DOCSLIB.ORG

Métis History and Experience and Residential Schools in Canada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Métis History and Experience and Residential Schools in Canada © 2006 Aboriginal Healing Foundation Published by: Aboriginal Healing Foundation 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 Phone: (613) 237-4441 Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 Fax: (613) 237-4442 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ahf.ca Design & Production: Aboriginal Healing Foundation Printed by: Dollco Printing ISBN 1-897285-35-3 Unauthorized use of the name “Aboriginal Healing Foundation” and of the Foundation’s logo is prohibited. Non-commercial reproduction of this document is, however, encouraged. This project was funded by the Aboriginal Healing Foundation but the views expressed in this report are the personal views of the author(s). Ce document est aussi disponible en français. Métis History and Experience and Residential Schools in Canada Prepared for The Aboriginal Healing Foundation by Larry N. Chartrand Tricia E. Logan Judy D. Daniels 2006 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 1 MÉtiS rESidEntiAL.SCHooL.PArticiPAtion:.A.LitERAturE rEVIEW............. 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................9 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................11 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................11 Synthesis ...................................................................................................................................................12 Historical Background ......................................................................................................................12 Métis Participation in Residential Schools: Social and Policy Rationale ...................................18 The Impact of Residential Schools on the Métis ...........................................................................21 Conclusions and Future Research ..........................................................................................................23 Annotated Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................25 Summary of Unpublished Material .......................................................................................................40 Bibliography (not annotated) .................................................................................................................51 Appendix A: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Research Reports Extracts .....................53 LOSt GENERAtionS:.THE SiLEnt MÉtiS oF tHE.RESidEntiAL ScHooL. SYSTEM:.REVISEd IntEriM.REPort................................................................................ 57 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................59 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................61 Use of Terms ......................................................................................................................................64 Métis History ....................................................................................................................................65 Chapter 1: The Métis and Residential Schools: An Historical Overview ....................................67 Métis Attendance Factors................................................................................................74 Chapter 2: The Experiences of Métis Students: “We Were Outsiders” ........................................77 Chapter 3: The Future of Residential School Issues: Métis Involvement and Intergenerational Impacts ...............................................................................................83 Appendix A: Summary of Effects of Residential Schools by Elders at the 1993 Conference ........87 Appendix B: General Discussion on Residential Schools at the Southwest Region Manitoba Métis Federation Regional Meeting, 24 June 2000 ......................................................89 ANCESTRAL PAIN:.méTIS MEMORIes.Of.RESIDENTIAL SCHOOl.pROJECT......... 95 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................97 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................99 Who are the Métis? .............................................................................................................................. 103 A Brief History of the Residential School System ........................................................................... 109 Métis Education in Canada and the West ......................................................................................... 113 Indian Affairs Admission Policy for Métis Students ........................................................................ 115 Grouard, Joussard and Fort Vermilion Residential Schools ............................................................ 121 Grouard - St. Bernard’s Indian Residential School .................................................................... 121 Fort Vermilion - St. Henri Indian Residential School ............................................................... 123 Joussard - St. Bruno Indian Residential School.......................................................................... 124 St. Joseph’s Industrial School (also called Dunbow Industrial School) .......................................... 131 Edmonton Agency and Onion Lake Agency ..................................................................................... 135 Blue Quills Indian Residential School ............................................................................................... 137 The 1936 Ewing Commission Report ................................................................................................ 141 Métis Education in Alberta – A 1960 Study..................................................................................... 143 Pedagogy of Indian Residential Schools ............................................................................................ 147 Quality of Teachers ............................................................................................................................... 151 Residential School Food ...................................................................................................................... 153 Health in Residential Schools ............................................................................................................. 155 Métis Students – The Outsiders ......................................................................................................... 161 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 163 Appendix A: History of Métis in Alberta ......................................................................................... 165 Appendix B: Key Aspects of Métis Tradition .................................................................................. 167 Métis Flag ........................................................................................................................................ 167 Métis Sash ....................................................................................................................................... 168 Red River Métis Cart ..................................................................................................................... 169 Louis “David” Riel .......................................................................................................................... 170 Angelique and Marguerite Nolin: “Misses Nolin” of Red River ............................................... 173 Appendix C: Typed Version of Original Documents ...................................................................... 175 Appendix D: Schools Operated by Indian Affairs Branch – Alberta Region (1964) ................. 181 References.and.Bibliography.......................................................................................................... 183 Introduction Despite direct assimilation attempts Despite the Residential School Systems Despite the strong influences of the Church in Metis communities to ignore and deny our Aboriginal heritage Despite not having a land base And despite our own diversity in heritage We are still able to say we are proud to be Metis We are resilient as a weed, and beautiful as a wildflower We have much to celebrate and be proud of (Christi Belcourt) The story of the Métis and residential schools is not new; it is, though, a story that has been underemphasized for a long time in the realms of both residential school and Métis history. Throughout the twentieth century, the collective lives of the Métis have often been disconnected from other dominant community structures in Canada. The policies that were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kelsey Cox @ Joussard, AB 1 LSWC 2016-17 Annual Report
    Photo by: Kelsey Cox @ Joussard, AB 1 LSWC 2016-17 Annual Report Thank You to our 2016-17 Financial Supporters LSWC 2016-17 Annual Report 2 Table of Contents LSWC Financial Supporters Page 1 Table of Contents Page 2 Map of the Watershed Page 3 Message from the Chair Page 4 2016-17 Board of Directors Page 5 Summary of 2016 Operations Pages 6-8 LSWC 2016-17 financials Pages 9-12 Watershed Resiliency and Restoration Page 13 Watershed Wise Page 14 Out and About in the Watershed Page 15 Little Green Thumbs Page 16 Partners in Environmental Education Page 17 Around the Watershed Page 18 Sunset at Joussard, Ab. Photo by Traci Hansen 3 LSWC 2016-17 Annual Report The Lesser Slave Watershed The Lesser Slave Watershed is centered around Lesser Slave Lake. Water in our lake comes from several tributaries including the South Heart River, the East and West Prairie Rivers, the Driftpile River, and the Swan River. The Lesser Slave River is the only outlet of Lesser Slave Lake and it flows from the Town of Slave Lake to the Athabasca River about 75km East of Slave Lake. Sunset silhouettes at Spruce Point Park, AB. Photo by Danielle Denoncourt LSWC 2016-17 Annual Report 4 Message from the Chair When I first came on as a Board member I had no clue what environmental issues affected my area and what I could offer to the organization. I just knew I wanted to try and create a healthy environment for our youth to inherit and one our elders could enjoy and be proud of.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2: Baseline, Section 13: Traditional Land Use September 2011 Volume 2: Baseline Studies Frontier Project Section 13: Traditional Land Use
    R1 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 T113 R19 R18 R17 R16 Devil's Gate 220 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 ! T112 Fort Chipewyan Allison Bay 219 T111 Dog Head 218 T110 Lake Claire ³ Chipewyan 201A T109 Chipewyan 201B T108 Old Fort 217 Chipewyan 201 T107 Maybelle River T106 Wildland Provincial Wood Buffalo National Park Park Alberta T105 Richardson River Dunes Wildland Athabasca Dunes Saskatchewan Provincial Park Ecological Reserve T104 Chipewyan 201F T103 Chipewyan 201G T102 T101 2888 T100 Marguerite River Wildland Provincial Park T99 1661 850 Birch Mountains T98 Wildland Provincial Namur River Park 174A 33 2215 T97 94 2137 1716 T96 1060 Fort McKay 174C Namur Lake 174B 2457 239 1714 T95 21 400 965 2172 T94 ! Fort McKay 174D 1027 Fort McKay Marguerite River 2006 Wildland Provincial 879 T93 771 Park 772 2718 2926 2214 2925 T92 587 2297 2894 T91 T90 274 Whitemud Falls T89 65 !Fort McMurray Wildland Provincial Park T88 Clearwater 175 Clearwater River T87Traditional Land Provincial Park Fort McKay First Nation Gregoire Lake Provincial Park T86 Registered Fur Grand Rapids Anzac Management Area (RFMA) Wildland Provincial ! Gipsy Lake Wildland Park Provincial Park T85 Traditional Land Use Regional Study Area Gregoire Lake 176, T84 176A & 176B Traditional Land Use Local Study Area T83 ST63 ! Municipality T82 Highway Stony Mountain Township Wildland Provincial T81 Park Watercourse T80 Waterbody Cowper Lake 194A I.R. Janvier 194 T79 Wabasca 166 Provincial Park T78 National Park 0 15 30 45 T77 KILOMETRES 1:1,500,000 UTM Zone 12 NAD 83 T76 Date: 20110815 Author: CES Checked: DC File ID: 123510543-097 (Original page size: 8.5X11) Acknowledgements: Base data: AltaLIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Indigenous Organizations and Services in Alberta (July 2019)
    frog Guide to Indigenous Organizations and Services in Alberta Page 2 For additional copies of the Community Profiles, please contact: Indigenous Relations First Nations and Metis Relations 10155–102 Street NW Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4G8 Phone: 780-644-4989 Fax: 780-415-9548 Website: www.indigenous.alberta.ca To call toll-free from anywhere in Alberta, dial 310-0000. To request that an organization be added or deleted or to update information, please fill out the Guide Update Form included in the publication and send it to Indigenous Relations. You may also complete and submit this form online. Go to www.indigenous.alberta.ca and look under Resources for the correct link. This publication is also available online as a PDF document at www.indigenous.alberta.ca. The Resources section of the website also provides links to the other Ministry publications. ISBN 978-0-7785-9868-8 PRINT ISBN 978-0-7785-9870-8 WEB ISSN 1925-5179 PRINT ISSN 1925-5287 WEB Guide to Indigenous Organizations and Services in Alberta Page 3 INTRODUCTORY NOTE This Guide provides a list of Indigenous organizations and services in Alberta. Also included are national and umbrella organizations with offices located elsewhere. The Guide is compiled and produced by the Ministry of Indigenous Relations in order to provide contact information for these Indigenous organizations and services. Listings are restricted to not-for-profit organizations and services. The information provided in the Guide is current at the time of printing. Information is subject to change. You are encouraged to confirm the information with additional resources or with the organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Solving the “Indian Problem”
    © 2011 D‟Arcy Rheault Solving the “Indian Problem” Assimilation Laws, Practices & Indian Residential Schools D’Arcy Rheault 1842 1844 The 1910 “History of Canada” text book for Ontario Public - The Bagot Commission report (named for Sir Schools taught young Canadians that: Charles Bagot, Governor General of British North America) proposed federally run Indian residential “All Indians were superstitious, having strange ideas about schools as a good tool for separating children from their nature. They thought that birds, beasts...were like men. Thus parents and forcing Aboriginal peoples away from their an Indian has been known to make a long speech of apology to a wounded bear. Such were the people whom the pioneers traditional life. It also mandated that individuals carry of our own race found lording it over the North American only one legal status (e.g., Indian or citizen) thus continent – this untamed savage of the forest who could not disenfranchising most Indian and Métis people in bring himself to submit to the restraints of European life.” Canada by forcing British citizenship upon them and completely erasing tribal identity and nationality.. First missionary operated schools established near Indian Affairs Superintendent, P. G. Anderson, in 1846, Quebec City, 1620-1629 at the General Council of Indian Chiefs and Principle Men in Orillia, Ontario stated “... In 1830 jurisdiction over "Indian" matters was it is because you do not feel, or transferred from the military authorities to the civilian know the value of education; you governors of both Lower and Upper Canada. would not give up your idle roving habits, to enable your children to 1831 , Mohawk Indian Residential School opens in receive instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Crowfoot.Pdf
    Instructional Outline for Social Studies 9 An Alliance Betrayed A short history of Treaty 7 On September 12, 1877, Chief Crowfoot of the Siksika tribe (Blackfoot) along with chiefs from other tribes signed Treaty 7 along the banks of the Bow River in Southern Alberta. According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, “Aboriginal treaties in Canada are constitutionally recognized agreements between the Crown and Aboriginal people.” Commissioner David Laird, few days before the signing, commented: "In a very few years, the buffalo will probably be all destroyed, and for this reason the queen wishes to help you to live in the future in some other way.” The government depended on Crowfoot’s diplomacy to negotiate with the other chiefs. The government promised that, in exchange for giving up their land, the tribes would have the right to hunt and trap on the “tract surrendered,” the First Nations people would be taught how to grow grain and raise cattle, and they would be given financial assistance and protection. After negotiating the terms of Treaty 7, Chief Crowfoot delivered a speech on behalf of the Blackfoot people: “While I speak, be kind and patient. I have to speak for my people, who are numerous, and who rely upon me to follow that course which in the future will tend to their good. The plains are large and wide. We are the children of the plains, it is our home, and the buffalo has been our food always. I hope you look upon the Blackfeet, Bloods and Sarcees as your children now, and that you will be indulgent and charitable to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Duncan Campbell Scott - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Duncan Campbell Scott - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Duncan Campbell Scott(2 August 1862 – 19 December 1947) Duncan Campbell Scott was a Canadian poet and prose writer. With <a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/charles-g-d-roberts/">Charles G.D. Roberts</a>, <a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/bliss-carman/">Bliss Carman</a> and <a href="http://www.poemhunter.com/archibald- lampman/">Archibald Lampman</a>, he is classed as one of Canada's Confederation Poets. Scott was also a Canadian lifetime civil servant who served as deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1932, and is "best known" today for "advocating the assimilation of Canada’s First Nations peoples" in that capacity. <b>Life</b> Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the son of Rev. William Scott and Janet MacCallum. He was educated at Stanstead Wesleyan Academy. Early in life, he became an accomplished pianist. Scott wanted to be a doctor, but family finances were precarious, so in 1879 he joined the federal civil service. As the story goes, "William Scott might not have money [but] he had connections in high places. Among his acquaintances was the prime minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, who agreed to meet with Duncan. As chance would have it, when Duncan arrived for his interview, the prime minister had a memo on his desk from the Indian Branch of the Department of the Interior asking for a temporary copying clerk. Making a quick decision while the serious young applicant waited in front of him, Macdonald wrote across the request: 'Approved.
    [Show full text]
  • The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial
    182-199 120820 11/1/04 2:57 PM Page 182 Chapter 13 The North-West Rebellion 1885 Riel on Trial It is the summer of 1885. The small courtroom The case against Riel is being heard by in Regina is jammed with reporters and curi- Judge Hugh Richardson and a jury of six ous spectators. Louis Riel is on trial. He is English-speaking men. The tiny courtroom is charged with treason for leading an armed sweltering in the heat of a prairie summer. For rebellion against the Queen and her Canadian days, Riel’s lawyers argue that he is insane government. If he is found guilty, the punish- and cannot tell right from wrong. Then it is ment could be death by hanging. Riel’s turn to speak. The photograph shows What has happened over the past 15 years Riel in the witness box telling his story. What to bring Louis Riel to this moment? This is the will he say in his own defence? Will the jury same Louis Riel who led the Red River decide he is innocent or guilty? All Canada is Resistance in 1869-70. This is the Riel who waiting to hear what the outcome of the trial was called the “Father of Manitoba.” He is will be! back in Canada. Reflecting/Predicting 1. Why do you think Louis Riel is back in Canada after fleeing to the United States following the Red River Resistance in 1870? 2. What do you think could have happened to bring Louis Riel to this trial? 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Assembly of Alberta Title
    August 26, 1996 Alberta Hansard 2391 Legislative Assembly of Alberta MR. CHADI: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I feel compelled this evening to speak to the amendment as presented by Title: Monday, August 26, 1996 8:00 p.m. the Member for Fort McMurray. I think it's a great amendment. Date: 96/08/26 I listened to the debate from the Member for Fort McMurray, as head: Government Bills and Orders did the sitting Member for Athabasca-Wabasca, and I feel that this head: Committee of the Whole amendment is in keeping with what's been happening lately with [Mr. Clegg in the Chair] respect to the three names in the constituencies. I think paying tribute to Fort Chipewyan and naming Fort Bill 46 Chipewyan in the constituency name is one of the greatest things Electoral Divisions Act we could do in this Legislative Assembly. It is the oldest community in Alberta. It continues to thrive as a wonderful, THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN: We have an amendment by the thriving community. Member for Fort McMurray. In the first amendment that he moved there is a spelling error. Will the House agree that we just MR. MAGNUS: Have you been there, Sine? put a “y” in there in the spelling of Fort Chipewyan? All agreed? MR. CHADI: Many times. I've been there many, many times. HON. MEMBERS: Agreed. I can assure the hon. member who asked me if I've been there that I've spent much time in Fort Chipewyan. THE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN: Okay. We all agreed. There are no roads into Fort Chip, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Grouard Nativeness Stressed
    ©R., KA4- `FG , INSIDE THIS WEEK CULTURE AND EDUCATION in today's world, is the topic of articles sent in by Grant MacEwan students. See Pages 6 and 7. WHAT DO YOU THINK? is a survey for you to respond to. Windspeaker poses its first question. See Page 6. MAXINE NOEL is making her annual visit to Edmonton. Terry Lusty presents October 10, 1986 a brief profile of this very successful printmaker and painter. See Page 12. Slim win for Ronnenberg By Lesley Crossingham Delegates also elected insults, innuendoes and ranging from incompetence appeared on general or Philip Campiou as vice - accusations. to opportunism were band lists. SEEBE - An exuberant Doris Ronnenberg president for northern Bearing the brunt of brought forward but were This led to another long announced she felt fully vindicated after her Alberta, Ray Desjardin for these accusations were ruled out of order by the and bitter debate, with one re- election as president of the Native central Alberta and Teresa Research Director Richard meeting chairman, NCC delegate, former treasurer Bone for southern Alberta. Long. Long was in residence national president Smokey and founder for Madge McRee, Council of Canada (Alberta) another Again, the vote total was at the ranch but did not Bruyere. who had her membership two term. -year not released to Wind - attend the meeting. Then another heated withdrawn, complaining The election came at the end of a grueling speaker. Tempers flared as several debate over membership that she was no longer day of heated debate at the NCC(A) annual Elected board members delegates accused Doris ensued after it was represented by any Indian assembly held at the luxurious Rafter 6 are: Leo Tanghe and Ronnenberg of nepotism discovered that several organization as the Indian Gordon Shaw for the by employing her - delegates, some of guest ranch at Seebe, overlooking the common whom Association of Alberta north, Gerald White and law husband, Richard had travelled from as far (IAA) and her band, Slave Stoney Indian reserve west of Calgary Frank Logan for central Long.
    [Show full text]
  • Fever Master 2 August 11 2011
    $100 Be Sure to Vote! Provincial Election Advance Polls open 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday Election Day: Tuesday, May 5 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. Volume 16, Issue 17 Thursday, April 30, 2015 See Details on Pages 3, 6 & 7 At Lakeview Sports Center in Wabasca during last Saturday’s EXPO, NDP candidate Danielle Larivee (above left) makes a point, while (below) Wildrose can- didate Darryl Boisson shakes the hand of local fire- fighter Terri Lynn McLeod. Wabasca’s Triathlete Constable James Wood See more on Page 16 A Complete Line-Up of 2014 Ram 1500 SPORT New & Used CREW CAB Only 300 kms! #%#!# $ $ 00 #$%%# 49,000 %$ $##&$ $"" %$$# 00 "" " $" $ off! "" $ 18,000 Rugged & Ready PAGE 2 – Thursday, April 30, 2015 M.D. Expo attracts over 300 people Although the downturn nator, who was in charge of reach out to the community An indoor carnival with to Eagle Point Golf Course in the local economy proba- the trade-show, called the such as the Wabasca Fire children’s events was held to Freddie Gladue; bly affected the number of event a “great success, but it Department and Bigstone by the Outreach staff on the • An I-Pad from Fever exhibitors, the Land of Op- wouldn’t have been such Cree Nation Emergency jogging track above and Newspaper: Niki Gambler; portunity Expo held last Sat- without the amazing people Women’s Shelter. kept many children busy • A set of luggage pro- urday at Lakeview Sports here at the Lakeview Sports There was entertainment while their parents visited vided by Great Escapes was Center in Wabasca did at- Center, both the gym staff on the stage including the the vendors below.
    [Show full text]
  • The Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers. a Concise History of The
    nus- C-0-i^JtJL^e^jC THE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT AND THE SETTLERS. ACONCISK HISTORY OF THE RED RIVER COUNTRY FROM ITS DISCOVEEY, Including Information Extracted from Original Documents Lately Discovered and Notes obtained from SELKIRK SETTLEMENT COLONISTS. By CHARLES N, BELL, F.R.G-.S., Honorary Corresponding Member of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Hamilton Association, Chicago Academy ot Science, Buffalo Historical Society, Historian of Wolseley's Expeditionary Force Association, etc., etc. Author ot "Our Northern Waters," "Navigation of Hudson's Bay and Strait," "Some Historical Names and - Places ot Northwest Canada,' "Red River Settlement History,"" Mound-builders in Manitoba." "Prehistoric Remains in the Canadian Northwest," "With the Half-breed Buffalo Hunters," etc., etc. Winnipeg : PRINTED Vf THE OFFICE 01 "THE COMHERCIA] ," J klftES ST. BAST. issT. The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION of CANADIANA Queen's University at Kingston c (Purchased primj^arm Pkra Qplkctiaru at Quun's unwersii/ oKmc J GfakOurwtt 5^lira cImst- >• T« Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers." By CHARLES X. BELL, F.R.G.S. II [STORY OF II B Ti: IDE. Red River settlement, and stood at the north end of the Slough at what is now About 17.'><i LaN erandyre, a French-Can- Donald adian, established on the Red river a known as Fast Selkirk village. Mr. colonists, in- trading post, which was certainly the first Murray, one of the Selkirk of occasion that white men had a fixed abode forms me that he slept at the ruins in the lower Red River valley. After 1770 such a place in the fall of 1815, when the English merchants and traders of arriving in this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Soil Survey of the Peace River-High Prairie-Sturgeon Lake
    PROVINCE OF ALBERTA Research Council of Alberta. Report No. 31. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. SOIL SURVEY DIVISION Preliminary Soi1 Survey of The Peace River-High Prairie- Sturgeon Lake Area BY F. A. WYATT Department of Soils University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (Report published by the University of Alberta at the request of Hon. Hugh W. Allen, Minister of Lands and Mines) 1935 Price 50 cents. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. , DR. R. C. WALLACE, Director of Research, Resedrch Cowuil of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Sir:- 1 beg to submit a report entitled “Preliminary Soi1 Survey of the Peace River-High Prairie-Sturgeon Lake Area,” prepared in co- operation with Dr. J. L. Doughty, Dr. A. Leahey and Mr. A. D. Paul. A soi1 map in colors accompanies this report. This report is compiled from five adjacent surveys c,onducted between the years 1928 and 1931. It includes a11 of two and parts of the other three surveys. The area included in the report is about 108 miles square with McLennan as the approximate geographical tenter. Respectfully submitted, F. A. WYATT. Department of Soils, University of, Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, April 15th, 1935. .-; ‘- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Description of area ...............................................................................................................................................1 Drainage ........................................................................................................................................................................2 Timber
    [Show full text]