact that literal expositions were more popular in the 13th century and were progressively superseded by commentaries per modum quaestionis. Upon reflection, this is understandable enough. Literal expositions prevail when commentators need to become acquainted with the details of Aristotle’s text. Once the text has been explained and understood, it is natural to expect philosophers to move to a further level of analysis and to start raising problems about the philosophical contents of the work on which they are
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