On the Origins of the Hijr¯I Calendar: a Multi-Faceted Perspective Based
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Periodization: Who Needs It?
Periodization: Who Needs It? Now that we are into a new calendar year, it’s time to get serious about your training program for the upcoming year. Many cyclists use some sort of training plan. One of the common elements of any training plan is that it is broken into segments, called periods. ‘Periodization’ is the process of developing a training schedule which has varying periods of hard work leading to overload or over- reaching, followed by a recovery period. Typically the year (the macrocycle) is broken into several large cycles, called mesocycles. Joe Friel, author of the Cyclists Training Bible uses the following names for these mesocycles: Preparation, Base, Build, Peak, Race and Transition. The Build, Peak and Race periods may be multiple several times during the racing season. The type of training during each of these is different depending on the time of year. Each of these mesocycles may have one or more cycles of 3-5 week segments. For example, your base period may have three sets of 4 weeks where you build up mileage and intensity for three consecutive weeks and then take the fourth week easier to recover from the previous three hard weeks. The purpose of varying the intensity of your training with periods of rest and recovery is to allow you to reach a higher level of fitness than if you just rode at a steady workload throughout the year. It’s similar to doing intervals, but on a larger scale. Almost every cyclist does some sort of periodization in their training whether they realize it or not. -
Aqaba Pledge: a Reconsideration of the 'Anṣār’S Subscription To
THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER (Under the Direction of Kenneth Honerkamp) ABSTRACT The ‘Aqaba pledge was a pivotal moment for early Islamic history. Often, however, it is read and understood in the context of Muhammad’s life. Consequently, much remains unanswered concerning the other party to the pledge, viz. the ‘Anṣār. Traditionally, it has been understood that the ‘Anṣār subscribed to the pledge in the context of their ongoing intertribal wars and that out of a desire to bring an end to those wars, seeing Muhammad as the means for that, they accepted the terms of the pledge. This paper expands on this traditional understanding. It begins by expanding on the traditionally understood sociopolitical context that surrounded the ‘Anṣār on the eve of the pledge, looking closely at the Perso-Byzantine war in the early seventh century. It then points to a hitherto unidentified cause that forced the ‘Anṣār to desire reconciliation and to accept the terms of the pledge. INDEX WORDS: ‘Aqaba pledge, Jewish Messianism, The Sasanian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614, Byzantine, Late Antiquity, Early Islam, ‘Anṣār THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER B.A., Syracuse University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Matthew Lee VanAuker All Rights Reserved THE 'AQABA PLEDGE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE 'ANṢĀR’S SUBSCRIPTION TO THE PLEDGE by MATTHEW LEE VANAUKER Major Professor: Kenneth Honerkamp Committee: Alan Godlas Carolyn Jones Medine Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my wife, my daughter, and my parents. -
A New "Abraha Inscription Fiom the Great Dam of Märib*
proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Sfudies 34 (2004): 221-230 A new "Abrahainscription fiom the Great Dam of Märib* Forty-three inscnptions and hgments of inscriptions legal texts.' The implication is that these hgments are are now visible on the walls of the No& Sluice at the much older than the constmction date of the North Great Dam at Märib.' Some of thern have been known Sluice. But this is not the topic of this Paper. since the first European travellers visited Märib in the By far the most important find was no longer in the nineteenth century: but a significant number are new to walls of the North Sluice when it was discovered, but us. With a few exceptions, these inscnptions do not re- lay in the sand, close to the outside of the wall of the fer to the building of the Great Dam, the stones on Great Basin (Fig. 1, and see Vogt 2004). It is a lirne- which they were carved having simply been re-used as stone column, C. 1.30 m high, which is inscribed on all buildiig materials. Among them, we have found dedica- four sides. The author was 'Abraha, the Ethiopian king tions from the sanctuaries Imown as ~ar'än' and of Yemen, from whorn we have the long inscription fiarünum, the latter being situated within the city walls recording the breaking of the Great Dam (C 541), which of Märib? We have also found various fragments of was also erected close to the North Sluice. Our new find GROSSER DAMM IN MARI8 - NOROBAU SCYEMATISCUIO ERUNOOIIS STAND: 2/04 TOSBECKEN --______--ZC G2 = The "new cotuhlelion" B + C =R.=paid Pm of (qab~) tüc 'A& C 541 / 103-110 DAI GDN Zm?-zO / L5.24 45 mbim in leogtb 45 mbim in im@ 14 cubim m Mdtü 14 cubia in widtü ii35 mbia in hnght 35 mbim b hcigbt FIGURE1. -
Practice Significance/Importance Contrasts Quotes Five Pillars of Sunni Islam They Support the Key Beliefs of Islam You Should Be Able to Contrast Them 1
Practice Significance/Importance Contrasts Quotes Five Pillars of Sunni Islam They support the key beliefs of Islam You should be able to contrast them 1. Shahadah: Declaration of Faith as pillars support a building. They with the Ten Obligatory Acts and “There is no god but Allah and are seen as the key to living a good also to explain the differences Muhammad is his messenger.” Muslim life, give Muslims a sense of between Sunni and Shi’a practices in 2. Salah: Prayer group identity as a community who relation to Salah, Zakah, Sawm and 3. Zakah: Charitable Giving share faith and actions. Enable Hajj. 4. Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan Muslims to show loyalty and 5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Makkah obedience to Allah. Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam Given to the Shi’a Muslims by the You should be able to contrast them Include numbers 2-5 of the Five Pillars Twelve Imams, who are seen as the with the Five Pillars and also to plus: leaders chosen by Allah to lead Islam explain the differences between Khums: 20% tax on profits after Muhammad’s death. Sunni and Shi’a practices in relation Jihad: The struggle to maintain faith and The acts help Muslims to know how to Salah, Zakah, Sawm and Hajj. to defend Islam to behave on a daily basis, enabling Amr-bil-Maruf: encouraging people to them to please Allah and to feel do what is good closer to him. Nahi Anil Mumkar: Discouraging people They give guidance to Shi’a Muslims from doing what is wrong about how to overcome challenges Tawallah: Being loving towards the in their lives. -
The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
Islamic Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Islamic calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -at اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي :The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to 2007) Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form ( [In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ("Before the Hijra").[2 .(ﻫـ abbreviated , َﺳﻨﺔ ﻫِ ْﺠﺮﻳّﺔ The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017.[3] Contents 1 Months 1.1 Length of months 2 Days of the week 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 3.2 Prohibiting Nasī’ 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical -
TOP TEN MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ISLAM by : Huma Ahmad
TOP TEN MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT ISLAM by : Huma Ahmad MISCONCMISCONCEPTIONEPTION #1: Muslims are violent, terrorists and/or extremists. This is the biggest misconception in Islam, no doubt resulting from the constant stereotyping and bashing the media gives Islam. When a gunman attacks a mosque in the name of Judaism, a Catholic IRA guerrilla sets off a bomb in an urban area, or Serbian Orthodox militiamen rape and kill innocent Muslim civilians, these acts are not used to stereotype an entire faith. Never are these acts attributed to the religion of the perpetrators. Yet how many times have we heard the words 'Islamic, Muslim fundamentalist, etc.' linked with violence. Politics in so called "Muslim countries" may or may not have any Islamic basis. Often dictators and politicians will use the name of Islam for their own purposes. One should remember to go to the source of Islam and separate what the true religion of Islam says from what is portrayed in the media. Islam literally means 'submission to God' and is derived from a root word meaning 'peace'. Islam may seem exotic or even extreme in the modern world. Perhaps this is because religion doesn't dominate everyday life in the West, whereas Islam is considered a 'way of life' for Muslims and they make no division between secular and sacred in their lives. Like Christianity, Islam permits fighting in self- defense, in defense of religion, or on the part of those who have been expelled forcibly from their homes. It lays down strict rules of combat which include prohibitions against harming civilians and against destroying crops, trees and livestock. -
Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad
Journal of Law and Practice Volume 4 Article 3 2011 Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Imani Jaafar-Mohammad Charlie Lehmann Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice Part of the Family Law Commons Recommended Citation Jaafar-Mohammad, Imani and Lehmann, Charlie (2011) "Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce," Journal of Law and Practice: Vol. 4, Article 3. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Law and Practice by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce Keywords Muslim women--Legal status laws etc., Women's rights--Religious aspects--Islam, Marriage (Islamic law) This article is available in Journal of Law and Practice: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/lawandpractice/vol4/iss1/3 Jaafar-Mohammad and Lehmann: Women's Rights in Islam Regarding Marriage and Divorce WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ISLAM REGARDING MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE 4 Wm. Mitchell J. L. & P. 3* By: Imani Jaafar-Mohammad, Esq. and Charlie Lehmann+ I. INTRODUCTION There are many misconceptions surrounding women’s rights in Islam. The purpose of this article is to shed some light on the basic rights of women in Islam in the context of marriage and divorce. This article is only to be viewed as a basic outline of women’s rights in Islam regarding marriage and divorce. -
Geologic History of the Earth 1 the Precambrian
Geologic History of the Earth 1 algae = very simple plants that Geologists are scientists who study the structure grow in or near the water of rocks and the history of the Earth. By looking at first = in the beginning at and examining layers of rocks and the fossils basic = main, important they contain they are able to tell us what the beginning = start Earth looked like at a certain time in history and billion = a thousand million what kind of plants and animals lived at that breathe = to take air into your lungs and push it out again time. carbon dioxide = gas that is produced when you breathe Scientists think that the Earth was probably formed at the same time as the rest out of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. The solar system may have be- certain = special gun as a cloud of dust, from which the sun and the planets evolved. Small par- complex = something that has ticles crashed into each other to create bigger objects, which then turned into many different parts smaller or larger planets. Our Earth is made up of three basic layers. The cen- consist of = to be made up of tre has a core made of iron and nickel. Around it is a thick layer of rock called contain = have in them the mantle and around that is a thin layer of rock called the crust. core = the hard centre of an object Over 4 billion years ago the Earth was totally different from the planet we live create = make on today. -
Ys640s Operation Manual+ACS Edit.Indd
OPERATION MANUAL 2 3 Contents Dangers, Warnings & Cautions................................................................................................................................6 Yoder Components....................................................................................................................................................9 Smoker Arrival & Assembly.....................................................................................................................................10 Quick Start Guide.....................................................................................................................................................12 Yfi App Connection...................................................................................................................................................16 Smoker Placement & Leveling...............................................................................................................................30 Operating the Smoker..............................................................................................................................................31 Initial Burn Off.............................................................................................................................................................31 Lighting Your Smoker...............................................................................................................................................31 Pre-Heating.................................................................................................................................................................31 -
Caravan Kingdoms: Y Emen and the Ancient Incense Trade
Caravan Kingdoms: Y emen and the Ancient Incense Trade A Study of Visitors Offi ce of Policy and Analysis Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC February 2006 ii Caravan Kingdoms Table of Contents Foreword . v Conclusions and Observations: “Atlantis of the Sands Rediscovered” . 1 Appendix A: Study Findings . 9 Appendix B: Background to the Study . 21 Appendix C: Frequencies of Survey Responses and the Questionnaire . 27 Image Credits . 33 Caravan Kingdoms iii iv Caravan Kingdoms Foreword An important part of the Offi ce of Policy and Analysis’s (OP&A) broad mandate is to study visitors and their experiences at Smithsonian museums. Julian Raby, the director of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (FSG), has given OP&A the opportunity to study an array of exhibitions to learn more about the interests, needs, and perceptions of the public. Although the methods of conducting these studies vary, understanding visitors’ reactions to exhibitions, attempting to determine what exhibi- tions mean to them, and ultimately changing a museum’s relationships with its audiences are always challenging. Caravan Kingdoms: Yemen and the Ancient Incense Trade sought to make connections with and build bridges between visitors and impressive objects from a lost civilization. Th e OP&A study has resulted in deeper understanding of fi rst-time visitors as well as repeat visitors, and illustrated what a single exhibition can do: provide aesthetic plea- sure, increase knowledge, place objects in their cultural context, lead to discoveries, and stimulate interest. Plumbing these results could not have occurred without the assistance of FSG staff members Th eresa Esterlund, manager of in-gallery interpretation, as well as Ann Gunter, curator of the exhibition, and Massumeh Farhad, chief curator at FSG. -
2021-2022 School Year Calendar June 2021 June 21-July 29 - Summer School 17 - Martin Luther King Jr
2021-2022 School Year Calendar June 2021 June 21-July 29 - Summer school 17 - Martin Luther King Jr. Day January 2022 (Fridays off) S M T W T F S 27 - Second Quarter Ends S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 28 - Teacher Record Keeping Day 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 31 - Third Quarter Begins 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 July 2021 4 - Independence Day S M T W T F S June 21-July 29 - Summer school 21 - Presidents Day February 2022 (Fridays off) 1 2 3 22 - Parent Teacher Conferences S M T W T F S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 August 2021 19-20 - New Teacher Orientation* S M T W T F S Aug. 23-Sept. 3 - Teacher Prep/PD Days* 31 - Third Quarter Ends March 2022 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S M T W T F S 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 30 31 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 2021 Aug.