Draft Social Studies Kindergarten to Grade 6 Curriculum

Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2

History: Understanding the history of our province, nation, and world and developing cultural literacy allow us to appreciate the varied richness of our shared human inheritance of original writings, artifacts, stories, beliefs, ideas and great Organizing Idea cultural and artistic achievements from different times and places. Lessons of the past and knowledge of diverse experiences help us overcome ignorance and prejudice and recognize our common humanity and dignity.

How do stories, fables, and personal experience help us explore and What is the history of First Nations and Inuit in the traditional territories of What did ancient and medieval civilizations contribute to today’s world that Guiding Question understand our world? what is now Alberta? has enduring value?

Students explore First Nations and Inuit migration patterns, stories, and ideas Learning Outcome Children recognize a timeline as a chronological narrative that includes stories, as they existed on traditional territories before the arrival of people from Students explore ancient civilizations and the ideas that have endured over significant dates, and personal experiences. Europe and other parts of the world. time and have contributed to our heritage and traditions.

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about me and my where and when we Know birth date (day, timeline: First peoples Humans first arrived Explain a simple visual The heritage from Big ideas, core beliefs, Identify the community: were born and month, year) and to now; chronology of in North America timeline and map ancient Greece, cultural practices, and significance of ancient languages spoken at famous people with migrations and about 30 000 years showing migration ancient Rome, and monuments have wisdom in our daily • birth date home that birth date. settlements ago and migrated patterns into and other ancient cultures endured and continue lives. • place of birth throughout the across the continent. continues to inform to influence our lives. A personal timeline continent. and influence our • spoken language(s) helps us to organize lives. • kinship ties past events in a proper sequence over • family tree time. • personal timeline

history of time Historical time can be Construct a timeline (chronology): represented in and explain its timelines. purpose. • before Christ (BC) • anno domini (AD) • before common era (BCE) • common era (CE) • decades • centuries • millennia • time immemorial

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stories and fables that Experience the sense Listen to short earliest societies: Early societies Explain the ways of Ancient peoples told Classic architecture Read aloud Greek, illustrate personal of wonder awakened readings of timeless hunters, gatherers, emerged and were survival and means of stories that were and monuments were Chinese and African identities, reflecting a by timeless stories, stories or fables and and cultivators; origin organized to provide livelihood of First passed down from built to last and have myths/legends and diversity of gender, fables, and rhymes develop the of agriculture for basic needs and Nations and Inuit in one generation to the lasted. They continue ask students to retell language, race, and featuring childhood confidence to share sustenance. various local and next, such as myths to impress and inspire the stories. ethnicity experiences or and exchange creation stories from surrounding and legends of people today. legends from the past. personal stories. local First Nations and Societies develop communities. Greece, China, and Explain belief systems vocabulary used to Inuit communities, their own ways of Africa. World views are a set associated with describe time: simple personal how to read a timeline such as Blackfoot explaining human Describe what the of beliefs and Judaism, Christianity, timelines from birth and sketch a personal legend of Napi and origins on Earth. local First Nations or World religions that experiences that and Islam. • long ago to age five (going to example creation stories from Inuit believe about believe in one God influence the way a • before school) Cree, Dene, and Inuit First Nations and Inuit creation and the (monotheistic): people or civilization Recognize examples communities cultures are rooted in spirits. Judaism, Christianity, sees the world. They of classical • after the land and patterns and Islam have are reflected in architecture and • now (present) First Nations and Inuit of nature, which were Describe Indigenous common roots. stories, religious texts, monuments and spirituality can include believed to have stories of the origin of and architecture. explain some of the • next balance within nature, spiritual qualities. the world and diverse art and architecture: reasons why they • then spirit world, earth, Indigenous groups Greco-Roman, were built. and sky. Many different that inhabited the Chinese, and African Indigenous societies land of what is now ruins and monuments, Compare a world view First Nations and Inuit inhabited the land of Alberta and North such as Acropolis, from an ancient societies emerged what is now Alberta America. Pantheon, Roman civilization to a over time with many and North America Colosseum, Great present one. languages and varied before first contact Wall, Sphinx, traditions. with Europeans. pyramids

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Guiding Question How do our personal stories compare with those from other times? How do the origins and legacies of ancient civilizations relate to the present? What aspects of past civilizations continue to influence the way we live?

Students identify important ideas, social structures, cultural practices, and Learning Outcome Children explore personal stories in relation to the experiences of others, monumental legacies that ancient civilizations have contributed to modern Students analyze some major contributions of ancient Western and Eastern particularly those in earlier times. day. civilizations to life and society today.

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my family and Families and Discuss how families concepts and Ancient civilizations Describe a variety of ancient Greece: Ancient Greece Explain the community, now and communities change, and communities vocabulary associated existed but have ancient civilizations in contributed to the significance of Athens in the past (olden over time (now and have changed over with historical time: vanished, leaving only terms of their • Athens as city- emergence of in the shaping of days) back then). time. traces remaining cultures, ideas, and state democracy, popular modern Western • before common today. monuments. • Athens and Sparta myths, athletics, culture. era (BCE) culture, and the arts. • gods and • common era (CE) People continue to be Identify a few Ask questions related fascinated with the remnants and ancient goddesses Critical thinking was to Athens and Sparta: • hindsight events, ruins, and artifacts, such as fire • Alexander the advanced by the • looking back on remains left behind by pits, petroglyphs, Great Greeks. • Which culture the past early peoples and Clovis weapons, and allowed more civilizations. fossils. • Olympic Games Roman traditions and freedom? • years (weeks and • Marathon culture, including months) • Which one put Ideas and remnants Listen to, read aloud, • Siege of Troy and Roman law and more emphasis on • past, present, from the past have and retell the stories Wooden Horse Roman infrastructure order and future endured and continue of First Nations or helped Roman discipline? to inspire spiritual Inuit peoples and folk • Athenian influence spread and democracy ancient civilizations, beliefs, art, and tales of early can still be seen Arrange events in exemplified by literature. civilizations. today. chronological Mesopotamia, Egypt, great thinkers: Socrates, Plato, and sequence. Create a and China Stories, folk tales, Illustrate an Rome became an timeline for the rise fables, and legends understanding of one Aristotle asked new extensive empire, and questions in a form and fall of the Roman stories, folk tales, and capture cultural or more stories or folk both Judaism and Empire. legends, such as traditions. tales. now known as Christianity spread via philosophy, which in the Roman Empire. Distinguish between • Napi and the Rock Greek means “love of wisdom. Roman and Greek (Blackfoot) The three contributions to monotheistic religions • King Midas and Ancient Rome origin modern life. the Golden Touch of Judaism, myths: Christianity, and Islam • Pandora’s Box Recognize cause and all originated in the effect. (Greek) • Romulus and Middle East and share Remus • The Monkey King many common and • What are some of (Sun Wukong) • Epic of Aeneas overlapping beliefs the theories for the and traditions, as well • The Jade Rabbit • City of Seven Hills cause of the fall of as important the Roman Empire? • Pangu and the • gods and differences. It was not the first creation of the goddesses or last to world (China) disappear. Pax

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Romana (Roman Empire) • How might this apply to other Judaism: countries or civilizations? • The oldest of the three “Abrahamic” Investigate how the religions three monotheistic • Jewish people religions that arose believe that God out of the Middle East made a covenant are related, and why with Abraham and Jews, Christians, and his descendants. Muslims are sometimes called • After the Jewish ‘people of the book’? people were enslaved in Egypt, Draw conclusions Moses led them from evidence: How is back to ‘The our culture still Promised Land’ influenced by early • Jewish Jewish, Islamic, and communities Christian cultures? eventually spread, and were forced to relocate, around the Mediterranean, through the Middle East. Christianity: • Based on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, who Christians believe is the Son of God • Spread from a small number of Jewish follows of Jesus in the middle of the first century across the Roman Empire

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• After it became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the early 300s AD, it spread rapidly across Europe and around the world. Islam: • founded by Mohammed, who Muslims believe was the prophet of God (Allah) and received revelations from him • the Quran (610 CE) • pilgrimage to Mecca • march to Medina • Islam spread across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe (622–326 CE), and later to Asia, Africa, and around the world.

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seeing the world We can have different Explore cultural and oral cultures and Each Indigenous Explain the origin of Middle Ages Society in medieval Explain the through your eyes and perspectives but we ethnic diversity in traditions: storytelling society had its own writing. (medieval times): times was structured significance of that of others also share a common your classroom, and art in early language and/or so that everyone was Charlemagne’s rule in humanity. school, and American cultures dialect. Compare two • Charlemagne as responsible to the the medieval era. community. different American Holy Roman king/monarch and writing and written development of early Indigenous cultures, Emperor (800 CE) bound by loyalty. Ask questions: Identify differences languages, originating writing such as Blackfoot or • King of Frankish and similarities. in Egypt, (Mesopotamia) Plains Cree and one Empire Medieval stories and • Why would a Mesopotamia, Central Chinese writing: or more early Central festivals are still part person become and South America, characters or or South American • feudal society of our contemporary someone else’s and China pictographs/ civilization. (patricians, world, such as the vassal or servant? calligraphy plebeians, knights, story of Robin Hood, freedmen, slaves) • Why is Joan of Arc First Nations, Métis, Develop a comparison Friar Tuck, and the considered a and Inuit had different Teachings, ideas, laws, chart on types of • class structure Sheriff of Nottingham. heroine in history? languages and unique structures, and writing and (nobles and cultural practices, inventions from communication with vassals, lords and The Anglo-Saxon • Who didn’t such as Blackfoot ancient civilizations assistance. serfs) tradition laid the consider her a peoples and the bison have endured and groundwork for social heroine and why? hunt on the plains continue to influence Compare the origin of • Hundred Years and legal organization (Head Smashed-In our lives. one of the first sets of War in England and the Explain the changes in Buffalo Jump). laws with today’s • Joan of Arc British colonies. the law in medieval Ancient China had laws. England. Maya (Central unique features and Anglo-Saxon England: Understand how America), Aztecs and these contributed to Describe the land of England got its Ask a question: Montezuma (Mexico), modern times. the Pyramids, how it • origins of terms Common Law out of Inca (South America) looked, and what (Angles, Saxons, local and social • Is the tale of Robin survives today. and Jutes) custom. Hood real or fiction? ancient Egypt: • adoption of Explain some unique Christianity the origins of the Silk • Did he rob from • pyramids features of ancient Road trading route the rich and give to • monarchy- • Ra and his children China and what it from Europe across the poor? contributed to unification of a the Middle East and • Prince and the modern times. divided country Asia to China; the Retell the story of Sphinx • Alfred the Great connections between Marco Polo’s journey • pharaohs looking up and English cultures and religions to the Orient and back information on (Christian, Muslim, • papyrus traditions and what he Internet or in libraries Buddhist) across the discovered in the Far • hieroglyphics (Maya, Aztec, Inca • Robin Hood, area between Europe Norman Conquest East. • mummies peoples) and China; movement • Domesday Book of Compare (first census)

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people, goods, and the Black Death with • Queen Cleopatra Explain differences • Origins of the ideas later pandemics, between ancient law Common Law including the Spanish ancient China: and today’s law. The first of the Flu and COVID-19. encounters with other world’s great • teachings of Tell a story of what worlds: travels of pandemics was the Confucius life was like in ancient Marco Polo, Venetian Black Death. • Emperor and Egypt. merchant (1271– Forbidden City 1295 AD): journey Explain some features from Italy to the • gunpowder and that make Eastern Orient/China and fireworks civilizations, like back, the Silk Road, • Great Wall of China, different from visit to Court of China civilizations mostly Kublai Khan; and, founded on European from the Chinese side, • invention of paper laws and cultures, like travels of Zheng He (Han Dynasty, 100 Canada. (1371–1433/5) CE) (building on earlier • silk explorations by Gan • trade Ying, Zhang Qian, and others) plagues: the Black Death (1347–1351) and its impact

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Organizing Idea Civics: Canada’s constitutional monarchy, democracy, rule of law, and citizenship are understood through knowledge of the origins and development of various contrasting political traditions and ideas.

How do rules or expectations contribute to a sense of belonging to family, What aspects of past civilizations continue to influence the way people live What are some of the ways we are governed that can be traced back to the Guiding Question community, or the wider world? within societies today? ancient and medieval world?

Students identify how a sense of belonging is supported through people Students understand the history of hereditary rulership (monarchy) and the Learning Outcome gathering together while following simple expectations and rules. Students identify structures and governance of early civilizations. origins of modern forms of democracy.

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Social groups like Gathering in groups Identify and explain Different societies Two main types of Explain who ruled in early democracy: Athenian democracy Draw a diagram families, classrooms, involves following how social groups like and social groups rulers include early societies and worked to provide illustrating democracy and schools have simple rules and families and were organized in hereditary and chosen how it was • origin of word rights and in ancient Athens. bonds and simple expectations in order classrooms work different ways, and by the people. determined in ancient democracy representation and rules. to govern ourselves. together. chose leaders in times. • Council of 500 determined who was Explain the difference different ways; e.g. Reciprocation through excluded from in the systems of hereditary gift giving is a key way Recognize the role of • male citizens and citizenship. government between chiefs/kings, military to acknowledge and protocols and non-citizens the Roman Kingdom, leaders, or leaders build friendly customs in First (Athens) The Romans practised the Roman Republic, chosen for specific relationships amongst Nations and Inuit different forms of and Imperial Rome. skills (healing, First Nations cultures. communities, which evolution of the government at religious were unfamiliar to the Roman tradition different times, first knowledge/insight) or First Nations and Inuit ways of early through kings/tyrants: rule by kings/tyrants, character by some or decision-making Europeans. There were several then a form of all of the group. practices can include phases of Roman democracy during the assembling in a circle, government that are Republic, and finally West coast and some saying a prayer, and important for the Imperial rule with interior First Nations including everybody origins of democracy, some elements of have traditions of in discussion. including kings, monarchy (emperors) Potlatch (Pacific Roman Republic and some elements of North West) and gift (consuls, senate and democracy (senate). giving. assemblies), and empire (emperor, talking circles: The senate). circle symbolizes wholeness, completion, and a way of discussing matters.

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Groups provide a Families, school Identify the bonds of governing rules and Most ancient Draw a diagram of medieval social order: Hereditary rulers and Identify the profound sense of belonging: classes, children’s connection and social order: chiefs, societies had ruling rule by a chief, king, feudalism, kings, bonds of loyalty held influence of hereditary families, classes, groups, and simple rules that help kings, queens, and elites who governed or emperor in relation queens, lords, and medieval society rulers and the clan friends, and neighbourhoods are us to work together in empires; rule by the rest of the people. to the common loyalties of people as together. system. responsibilities to one simple examples of groups. divine right of kings Common examples of people. subjects another. associations. these elites were The common people Ask questions: Recognize fair rules military leaders or crown, monarchy, and (noble citizens) Fairness and It is important to be and why we need hereditary leaders. the rise of Parliament secured democratic • Was the Magna responsibility are part fair and responsible. them. in England (Magna rights and responsible Carta the of being in social Carta, 1215) government. beginning of groups. English democracy through Parliament? • Why did kings need the consent of the nobles to govern (money to fund wars and costs of court, dynastic stability)?

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Organizing Idea Geography: Understanding the world we live in, and the relationship of people and places, is supported by knowing features of the natural and political world, such as oceans, mountain ranges, and boundaries.

How can maps and globes be used to help us understand the world and where Where did the earliest civilizations of the Middle East, Europe, and Asia Guiding Question we live and travel? Why do people move and settle in different places? originate?

Students describe ways that ideas, beliefs, religion, and cultural practices Learning Outcome Children explore maps and globes to identify where we live and how we find Students explain reasons for migration and settlement of ancient civilizations. spread back and forth between the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Asia, and our way around. eventually to other places around the world.

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Maps and globes how to find your way Read a map and maps and globes spatial understanding finding the location of geographic location spatial relationships Draw a map of ancient represent our world. around in school and construct a related to the early of key locations and places on a map: and extent of ancient among places in the Greece (Athens, the local community neighbourhood map. Indigenous and positioning in the legend, directions, Greece, ancient ancient world and in Sparta, Mediterranean ancient world: Americas and the distance Rome, Islam, and medieval Europe Sea, Aegean Sea, early world medieval Europe Ionian Sea). • Asia Distinguish between • Beringia types of community, Judaism, Christianity, Trace the expansion of including city (urban) and Islam originated Islam, beginning in • Arctic or farm (rural). in the Middle East and 622 AD. • Tundra North Africa, and Discuss why people, spread from there Identify and explain • Woodlands past and present, into Asia, Europe, and landform features in • Plains often choose to settle eventually the world areas under study. • equator along rivers. to become world religions. continents, oceans and seas, equator, hemispheres, poles, coasts, valleys, grasslands, desert, oasis

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The world is round We live on planet Identify the globe as a natural disasters and Natural disasters Study and explain a migrations of people People migrate from Create maps showing and shaped like a Earth and it’s shaped representation of our their impact: famine, impacted early and chart showing impact from across Europe to place to place for migration routes of globe. like a globe. planet and know wars, disease, ancient civilizations; of natural disasters on Britain (Germanic different reasons, peoples during the Maps show the where we live on that drought, floods, and armies and disease. populations. peoples, including including Roman Empire. distances on maps location of streets, planet. fires Saxons, Angles, Jutes) (close, distant, and far schools, communities, wildfires and wind Recognize the value and Norman • fleeing conflict Explain the scale and away) in metres and and cities. Discuss the idea that balance of nature and breaks, conservation of natural Conquest of England importance of the kilometres (and the world is round like respect for the of scarce resources conservation and • seeking refuge Mongol Empire in understand the Distances can be a sphere and that we environment (water) management of Genghis Khan and the • military campaigns human history. relationship to yards measured on a map. are held down by scarce resources Mongol Empire • religious passion and miles) Key features of Earth gravity. (protected lands, (1162–1227): largest Draw a map of early burial grounds). land empire in human trade and cultural can be located on a rise and fall of the North and South globe. history encounters by tracing Poles, seven Mongol Empire the journey of Marco continents, oceans routes of European (1162–1300): all- Polo to China and exploration and trade: powerful ruler back, and Zheng and travels of Marco Polo (autocratic ruler) the main trading and early Eastern governing without any routes and cities of trade along the Silk limits the Silk Road. Road from China to the West Recognize and explain the origin of the two- The Silk Road way silk and spice originated as a trade with China and network of trade the Orient. routes connecting East and West, from Describe some of the the 2nd century BCE significant encounters to the 18th century. between different peoples, either in The Silk Road person or indirectly originated during the through the goods Han dynasty (207 they produced, along BCE–220 CE) and was the Silk Road between expanded by the Europe and Asia. Chinese imperial envoy Zhag Qian, as well as through military conquests.

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The Silk Road was a The Great Wall of vast trade route that China was extended, stretched between in part, to protect the Europe and China. trade route. Goods such as silk and spices came West from various regions along this route. Inventions such as paper, printing, gunpowder, and the compass came from China and changed the world. The meeting of diverse peoples along the way resulted in the exchange of ideas, stories, and artwork and helped people understand one another.

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Organizing Idea Economics: Knowledge of basic economic concepts, such as needs, wants, resources, labour, innovation, trade, and capital, will build toward an understanding of economic systems.

How did bartering evolve to money exchange in order to better meet needs Guiding Question What are basic human needs and wants? How do people meet their needs and wants and make a living? and wants through trade and business?

Students explain how work, money, and resources can help people meet their Students examine the development of bartering into a system of money Learning Outcome Students compare needs and wants in relation to others. needs and satisfy their wants. exchange and explore how businesses meet the needs of communities.

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Basic needs can Certain basic needs Discuss which needs Resources needed to Working for a living in Identify the different Bartering is an basic economic Play a game of include are essential and come first and why if fulfill needs and wants early times was types of societies: exchange of goods or concepts of trade and bartering goods and necessary for survival. you have to make are not equally different than what it meeting basic needs services without exchange, goods and services. • food choices. plentiful everywhere. means in today’s (subsistence) and money. services, bartering, • water People have needs for society. producing more than money exchange, Draw a sketch of a one another. Imagine that you are Once basic needs people need for Money has exports (leather barter exchange in the • sleep being transported on (food, clothing, and People produce immediate use advantages over goods, wool) and Silk Trade with China. • clean air a small boat to a shelter) are obtained, products (crops, (surplus). bartering by being imports (silks, spices) desert island. What humans seek more for livestock) or services more portable and by Read and interpret a • clothing three items would you themselves and (tending the fields). Compare jobs in early having an exact value. the mutual benefits of pie graph showing • shelter need to survive? others. times with those trade and exchange of share of trade • good health today. Trading involves goods/services, and (imports/exports) of buying and selling potential problems in various products. • safety and Read a bar graph goods or services. trade relations comfort/ stability showing production of products. Merchants and Social needs can businesses sell goods include Define what the and services to raise differences are money to purchase • love between needs and other things. • friendship wants. • care • learning

Human wants are Wants are personal Compare the different concept of money in Money (currency) was Read a pie graph Commodities are Societies develop Compare the city what people desire desires that are nice types of wants. Are exchange for surplus invented to represent showing shares of resources or goods natural resources and state of Venice (in and prefer according to have but are not some more desirable production value in exchange. production (produce produced by people export to other places Marco Polo’s time) to their personal required for human than others? and finished (craftsmen and to sustain local with Alberta today. tastes. survival. distribution of natural resource products). modern industries) economies. Where did products Discuss why different resources: Compare and exported to other go from Venice? Distinguishing Individuals can look at people might have places that are People depend on Distinguish between places. Where do products go between needs and needs and wants different needs and resource rich and resources that are resource rich and from Alberta? Draw wants is not always differently, depending wants. resource poor in either renewable or resource poor places silk and spice trade of lines on a map to easy. on many factors. ancient times and non-renewable. and communities the Mongol Empire, compare. today. (plenty and scarcity). including ancient China renewable and non- Explain the difference renewable resources between resource rich and resource poor societies. Distinguish between renewable (water) and non-renewable (coal) resources.

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Indigenous principles Individual members of Describe collaborative earning money, Today, most people Describe how a and values in the community practices of local First saving, and investing: work for a living and business provides bartering, trade, contributed to the Nations or Inuit to People work for a are rewarded for their jobs, goods, and conservation, and common good in a meet the needs of the living, earning money activities or paid for services and can sharing of resources meaningful way. community for in the form of income; their business labour. affect a survival. save money for the neighbourhood. cooperative Sharing and future; and invest Employment is relationships: Roles generosity have Explain roles and money in hopes of a created by Identify local and responsibilities always been valued in responsibilities in profitable return. entrepreneurs in the businesses that help were based on Indigenous local First Nations or form of jobs paying communities address individual gifts and communities. Inuit communities. Enterprising wages and salaries. needs and wants. skills, and then tasks merchants and were shared in a Trade and gift giving Explain how trade producers of cooperative way. was common among relations and goods/services First Nations and exchange of goods demonstrate Inuit. worked in local First entrepreneurial Nations or Inuit abilities, creating communities. opportunities for work.

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Organizing Idea Financial Literacy: Responsible choices to build a thriving life for self, family, and society are supported by knowledge, skills, and understanding of earning, investing, spending, borrowing, and financial security.

What’s essential for young children to know about money and managing their What’s important to you in your life, and where does money rank in those What do we need to know about shopping at the supermarket or local Guiding Question personal resources? priorities? grocery?

Students explore the essentials of money matters and fascinating facts about Students explore personal priorities in life, what comes first, and why money is Students examine money and the value of goods that are vital when shopping Learning Outcome money. needed in society. for food and essential needs.

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Money has value and Money has value as a Answer money Money buys stuff we Being money wise Examine what is most Being money wise is Going shopping is a Plan for a shopping enables you to means of exchange questions: need for life and involves making hard important in life, the important when you real-life situation that trip. Make a shopping purchase things for goods and services things we want, but decisions about source of comfort, go shopping for food provides a test of how list, identify your (goods and services). and it comes in • Is the money some of the most priorities. well-being, and and essential supplies. much you know and household needs, different Canadian or from important things in happiness. Can money have learned about review the weekly coins, bills, and plastic denominations. another country? life can’t be bought buy happiness? Managing your money the value of money, specials, and plan to forms: cents, nickel, • How do you (e.g., love, a sense of involves making a few what things cost, and stay within your dime, quarters, know? belonging, friends). What happens when decisions each day, how to make sound spending limits. loonies, toonies, you pursue only including how much decisions about paper bills, and • What is it worth in Money is needed to money and ignore to keep for savings, personal spending Consider the cost of credit/debit cards dollars and cents? purchase things and other important drinks, and treats, and choices. everyday things: How to secure some of things? how much to share much is a chocolate life’s basics, including with friends. bar? Milk? Bread? food, clothing, and How much can be shelter. bought with $1, $10, $100? Money can be a benefit (access to better things), but can also cause problems such as greed and debt.

Unique features of Our money has some Read aloud and retell Being money wise is Your money decisions Practise personal Planning a meal Meal planning Practise shopping at Canadian money uniquely Canadian the story of how essential to setting reflect your values— financial decision involves shopping for requires many the supermarket and include emblems, features, such as Canada got the loonie priorities and building what you think is making: What’s a wise food and involves considerations. the grocery store. animals, and faces on types and names, and then the toonie. a foundation of good most important, your purchase? making choices. A Make up a shopping our money. including the loonie What happened to financial habits. sense of what’s right number of factors list, set a limit for the story of the loonie and toonie. the old one- and two- and wrong. Which purchases are need to be spending, and then dollar bills? questionable or considered, including purchase the items. unwise? How can you price, quality, How wise have you tell one from the nutrition, and balance been in making your other? of diet. decisions? Examine your purchases. Have you bought all the items? Did you stay within your limits? Are there examples of where you saved money in making purchases?

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Grade 3 Grade 4

Guiding Question How did the world change with colonization of North America? How did Alberta and the North West develop during the expansion of the West?

Students describe key events of European exploration, contact with First Nations, the fur trade, and the expansion of Students examine how fur trade rivalries, early explorations, North West Mounted Police rule, and Treaties led to Learning Outcome New France. early settlement and to the transfer of Rupert’s Land to the Dominion of Canada.

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concept of “The Modern Age” – the The European origins of the Recognize the concept of European fur trade rivalries – competition The Hudson’s Bay Company, based Examine the evidence: Study some European age of discovery, concept of historical eras reflect ages or eras and identify the “Early between the Hudson’s Bay in London, claimed all lands and appropriate key passages of the exploration, and colonization (Early the dominant Old World-New Modern Era” of colonization. Company (1760) and the North rivers emptying into Hudson Bay charter of the Hudson’s Bay Modern Era, 1450–1750): the World perspective. West Company (Nor’Westers) for (covering one third of the Company, May 1, 1670. How much search for routes by sea to India, Explain how fish and furs led to the control of the main trade routes, continent) and faced stiff land was granted to the Hudson’s the East Indies—Christopher Although the first European exploration and colonial from Cumberland House (1774) competition from Montreal traders Bay Company by their charter? Columbus to the “West Indies” explorers came to North America development of New France. onwards, including Anthony controlling the Great Lakes region (1492); Vasco da Gama around searching for routes to the East Henday to the Rockies, La and further west. Ask a question: Who was Peter Cape of Good Hope to India Indies and for spices and precious Examine the evidence to explain Verendrye in the American West Pond and what role did he play in (1497–1499); Ferdinand Magellan’s metals, they found fish and furs how Indigenous-French relations Fort Chipewyan on Lake Athabasca the fur trade and exploration of the voyage of circumnavigation (1519– that attracted them to explore and deteriorated in the early years. fur trading posts in the Athabasca was home to traders, Cree, De’né North West? 1522) colonize New France and North region: Peter Pond and North West and Métis peoples, and was the America, and the earliest Explain the significance of Company posts, Fort Chipewyan base for Alexander Mackenzie’s Continuity and change: How do the early contact between Europeans settlements struggled for survival. Indigenous ways, languages, and (1788), and Fort Edmonton (1795) northern explorations. names of major rivers help us to and Indigenous peoples: John practices in shaping early Canadian remember the past? Cabot and Grand Banks, sea silver Good relationships dissolved when culture. Women, mostly Métis, were North West Company trader (England, 1497), Jacques Cartier conflicts arose over taking present in fur trade country and Alexander Mackenzie (1789; Ask questions: Why is pemmican (France,1534–1541), and Ill-Fated “captives,” Donnacona and his two Construct a timeline showing the many intermarried with traders 1792–1793) travelled by canoe still well known today? Which food Settlement at Cap Rouge sons, back to France where their key events in the founding, growth, living a la façon du pays (in the and foot searching for a Northwest products are most like pemmican? return trip was delayed and they and development of New France fashion of the country). passage to the Pacific. Instead, he early encounters with Chief of eventually died. from 1605 to 1763. journeyed up a great river to the Cause and effect: What prompted Stadacona tribe Donnacona, taking Plains Cree culture and the bison Beaufort Sea in the Arctic, then Palliser’s Expedition and what was of his two sons, and deteriorating The country’s name and popular as staple food – using all parts of across the Rocky Mountains to the its impact on agriculture in Alberta? relations, scurvy, cedar bark tea social practices have Indigenous animal, use of pemmican (high Pacific Ocean. remedy, finding of “Route to and French colonial origins. energy dried buffalo meat with Ask a question: Was the takeover Canada” berries) used by frontier traders Dried meat food was first produced of Rupert’s Land a good deal for France laid claim to much of early by the Plains Cree from pulverized the Canadian government? origin of name Canada (Kanata), Canada from 1605 to 1760 and left clearing the way for agriculture – bison meat and berries (pemmican) first social club (Order of Good a lasting cultural heritage and Captain John Palliser’s Expedition and was widely used by Arctic Cheer, 1606), and meeting with footprint. (1859–1862) and origin of Palliser explorers. Sagamore Membertou (Mi’kmaq) Triangle – fertile prairie lands Palliser’s Expedition report founding of New France: Samuel de transfer of Rupert’s Land to the awakened people to the existence Champlain (1605–1632), Port Dominion of Canada, 1869, and of a fertile triangle and encouraged Royal, Quebec Habitation, impact on the North West agricultural settlement. Stadacona, Hochelaga, Cross on Mount Royal “claimed” for France Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his lead cabinet member, George E. Cartier, completed the deal

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to transfer Rupert’s Land to Canada.

Seasonal survival skills shared by Some Indigenous peoples Research challenges new settlers origin and advance of North West Perspectives on NWMP presence Draw a sketch of the NWMP in First Nations include supported newcomers with faced in what is now Canada and Mounted Police (NWMP) rule – law among First Nations and settlers uniform: Why are Mounties often knowledge and teachings to identify how Indigenous and order to encourage settlement were both positive and negative, shown on horseback? • methods and techniques for support survival. communities sometimes supported (1873–1905) with the Mounties generally being transportation on land and them. distinguished as being more Examine multiple perspectives on water Some new settlers still struggled to NWMP headquarters was in Fort reliable and trustworthy than their the NWMP presence in the • accessing medicines and food survive in North America despite MacLeod, Alberta and later in United States' counterparts. Canadian West and Northwest sources through gathering, Indigenous support; others Regina, Saskatchewan. according to original accounts in hunting, and planting adapted better. primary documents as well as secondary sources. • food preservation methods • ways to build shelters appropriate to ways of life and seasons • ways to make clothing from the land

legend of Madeleine de Verchères, Madeleine de Verchères is Weigh different viewpoints: The disappearance of the bison herds – One of the earliest endangered Drawing conclusions: What caused a 14-year-old Canadienne heroine considered a French-Canadian hero legend of Madeleine de Verchères depletion of bison (also known as species was the prairie bison, the near extinction of the Plains widely known for rallying to the for her role in defending her village can be seen from different buffalo) population originally decimated mainly by hunters Bison? Who or what was defence of New France against the Iroquois. perspectives. To whom was the numbering some15 million shooting hundreds of bison on responsible for the disappearance? young Canadienne woman a hero? migratory animals expeditions. Most French inhabitants of New Centuries later, Madeleine’s image How might the Iroquois view her France lived behind fortifications. was used to inspire women to act in rallying the defences? engage in the war effort in Canada. Since the time of Champlain, relations with the Iroquois had deteriorated and towns and villages lived under fear of attack as the Iroquois sought to retain possession of their lands. Verchères was one such town, where Madeleine, daughter of the seigneur, rallied the defences in 1692 while her parents were absent from their farm.

French colonial rule – early society The vast majority of early colonial Ask questions: What was daily life ranching and cowboy culture: cattle Ranching emerged on the Alberta Examine the evidence: Study the in New France: earliest French settlers were from France, and like for the earliest French settlers, and horses are present on the prairie and it was pioneered by the most common words used by inhabitants – apothecary Louis French was the first European traders, merchants, garrison prairie grasslands, arrival of horses first generation of western cowboys roping horses and driving Hébert and his family of Paris, Jean language spoken on the continent. soldiers, men, women and children? northward, grazing of cattle, first cowboys riding horses imported cattle on the range. What words in Talon, first census, daughters of the Write a note back to France NWMP cattle herd and horses from Europe via Spanish colonies cowboy culture (lingo, ranch, King (les filles du roi) Early French settlers gradually explaining conditions. (1879), lawlessness on the range, (e.g., Mexico, Argentina). rodeo, stampede, lariat, lasso, became Canadiens. spread of cattle herds (25,000 head buckaroo) have Spanish origins? French settlement: seigneurial Explain how the seigneurial system and 11,000 horses, 1882–1883, Herding cattle grazed freely right Why the Spanish influence? system, seigneurs and habitants, New France had a unique system of New France worked, outlining Big Four ranches in Southern across the American plains and strip farms, Saint Lawrence and of land holding—the seigneurial the duties and responsibilities of Alberta, south of Fort Calgary, northward into Canada. Richelieu rivers system—with strip farms and seigneurs and habitants. 1875), early Calgary was known as “rangs” running along the “Cow Town” waterways.

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Slavery in New France: Slaves and Slaves existed in New France until Examine the evidence: Discuss Jerry Potts (1840-1896), was a Black rancher John Ware, born a Investigate the lives of John Ware servants were common. Blacks in it was abolished in Upper Canada slavery in New France and consider leading scout, interpreter, hunter in slave in South Carolina, escaped and of Jerry Potts. How did they New France were considered the (1793) and then in all British North why advertisements would be the North West. into Canada and with his wife, contribute to the development of “property” of white settlers and the American colonies in 1807. placed in newspapers offering Mildred, was a pioneer with a 160- what would become Alberta? Code Noir (rulebook) was used, rewards for the capture of a Famous Black rancher John Ware acre homestead west of Calgary. even though it was not the official runaway slave. (1845-1905), along with his wife law. Enslaved Blacks were brought Mildred and family, was a ranching Jerry Potts’ mother was from the from Africa and sold as part of the pioneer and folk hero in Alberta Kainai-Cree and his father was trans-Atlantic trade in goods. Some (Howdy, I’m John Ware, 2020). Scottish, and he lived and worked 3,600 slaves lived in the colony in with Métis, European, and local 1760 when New France fell to the John Ware’s funeral in 1905 was First Nations, earning their trust British. one of the largest in Alberta and respect through his knowledge history. of the prairies and his skill as a scout, hunter, and soldier.

expansion of the fur trade to The fur trade was important to Weigh differing viewpoints: Why grain growing and agriculture: Harsh conditions on the Alberta Write a letter expressing the interior and into the North West: New France; the frontier was was land important to Indigenous settling in a prairie “ocean of prairie test the will of many concerns of a prairie farm family finest beaver pelts (castor gross), fortified, and crop production was peoples and the French fur traders? grassland,” homesteading farmers, especially in winters, and suffering through the hard times in voyageurs, coureur des bois, and mostly to sustain the local (loneliness and hardships – the isolation and loneliness can the early 1890s. Catholic missionaries. brandy trade, population. Why was French the first European drought, early frosts, grasshoppers, make life difficult at times. Frost origin of Montreal fur trade, language spoken in what is now grass fires), invention of Red Fife resistant wheat prolonged the Weigh different viewpoints: Should Nor’Westers Alberta? wheat (Rev, John Gough Brick, growing season over much of the prairie grain elevators be saved? Peace River district, 1892–1893) prairies. How much of our history should be the “Black Robes” (Catholic preserved? Why? missionaries), Father Lacombe origins of prairie grain elevators: Grain elevators are known as (1827–1916) priest and pioneer first elevator, Gretna, Manitoba, “prairie sentinels” and dot the 1881, storing grain for loading on landscape, alerting travellers to the rail cars, multiplied from 90 in names of towns, and as symbols of 1890 to 454 by 1900 grain growing in the region.

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Guiding Question What impact did British colonization have on the remaining British North American colonies in what became Canada What factors led to the creation of the province of Alberta in 1905?

Students examine the fall of New France, British colonization, and how the American War of Independence altered Students investigate the main factors leading to the creation of Alberta, including the building of railways and Learning Outcome the course of Canada’s evolution and how changes in Canada are reflected in the Canadian emblems, symbols, and immigration of diverse groups. songs.

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causes of the fall of New France – Wars in Europe set the stage for Explain cause and effect: What building and completion of the The building of the Canadian Examine photos of “The Last Spike” critical factors in French the fall of New France and its caused New France to fall to the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) – Pacific Railway (CPR) was of the Canadian Pacific Railway abandonment of Quebec abandonment. British in 1760 and what was the from Regina to British Columbia considered a national project with (CPR). What do they tell you about impact? (1883–1887), and mistreatment of “ties that bind” the Dominion what actually happened in building Chinese railway workers (navvies), together, but much of the work the line? mass burials, and origin of Chinese was done by immigrant workers, head tax: including Chinese and Indian Examine the evidence of racial workers. exclusion – compare the Chinese • Immigrants from China and head tax from 1885 to 1923 and India were early builders of Chinese and Indian immigrants Indian immigration “cap” Canada and Alberta, working in suffered racial discrimination and restrictions from 1908 to 1957. railway construction, forestry, immigration restrictions. and local merchandise trade. Compare and contrast the early • Chinese immigrants settled in Exclusionist policies were Chinese and Indian immigrant what were often called introduced to restrict the numbers experiences. What drew them to “Chinatowns.” Surviving of Chinese and Indians entering the the Pacific West and Alberta? Why examples can be found in Dominion. The “Yellow Scare” did they face overt discrimination Edmonton and Calgary. Chinese sparked open discrimination and how did they fare? immigrants also settled in small against Chinese immigrants, and a towns across the prairies, where 1906–1908 spike in migrants from many were entrepreneurs and the Indian sub-continent sparked became business owners. harsh restrictions, capping the numbers admitted to fewer than 100 per year.

Quebec under British rule (1760– Consideration and treatment of the Examine the evidence: Governor Louis Riel, Métis nationhood, and Métis leader Louis Riel was a See history through different eyes: 1776): Royal Proclamation, Quebec conquered French Canadians was a Guy Carleton’s (Lord Dorchester’s) the suppression of the Red River controversial figure—revered as a Why did the federal government Act, Peace of Paris, and conciliation matter of necessity because reasons for recommending and and North-West resistances hero by French Canadians, admired consider Riel a traitor? Why would with Canadiens (French Canadians) Canadiens made up the vast supporting the Quebec Act (1869–1885): Métis leader Louis by Métis, yet at the time labelled a Métis and French Canadians regard majority of the population. Riel, Head of Buffalo Hunt Gabriel traitor and radical of the Western him as a hero? Dumont, and two resistances in Frontier. 1869–1870 (Red River) and 1885 Explore the challenges that Métis (North-West). Métis were displaced as a result of faced in moving to Alberta. Métis scrip was an attempt by the the purchase of Rupert’s Land. Research experiences of Métis in government to compensate Métis Métis were displaced from their attempting to apply for and receive for the loss of land base through homelands in Manitoba and faced scrip. their acquisition of Rupert’s Land. challenges in trying to settle Very few Métis were successful in further west. Identify the eight Métis exchanging scrip for land. settlements in Alberta. Alberta is home to the only Following Riel’s death, the Métis recognized Métis settlements in fled west to what is now Alberta Canada. and as a result many Métis live in the province today.

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Acadians and Indigenous peoples: Thousands of French settlers were Construct a timeline listing the Alberta’s Francophone history: Francophones contributed to the Create a timeline retracing the “Grand Dérangement” expelled with revolution brewing in events that marked the Acadian establishment of the province of Alberta’s Francophone history. (Expulsion of the Acadians, 1755) the American Thirteen Colonies deportation and resettlement. • explorers/voyageurs/ Alberta today. and the Great Law of Peace (1763) (known as “Le Grand guides/interpreters Identify Francophone contributions – Proclamation Line and Dérangement” or “the Great • French main spoken language The Francophone community to Alberta history. recognition of Indigenous land Upheaval”). It was immortalized in remains a vibrant and significant rights in interior and North West Longfellow’s poem, “Evangeline. • Francophone immigration part of the Alberta landscape. Compare the different local • French-speaking newcomers histories of St. Albert and came from French Canada, New French settlements, distinct from Edmonton (still distinct) with England, and other French- Métis communities, grew up Rouleauville and Calgary (the speaking countries in Europe around Edmonton from 1877 to Calgary enclave was absorbed into the late 1890s. the Mission District because it was Catholic missionaries and many the home of the French Catholic clerics founded towns where mission, but street signs provide Francophone colonizers settled, clues to its French Catholic origins). including Vegreville, Plamondon, Morinville, Legal, Beaumont, and Cause and effect: What minority Rouleauville (Calgary). rights were extended in the Manitoba Act and what was the minority language rights: impact? • French-speaking Métis upheld French language rights and Francophones gradually moved to Alberta from Quebec and other provinces. • The first French settlement (1872) was established at Lamoureux; in the 1890s, French settlers were attracted by Father Jean-Baptiste Morin; and by 1898 the population around Edmonton numbered 2,250 first language French- speakers. Father Lacombe (1827–1916), priest and pioneer language

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rights –Manitoba Act (1870), North West Territories Act (1875), and F. W. G. Haultain and Alberta rights, 1886–1891

American War of Independence The British sought to secure peace Ask questions: What is the basis great wave of immigration and Alberta experienced a slow, gradual Examine advertisements of the (1776–1783): and loyalty of the Indigenous for the First Nations claim to much settlement – the “Last Best West” transition to provincial status Last Best West campaign (1896– peoples with the promise of land of the land beyond the settled area campaign (1896–1905), arrival of influenced by the advance of 1905). What attracted early • divided loyalties – American rights. of New France? Galicians/Ukrainians (Dr. Joseph western settlement. farmers? Would such a plan for revolutionaries Oleskiw and sponsored steamship Alberta work today? (Republicans/Patriots) and The United States is an Critical thinking: What makes voyages, 1895–1900, and Alberta The “Last Best West” was the Examine photographs of gold United Empire Loyalists independent republic born out of a Canadians unique when compared promoter, John Plypow, Lamont, Canadian government’s European seekers in the Chilkoot Pass and (Loyalists/Tories) revolution, while British North with Americans and the British? 1894) immigration campaign slogan under explore the life of “Klondike Kate,” • Loyalist influence and Tory America (Quebec and Canada) took What do we have in common with Wilfrid Laurier, promising free land Kathleen Eloise Rockwell, known values – monarchy, respect, a different path, maintaining close each? gold rush and opening of the for thousands of settlers. as Queen of the Yukon. responsible government ties with Britain, “the mother Klondike: gold discovered at country.” Bonanza Creek, Yukon Territory, The Klondike gold rush opened up Examine the evidence: Study the 1896, rush of 40,000 prospectors, the Yukon and people came Alberta Act and Autonomy Bill depletion of gold deposits, closing through Alberta. It showed the (1905) and describe the actual of last mine, 1966 hard realities of a boom-and-bust boundaries of Alberta. mining economy. Assess the significance of the creation of the province – origin growth and disappearance of and terms of theAutonomy Joining the Dominion was the Amber Valley over the years. Act(1905), creating Alberta and option favoured by Ottawa, but Saskatchewan; Alberta’s F. W. G. there were other alternative Research the family history of Haultain fought for responsible proposals, including Haultain’s plan Norman (Normie) Kwong, 1929– government and favoured a larger for a larger North West province. 2016, the son of Chinese Province of Buffalo immigrants from Taishan, Early experiences of newcomers, Guangdong, China, who entered Black settlement in Alberta: early such as Black settlers, Chinese Canada in 1907 and paid the head trek from Oklahoma into Canada, workers and Hutterite farmers in tax. Explain how Normie and his settling in Amber Valley (1909), Alberta illustrate what it’s like to family overcame prejudice and Junkins (Wildwood), Keystone, and face hardships in a new country. achieved success in Alberta. Campsie, Alberta; pioneer stories of Jefferson Davis Edwards and Racism, discrimination, and Agnes Leffler Perry; arrival of the exclusion were everyday realities, Ku Klux Klan (1920s); racism and especially in the 1920s and 1930s. eventual disappearance of Amber Some Black Albertans overcame Valley (1940s to 1971); success prejudice and achieved individual stories – lawyer Violet King and success. Many Chinese pioneers teacher Gwen Hooks persevered and established successful local businesses. Early Chinese Canadian Pacific Railway workers and pioneers paved

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the way for further migrations, settling in larger centres. By 1910, Calgary, Edmonton, Medicine Hat, and Lethbridge all had Chinese districts. Most Chinese immigrants faced anti-Chinese sentiment and established local businesses, including stores and laundry services. The life story of former Edmonton football star Norman (Normie) Kwong (The China Clipper) and his family is a testament to their success.

symbols, emblems and flags of Changing symbols and emblems Explain the significance: What do resilience of the Hutterites: The The Hutterites came seeking Research and report on what you Canada: flags –Union Jack to Red tell the story of Canada’s gradual the changes in Canada’s flags tell German-speaking Christian refuge and religious freedom and learn about Hutterites in Alberta, Ensign to Maple Leaf (1964); coats evolution from a British colony to a us about the evolution of our Anabaptist group arrived in Alberta survived, overcoming local their religious beliefs, social and of arms (Dominion, 1921, Alberta self-governing Dominion and a nation? from the American Mid-West after resistance and discrimination. cultural life, and the sources of the 1907/1980); national anthems – more Canadian, less British society the First World War, settling in resistance to their settlements. God Save the King/Queen (1744), over time. little colonies, seeking freedom of How did the Hutterites manage to Maple Leaf Forever (1867), Canada worship and escape from enforced survive in villages near Magrath, (1939); symbol – the poppy military service. The Hutterites Cardston, and Pincher Creek and (Remembrance Day, November 11, wore traditional clothing, lived in eventually secure a place for 1918); and national animal emblem separate communities, and faced themselves in Alberta? – the beaver (1975) discrimination and limits on further purchase of rural land.

the first mosque on the prairies – The mutual support across religious Study photographs of the Al-Rashid The first mosque built in Canada, lines and the architecture of the Mosque (1938). was Al-Rashid Mosque in “onion dome” and “cupola dome” Edmonton, Alberta. It was erected churches of the prairies can tell us What’s distinctive about the in 1938 and was initiated by a a lot about the history of Alberta. mosque’s dome? Who was the Muslim woman, Hilwie Hamdon, architect? Which aspects of the with funds from Jews, Christians, building reflected Greek Orthodox and Muslims. The mosque was and Ukrainian influences? supported by Mayor John Fry. Distinguish between “onion” and There were about 700 Muslims in “cupola” domes? Canada at the time. The Al-Rashid Mosque was built shortly after the first U.S. mosque in Ross, North Dakota.

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Guiding Question What were the earliest forms of government in Canada from New France to British colonial rule What shaped the government and politics of Alberta and makes the province unique?

Students examine how government and society in New France were distinctly French and how it gradually evolved Students explore the transfer of Rupert’s Land, Treaties, the establishment of a provincial government, and political Learning Outcome into a British system with its own governors, parliament, and courts. ideas that advanced the development of Alberta.

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government in New France: King, French colonial government was Identify the weaknesses in the transfer of Rupert’s Land to the What is now Alberta was Identify the extent and boundaries Minister of Marine and Colonies, top-down from the King in France government of New France. How Dominion of Canada (1869) and its transferred from the British Crown of Rupert’s Land at the time of the Governor, Bishop, and Intendant to the Governor (New France) effective was it in making changes impact on Alberta – a new frontier to the Dominion Government in transfer to Canadian government (Count Frontenac, 1672–1698), ruling in cooperation with the or responding to troublesome for Western expansion, controlled Ottawa, a step on the road to administration. Bishop François Laval (1659– Sovereign Council, the Catholic issues? How long did it take to get by Ottawa, 1869–1905 territorial self-government. 1688), and Intendent Jean Talon Bishop and the Intendant (colonial a decision? Make a chart showing the three (1665–1672), captains of militia – administrator) and sparked periodic Treaties and reserve system: The First Nations and the Crown each major treaties in Alberta, the main colonial rule by correspondence, protests British Crown negotiated treaties had reasons for the signing of date and location of the signing, playing card money (Jacques de with First Nations peoples in treaties. the region covered, and provisions Meulles, 1685), women’s Alberta territory – Treaty 6 (Central included within each treaty and horsemeat protest (les femmes Alberta, Carlton and Fort Pitt, Each treaty is unique and included representative nations. Québecoises, 1757) 1876); Treaty 7 (Southern Alberta, provisions related to land use and Blackfoot Crossing, Fort Macleod, rights. Discuss the meaning of “We are all 1877), and Treaty 8 (Northern Treaty people.” Alberta at Lesser Slave Lake, 1899). All people living in Alberta are Three treaties, 45 First Nations on Treaty people. Weigh differing viewpoints: Does 140 reserves, covering 812,771 Frederick W. G. Haultain deserve hectares of reserve land Prominent member of the more recognition as the father of Territorial Legislative Council, responsible government in Alberta? Treaties are living documents that Frederick W. G. Haultain of Fort still apply today and are a MacLeod, Alberta, challenged foundational part of Alberta. British Colonial Office representative Lieutenant- struggle for provincial rights: Governor Edgar Dewdney, and Frederick W. G. Haultain and the campaigned for “responsible struggle for self-government – the government” – a government first clash with Ottawa – the accountable to the people’s elected Haultain Resolution (1892) and representatives. amendments, status as advocate of responsible government in Alberta

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British monarchy and parliamentary The essential principles of liberty in Examine the evidence: Study some provincial government in Alberta: The Alberta Legislative Assembly is Discuss and debate: “One House of democracy: the English-speaking world and the key age-appropriate clauses of the established following first election based in Edmonton, the provincial Assembly is all Alberta needs to origin of English charter of origins of Parliament can be traced Magna Carta (1215) that would still (1905), with a small Provincial capital, and the province is provide sound and effective democratic rights, terms of Magna back to the Magna Carta (Latin for be relevant today. Why are such Assembly of 25 seats and some governed by a Premier in Council government.” Carta (1215), immediate impact in Great Charter). ideas as protection from unfair 25,336 voters, which expanded to (with his cabinet), based upon the England (King is responsible to imprisonment still important 59 seats and 298,087 voters in British parliamentary system. council of barons), and contribution The Magna Carta made the King today? 1921, when the United Farmers of Unlike the federal government, to democracy, law, and human (monarch) accountable to a council Alberta (UFA) took power there is only one legislative body, rights in Canada of barons representing the people, Compare and contrast the Magna not two (House of Commons and and influenced governments Carta and the Iroquois Confederacy Senate), as in Ottawa. The Magna Carta safeguarded around the world. Great Law of Peace. these rights: access to swift justice, protection of church rights, no new One of the two Houses of Weigh viewpoints: Was the Magna taxes without permission, limits on Parliament, the appointed Upper Carta a lasting legacy in Canada? feudal dues/taxes, and protection House (Senate of Canada) is a from unfair imprisonment. legacy of the Magna Carta. first English council of 25 barons The Great Law of Peace set out established to watch over the King, how the confederacy would be and ensure the rights of Magna governed, how conflicts would be Carta were respected, eventually resolved, and how peace would be becoming the House of Lords in upheld. Parliament of England (like the Senate in Canada) The Great Law of Peace is the constitution on which the Iroquois Confederacy was founded.

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Why is geographic knowledge essential for understanding historical changes, movements of people, and the spread of Guiding Question colonies around the world? How does geographic knowledge support understanding of Alberta’s past and present?

Students locate and discuss how geographic locations of colonies, exploration routes, migrations of people, and Learning Outcome changing boundaries is important in understanding past and present developments. Students examine people, places, locations, and boundaries related to Alberta over time.

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First Nations and Inuit Indigenous peoples lived in many Interpret maps showing different The North West Territories was The names of two of the five Draw a map of the division of the communities lived across North different places, spoke different Indigenous cultural and language divided in 1882 into five original districts became the official North West Territories in 1882, America at the time of French languages, and had differing groups across North America at the administrative districts, including names of the two provinces of the showing the locations of each of European contact. cultural practices. time of French European contact. Alberta, Athabasca, Assiniboine Dominion in 1905, Alberta and the five districts and then draw the East, Assiniboine West, and Saskatchewan. actual boundaries of the provinces exploration routes to the Pacific Many major river systems in Locate the routes of early Saskatchewan. of Alberta and Saskatchewan as of coast: routes of James Cook Western Canada got their names exploration in Western Canada. All places in Alberta, Canada, and their creation in 1905. (1768–1778), George Vancouver from early explorers. Geographic locations can be the world have specific geographic (1792–1793), Alexander Mackenzie Ask questions: Why are the major described using specific positioning locations on the globe, at Test your geographic skills: Find the (1793), David Thompson (1799– rivers named after European or on the globe. Places in Alberta are intersection points of latitude and geographic locations of towns and 1800), and Simon Fraser (1807) American traders and explorers? located at meridians of longitude longitude. cities in Alberta, including What are the names of the rivers in and parallels of latitude. Longitude Edmonton, Calgary, Vegreville, the local Indigenous language? starts at the Prime Meridian in Indigenous names for places help Lloydminster, Lac La Biche, Banff, Greenwich, UK (0 degrees to explain their history and Brooks, and Pincher Creek. longitude) and latitude starts at the significance. equator (0 degrees latitude). The Examine place names: Some local International Date Line is 180 Alberta has approximately 2000 Indigenous language place names degrees longitude. Time zones communities and natural sites with include Edmonton (Beaver Hills follow the meridians. French-influenced names. House, Cree), Calgary (Elbow, Blackfoot) and Fort Chipewyan Alberta place names have a wide (Land of Willows, Dene). variety of origins and can be different in Indigenous languages. Identify the location of Francophone settlements and draw Local place names with French a map identifying the original origins include Lamoureux, Leduc, French settlement towns. Lacombe, Bonnyville, Morinville, Beaumont, Trochu, Riviere-qui- Barre, and Vegreville.

historical maps showing changing New France and British North Trace the changing boundaries of Landforms maps show the surface Alberta is a province with vast Calculate the change in elevation boundaries of New France (1610– America expanded and boundaries New France and British North relief and elevations above sea plains, mountains, foothills, hills, from Fort Chipewyan to the 1760) and British North America changed over time. America between 1610 and 1815. level of physical features across the and many lakes, rivers, and creeks. Crowsnest Pass in the Rocky (1763, 1783, and 1815) whole landscape, showing Elevations above sea level range Mountains. (That’s the kind of Analyze the maps: Why did the mountains, hills, valleys, passes, from the lowest point at Slave climb Alexander Mackenzie colony of New France grow so and small depressions (coulees). River Valley (573 feet [175 metres]) undertook by canoe and on foot in slowly compared to the American to the highest point at Mount the 1790s.) Thirteen Colonies? Map scales provide a way of Columbia (12,294 feet [3,747 Use a map with a scale: Calculate calculating distance from one place metres]). the distance in kilometres travelled to another on a map, usually by the North-West Mounted Police measured in either centimetres to from Battleford to Duck Lake kilometres or inches to miles. during the 1885 Métis resistance. At this time, the area of Alberta and Saskatchewan was called the North-West Territories.

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Grade 3 Grade 4

Organizing Idea Economics: Knowledge of basic economic concepts, such as needs, wants, resources, labour, innovation, trade, and capital, will build toward an understanding of economic systems.

Guiding Question How can available resources and products inform trade and choice, past and present? How are goods and services exchanged in trade?

Students examine trade and transportation and its influence on the distribution of goods and services, past and Learning Outcome Students compare resources, products, and choice to trade in early colonies and present day Alberta. present.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

Metropolis and hinterland is a way New France supplied France with Draw a map diagram of triangular balance of trade in the fur trade of A balance sheet shows the Make a balance sheet for trade at of describing the trade relationship highly prized furs (beaver pelts), trade linking France, New France, the North West – a case study difference between revenues Fort Chipewyan from 1822 to between a mother country or fish, and wheat (for bread) and and the French West Indies. Label examining the Fort Chipewyan coming in (for goods and services) 1898, plotting the ups and downs dominant trading centre and imported most of its finished the three-cornered trade flows and trade region, 1822 to 1899, signing in relation to expenses (costs going of total trade (profits vs. losses) in outlying colonies, societies, or goods. The mother country limited products going in and out of of Treaty No. 8 (Patricia A. out) in a business or trading area. relation to the ups and downs of communities (Paris, France and the New France economy by France. McCormack, Fort Chipewyan and The balance sheet is directly conditions. New France, Montreal and the supplying staple products. the Shaping of Canadian History, affected by surrounding economic North West). Make a concept map to illustrate 1788–1920s, 2010, Map, p. 5) conditions and ups and downs The fur and fish trade were the production of goods in New caused by changing conditions. Main products of New France profitable for France and the France—for export and for home timeline of important events: produced for export to France colony was expected to produce consumption. Show linkages included furs, fish, whale blubber, products to feed the people: food, between wheat and bread, cattle • 1822 – first York Boats built at and wheat. drinks, canoes, wooden goods, and and leather goods. Fort Chipewyan wheat for bread. • 1826 – Hudson’s Bay Company Main staple products imported into withdrew liquor from trading New France from the mother The French trade system was district country included ships, muskets, triangular trade (mercantilism) blankets, woolen goods, horses, linking France, New France, and the • 1869 – Hudson’s Bay Company pots, and metal goods. West Indies (sources of sugar, monopoly ended when Rupert’s fruits, and vegetables). Land surrendered to Canada Products produced in New France • 1881 – small pox epidemic for local consumption included bread, maize (corn), oats, barley, • 1882–1883 – Fort Chipewyan peas, cattle. bypassed by HBC trail to Athabasca Landing • 1886 – Transportation by York Boats ended • 1887 – Great famine • 1893–1898 – Gold seekers passed through on route to Klondike

Alberta has historically been a The resources that Alberta Explain why Alberta is a leading Transportation hubs are important Changes in means of Identify and compare major Alberta resource economy, producing produces have changed over time. resource-producing region and why to Alberta’s trade and economic transportation can affect which transportation hubs in 1800, 1900, goods, services, and ideas that its products are needed or wanted activity and changed from the early places are transportation hubs as and 2000. people in the province, in Canada, in other parts of the country or the years to modern times from the Albertan and Canadian and around the world need and world. waterway and railway centres to economy continues to diversify. Make a map of major Alberta want. Resources and products highway junctions and airports. transportation hubs and trace the include oil and gas, coal, livestock, Compare the products produced in changes in Alberta, over time. grains, food, honey, softwood. Alberta in 1945, 1980, and 2020. Where do they link to around Canada and the world? Products exported include oil and How has Alberta’s economy gas, sulphur, cement, stone, diversified over time? minerals, and fuels. Why might it be good and discovery of oil at Leduc No. 1 and necessary for the Alberta economy the post-World War 2 oil boom to continue diversifying in the future?

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Grade 3 Grade 4

What are the essential principles and advantages of knowing the basics about making wise and responsible financial Guiding Question choices? Why is developing a business plan a good idea when managing an operation or planning a new project?

Students develop a business plan to support historical understandings of the construction of the Canadian Pacific Learning Outcome Students develop insights about wise management of what they have. Railway.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

Being “money smart” is a basic skill Building a foundation of good Personal money matters: What Features of a business plan include Planning and managing: Using a Identify basic features of a business in today’s world and it’s important habits of caring for the things you money is spent on you – per day, business plan involves studying the plan. to be able to manage your own have at an early age helps you to per week, over a month? What • type of business benefits in relation to costs and money and resources. make the most effective use of proportion goes to basic needs, • description of business helps businesses be more Explain how a business plan helps your resources. Knowing the value entertainment, or fun activities? Do successful. to guide decision making in a of money and how to manage it is you stock up or save some things in • costs business or in carrying out a new helpful in everyday home, school, case you need them later? Do you • market project. and extra-curricular activities. share with others? • tracking of revenue and Asking questions: How is your There are many ways of giving to Discuss how saving can start at an expenses family like or unlike a business others, regardless of whether you early age. An individual does not • profit (budgeting, costs, profit)? have money, but managing your need to wait to have more money money well can mean that you or be older to start saving money. have more ways to share or donate to worthy causes.

the value of saving – for desired Saving is part of wise personal Plan a party for your class with a A business plan is a document that Developing a business plan helps Make a business plan to plan for purchases and for help during a planning. It allows you to save-up budget of $100. How much would summarizes plans to carry out to ensure the success of a business the Construction of the Canadian “rainy day” (when losses are for bigger purchases and also you spend for food so that projects over time. Plans normally or a project, large or small, by Pacific Railway (1881–1885). It will suffered and others need your help) comes in handy during a “rainy day” everyone has enough? How much include the following: type of assessing the potential benefits be a risky plan to effectively or period of financial losses for fun activities? If you have business, description of business, (gains) and possible costs (losses). manage resources and keep initial affecting you or your family money left over and it was yours to costs (construction), market losses to a minimum. What are the members. decide, what would you do with it? (potential customers), sources of costs and the benefits in economic revenue (funding, tickets), costs and human terms? (land, rails, tracks, engineers, and workers), and possible profits. Choose a contemporary example of government support for regional Constructing the Canadian Pacific development. Why do Railway (CPR) was the biggest governments provide support? business project at the time.

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Grade 3 Grade 4

Paying for goods and services: Choice related to money involves Make a list of the many forms of Money (currency and bank trading one thing for another. money in today’s economy: coins, notes/dollar bills/credit cards) are bills, plastic, electronic. used to purchase goods today. The outcome of a choice related to Flashback – Bartering money may have consequences Ask a question: What happens goods/products led to the that can be both intended and when a colony/province/family introduction of money. unintended. lives beyond its means (borrows money and spends more than it Spending money: Consumers today Borrowing money to buy goods earns in income)? have plenty of choice, far more carries risks as well as rewards. than in colonial times: spend (on Lending money is the same. cars or iPhones), save (for a house), Borrowing more than you can invest (in a company), and donate afford is unwise. (to a charity/good cause). Choosing to keep some money for yourself for later (pay yourself first) before you spend it can be an important first step to prudent money choices and a wise lifelong habit.

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Guiding Question What was the impact of the Great Migration on early modern Canada? How do the United States and Canada compare in their origins, early development, and founding events?

Students investigate and explain the impact of the Great Migration and the War of 1812 in shaping society, culture, Students examine and explain the extent to which the United States and Canada share a continent and emerged out Learning Outcome and institutions in British North America. of both commonly shared and distinctly different historical experiences.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

The Great Migration (1800–1850) The Great Migration of British Examine the evidence: Read aloud Early colonial America: The American Thirteen Colonies Explore the origins of American and the arrival of eight million peoples shaped the society, and study short age-appropriate were colonized by many different national character: How much did immigrants from England, Scotland, customs, structures, and practices passages (in the original language) • Jamestown (tobacco/Virginia) dissenting groups, many seeking Governor John Winthrop and the and Ireland to British North of the population, most clearly from Susanna Moodie’s famous • Plymouth political rights and religious Puritans of Massachusetts Bay America and the American Thirteen shown in the pioneer experiences accounts, Roughing It in the Bush (Pilgrims/Massachusetts) toleration, including Pilgrims, Colony contribute to shaping the Colonies. The population of British in Upper Canada. Most of the and Life in the Clearings. Why was Puritans, and Quakers. idea of an American identity? North America (Upper Canada, settlers were men, but the Susanna Moodie so discouraged in • Massachusetts Bay (John Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New populace also included pioneer the early years and what changed Winthrop/Puritans) French settlements survived and Compare how French minority Brunswick, and Newfoundland) women like Susanna Moodie, to lift her spirits? • New Amsterdam (Manhattan) persisted in both countries long populations fared in both countries was 461 000 by 1806, but rose to clearing a farm near Peterborough, after the political division of the in the USA and Canada—the Cajuns 750 000 by 1821 and reached 2 Upper Canada, in the 1830s, and Explain continuity and change with • Pennsylvania (Quaker/William continent. of Louisiana and the Acadians of 300 000 by 1850. The flood of living in the more settled town of a timeline showing the events in Penn) Maritime Canada. immigrants came from a cross- Belleville, Upper Canada, in the the War of 1812 from 1812 • Florida section of classes, propertied and 1840s. (invasion of Upper Canada) to 1815 impoverished, and nationalities, (battle of New Orleans). Early French settlements in colonial English emigrants, Catholic and The War of 1812–1814 America: Protestant Irish, Highland and commenced with an American Identify the turning points in the Lowland Scots, and German- attack on Upper Canada, led to a continental war. • Cajuns in Louisiana speaking Lutherans. Newcomers retaliatory series of British attacks • Acadians in British North survived rough Atlantic sea on the east coast of the United America crossings and laid claim to land in States, and resulted in a draw with the so-called “new country.” no changes in boundaries. It may have reinforced a sense of Colonial War of 1812–1814 and solidarity among British North the peace settlement: Americans and produced symbols of national pride. • causes of the War of 1812 and the declaration of war • key military events, including battle of Detroit • British alliance with Tecumseh • Sir Isaac Brock at Queenston Heights (1812) • Tecumseh’s death (Moraviantown 1813) • British campaigns of 1814 • Peace Treaty of Ghent (1814)

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Grade 5 Grade 6

The tale of a young Upper legend of Laura Secord, Canadian Watch the video, the “Laura The battle for Quebec, September The battle for Quebec claimed the Examine and analyze Benjamin Canadian woman, Laura Secord, heroine of War of 1812, separating Secord” episode in the Canadian 1759: General James Wolfe and his lives of both the French and British West’s famous painting “The Death warning the British before the myth from reality, and why her Historica Heritage Minutes Series, British forces scale the Quebec military commanders, and one of Wolfe” to see how an Anglo- battle of Beaver Dam (June 23, warning the British was not and discuss whether it fairly cliffs and defeated the French famous 1770 painting, Benjamin American artist saw the battle and 1813) is legendary. honoured until 1853 represents her role. under Marquis de Montcalm on the West’s “The Death of Wolfe” particularly Wolfe’s death at the Plains of Abraham, leading captured the scene in vivid fashion moment of victory. : Her reputation inspired the Ask questions: eventually in September 1760 to from the British viewpoint. creation of Laura Secord chocolate the surrender of Quebec. • Does it present the fallen Wolfe candies. • Why do stories like Laura The conquest of 1760 turned as a martyr? Secord become popular? Conquest and revolution: two Quebec British, and Americans in • Were those grouped around • What role do they play in different transformations—the the Thirteen Colonies (from him actually present at that shaping our understanding of British conquest of New France Massachusetts to Florida) chose to time? history? and the American Revolution and become independent of British rule their impact on each society— on the continent. It’s commonly • Why could it be regarded as • What other stories could we remaining British (Loyalist tradition) agreed that the American one of the best-known images tell about the War of 1812? and breaking away (republican Revolution created two societies, in 18th-century art? patriot tradition) from the British the United States of America and colonial empire what became the Dominion of Canada.

Struggle for reform and the union Stirrings for democratic reform Read aloud and discuss the American invasion of Canada, American independence forces Analyzing the situation: of the two Canadas, in act of union, sparked two different rebellions in appropriate passages of speeches 1775: American General Robert invaded Canada via two routes, 1820–1841: Upper Canada and in Lower and writings touching on the roots Montgomery led an invasion in a trying to take Montreal and • Why did the Americans think Canada, each with similar sources, of the Rebellions of 1837: Sir campaign launched as part of the Quebec City, because they that the conquest of Canada in • origins of the conflict over except for the racial conflict Francis Bond Head (governor, War of Independence. Americans believed the French-Canadians 1775 would prove easy? political reform—British colonial underlying the Patriotes Revolt in Upper Canada), on the “Social faced local resistance in Quebec would welcome Americans as • How were the American forces rule (family compact and clergy Lower Canada. Fabric” (A Narrative, 1839), William and eventually abandoned the liberators. actually turned back? reserves) Lyon Mackenzie, “Rise Freemen attempt at occupation. First • land owning system “Fiery rebel” William Lyon from North of the Ridges,” 1837; Nations were divided and allied on The Iroquois Confederacy aligned Conduct an investigation into the Mackenzie of Toronto initiated a and Louis-Joseph Papineau (Leader both sides of the war. Some First with the British side in the • American republican influences motivations of First Nations failed rebellion, but he planted the of patriotes) on “Democratic Nations remained neutral in the American War to assert their (Joseph Brant and Six Nations) in • struggle for political rights, and seeds of democratic reform in the Institutions,” Speech to Legislative conflict. Founding father sovereignty and push back against siding with the British in the stirrings for radical change populace. Council, La Minerve, 1833). Benjamin Franklin visited Montreal American settlement further west. American War of Independence. (William Lyon Mackenzie in in a failed attempt to turn the elite Retell the life of Joseph Brant in Upper Canada/rebels, and Examine images of the Patriotes into joining the War of Loyalists included African- your own words. Louis-Joseph Papineau in Lower that have been used to depict the Independence against Britain. Americans opposed to slavery and Canada/Patriotes) rebellions. What messages do such First Nations allies of the British Examine the evidence: Who were drawings communicate about the The American War of Crown, including Joseph Brant, the United Empire Loyalists? William Lyon Mackenzie’s Yonge people and events, and why are Independence and coming of the chief of the Mohawks. Compare the perceived image of Street Rebellion (1837): why it such images still well known in Loyalists: the “Loyalist” as being British with failed and what it contributed to Quebec today? Loyalists of many backgrounds the reality of the diversity of democratic reform • The Iroquois Confederacy allied (British, Indigenous, German, and groups drawn to the British side in Examine historical images of the with the British forces in the African) settled in Quebec, Nova the American War of burning of the Parliament buildings war. Scotia, and New Brunswick. Independence. in Montreal, Canada East, in1848. • Thousands of United Empire Why were British loyalists upset Loyalists settled in Quebec, enough to torch the colonial Nova Scotia, and New assembly? Brunswick. • Settlement of the St. John River valley provided the base of the population for the creation of New Brunswick, 1784.

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Responsible government: Achieving responsible government Draw a diagram to illustrate the Continental War: the War of 1812– Thomas Jefferson, former US Weighing perspectives: was a step toward democratic idea of responsible government 1814 and its impact on Canadian president, expected an easy US • Lord Durham’s Report of 1839 government because it ensured showing Upper Canada in 1836 self-image: victory in the War of 1812. In • Why would Americans like • the Union of the Canadas that the Governor General was and in 1849. August of 1812, correspondence Thomas Jefferson assume that (1841) required to rule with the “advice • heroism of Sir Isaac Brock at between Thomas Jefferson and Canadians could be wooed into and counsel” of an elected body—in battle of Queenston Heights William Duane states Jefferson joining the United States? • Governor General Lord Elgin this case, the elected members of (1812) bragged that acquiring Canada • When Americans looked at the and the achievement of the Assembly. Today, in Ottawa, it’s would be as easy as “a mere matter responsible government in the • the burning of the two capitals northern British colonies, what the House of Commons. of marching.” The facts of history did they see? Canadas (1848) • Fort York and French-Canadian proved him wrong. • In Nova Scotia, Halifax resistance inspired by • Why were the vast majority of publisher and reform advocate Lieutenant Colonel Salaberry in British North Americans Joseph Howe and reformers led the victory over the Americans unmoved by appeals from the movement. at the 1813 Battle of Washington? Chateauguay • The American invasion of Upper Canada ended with the British victory in 1814 at Lundy’s Lane on the Niagara Frontier.

Origins of British Columbia: Colonial expansion sparked debate Describe how James Douglas Symbols of nationhood: The War of 1812 produced an Examining historical significance: over the future of British rule in expanded and developed British enduring mythology and a number • James Douglas, governor of Pacific coast colonies (Oregon, Columbia and its coastal trade, • the retaliatory raid on of symbols of emerging Canadian • What should we remember Vancouver Island (1851–1863) Washington, and British Columbia). sometimes at the expense of the Washington blackened the national sentiment, including from the War of 1812? and governor of British The British claim was staked by interests of local First Nations. White House landmark battle sites, monuments, • Which of the symbols and Columbia (1858–1864) James Douglas, overseeing an How should we remember his • the battle of Fort McHenry and war medals. monuments deserve to remain • growth and expansion of Pacific expanding fur trade empire. complex legacy? (1814) produced an anthem, as a historical marker? colony Douglas negotiated land purchase Star-Spangled Banner treaties and the British agreed to • Which monuments should be • establishment of borders and draw the line at the forty-ninth • the legacy of Indigenous-British built but are missing? boundaries—the forty-ninth parallel. alliances was cemented by parallel to the Pacific formed Shawnee chief Tecumseh the border between United • The war led to the erection of States and Canada Brock Monument and awarding of the War of 1812 medals. Governor Douglas was an important historical figure; born into the wealthy Scottish merchant class on his father’s side and his mother was “free coloured” Barbadian Creole, which means she was of African descent

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Confederation and adding to the The Dominion of Canada began Continuity and change: Make a American Civil War and Canadian The United States Congress, Dominion, 1867–1873: The British July 1, 1867, with four original timeline to explain the sequence of Confederation (1861–1867): The controlled by the Democratic party, North American colonies, facing provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova events in rounding out the US Civil War was fought between ruled in the Fugitive Slave Act that threats related to the American Scotia, and New Brunswick) and Dominion from 1867–1873. the northern states (Union) and the escaped slaves must be returned to Civil War (1861–1865), came first Prime Minister John A. Explain which territories were left southern states (Confederates), their owners. together in a federal union with Macdonald succeeded in striking out until much later (1905–1949). who wanted to secede, largely four original provinces, Ontario deals to secure the admission of because the southern economy (Canada West/Upper Canada), Manitoba (1870), British Columbia was heavily dependent on slavery, Quebec (Canada East/Lower (1871), and Prince Edward Island which many in the north wanted to Canada), Nova Scotia, and New (1873). abolish. Brunswick. The new Dominion of Canada was officially born on July The US Civil War was the result of 1, 1867, now known as Canada a country founded on an ideal of Day. Joining later were Manitoba equality that still upheld slavery in (1870), British Columbia (1871), many of its states (3.5 million and Prince Edward Island (1873). slaves out of a population of 31 million). It was the bloodiest war in history till that time, 750 000 dead. The north won, and the emancipation proclamation led to the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery. the American threat and the movement to unify the British North American colonies under the Crown of Great Britain

Social life in Confederation times: According to Mercy Coles, women Write a short scene for a play Continental tensions, 1849–1871: In the 1861 Trent Affair, Britain and Examine the myth of the Mercy Coles, daughter of PEI lived in “separate spheres” during starring Mercy Coles and focusing Border tensions arose over a the United States came to the brink undefended border: Today, Premier George Coles, journeyed Confederation times in the 1860s. on one of two age-appropriate succession of contentious issues: of war. This encouraged the Canadians and Americans take overland to Quebec Conference real-life episodes: talking with movement towards Canadian pride in maintaining peace along (October 1864) and wrote a journal Premier Leonard Tilley (a widower) • burning of Parliament buildings Confederation. the forty-ninth parallel and in of her perspectives of social life at and her father George Coles during (Montreal, 1848) having “the world’s longest the time in Ottawa political circles. the stagecoach ride to Quebec • Annexation Manifesto (1849) Instead of the northern United undefended border.” Take a closer City, or her spell of illness in the States, Canada became the main look at the period from 1775– Quebec Hotel and the visit of Dr. • Fugitive Slave Act (1850) escape destination for escaped 1871. Was it an undefended border Charles Tupper to check on her • Underground Railroad (1850– slaves via the Underground back then? condition. 1860) Railroad, a network of friends and associates. African-American • ending of Reciprocity Treaty fugitive slaves followed the North between Canada and United Star (Polaris), a symbol of freedom, States (1854) to Canada. • Ottawa chosen as capital of province of Canada • construction of Parliament begins (1859) • Trent Affair • risk of war (Britain and United States 1861) • outbreak of Civil War (1861) • Fenian border raids (1866) • migration of American settlers northward • Treaty of Washington (1871)

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Debate over the real Father of It is much debated whether Examine and discuss J. W. 1609–1924: the American “Indian Indigenous peoples were displaced Explain the historical significance: Confederation: Three prominent Macdonald, Cartier, or Brown Bengough’s famous cartoon, wars”: and forced onto reservations in Compare the American and British North American politicians deserves most credit as the “Confederation, The Much- both the United States and Canada. Canadian approach to recognizing played key roles in the “father” of Confederation. Fathered Youngster.” What did each • Some 70 armed settlers The American Indian Wars were First Nations rights with respect to achievement of Canadian of John A. Macdonald, Georges E. attacked the Paspahegh capital tragic encounters. The American traditional territory. Confederation: Prominent Canadian political Cartier, and George Brown (August 9, 1610), burning the Republic encroached on Indigenous cartoonist J. W. Bengough contribute to the formation of the houses and cutting down traditional territory and dispatched • John A. Macdonald (Kingston, provided his personal views in Canadian union? cornfields, beginning the first the US cavalry to escort First Canada West) caricature drawings, and one of his Anglo–Powhatan War (1610– Nations to reservations. • Georges E. Cartier (Montreal, political cartoons looked at who 1614). Canada East) was the real Father of • passage of Indian Removal Act Confederation. • George Brown (the (1830) Globe/Toronto/Canada West) • Sioux War (1876–1877) • Battle of the Little Big Horn and Custer’s Last Stand (1876) • Sitting Bull and the Ghost Dance movement • Battle of Wounded Knee (1890) • Isolated skirmishes continued with the Apache Wars up until 1924, considered the end of the long period of conflict between the American government and First Nations.

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Grade 5 Grade 6

How do Canada and the United States compare in their histories and policies relating to religious and ethnic Guiding Question How was early modern Canada affected by the Atlantic slave trade, abolition, and Canadian immigration policy? pluralism?

Students examine how slavery, the fight for abolition, emancipation of enslaved people, and Canadian immigration Learning Outcome policy helped shape early modern Canada. Students investigate Alberta’s and Canada’s ethnic and religious diversity.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

Slavery was officially abolished by Earliest Black migrants, known as Recognize the causes and effects The metaphor of a mosaic versus a Compare the myth and the realities law in Upper Canada beginning in Black Loyalists, arrived in 1770s, of American slavery and its melting pot has value when applied of the Canadian mosaic and the 1793, (Governor John Graves settling in Nova Scotia, where they implications upon British North to the cultural outlook and the American melting pot: Choose two Simcoe) and then across the British suffered hardships and America and Canada, especially the pattern of immigration, ethnicity, Canadian provinces and two Empire beginning in 1807 (Slave discrimination. Some 1200 voyage and settlement at and willingness to accommodate American states for comparison Trade Act) and 1833 (Slavery abandoned Nova Scotia for Sierra Birchtown, Nova Scotia. differences. It oversimplifies the purposes. Study the ethnocultural Abolition Act), though it took longer Leone in Africa, and remaining reality because the two countries compositions of the respective for the practice to end in some settlers formed first generation of have shared similar immigration populations at different points in places. African Nova Scotians. policies and experienced similar their history. problems with racism, integration, William Wilberforce (1759–1833) and discrimination. • Does the popular metaphor was a leading British abolitionist, hold true? who spoke passionately in the • Would the metaphor hold British Parliament against the slave better if we were comparing trade. Canada and the United States to more historically Arrival of the Black Loyalists homogenous European or Asian seeking freedom during and after countries? the American Revolution (1776– 1783): • More than 3000 Black people migrated to Nova Scotia. • About 1500 settled in Birchtown, Nova Scotia, and endured hardship and discrimination. • About 1200 of the Black settlers left Halifax in 1792 to find a better life in Sierra Leone. • Remaining Black settlers formed first generation of Black Canadians and many remain today in Nova Scotia.

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The route to freedom in Canada Historical thinking exercise: Today’s Canada and Alberta are Contemporary Canada and Examine the latest Canadian • slavery in the southern United was known as the Underground Explore the Underground Railroad becoming increasingly ethnically modern-day Alberta aspire to be census data on ethnic diversity and States Railroad and its end point was at experience. diverse and is projected to become open, welcoming, and inclusive projections for changes 20 years • the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) and Amherstberg, near the border town increasingly so over in the next 20 societies, exemplifying later. its impact in Canada of Windsor, in Canada West, which years. In Alberta, the ethnic multiculturalism and acceptance of is Ontario today. Fugitive slaves composition of the population will differences. Make a pie graph to represent the • the Underground Railroad established farms all over shift significantly. changing ethnic composition of • Abraham Lincoln and the southeastern Ontario. Canada welcomes people from Alberta from the most recent Emancipation Proclamation Canada’s latest ethnic composition around the world to our statistics compared to 20 years (1864) statistics and projections for multicultural society. At the same later, based on Statistics Canada growth 20 years later time, most newcomers have to figures and projections. Clearly • the Thirteenth Amendment show English or French language indicate the shifts in ethnic abolishing slavery ability and meet education composition by ethnic group. What • the persistence of laws and qualifications to immigrate to are the biggest projected changes? customs (“Jim Crow”) Canada and must pass a citizenship maintaining segregation test to become a Canadian citizen.

Immigration and racism: Sikhs and Restrictive immigration policy Tackle an ethical issue: Baring the The religious diversity of Alberta Freedom of religious practice is Examine the latest census data on the Komagata Maru incident, affected the Sikhs and people of door to the Komagata Maru in reflects the diversity of the overall encouraged, but we sadly know Albertan and Canadian religious 1896–1914: colour seeking refuge in Canada. 1914 was a clear act of racial population. Although a majority of from history that acceptance can diversity. Some 376 migrants on the discrimination. Explain why, Albertans identify as Christian, a come less easily—in part, because • refusal of port authorities to Komagata Maru were blocked for referring to the evidence of what variety of religions are growing in newcomers bring new and Research and produce a report on allow Komagata Maru to dock two months from coming ashore. happened. Examine the Alberta, as are the number of unfamiliar religious faiths and religious diversity in the local and The Pacific coast province composition of the groups that people who identify as non- practices. But fear of the unknown surrounding community using the • arrival of the first Sikhs with remained “British” and true to its made up the passengers. religious. These religions include can be no excuse for intolerance. most recent Census Canada data. some working on the railway, in name. Islam, Sikhism, Judaism, Hinduism, Students will specifically study forestry and lumbering • Why did they charter the boat? and Buddhism. other faith traditions so that • the first Sikh gurdwaras • What was its route? Canada and Alberta’s latest census unfamiliar practices become established in Vancouver (1908) respected and understood in a • What happened to them? data on Albertan and Canadian religious diversity pluralistic society. Just outside the city of Edmonton exists one of the largest gurdwaras in Canada. Calgary and Edmonton are home to the majority of Alberta’s Jewish population

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Christianity: principal teachings: Learning about what other people Describe the main ideas and beliefs believe and what their religions of Christianity. • Jesus Christ is Son of God mean in their daily life can break • the Trinity (Father, Son, and down prejudice. Holy Spirit) • Sermon on the Mount • New Testament (including the four Gospels, that tell the life of Jesus) • Christmas • the Cross, crucifixion • Salvation, heaven and hell • well-known stories (parables) and teachings: good Samaritan; prodigal son; lost sheep; empty tomb; rich man and eye of a needle; meek inherit the earth; first shall be last; conversion on the road to Damascus.

Judaism: principal teachings of the Learning about what other people Describe the main ideas and beliefs Jewish religion: believe and what their religions of Judaism. • belief in one God mean in their daily life can break down prejudice. • the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) • the Torah (first five books of the Tanakh) • the Talmud (code of Jewish law) • covenant between God and the Jewish people • the mitzvoth (613 commandments) • law, justice, and social responsibility • kashrut (kosher dietary laws) • well-known stories: Garden of Eden; Noah’s ark and the rainbow; Abraham, Isaac, and the Covenant; David and Goliath; Exodus from Egypt; Moses and parting of the Red Sea, the Ten Commandments, and the Promised Land; Destruction of Solomon’s Temple; Jonah and the Whale; Psalms

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Islam: principal teachings of the Learning about what other people Describe the main ideas and beliefs Muslim religion: believe and what their religions of Islam. mean in their daily life can break • The five pillars: 1) One God, down prejudice. Allah; 2) prayer; 3) alms (gifts); 4) fasting; 5) pilgrimage, Mecca • the Quran (Muslim holy book) • major Muslim stories from Islamic texts: Yusuf and his jealous brothers, Habil and Qabil, Harut and Marut, Suleyman, Dawud (David), jinn, and the Ant story, the prophet Yunus, Ibrahim’s courage, miracles of Allah, story of the heifer, belief in angels, Mohammed and the Archangel Gabriel in the cave

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Hinduism: principal teachings of Learning about what other people Describe the main ideas and beliefs the Hindu religion: believe and what their religions of Hinduism. mean in their daily life can break • Dharma (ethical conduct); down prejudice. Describe the main ideas and beliefs karma (the consequences of of Buddhism. one’s actions in life for the future of one’s soul); Describe the main ideas and beliefs immortality of the soul (atman) of Sikhism. through cycles of rebirth or reincarnation (samsara) until the soul achieves liberation (moksha) from this cycle. • Hindus believe in a supreme, all-encompassing being called Brahman, as well as many gods and goddesses, including Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, Ganesh, Rama, and Krishna. • The Hindu holy books are called the Vedas • Hinduism is the oldest of the major world religions, with its origins pre-dated recorded history; it has no human founder and has many traditions and practices. Buddhism: principal teachings of the Buddhist religion:

• By following a series of ethical disciplines and spiritual practices (the Three Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path) a sentient being can transcend all suffering and attachment to impermanent things and attain nirvana, a non-self or enlightened emptiness free of all attachments.

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• Buddhism grew out of Hinduism and is based on the teachings of called the Buddha, whom Buddhists believe was born Siddhārtha Gautama and lived in the 4th or 5th Century BC in what is now modern day Nepal and India. • Meditation is a common spiritual practice of Buddhism, and monasticism has played an important part in the teaching and preservation of the religion. Sikhism: principal teachings of the Sikh religion: • one God, religious faith founded by Guru Nanak, Dev Ji, 10 gurus have guided Sikhism • five tenets of Sikh faith: compassion (Bhai Daya Singh); duty (Bhai Dharam Singh); courage (Bhai Himmat Singh); honour (Bhai Mohkam Singh); royal (Bhai Sahib Singh) • three duties: – Nam Japna: meditating on God's name to control the five weaknesses (thieves) of the human personality – Kirt Karna: work hard and earn/make a living honestly, without exploitation or fraud

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– Vand Chhakna: sharing with others, helping those with less who are in need Sikhism is a distinct religion, even though it exhibits Islamic and Hindu influences. The Sikh community has both religious and secular followers. It is a relatively new religion that arose at the same time as Protestantism in the Christian faith.

Confucianism and Taoism: principal Learning about what other people Describe the main ideas and beliefs teachings of Confucius: Follow Dao believe and what their religions of Taoism and the principles of de Jing, the Tao, or “The Way.” The mean in their daily life can break Confucianism. essential Analects of Confucius: down prejudice. • concept of ren (virtue, right conduct, humaneness, benevolence) • concepts of family, relationships, citizenship, and government Fundamental questions: • What is the Dao or Tao? • What is De, virtue? • How is De related to Dao? • Why does every person deserve respect? • Could some persons deserve more respect than others? • What is an ideal human? • Is it possible to have an ideal government or society? Guidance is provided by Confucius on each of these questions. He exemplified the ideal model of a “gentleman” (a well-cultivated and virtuous person, rather than someone belonging to a particular social class). The fundamental virtues: • honesty, reciprocity, and humaneness/benevolence • strong belief in traditional ritual, the family, and piety honouring family and ancestors

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How were Indigenous people in early modern Canada affected by agreements, treaties, and legislation, including the How do Canada and the United States compare when looking at interactions with Indigenous peoples and other racial Guiding Question residential school system? minorities?

Students examine how the negotiation of treaties and the imposition of the Indian Act and the residential school Learning Outcome system impacted First Nations, Métis, and Inuit in Canada, both in the past and present. Students compare residential school policy and the early fight for racial equality Canada and the United States.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

First Nations and Indigenous land The Indian Act was created for the Describe how the Indian Act placed Assimilation and American Religious organizations took Identify the ultimate goal of rights: western expansion of purpose of controlling and limitations on First Nations and Indigenous residential schools primary responsibility for education American Indian policy: Why did settlement and the displacement of assimilating Indigenous peoples communities and defined their Assimilation was the explicit goal of Indigenous children. the United States government seek Indigenous peoples (treaty system) and communities in Canada in legal status, rights, and privileges. of American Indian Affairs policy The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 to educate Indigenous children into order to gain access to traditional with respect to educating was responsible for the assimilation mainstream American culture? The Indian Act, 1876 defined how Indigenous territories. Examine the evidence: Why did Indigenous children in day and of Indigenous people of the United What lessons can be learned from First Nations communities were Cree chiefs such as Mistahi- boarding schools. The United States and led to the creation of the experience? governed, who is an “Indian,” and The Canadian government signed maskwa (Big Bear) and States government passed the residential schools. who is excluded. Seeking to access treaties with Indigenous Pîhtokahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker) Civilization Fund Act in 1819. Examine the impact of the more land, the Dominion communities across Canada to gain refuse to sign Treaty No. 6 in Residential schools were managed compulsory attendance law and its Federal funds were provided to by religious organizations and were government sought to assimilate access to lands for settlement, 1876? Explain why he claimed that benevolent groups and church effects on Indigenous peoples and Indigenous peoples into resources, and railroad expansion. the white man had no right to the tasked with assimilating Indigenous cultures. organizations to educate children into the mainstream mainstream Canadian society. land in the North West. Indigenous peoples. Amendments between 1880 and culture, referred to as a “civilization Compare two Indigenous affairs 1905 banned Indigenous peoples Read the terms of the treaty still in In 1824, the American government process.” policies, the Civilization Fund Act from conducting their own place in your region of Alberta. created a Bureau of Indian Affairs Indigenous children were forced and the Canadian Indian Act of ceremonies, leaving the reserve What do they say? Who are they to administer the fund. from their homes and put in 1876, to identify similarities and without permission, purchasing between? How are they still Similar to Canada, policies and residential schools. differences. Compile a comparison alcohol, selling agricultural relevant today? What does “We are practices within the residential chart identifying the key similarities products, wearing regalia, and all treaty people” imply? school system of the United States and differences in the two traditional dancing. of America included restrictions approaches. and punishment for speaking traditional Indigenous languages and practising cultural traditions.

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Origins of Indigenous residential The harsh realities of the Canadian Listen to an Interview with Chief Racial segregation on the North The Ku Klux Klan appealed to Examine the evidence: schools: The Indian Act was Indigenous residential school Wilton Littlechild on the residential American western frontier: the rise Americans and Canadians who felt amended in 1884 so that system from 1884 to the 1970s school experience. How does Chief and fall of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK): distracted by social changes and • Where was KKK membership attendance at residential schools remained largely hidden until Littlechild tell how he survived and Racial intolerance broke out into the advances of groups they the highest? was mandatory for Indigenous recent years. The full scope of the eventually become a successful the open with the arrival of the believed were inferior. Deep racial • Why did it find some support in children from the ages of 7 to 16. tragedy was revealed in June 2015 lawyer in Alberta and advocate at KKK, revived in Georgia in 1915, prejudice and a misguided and anti- Canada? Impact on Indigenous boarding with the release of Justice Murray the United Nations? spreading from its southern base scientific belief in the inherent school students: Sinclair’s major report for the into the American and Canadian superiority of one race over federal Truth and Reconciliation Examine the evidence: Consider West from 1920 to 1923. The KKK another fueled the movement. The Commission (2008–2015). the mistreatment of Indigenous targeted the Black community, KKK sought to enforce racial • Students in residential schools residential school students. people of colour, and Catholic and segregation, such as keeping Black were not allowed to speak their Jewish people. The slogan “One people and other groups out of own languages or practice their • Why is it important to know Flag, One Language, One School, mainstream white society. In some culture. about what occurred? One Race, One Religion” attracted places, it was such a powerful • Parents who resisted turning • How does this knowledge thousands who held mass organization that, especially in the over their children to the Indian support reconciliation? meetings, carried torches, and southern United States, some Agents faced fines, tormented Black people and other politicians, policemen, and even imprisonment, or threats of groups from the 1920s, until well judges were members. permanent loss of their children. into the 1930s in Canada. The activities of the KKK are • Conditions of the residential diminished and are no longer schools were poor and family openly practised in Canada. In visitors were restricted or Canada, it is unlawful for one group denied. to promote hatred of another • Instruction styles and group. structures were different from traditional learning systems of Indigenous communities. • Students were forced to abandon their languages and traditional customs and practices. The curriculum was focused on vocational occupations. Thousands of residential school students died and those that re-entered mainstream society are known as survivors.

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Disease, malnutrition, lack of medical care, and neglect of children contributed to thousands of deaths. Former residential school students are known as survivors and the whole system remains a black mark on Canada’s national reputation as a compassionate, tolerant, and caring society.

The impact and abuses were The tragedy of Canada’s Read aloud passages from the Final documented in the 2015 Truth and Indigenous residential schools is Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission report, better known since the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015) which issued 94 “Calls to Action.” Reconciliation Commission and take notes to summarize the investigations and report. Personal key findings and most important testimonies are revealing and one recommendations. of the most powerful is Chief Wilton Littlechild, a Cree from Asking fundamental questions: Erminiskin Reserve, Alberta, raised How have Indigenous people been largely at residential schools from affected by the loss of language 1951–1964. and culture?

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How does the American political system compare to Canada’s political system, and what are some of the most Guiding Question What are the similarities and differences between First Nations and Canadian forms of government? important reasons for those differences?

Students compare and contrast governing structures, laws, and practices of the Iroquois Confederacy and Canadian Students compare democracy and rulership, constitutions, the rule of law, community responsibility, and individual Learning Outcome forms of government. rights in Canada and the United States.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) The Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Examine the evidence: Identify the American Declaration of The American Revolution spirit, Identify the significance of the two Confederacy, established by Five Confederacy is a model of a good main provisions of the Great Law Independence: Thomas Jefferson’s expressed in the Declaration of different reactions to the Nations in Upper State New York government—a federated union of Of Peace (Haudenosaunee Guide for Vision, 1776: Independence, may have given conditions that gave rise to the borderlands, provides a window nations, united with common Educators). birth to two countries, the United American Revolution. onto Indigenous governance democratic principles, laws, and The core ideas of American States by design and Canada by structures and democratic practices aimed at maintaining Asking questions: democratic creed were captured in accident, in reaction against the • Why were Americans inspired principles. The law was written on peace and harmony and providing the famous Declaration that gave revolutionaries. to take up arms and overthrow wampum belts, conceived by standards of conduct. It was • What opportunities did the birth to the Republic: British rule in the Thirteen Dekanawidah, known as the Great cooperative and the nations were people have to participate in “When in the Course of human A segment of the American Colonies? Peacemaker, and his spokesperson, bound together in an decision making? events, it becomes necessary for one population, called British Tories, • Were the American colonies Hiawatha. interdependent relationship with • To what extent did the people to dissolve the political bands resisted American independence give and take between the member which have connected them with and some migrated to Canada as suffering under British rule and, confederacy embrace the if so, how? The Great Law of Peace, or nations. principles of equity and another … a decent respect to the United Empire Loyalists. Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) fairness? opinions of mankind requires that • How might have the King of Confederacy constitution, provided The confederacy was a matriarchal they should declare the causes which The Loyalist refugees included two England, George III, acted a statement of the core principles (women-led) society, unlike early Weighing the viewpoints: Did the impel them to the separation ...” notable groups who refused to join differently? of cooperation and set of laws European society headed by men Great Law Of Peace shape in the Revolution, former American committed to mutual support for with a patriarchal line of authority, American democracy? “A Prince whose character is thus slaves of African heritage, and a Asking key questions about group strength and support, kings, and male-dominant culture. marked by every act which may colony of Iroquois, led by chief Thomas Jefferson and the survival, and respectful define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler Joseph Brant, displaced by the war Declaration of Independence: The relationships with others. The Women were the heads of society of a free people ...” who settled around Brantford as document proclaimed that “all men Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) as they were recognized for their the Six Nations of Grand River. are created equal,” yet its prime Confederacy was made up of five gifts. Clan mothers were “We hold these truths to be self- author was a Virginia slave owner. nations: Mohawk, Oneida, responsible for selecting a male evident, that all men are created The French observer Alexis de Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. A leader as spokesperson or chief. equal, that they are endowed by their Tocqueville, studying the American sixth nation, the Tuscarora, was The system modelled showing Creator with certain unalienable prison system, noted the more • Is there evidence that Jefferson added in 1722. respect, sharing supplies, and Rights, that among these are Life, humane approach in the treatment was acknowledging his own avoiding conflict as ways of living Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness of convicts. While French prisons guilt with phrases such as: “I The Great Law Of Peace together. Everyone was expected ...” were brutal and harsh places full of tremble for my country when I established how the confederacy to perform specific functions to human abuses, he noted that the reflect that God is just: that his would be governed, how conflicts ensure community well-being and Democracy in America: United States considered isolation justice cannot sleep for ever”? would be resolved, and how peace security. and removal of freedom to be a • How was this quote realized in would be upheld. Each nation • Alexis de Tocqueville’s Vision harsh enough sentence. the bloody American Civil War? would maintain its own council, (1835): One of the classic • How long did it take for these with chiefs chosen by the clan descriptions of the American ideals to be realized in the mothers, to address community democratic way of life was United States? matters. The grand council written by a French aristocrat, addressed overall issues affecting Alexis de Tocqueville, after a the whole confederacy and was tour of the United States in the intended 1830s.

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as a way to unite the different Debate the issue: Write a short nations and create a peaceful • His book, Democracy in America, speech defending the American means of decision making to live in presented a description of Revolution or rejecting the appeal harmony. American democratic ways and of the American patriots bent on view of the equality of people in breaking away from British rule and The Iroquois Confederacy was a mainstream society. traditions. matrilineal society, where women, Weighing different perspectives: clan mothers, had considerable political authority and influence and the clans were made up of • How did American society and extended family who took its prisons look to the French responsibility for protection, social reformer Alexis de leadership, peacemaking, wisdom, Tocqueville? and spirituality. Membership in a • Why did he view the new world clan could be hereditary or through society differently? community appointment, marriage, or adoption. The people of the longhouse: A longhouse was a dwelling for several families and also functioned as a central place for decision making and cultural gatherings.

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Original Canadian constitution: The original British Westminster Examine the evidence: Compare Two constitutions: the American Each political system, a republic Draw a comparison: Explain the TheBritish North America Act, model simply conferred on the two different views of republic and Canadian and a constitutional monarchy, qualities and drawbacks of each passed into law March 29, 1867, Dominion government “all the Confederation of Governor General constitutional monarchy have their own strengths and flaws. system using an authoritative and effective July 1, 1867 rights and privileges” found in the Lord Monck and John A. handbook, such as How Canadians (Dominion Day, later Canada Day) British tradition embodied in Macdonald. Responsible government means Canada is a constitutional Govern Themselves, by Senator constitutional monarchy with the cabinet is responsible to the monarchy while the United States Eugene Forsey. TheBritish North America parliamentary power at the heart of Develop and produce a short elected House in Canada. is a republic. Actestablished a constitutional government. comparison chart comparing the Draw comparisons in a chart listing monarchy with a British compromise: Canadian constitution In Canada, the government governs The Westminster system is known the key differences and similarities parliamentary system, composed of “Peace, order, and good with the Iroquois Great Law of in the name of the Sovereign (Her as “a republic in disguise,” while the between Canada’s constitutional a Parliament with two legislative government” are considered the Peace, using the following Majesty’s Government and Her US has something like an “elected monarchy and a republican form of bodies, the House of Commons core political values, in stark headings: Majesty’s loyal Opposition). monarch with term limits.” government. (elected lower house with contrast to the United States Ministers of the Crown are Members of Parliament from principle of “life liberty and the • basic philosophy accountable to Parliament, and the Explain to what extent the across Canada) and the Senate pursuit of happiness.” • federal system government must call a new Westminster system is actually “a (appointed upper house), election if it loses the “confidence republic in disguise,” while the US representing the provinces. The Canadian government system • main decision-making body of the House” has something like an “elected is modelled after the British system • process for making decisions (Eugene Forsey, How Canadians monarch with term limits.” The Canadian system is a federal with ideas borrowed from the Govern Themselves). system with a federal/national United States and also found in • role of women in political Assessing significance: Why is the government and provincial Australia. society The US has a veto system to phrase “peace, order, and good governments with power shared ensure checks and balances on government” considered important between the two levels. In the Project learning: Complete a arbitrary rule. in Canada? preamble to Section 91, the project, produce a short report, and national government is responsible a plan for an interview with a major for “peace, order, and good historical figure in Canada’s early government.” history. Choose one of the following figures: The official head of state remained the King or Queen, as represented • John A. Macdonald by the Governor General (King or • Louis Riel Queen’s representative) and the • Big Bear prime minister governed with the support of the elected council • Poundmaker (cabinet) or the ministry. • Crowfoot Governing authority is based upon • Shanawdithit the fundamental principle of • Aatsista-Mahkan “responsible government” (powers • Harriet Tubman of

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monarch limited by the constitution), especially by the • Mary Ann Shadd powers of Parliament. • Josiah Henson • Susanna Moodie • George Brown • George E. Cartier • Hector Langevin • Mercy Coles • George Simpson • Alexander Mackenzie • F. W. G. Haultain • Amor de Cosmos • Donald A. Smith • Sam Steele • Gabriel Dumont • George Vancouver • James Douglas • Simon Fraser • John Molson • Mildred Ware • Pat Burns • John Palliser • Henry Wise Wood • Matthew Begbie • Wilfrid Laurier • Honore Mercier • A. C. Rutherford • Charles Stanley Monck • Stephen Angulialik

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• Peter Pitseolak • Lucy Maud Montgomery • Nellie McClung • Emily Murphy • Henrietta Muir Edwards • Louise McKinney • Irene Parlby

Government has three branches: The core principles of Canadian Explain the rationale of having Federalism: Canada has A federal system requires different Compare federal systems: government were guaranteeing the three branches of government and 10 provinces and the US has 50 political bodies to work together. • executive (Governor-General- rights and privileges of British a system of checks and balances. states, plus territories. • How do the two different forms in-Council/cabinet, including parliamentary democracy, three of federalism compare? the prime minister) distinct branches of government, Each political community (country, • What’s similar and different • legislative (two houses of checks and balances, and a federal province, state) has responsible between the United States and Parliament) system with power shared between government and is sovereign in its Canada? two levels of government, national own sphere. • judiciary (courts, including the and provincial. Supreme Court) Checks and balances in the system: The Governor General is appointed, but the executive is elected and drawn from Parliament, normally the elected House of Commons. Since the executive (prime minister and cabinet/ministry) is drawn from Parliament, it can be defeated in the elected House. It’s different than in the United States, where the president can only be removed by Congress via formal impeachment and conviction process. Recent changes in the Canadian constitution: In 1982, Canada patriated its constitution from Britain and nine of the 10 Canadian provinces agreed with the federal government to a new constitution, which included most of theBritish North America Act(now theConstitution Act, 1867) and adding new provisions, most notably the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Now laws passed by Parliament and most actions

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of the government (executive) must comply with the provisions of the Charter.

Separation of powers: Political Separation of powers was inspired Explain the background context: powers are separated in both by the constitution of Athens and Explain clearly where the idea of systems as a check on arbitrary the Roman Republic. The American the separation of powers comes decision making and to make it founding fathers were educated in from in ancient times and how the harder for one group of people, or this classical political history and it Americans applied it to their new faction, from gaining absolute informed how they built the republic. power. constitution of their “modern” democracy. Drawing conclusions: Explain how The Canadian Parliamentary- the Canadian (British Westminster) cabinet government is accountable The system in Canada is different system is built around a to the House of Commons and from the United States as the concentration of power in the ensures this principle. concentration of power is in the executive. executive (the “government” or the The United States has separation “cabinet” or the “ministry,” made up Cause and effect: of powers in Congress, presidency, of ministers and the prime minister, and Supreme Court. Only Congress which is accountable to • How long have Canada’s First may declare war (though this has Parliament). Members of the House Nations had the right to vote in not been the practice since World of Commons are, in turn, federal elections? War II) and ratify treaties. accountable to the people via • How did they acquire the right elections. to vote in federal elections? Appointments must be confirmed by the US Senate. • Who supported extending voting rights? The US Supreme Court is part of • What were the obstacles, and the judiciary, which is one of the how were they overcome? three branches of government. • Compare the Canadian In the US system, Congress was situation with that in the United given most of the power (the States. power to legislate and the “power of the purse”), although the presidency has increased in authority over time, with the growth of the federal administration in the 20th century. Similarly, the judiciary (especially the US Supreme Court) has come to exercise much more power over Congress and the executive branches

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than originally intended. In Canada, the executive branch has the exclusive power of appointment, declaration of war, and making treaties. (For a treaty to be binding in Canadian law, it must be incorporated into law by Parliament, like any other law.) The British North America Act (BNA), 1867 allowed for Canada to create its own Supreme Court. Initially, the Supreme Court was formalized in 1875 under Alexander Mackenzie’s Liberal government. A Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom served as the place for final appeals under Canadian law until 1933 for criminal cases and 1949 for civil cases. Voting rights did not always apply equally for women, First Nations, Métis, and Inuit, or for people of colour.

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Two houses of government: The The United States and Canada both Compare the make-up of the legislative branch of both systems have bicameral systems to ensure United States Congress (House of is bicameral, meaning it has two checks and balances against Representatives and Senate) and chambers rather than one arbitrary use of power. The the Canadian Parliament (House of legislative body or assembly. president is restrained by Congress, Commons and Senate). and the prime minister is The federal Parliament in Canada accountable to the House of • How are they similar? has two houses, the House of Commons and the Canadian • How are they different? Commons and the Senate, and the Senate reviews all legislation to United States has two houses of ensure “sober second thought” • Why are some provinces in Congress, the Senate, and the before bills become law. Canada given more House of Representatives. representation in the House of The Canadian Senate is appointed Commons or the Senate than Some of Canada’s provinces had by the Governor-in-Council on the others? upper houses but all are now advice of the prime minister, and • What are the barriers to unicameral. senators can serve up the age of providing more representation 75, whereas the United States to underrepresented provinces? • fixed terms and fixed election Senate is elected directly to six- dates in the US year terms by the people of each Debate the issue: • elected Senate vs. appointed state and senators can serve as Senate many terms as they are elected for. • Does Canada need an appointed federal upper house In Canada, members of parliament or Senate? are elected while senators are • What role does the Senate of appointed. In the United States, Canada actually play in our Congress people, the president, government system? and senators are all elected to provide regional representation • Why did the provinces do away and each state has equal with their second houses? representation (two per state). Regional representation in Canada: Provinces are allocated weighted representation in the House of Commons, and the Crown recognizes certain groups left out of the system. Senate representation is by region, not by either equal representation (as in the

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United States) or by population. First Nations have recognized status. It was granted to First Nations before they acquired voting rights in the system (section 35 of Constitution).

Overall powers in the two systems: Federations like Canada and the Compare: List the powers of the Sections 91 and 92 of the United States divide powers federal government and the Canadian constitution divide between the federal and powers of the provincial powers of government between provincial/state governments in governments. the federal government (which different ways. used to sometimes be called the • Why do you think power was “Dominion government”) and the divided the way it was? provincial governments. • How does the fact of federal taxation let the federal Section 91 of the Canadian government influence how Constitution says, “It shall be lawful provinces exercise their powers for the Queen, by and with the (federal spending power)? Advice and Consent of the Senate and House of Commons, to make • How do cities (municipal Laws for the Peace, Order, and government) fit into this Good Government of Canada, in (creations of provincial relation to all Matters not coming government)? within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces.” It says “the Queen,” but in practice this means the federal parliament.

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Guiding Question What do geographic representations tell us about the natural features of Canada? What do historical maps show us about changes over time in terms of migration, conflict, and boundary changes?

Learning Outcome Students examine landform regions, major bodies of water, climate zones, and political boundaries in Canada. Students examine continental migrations of people, cross-border conflicts, and boundary changes in a spatial context.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

Traditional Indigenous lands in First Nation, Métis, and Inuit Examine a map of Canada showing Migrations of First Nations and Conventional maps showing Compare two maps: Examine maps early Canada: geographic locations territories and regions can best be First Nations peoples at first Inuit before European contact: First Indigenous peoples before showing traditional territories of of the First Nations people at the understood in connection to land, contact with Europeans, and Nations and Inuit in northern North European contact living in distinct Indigenous peoples and the time of contact with Europeans: kinship ties, seasonal travel routes identify the regions inhabited by America did not live in one place areas tend to simplify the pattern migrations of Indigenous peoples Times of contact vary, depending and settlements, trade networks, First Nations, Métis, and Inuit in over the entire span of the 30 000 of settlement and obscure the before contact with Europeans in upon the region. For the East Coast cultural groups, and language what is now Canada. years before contact with movement of peoples over time. northern North America. Why is it and the St. Lawrence River-Great families. Most maps are snapshots Europeans. Archeological finds and so difficult to get an accurate Lakes region, the date was 1534 in time that do not capture the • Why do the First Nations have surviving records have been used Maps reveal the extent of picture in maps? (Jacques Cartier’s records). For the migration patterns of Indigenous two names? to reconstruct those movements. displacement of Indigenous southern Plains, it was 1754. For peoples over time. • Why did the names get Some First Nations were more peoples in what is now the United Draw conclusions: Examine a map the West coast, it was 1778. “anglicized”? settled in concentrated States. showing the displacement of communities, while others Indigenous peoples in North Identify and trace the seasonal migrated from place to place in America. travel routes or trade networks of response to changes in climate, First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. growing seasons, and the • What caused the upheaval and movement of animal herds. displacement of America’s Understand historical First Nations Indigenous peoples? east-west and north-south trade Displacement of the First Nations: • How does the pattern compare routes with other First Nations The disruptive process of with the experience to the communities. For example, displacement is graphically north in British North America communities now located in illustrated in the map tracing the and early Canada? Alberta traded with communities forced relocation of various First (Navajo, Blackfeet) located in the Nations from 1770 to 1890. The United States. trail of tears of the Cherokee from 1816 to 1839 is well known, but many others have gone unrecognized in most history books.

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A geographic region encompasses A landform region is an area of Mapping skills: On an outline map Border disputes and conflicts: Historic maps showing changing Draw a map and explain the border landforms, bodies of water, climate, physical landscape space with of Canada, draw the main landform Sharing a continent with the boundaries over time are important conflict: Choose one of the border and natural barriers. unifying characteristics, such as regions, bodies of water, and major American Thirteen Colonies and and useful in helping to understand conflicts and conduct research to continuous open water, mountain, river systems. the American republic has not border disputes and colonial reconstruct the sequence of events Landform regions of Canada: plateau, valley, or lowland terrain. always been a peaceful experience. continental wars. and examine previous maps Conduct Internet research: Since 1775, a number of cross- generated to explain your chosen • Canadian Shield A climate zone is an area of Investigate the Indigenous names border conflicts can be identified: The North American boundary line conflict. Prepare to provide an • Great Lakes physical landscape with identifiable of these bodies of water and the between the United States and illustrated explanation of the common climate and weather reasons why Europeans renamed • American invasion of Quebec Canada was a “defended border” conflict. • St. Lawrence Lowlands characteristics. them. during the Revolution (1775) up until the Treaty of Washington • Appalachian Region • War of 1812: American (1871) and it was marked by cross- Climate is a region’s weather over a Making connections: How are the border raids and boundary • Interior Plains invasion of Upper Canada long period. Each of the zones climate zones related to the (1812–1813) and Lower Canada disputes. All of the boundary • Hudson Bay or Arctic Lowlands depends on conditions such as region’s position on the globe and disputes were eventually resolved • (1813)Oregon boundary dispute • Western Cordillera proximity to large bodies of water, in relation to major bodies of water at the negotiating table. Since altitude, and latitude. The major and physical landscape features? (1844–1846) 1871, the border has been largely • Innuitian Mountains determinant of whether a climate • the Canadian Confederates St. undefended, making it “the longest zone is hot or cold is its latitude, or Research and write a report on Albans raid (Vermont, 1864) undefended border in the world.” Main bodies of water: geographic position north of the Canada’s Arctic, focusing on one of equator. the following themes: • Fenian raids in Niagara frontier • Atlantic Ocean (battle of Ridgeway, 1866) • Pacific Ocean • climate and weather • Alaska boundary dispute (1867–1903) • Arctic Ocean • physical landforms • Gulf of St. Lawrence • geographic boundaries • St. Lawrence River and Seaway • Indigenous communities • Great Lakes • economic activities • Hudson Bay and James Bay • politics and government • Nootka Sound • Salish Sea and Strait of Georgia • major rivers, including the Mackenzie, Fraser, Thompson Columbia, and North and South Saskatchewan River systems Climate zones of Canada: Seven major climate zones have been identified:

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• Atlantic • Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands • Prairie • Cordillera • Pacific • Arctic • Subarctic

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Organizing Idea Economics: Knowledge of basic economic concepts, such as needs, wants, resources, labour, innovation, trade, and capital, will build toward an understanding of economic systems.

Guiding Question What does the economy look like in the different regions of Canada? What does economics tell us about the global economy and the continental relationship in North America?

Students compare the relative economic strength of the United States and Canada and examine where North America Learning Outcome Students examine the economic regions of Canada. fits in the world economy.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

The three basic economic All economies respond to the three Analyze the economy of Canada: The global or world economy is a The global economy is dominated Study the production (gross questions: basic questions in different ways, Why is Canada’s economy often term used to describe the by a few major national economies, domestic product) of the top 10 and, in the case of Canada, the described as a mixed market economic activity within and led by the United States, China, the nations in the world economy and • What to produce? economy is generally governed by economy? between countries. European Union, and Russia, based the comparable figures for the 10 • How to produce? the market with some government upon volume of domestic nations at the bottom in terms of involvement to promote sharing of How does the market respond to A world economy can include production (gross domestic GDP per capita. • For whom to produce? services and resources. the problem of scarcity? Who product). makes most of the economic • trade of goods and services • Why do we use production and Market economy: A type of Scarcity is the condition of not decisions—consumers or • sharing of economic values Inequalities exist between national production per capita as an economy most often associated being able to have all of the goods governments? economies, separating the economic indicator? with Western countries, such as and services that are needed or • production advanced industrial economies Canada and the United States. • Is it an accurate measure of desired. • distribution from the developing countries. The relative prosperity? United States and Canada are both Main characteristics of a market In a market economy, consumers • consumption advanced industrial economies • What are other ways to economy: and businesses play a determining with high rates of production measure a society? role in economic life. Production is the making of a good measured in GDP per person. or service. • Compare rankings of countries • originated with the rise of trade by happiness, corruption, and commerce in the market Production and consumption are Distribution refers to supplying consumption, and carbon towns of the Middle Ages connected, and more advanced footprint (total and per capita) goods or services to business to economies produce more than they • includes private property, sell to consumers. to rankings by GDP and per freedom of choice, competition, consume and increase their wealth, capita GDP. limited government intervention measured in national income and Consumption is the good or service income per capita/person. • prices and wages mostly set by being used or consumed. What can happen to an economy supply and demand for goods over time if it is dependent on and services Great inequalities exist among resources that can make big swings national economies in the world up and down in value (boom and and the problem is termed “the bust)? What are the advantages of widening gap.” a more diversified economy?

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Economic regions of Canada: Geographic circumstances can Examine the evidence: Compare Continental scale: comparing two Comparing the basic facts for Examine the evidence: affect the property and the production of Canada’s national economies, the United population, land area, and • Atlantic Canada development of regions and economic regions, utilizing the States and Canada: some important economic activity demonstrates • How reliable is the ratio 10 to 1 • Quebec whether they are a reasonably latest gross domestic product economic facts and figures that Canada is slightly bigger in in comparing the United States wealthy “have” region or an (GDP) and GDP per capita/person physical size, but the United States with Canada? • Ontario underdeveloped or “have not” figures for each region. Most recent data for both the has a much larger population and a • Study the basic facts and • the West region. United States and Canada: much bigger economy. Close explain whether the ratio is a • Which regions are the biggest observers of United States-Canada • British Columbia reliable guide in comparing the Limited resources and/or difficult producers in terms of • population size relations commonly use a ratio of two countries. Does it apply to • the North access can lead to scarcity and production? • total land area 10 to 1 in comparing the United the scale of the economy, underdevelopment of some regions States to Canada. That ratio is • Which regions have the highest • total production (GDP measured in production? Prosperity and wealth of a region and communities. and lowest GDP per person? based upon relative population can be influenced by its resources, according to IMF) size. • Should the 10 to 1 ratio be their abundance and scarcity, • Which regions are most • gross domestic product, per used in drawing comparisons? including income, supply of labour, diversified? capita quality of land, and growing season. Identify and explain the disparities • government debt (as % of GDP) that exist between and within the • total trade (exports and economic regions of Canada. imports) • fresh water (per person)

Comparing world economic World economic systems can be Analyze economic systems of the systems: Four main types of classified and better understood by United States and Canada, and systems were identified by studying their essential features develop a comparison chart American economist Robert and applying one of the four examining the main features of Heilbroner: categories. Such classifications can each system. Do either of them fit change over time, usually following the pure type, or are they both • traditional: custom and a political upheaval or an abrupt mixed economies? tradition, bartering over goods shift in economic policy by the (market towns) government. • command: government controlled and led or owned, cooperative (socialism/communism) • market: private enterprise, competition, consumer choice (capitalism) • mixed: a combination identified as mixed market or mixed command (social democracy or enterprise) Three distinct types were first identified; then the last one added, representing a mix of command and the social market or the market and command.

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Guiding Question Why do we save and invest in our everyday life? How do you prepare a budget for a small, local enterprise?

Students investigate how decisions about saving and investing are made and are important for individuals and a Learning Outcome healthy Canadian economy. Students create a budget as an essential step in managing an enterprise in a market economy.

Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures Knowledge Understanding Skills & Procedures

Basics of banking: Saving and Online banking and automated Develop your financial literacy: A budget is a financial document Budgeting is a valuable economic Practice problem solving: One of investing has its own vocabulary: teller machines (ATMs) are tools Examine a bank account in your providing an estimation of income practice that can help you “balance the following local issues needs to that can assist with money skills family or an example from and expenses over a future period your books” and ensure the be addressed and it’s your • bank account and decisions. elsewhere and a printout of of time, normally a year. success of an enterprise. It is also opportunity to try something new. • saving transactions. helpful in encouraging sound and Take on one of these personal Personal income is money received responsible financial decision challenges: • chequing What’s the purpose of saving? How in exchange for providing a good or making. • balance might saving help you to achieve a service or through an investment. • A youth club providing after- personal goal? Give some examples An expense is the cost required for school community basketball • deposits of what might be possible. a good or service. programs are in financial • withdrawals difficulty and needs help to turn • debt Enterprises make money when things around. Prepare a budget income from sales of products or to address the problem, listing • service fees services exceeds expenses. your revenues and expenses, • debit card and a plan to break even at the Money is not good or bad. It is a end of the sports season. • credit card tool, a resource—it can work for • Identify a need in the • interest you or against you. community that is currently • e-transfers being unmet, large or small, and plan to take some action to Canada’s first bank was the Bank of create a service or a product. Montreal, founded in 1817. Turn your idea into a business by preparing a budget to get it off the ground, showing income and expenses and a plan to make a little money for yourself for a community group. Discuss how your money can work for you. How can it work against you (e.g., interest earned vs interest paid)?

Interest on deposits and Interest on money in savings or Distinguish between deposits and The value of goods goes up or A wise financial practice is to Make a wise decision: Dreaming of investments: The formula for investment funds can be paid out loans: Identify situations where an down in the marketplace. A rise in consider whether buying an item buying a new pair of Tessa Virtue calculating interest involves to you or earned and retained in individual can earn interest or pay demand will increase its value and makes good sense or may result in figure skates or a rare hockey card principal (size of deposit), rate of your account. interest. make some money (appreciate), but personal losses. Buying a rare (Connor McDavid or Wayne interest, and term of deposit. repeated use of a good or service hockey card or a piece of art might Gretzky rookie card)? How much Calculate the interest to be paid may cause it to wear out or show be a good decision if it appreciates will the skates depreciate in a year back on a bank loan. its age (depreciate). Motor vehicles or grows in value. Goods showing when you outgrow them? Is the and bicycles lose value when you wear and tear can provide valuable hockey card likely to appreciate in drive them off the car lot or cycle or necessary service, like a vehicle value over time? Make a personal home for the first time. Money put that gets one to work or school, list of factors to consider. It’s a lot into business or rare collectibles but go down in value with time and of money, so be sure it’s a wise can grow your money (appreciate). use. move. Borrowing for appreciating assets Discuss the potential risks and is sometimes called “good debt.” benefits of “good debt.” What are Borrowing for depreciating assets the potential risks and benefits of is sometimes called “bad debt.” “bad debt?”

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Grade 5 Grade 6

Loans: money borrowed from Borrowing money in the form of Be money wise with borrowing others, including banks and loans can cost money in the form money from others, including financial institutions: The loan can of interest on the amount banks. come from family, friends, borrowed and over the term of the institutions, or alternative financial agreement. • Why is it wise to deal with services. chartered banks or credit unions? • Why are “pay day loans” risky and expensive?

Investments: Putting money into Interest earned can vary greatly Calculate the interest on various investment funds, stocks, and with the investment and the accounts and investments: bonds can be a way to earn money estimated risk associated with the for knowledgeable investors. deposit or investment. Some • What is the interest paid on investments are “high risk” and regular chequing accounts, others “low risk” or “no risk” in the savings accounts, and term market. deposits? • When does saving become investing?

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