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OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW OF by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016

Equinox (interval 365.2422 days) by Solar Alignment Observation God, through Moses, ordained the first of the Jewish year to start in spring. Many writers consider the of this first month start as a great mystery. The Hebrew word for 'month' and '' are interchangeable and translated by context. Each new moon was to be celebrated by trumpets; Nu10:10, Ps81:3, 2Ch2:4. This was practiced from Moses, at least thru the of Paul's epistles, Col2:16. The ancient means to select when the 1st month of each new year started has been avidly discussed by many writers. This month shall be unto you the beginning of : it shall be the first month of the year to you.... keep this ordinance in ITS from year to year, Ex12:2,13:10 .

And Moses was learned in ALL the wisdom of the Egyptians... Acts 7:22 Indeed it is a mystery, if the ancient‟s time keeping method of simple alignment is not understood. Much ink has been used talking of the harvest.

1 OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016 But finding the first solar month could be accomplished from the Temple Mount by watching where the sunrise happened in east upon Mount Olivet. This is illustrated in the prior picture. Another method is to use a gnomon or obelisk. This was widely employed by the Egyptian culture to find time, direction and . The method is Use a BAY illustrated by the attached pictures. To improve During desert travels, after the shadow Exodus, the was to be erected with principle ordinates. definition

The ordinates were easily obtained by use of a gnomon, that could also serve to mark the spring . “for the south side.... And for the side of the Second is in keeping Church tabernacle on the north side Calendar. For that calendar is there shall be twenty set by and it shall be the boards.. tabernacle, 1st following the 1st Full westward..” Ex26:18-27. For Moon after the Spring or Vernal the Christian , this Equinox of each year. importance is two fold. First is to know that a year is a solar year. 2 OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016 Great The Egyptian culture (of Moses time) used such methods as illustrated by the Pyramid alignments on principle ordinates. Many other ancient cultures also used monument markers to mark the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. North The holidays revolved around spring and autumn. Three main holidays were given by Moses. First was , with main dates on 10th and 14th of first month. Next Khufu was Pentecost, Lev23:16, Count fifty days to the day after the seventh ; then you shall offer.... The last as: „In Sphinx the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall have a Sabbath-rest, a memorial of blowing of trumpets... EAST Lev23:24. Marking were mandated by the Sabbath or 7th year and or 50th year. The Sothic calendar system (365 days, 3,000BC) started at Heliacal rising of Sirius upon Summer , June20 +/- South . They Intercalated the last days of a year. The current rabbinical calendar, has 365.2468days/Year. Only the 1st to 7th months were critical to the ancient . The time after the 12th month unto the start of the next year new month could be counted as intercalated days, with an ignored month, if only interested in months 1 to 7. Great

3 OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016 Another way is to make an extra long 12th Twelfth month: had at least 27 days as seen by 2Kg25:27, it month. No where in bible is mention of a was given the name of , see Est3:7&13,8:12,9:1. Here an 13th month, hence Adar2. But these leap eleventh month of 29 days is found by inclusive count, months are required for a lunisolar Neh6:15, 52 less 25 days equal 27 plus the start stop days of 2 calendar. A new year should start in first gives 29 days. Also in story of Noah are found 5 months of 30 where the 14th lunar day falls days each, Gen7:11,24 & 8:3-4. This indicates bible months on or after the spring equinox. This makes are lunar months. For the lunar month must alternate 29 and "days per year cycles" of 353/355 and 30 days to match the 29.5 days of average lunar period. 383/385 days. About every 3rd year will be a of about 384 days. Counting of these days fall into 3 methods. Strictly observational says for the time of equinox, then look for the new moon. The Equinox Sunset length of lunar cycle (29/30 days) and of Alignment at Giza solar year (365 days) are well known. Thus Looking due West by these facts an end of year calculation can be made for when to declare the first new moon of the new year. Finally there is Khufu the method of the rabbinical w calendar, 365.2468day/Year, vs. Gregorian of 365.2425 d/Y. Bible Basis of 12 Months: 1Kgs4:7 “... twelve officers over all Sphinx ... each man his month in a year...” 1Ch27, 12months1year, “all the months of S N the year...The twelfth captain for the twelfth month.” The sacred duties were E divided into 24 groups, this suggests rotation of a group every 2 . 4 OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016

Marking time by equinox of the two seasons has the Refs: least long jitter. Long term Jitter is caused by https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/pacalc.html earth polar precession, as demonstrated by below http://judaicseminar.org/halakhot/calendar_jewish.htm graphic. Moses used the most stable year start marker. https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ http://www.knowth.com/loughcrew.htm https://stellafane.org/misc/equinox.html http://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/egyptiancalendaren. html http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/IslerMethod OfFindingExtendingDirection.pdf

Stonehenge is one of many known archeoastronomy sites. It was used to mark seasons. Researcher J. Q. Jacobs has documented these sites extensively. Only at does sun rise due east and set due west. 5 OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016

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Marking Years by Astronomical Moments of Equinox and New Moon. The first new moon of each new year is selected so the 14th day () must fall on or after the Spring Equinox. This causes the lunar months to cycle in a progression of 400 Years of 12 lunar months to about 233 years of 13 lunar months. By using observation, the years of 12 and 13 moons will be automatically selected from the determination rule. Over increasing intervals (19,38,190,391) the average length of a year will trend towards 365.2422 days. This is demonstrated by graph above. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016 Egyptian tools at time of Moses Equinox Sunrise at Giza

West East

7 North OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016 The Solar Lunar cycles are periods that give repeating calendar cycles. The older cycles are the Saros, (18 Year) and Metonic, 19Y. Some other whole year cycles Without Equinox Sunset are Half Sar, 9Yr, Unidos, 65Y, 176Y, 298Y. Longer Cycles Without Equinox Sunset are Trihex, 195Y, , 345Y, Gregorian1, 353Y, Gregoriana 372Y, Hexdodea 390Y, Grattan Guinness 391Y, Gregorian2, 725Y, 1042Y.Any multiple of smaller cycles can be tried, like double basic 1042Y. Meton's cycle of 19 years harmonizes the solar year (19 solar years) with the lunar month (235 lunar months) with a remainder of about 2 and 3 by which the solar year finishes earlier than the lunar. Another cycle is 190 or 10 Metons. M. de Cheseaux's cycle of 315 years harmonizes the solar and lunar years within 3 hours and 24 minutes. The Metonic 19-year cycle gets rid of most of it's remainder in a larger Biblical cycle of 2,300 years, Dan8:14. Cheseaux's cycle, 315 years, is one quarter of a larger Biblical cycle of 1,260 years (Dan. 8:12; 12:7; Rev. 12:6,14) which is ten times more accurate than Meton's cycle. After 1260 years the sun and moon return, within less than half a degree, to the same point of the ecliptic precisely, and that within an of each other. If With Equinox Sunset Meridian Alignments we subtract 1260 from 2300 we get 1040 which is the long- awaited solar-lunar cycle that harmonizes all three W measurements: the year, month and day "with an almost imperceptible error" (Error is .11 of a day, Parker's Celestial Cycles, p.22). In fact, this 1040 year " Cycle" reaches an error of one day in 15,056 years. Every 687 years the sun and the moon come back into the same relative positions to within 43 N minutes. In 1906, Dr. W. Bell Dawson discovered that the average of 2300 and 1260 lunar years, or 1780 lunar years, was almost exactly equal to 1727 solar years, giving a cycle of even higher accuracy than the 1040 "Daniel Cycle." The most accurate anomalistic cycle (the time it takes for the moon to return to the corresponding point on its elliptical orbit), viz. 1336, is the difference between 1727 and 391. (see Soli-Lunar Cycles In Greek Research and Jewish Revelation by Walter S. Ridgway, E 8 UBC, 1946). OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016

The Gnomon or Obelisk is an astronomical measurement device. The solar alignments are the main aspect to determine seasons. This is possible because of the orbital layout. These facts are shown here in theory and in practice. Omitted here but given earlier is the BAY tool to improve shadow definition. Without that Egyptian tool, the accuracy is decreased as suggested by some. In church times these are used in order to better calculate the astronomical of EASTER. See next slide.

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The Gnomon of Saint- Sulpice is an astronomical measurement device located in the Church of Saint-Sulpice (Église Saint- Sulpice) in Paris, France. It is a gnomon, a device designed to cast a shadow on the ground in order to determine the position of the sun in the sky. In early modern times, other gnomons were also built in several Italian and French churches in order to better calculate the astronomical event of EASTER.

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Cambodia, Angkor Wat On the morning of the spring equinox, the sun rises up the side of the central tower of the temple and crowns its pinnacle.

El Castillo, Mexico One of the most famous ancient spring equinox celebrations was the Mayan pyramid in Chichen Itza, Mexico. The pyramid, also known as Castillo, has four staircases running from the top to the bottom of the pyramid's faces. The staircases were built at a carefully calculated angle so that at the precise of the equinox and for a period of about half an hour, a snake of sunlight appears to slither down the stairs. The Kukulkan appears twice a year, on the spring and autumn equinox, when day and night, light and dark, are equal and in balance.

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The Wagon Wheel of Native American plains Indians have summer solstice and other alignments. One is located Between Cody and Lovell Wyoming. It is called Big Horn Medicine Wheel. In the 4 Corners area exist solar monuments left by Anasia tribes. Shown to the left is the sun dagger design at Fajada Butte in Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Many other monuments like Pinson mounds West Tenn., Mounds at Earle & Scott Arkansas and the Henges of Ireland & UK show how ancient peoples accurately tracked the seasons by observation without calculators and equations. 12