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Home , Hebrew calendar

CALENDARS & IN THE EYES OF SCIENCE &

PRESENTED FOR UAA BOOKSTORE EVENTS 6/ 20/ 2016

BY JOAN TOVSEN [email protected] INTRO: TO EXPLORE • Intro • Science of Time: Big Bang, & Earth Science • Earth Time and Planetary

• Historical of time • Indigenous Concepts of Time by • Biblical & ancient manuscripts on time

• International proposed changes to calendars & time • References for further study

• Quick Take on Time for Us • • Orbital Cycle of Talking Circle & Round Table Discussion To every thing there is a , and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, a time to reap that which is planted; A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up; • A time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance; A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together; A time to embrace, and a time to refrain from embracing; A time to get, and a time to lose; a time to keep, and a time to cast away; A time to rend, and a time to sew; a time to keep silence, and a time to speak; A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace. • Einstein, a violinist, said, “Music is the mind of God.”

Music – Mathematics - Algorithms • Einstein: Relativity of Time & Space • Big Bang • Microwave measurements of time red/blue • Hadron collider – Higgs / God particle

• Quantum Physics • Multi verses & dimensions • Plasma • Wormholes • Dark energy • Time warps • Vortexes Time measure Venus Mars Saturn Neptune Mercury Earth Jupiter Uranus Pluto

Sidereal 58.6 243 1.03 0.41 0.45 0.72 0.67 Rotation days days days days days days days 6.39 days On axis .99 days Compare to 24 Earth Solar ORBIT Revolution 87.97 224.7 1.88 11.86 29.46 84.01 164.79 248.59 (“”) days days years years years years years 365.26 Compare to days 365 Earth days

Tilt .034° 177.36 23.4° 25.29 3.13 26.73 97.77 28.32 122.53 Days & sunrise nights = Daily/-- seasonal by season Polar & twilight latitude data sources: www.takeschoolhome.com http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm TIME DIFFERENCES MEASURED

Daily

1 Earth day = 23 hrs. Rotation 56 min. 4.1 sec. COSMIC FOR EARTH TIME

Solar Days & Years on Earth Lunar Months

• Solar day: varies with each +/-30 sec. Lunar Triangulation / alignment with planet Earth for Months • Sidereal day • (Vernal aligned to Polaris) = • Synodic month = time between alignments with our sun star • 23 hrs. 56 min. 4 • Lunar synodic month: 29.26 – 29.8 or aver. 29.5 days • Sidereal month = time between new moon alignments with specified star • Solar Year = 365 ¼ days • Sidereal month: 27.32 days (365 days + 5 hrs. 48 min. - 45.5 sec.) • Synodic lunar year = 354 days** (= 12.4 lunar months) • 11 ¼ days short of solar year • = 364 days* • 18.6 year cycle “DO YOU KNOW THE ORDINANCES OF THE HEAVENS? CAN YOU PUT INTO EFFECT THEIR PLAN ON EARTH?“ 38:33

• “And command you the children of Yisrael that they observe the years according to this reckoning 364 days, and these will constitute a complete year, and they will not disturb its time from its days and from its feasts; for everything will fall out • “Then God said, ‘Let lights appear in the sky to separate in them according to their testimony and they will not leave out any day nor …day from …night. Let them mark off the seasons, days, disturb any feasts. 33 But if they do neglect and do not observe them according to his commandment, then they will disturb all their seasons and the years will be and years. Let these lights shine down on the earth … to dislodged and they will neglect their ordinances. 34 And all the children of Yisrael govern the day, … and the night, … to separate the light will forget and will not find the path of the years, and will forget the New Moons, from darkness…” and seasons, and Shabbathot and they will go wrong as to all the order of the years.’ from Dead Seas Scroll named Book of Jubilees Genesis 1:14 LOST IN TIME: CALENDARS IN CULTURAL CONTEXT

• Ancient calendars show lunar & solar intercalations: Sumerian, Babylonian • Pyramids – an observatory aligned with sun & star Sirius to herald floods in Delta • Ancient Computer: anti-Kithler • 12 Stones, 12 tribes crossing Jordan – sign set up at Gilgal /Jericho ( 4:1 - 20 time clock/calendar?) Astronomybythecosmos.com • Stonehenge monolith - stone calendar observatory of solar & lunar alignments of “Neolithic Stone Age” – Hebrew /Celtic connections? • Carnac, Brittany – stone observatory accurately showing lunar & solar movements – 1500 BC • Glastonbury, Salisbury Plain • : Hebrew limestone tablet 925 BC: lunar solar intercalations • Cahokia Wood Henge – Illinois • Chaco Canyon, New Mexico • China: Su Sung’s Astronomical Clock 1090 AD • Geochron clock – celestial navigation 18th Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings by Charles Hapgood bibelmuseum.no • Ptolemaic System • – Alexandria, Egypt – 100 – 170 • astronomer / geographer / mathematician • Geocentric Earth Model BCE • Copernicus System (from ancient astronomical records) 1543 • Poland • 2781 BCE • Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs • 1750 BCE Babylonian astronomers name constellations & identify planets • Modeled Heliocentrism (stationary sun at center of planets) • 1100 BCE Phoenician in alliance with nation of used celestial • Earth 3 motions: rotation / revolution / axis tilt navigation for global exploration • Galileo – Italy - 1564- 1642 • 967 – 927 King reigned – / Ecclesiastes • Telescope • 925 Gezer Calendar: Hebrew limestone tablet BC: lunar solar • Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems intercalations On Motion • Inquisition – Heresy – House Arrest • 585 Greeks use Babylonian • “Father of Modern Science” • 200 Antikythera mechanism – first ancient computer • Kepler - Germany - 1571 - 1630 • 130 -129 maps 850 stars • Laws of Planetary Motion: Ellipses, Equal Areas, Harmonics • 50 Mayans introduce 52 year cycle Round Calendar • Newton – England - 1643 -1703 • 45 introduced (3 months out of sync – season off) • Law of Gravity – hold planets in orbit • Re-invention of Egyptian • Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light Occultation: Astronomy. the passage of one • Astrometry is the branch of astronomy celestial body in front of another, thus hiding the concerned with the determination of positions, other from view: applied especially to the moon's proper motions, and parallaxes of solar-system coming between an observer and a star or planet. bodies, stars, and distant galaxies. Astronomers from Dictionary.com at USNO use the latest instrumentation and methods to extend the accuracy and brightness limits of astrometric catalogs and reference Earlier occult tables used for celestial frames. navigation. • http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry http://asa.usno.navy.mil/ The Astronomical Almanac • Published by USNO and HMNAO.

• Introduction • Errata in printed editions • ~ from USNO on where we are today, June 20, 2016: • Section A: Phenomena (incl. eclipses) • Section B: Time-Scales and Coordinate Systems • “The Moon waxes in the evening sky this , passing through the summer constellations along the southern reaches of the • Section C: Sun ecliptic. occurs on the 20th at 7:02 am Eastern Daylight • Section D: Moon Time. June’s Full Moon is popularly known as the Strawberry Moon, Rose Moon, Mead Moon, and Honey Moon. Each of these • Section E: Planets names not only indicates something indicative of the month’s flora, they also refer to the warm tone that the Moon can take on • Section F: Natural Satellites a warm June evening due to her southerly declination. ….. • Section G: Planets and Small Solar • Anchorage Full Moon at 3:02 a.m. System Bodies • The summer falls on the 20th at 6:34 pm EDT. At this • Section H: Stars and Stellar Systems time the center of the Sun’s disc stands directly over the Tropic of Cancer north of the Hawai’ian Islands. While astronomers consider • Section J: Observatory Search this to be the first day of summer, many traditional calendars observe it as "Midsummer’s Day", commemorating the year’s • Section K: Tables and Data longest day. ….. The farther north you go, the less the duration of • Section L: Notes and References night becomes. Cities such as Paris and London never experience total darkness at this time of the year, and places north of the • Section M: Glossary Arctic Circle see the Sun above the horizon for a full 24 . The Sun appears to hover near the Tropic of Cancer for a week or so • Section N: Index around the time of the solstice, and most of us probably won’t notice the changing times of sunrise and sunset until well into • Additional Information July.” • Earliest ancient maps showed stellar alignments with moon (= sidereal month) • Sumerian tablets • Rosetta Stone • Cultures & religions defined & divided by calendars – i.e.: • Babylonian • Hebrew/Jewish / Islamic: lunar / solar / intercalate • Hebrew • Pharisees & Sadducees – solar / lunar • Egyptian • Western Roman Empire (Catholic) & Eastern Byzantine Empire (Orthodox) • Chinese • Greek • 4th Century AD • Julian • Council of Nicaea – set for : 1st following full moon after vernal equinox /to avoid , following Sunday • Gregorian 1582 • Roman • Hillel II calculated calendar • Muslim • Jewish instituted postponement rules regarding new moon to determine holyday dates (became tradition) – • Religious Calendars • Western & Eastern Orthodox • Hellel • Islam • Pyramids • Stonehenge • Woodhenge • Antikythera • international clock • Celestial Navigation • Harrison chronometer New Moons on Hebrew Calendar Mark beginning of Months

• “And command you the children of Yisrael that they observe • From Genesis thru Revelation, beginning of time to end the years according to this reckoning 364 days, and these will • In & Mysteries of constitute a complete year, and they will not disturb its time • Mark Major Events With Noah – – Aaron - Miriam – David – Solomon – – from its days and from its feasts; for everything will fall out in Haggai – John - Paul them according to their testimony and they will not leave out • When Erecting the , Dedicating & Restoring the Temple any day nor disturb any feasts. 33 But if they do neglect and do not observe them according to his commandment, then • Counting Census for Army & Firstborn to be replaced by Levitical priesthood they will disturb all their seasons and the years will be • When correcting & cleansing the called out ones of God dislodged and they will neglect their ordinances. 34 And all • At times of Proclamations, Warnings & Rewards to a people with a mission & world the children of Yisrael will forget and will not find the path of empires the years, and will forget the New Moons, and seasons, and • To mark rotations & changing of the guards Shabbathot and they will go wrong as to all the order of the years.’ • To benchmark prophecies & the return of Messiah • As the Day of the LORD & New Year of the KING • from Dead Seas Scroll named Book of Jubilees • At resurrection of firstborn • For preparation of the Bride for Marriage to the KING of Kings, LORD of Lords • At transition to new Millennial Reign • At Changing of the Guard from Time of Gentiles to • Restoration of all things in Millennial Reign • Aleut Moons Dr. Oleksa Cross Cultural Communications • Cherokee traditional planting times • New Moon – root crops • First Quarter – ground crops Fish Camp - Berry picking - Moose hunting • Full moon – tall crops: grain, trees, sunflowers Traditional time by the seasons • Ebbing moon full to new: energy ebbs away = no planting • ~ from USNO.gov - where we are today, June 20, 2016:

• “The summer solstice falls on the 20th at 6:34 pm EDT*. At this time the center of the Sun’s disc stands directly over the Tropic of Cancer north of the Hawai’ian Islands. While astronomers consider this to be the first day of summer, many traditional calendars observe it as "Midsummer’s Day", commemorating the year’s longest day. ….. The farther north you go, the less the duration of night becomes. Cities such as Paris and London never experience total darkness at this time of the year, and places north of the Arctic Circle see the Sun above the horizon for a full 24 hours. The Sun appears to hover near the Tropic of Cancer for a week or so around the time of the solstice, Stonehenge and most of us probably won’t notice the Summer Solstice 2006 changing times of sunrise and sunset until well into July.” Credits: timeanddate.com – ca.news.yahoo.com – kidspressmagazine.com • “The Moon waxes in the evening sky …. passing through the summer constellations along the southern reaches of the ecliptic. Full Moon occurs on the 20th at 7:02 am Eastern Daylight* Time. June’s Full Moon is popularly known as the Strawberry Moon, Rose Moon, Mead Moon, and Honey Moon. Each of these names not only indicates something indicative of the month’s flora, they also refer to the warm tone that the Moon can take on a warm June evening due to her southerly declination. ….. • * Anchorage Alaska Full Moon at 3:02 a.m. • USNO Astronomical Almanac • Illustration, USNO.gov (2014) Turn Turn Turn

Its Your Turn

• Talking Circle – Larry Merculief

• Round Table – orbits of time RESOURCES TO EXPLORE MORE

• www.takeschoolhome.com • www.bbc.co.uk • http://www.astronomynotes.com/tables/tablesb.htm • http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_exact_length_of_one_earth_day • http://www.biblicalcalendarproof.com/HebrewCalendar/NoahsFlood

• Dava Sobel: The Planets, , Galileo’s Daughter • Gerald Schroeder: Science of God, The Big Bang •

Ancient Computer by NOVA pbs.org/nova