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10 Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples a Great Chief 138-151 120820 11/1/04 2:51 PM Page 138 Chapter 10 Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples A Great Chief Crowfoot (Isapo-Muxika) was born in 1830 as Crowfoot was leader of the Blackfoot dur- a member of the Blood (Kainaiwa). He ing very distressing times. The buffalo were became a Blackfoot (Siksika) when his wid- disappearing from the plains. The government owed mother married a Blackfoot man. As a wanted Aboriginal peoples to sign treaties boy, he learned to ride and hunt. As a youth, he and give up the right to their lands. It was a became known for courage. A story tells of time of great change on the western prairies. how Crowfoot showed great bravery during a raid in Montana. The Blackfoot noticed one of their own captured painted tipis in a Crow camp. “Whoever strikes that tipi”, declared the Chief, “will be a future leader of our people.” Crowfoot rushed toward the camp. The Crows saw him approach and fired on him. A bullet struck him in the arm, but passed through, missing the bone. He stumbled for a moment, but got back up and raced on toward the painted tipi. He struck it with his whip. Then he fell to the ground. After this daring deed, he announced that he would take the honoured name of a brave ancestor. The name meant “Crow Indian’s Big Foot,” which interpreters shortened to Crowfoot. As a Chief, Crowfoot was a peacemaker. There was a long tradition of conflict between the Blackfoot and the Cree. To try to end it, Crowfoot adopted the Cree Chief Pound- maker as his own son. Crow- foot also worked for peace between Aboriginals and non- Predicting 1. How do you think the disappearance of the buffalo Aboriginals. and the arrival of settlers will affect the lives of Aboriginal peoples on the prairies? 2. How do you think Aboriginal leaders such as Crowfoot will react to these changes? 3. Make a list of your views on settlement if you were a) a member of an Aboriginal nation in the West, and b) a representative of the Canadian government. 138 138-151 120820 11/1/04 2:51 PM Page 139 Chapter 10: Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples 139 Early Treaties a steady allowance. It was an amount of money Since the 17th century, Aboriginal peoples had paid once a year. People whose ancestors made treaties with both the French and the signed treaties with the Canadian government British. A treaty is an agreement between peo- still receive this annuity. Today, this annuity is ples or nations, often for friendship, peace, or only worth about $5. Later in this chapter, we the purchase of lands and property. Between will consider how Aboriginal peoples view the French and Aboriginal nations, treaties these treaties. were not written down. Aboriginal nations were not asked to give up any of their land. The Canada Makes Treaties treaties were made as friendship agreements. After Confederation, the Canadian government The French wanted and needed the help of wanted to open the western lands for settle- Aboriginal peoples in the fur trade. ment. To make this possible, government However, when the British drew up treaties, agents had to approach Aboriginal peoples to it was to obtain Aboriginal land. In the begin- give up their rights to the land. The government ning, the British paid the Aboriginal groups wanted them to move onto reserves. Reserves money or goods (guns, blankets, etc). When the were pieces of land set aside for Aboriginal money was spent, the peoples had nothing left peoples. Other people could not settle, hunt, or to live on. After 1818, the British started to pay fish in these areas. treaty money as an annuity. An annuity is like For Aboriginal peoples of the plains, hunting buffalo was an important part of their livelihood. Almost every part of the great beasts was used—for food, clothing, tools, tipis, fuel, ornaments, and religious ceremonies. 138-151 120820 11/1/04 2:51 PM Page 140 140 Unit 2: The Development of Western Canada The Government’s View government also promised to build schools The government of Canada thought the peo- on the reserves. It was acting much the ples of the Plains should farm the land. It pro- same as parents might act towards their vided Aboriginal people with axes, hoes, children. ploughs, spades, grindstones, oxen, and cattle. Some chiefs were presented with a horse, Aboriginal Nations’ View wagon, and medicine chest. In the government’s view, farming was a The Aboriginal peoples did not want to be good alternative way of life for the Plains treated like children.They had lived their peoples. Settling down on a plot of land was nomadic life on the Plains hunting, trapping, far better than roaming the countryside in and fishing for centuries.They had little expe- search of buffalo which were rapidly disap- rience of farming and did not want to be pearing. By teaching the Plains peoples how farmers.They wanted to keep their indepen- to farm and by giving them land, the govern- dence. For centuries, they had established ment thought it was doing what was best for their own governments and lived by their the Aboriginal peoples. Government officials own laws.They felt they had the right to believed the Plains peoples would be happy choose their way of life and to preserve their to have the treaties that guaranteed them an culture and languages. But the signing of the occupation, land, and an annual income.The treaties made this difficult. Why Did Aboriginal Peoples Sign Treaties? Aboriginal peoples in the West say there were at least three important factors that led them to sign treaties. 1. Disappearance of the Buffalo Buffalo had once roamed in vast herds all over the western plains. A North-West Mounted Police officer on a march from Fort Macleod said that for days he was never out of sight of the buffalo. But by the 1870s in Canada and the The great demand for buffalo robes and buf- falo tongues encouraged ruthless slaughter of the beasts. It was not unusual to find hun- dreds of rotting buffalo bodies lying on the prairies. Only the tongue and the hides had been taken. Leather manufacturers in the East would pay $2 for each hide. J.A. Gaff, a rancher in southwestern Saskatchewan, claimed to have killed 5200 buffalo in his best season in the 1870s. 138-151 120820 11/1/04 2:51 PM Page 141 Chapter 10: Treaties with Aboriginal Peoples 141 Even the buffalo bones were in demand.The bones could be sold for $5 or $6 a tonne.They were the first product the settlers could gather from their property and sell for cash.Thousands of tonnes of bones were loaded on freight cars and sent east.They were used in bleaching sugar or making fertilizer. Over 3000 railway carloads were shipped from Saskatoon alone. United States, the buffalo were no longer safer for settlement. As the railway moved far- hunted just for food. Buffalo hunting had ther west, increasing numbers of settlers become a sport. Settlers were anxious to be rid arrived. Towns such as Calgary, Medicine Hat, of the buffalo. Ranchers complained that the Swift Current, Regina, and Moose Jaw grew up buffalo herds were destroying pastures that along the railway’s path. they needed for their cattle. Farmers objected Aboriginal peoples were in a difficult situa- because the great beasts trampled the crops. tion. In the United States, their cousins had As railways were built across the continent in fought a losing battle against the settlers. the United States, the North American herd was Aboriginal lands had been taken, and the peo- split. Many of the buffalo refused to cross the ple had been killed by American soldiers and tracks. This meant that some never moved north settlers. Perhaps the treaties provided a better to Canada again. In less than 10 years, the buf- solution to their problems. falo were almost wiped out. In 1877, the govern- ment passed a law to try and protect the buffalo. 3. Sickness and Disease But it was too late. By 1879, the buffalo had all A third disaster struck Aboriginal people about but disappeared. Only white buffalo bones scat- this time. When Europeans came to Canada, tered across the prairies remained of the mas- they brought diseases such as measles, tuber- sive herds that had once roamed the plains. culosis, and smallpox. As the number of set- Aboriginal people from Canada crossed into tlers increased, so did the risk of infection. the United States looking in vain for the buffalo Since these diseases were new to North herds. Some Métis followed rumours of buffalo America, Aboriginal peoples had not developed herds for hundreds of kilometres. The Plains an immunity to them. They had no natural peoples faced a crisis. With the buffalo gone, resistance to these ailments. Also, their tradi- they were threatened with starvation. Farming tional medicines could not fight these new dis- on reserve lands would provide them with eases. In the smallpox epidemic of 1870, about food. This was one reason for signing the 800 members of the Blackfoot (Siksika) popula- treaties. tion died. The diseases severely lowered the spirits of Aboriginal people. 2. Increasing Settlement Canada made 11 treaties with Aboriginal A second reason for signing the treaties was nations of the West between 1871 and 1921. the increase in settlement. Macdonald’s policy From the map on page 144, you can see that was to fill the West with settlers.
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