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Home , Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis

Acetabularia, 271, 631 Acetic-add , 141 Acetobacter, 171, 578-579, 613 Acetobacter xylinium, 147 Acetone, butyl-alcohol bacteria, 141 Acetyl-CoA, 136-137 Achorion gallinarum, 472-473 Achromobacter, 497, 613 Achromobacter lipofyticum, 536 Acid-fast organisms, 409 index Acid-fast staining, 52 Acid production in milk, 534-536 Acidophilus milk, 543-544 Acids, mineral, 322 organic, 322 ACfH,408 Actinobacillus, 613-614 Actinobacillus mallei, 469 Actinomyces! 177,614 Actinomyces hovis, 69 Actinomycetales, 92 Actinomycetes, 166 Actinophrys, 628 Activated-sludge process, 518 Adametz,27 Adams, 27 Adansonian classification, 36-37, 167 Adaptive induced enzymes, 122 Adenine, 15 5-156 Adenoviruses, 226,418-419 ADP, 130-137 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 408 Aerobacter, 427, 614 Aerobacter aerogenes, 428, 476,504-505, 536, 579 Aerobic bacteria, 86 Aerobic dissimilation, 217 Aerosols, 322, 527 Agar, 82-83, 282 Agar-plate colonies, 111 Agar-plate test, 589 Agardhie/la, 631 Agglutination, 434-435 Agglutination resrs, 252-253, 382-385 macroscopic, 384 microscopic, 384-385 serum-plate, 385 slide, 384 Treponema Pallidum, 384 rube, 384 Weil-Fe1ix,384 with whole blood, 385 Widal,383 Agglutinin-adsorption tests, 385-386 Agglutinins, 375 Agrobacterium, 479 Agrobacterium tume/adem, 481 Air, 523-531 analysis of, 523-525 indoor, 525-528 microbial content of, 525-526 outdoor, 528 room, culture of, 525 flora of, 527 sterile, 529-530 upper, 529 Air contamination, means of control, chemical agents, 530 filtrarion, 530 ultraviolet radiarion, 529-530 Air-sampling devices, 523-524 impingement, 523-525 membrane filters, 525 sieve sampler, 524-527 slit sampler, 524-525 Air-sampling techniques, settling plate, 524 Albugo, 622 Alcaligenes, 614 Alcaligenes viscoiactis, 536

649 650 INDEX

Alcohol fermentations, 58~581 Antheridia, 280 Antimicrobial agents, mode of action, 294--296 Bacon, Roger, 17 Alcohols, amyl, 3D-316 Anrhrax, 22, 387 phenol, 313-315 Bacteria, acetic-acid, 141 butyl, 3D-316 Antibiosis, 331, 335 phenolic compounds, 313-315 acetone, butyl-alcoho ethyl, 3D Anribiotic, development of, 590 quaternary ammonium compounds, 321-322 acid-fast, 176 isopropyl, 316 Antibiotic resistance, 333-334 selection and use, 313 aerobic, 86 methyl, 315 Anribiotics, 147, 158, 199, 284, 328-352,532­ Antiseprics, 290 anaerobic, 86 propyl,315-316 583 evaluation of, 324-326 anatomy of, 57 Algae, 11, 269-284 assay of, 347-349 Antiserum, streptococcus-precipitaling, 389 aurotrophic, 80-81 blue-green, 272-274, 281-282 broad-spectrum, 34~341, 346 Antistreptokinase, 395 budding, 172-173 brown, 280-282 eov:ly acrivities of, 331 Antisrreptolysin 0, 395 capsulated, 64 classification of, 273 as growth stimulants, 347 Antitoxins, 25, 360, 373-375 characteristics of, 166 cultures, 280 properties of, 334 Aphanocapsa, 272 coli-aerogenes-typhoic economic importance of, 281-283 resistance to, 333-334 Aplanospores, 273 common names for, 3 as food, 282 sensitivity to, 349-350 Apoenzyme, 115 cultivation of, 97 in industry. 282 rypes of, 335-343 Aquatic microbiology, 13 death of, 290-292 in medicine. 282 Aureomycin, 3~342 ArtUhnoidjseus ornatus, 278 facultatively anaerobi, in soil, 281-282, 564 bacitracin, 342 ARBOR viruses, 457 Iimbriated, 64 in vitamin synthesis, 282 chloramphenicol, chemistry of, 340 Arcella, 259-261 gram-negative, 51-52 golden-brown, 277-278 mooe of action, 346 Aristorle, 17-19 gram-positive, 51-52 green, 275-277 chloromycetin, 340 Arsphenamine, 329 green sulfur, 169 lsolation of, 280 erythromycin, 342-343 A rthrobacter, 614 growth of (s" Growt morphology of, 271-272 neomycin, 343 Arthrobacter globiformis, 152 halophilic, 89 motile. 272 penicillin, 159, 199, 331-339, 582-584 Arthrobotrys conoides, 487 heterotrophic, 80-81 motility of, 272-273 chemistry of, 337 Arthropods, 245, 454-459 industrial uses of, 57f. occurrence of, 269-270 effect on Eo coli, 345 Nthrospores, 193, 209 iron, 171, 508 origin of, 269 empicillin, 339 Ascospores, 195, 216-217 L forms, 75-76, 183-1 pathogenic, 283 mode of action, 344-346 Ascus, 195 lactic-acid, 141 planktonic, 4% narural, 337 Asexual reproduction, 154, 160 luminous, 497 red, 28~282 resistance to, 336-337 in algae, 272-280 microaerophilic, B6 reproduction, asexual, 272-273 semisynthetic, 338-339 in amoeba, 259 moldlike, 175 sexual, 273 polymyxins, 342 in paramecia, 261-263 motile, 64 Algal growth in warer. 508 licheniformin, 342 in yeasts, 213-214 motiliry of, 62-64 Alginates, 282 mode of action, 347 Asiatic , 433 nonmotile, 64 Alginic acid, 282 subtilin, 342 Aspergillus, 192, 199, 622 non-spoce-forming, 2S Alkalies, lime, 322 streptomycin, 160, 332, 339-340 Aspergillw niger, 199, 582-583 nutritional requireme­ lye, 322 chemistry of, 340 Asporogenous yeasrs, 216 nutrltional types, 79 Allergy tests, 398-399 mode of action, 347 Assay of antibiotics, 347-349 autotIophs, 79-81 AliomyceJ,622 Terramycin, 341-342 Assay techniques, microorganisms used in, 591 chemotrophs, 79 Alpha-conidendrin, 108 tetracyclines, 340-342 Assays, microbiological, 589-591 hererotrophsl 80-81 Alpha hemolysin, 447 chlor-, 3~341 Assimilarion, 128, 144-145 phototrophs, 79 Alpha hemolysis, 361 effecr on S. aureus! 346 AJterocytis, 631 orders of, 167-184 Alpha-ketoglutaric acid, 144-145, 580 mode of action, 346-347 AthiorhodaceaJ!, 130 Actinomyatales, chal Alt'maria, 201-202, 528 oxy-, 340-342 Atmospheric water, 495 168,174-178 Alternaria terzuiJ, 201 ryrothricin, 342 Acorns, labeled, 125 BeggiatoaieJ, chane American Academy of Microbiology, 30 viomycin, 343 ATP, 13~137 168,178-180 American Sociery for Microbiology. 29-30 Anribodies, 24, 46, 368, 373 Atrenuation, 364 CAryophanaieJ, 168, American Type Culture Collection, 109 cytolyric, 390 AulisCUJ caeiatus, 279 Chlamytlobacteriales, Amino acids, commercial production of, 579­ heterophile, 395-396 Auramine 0, 45 Eubaftmales, charllJ 580 humoral, 375 Auroclave, 3~301 168,173-175 dissimilation of, 142-143 neucralizing, 3% Aurotrophic bacteria, 80-81, 146 Hyphemicrobiales, 161 Amoeba, 11, 628 unirarian concept of, 376, 382 Autorcophs, 79-81, 170 MywpiaJmatales. 168 Amoeba prot,us, 256-257 Anribody formation, theories of, 376-379 Auxotrophs, 159 pJeuropneumoni~ Amoebae, 256-259 clonal-sdecrion, 378-379 Avery, O. T., 28 MyxobacteraieJ, ch", excretion of, 257 selecrion, 378 Axenic cultucc, 22 168, 180-182 morphology of, 256-257 side-chain, 376 Azotobacter, 26, 562, 567, 614 PseudomonadaieJ, 161 nutririon of, 257-258 template, 378 SpirochaetaieJ, 168, 1 reproduction of, 258-259 Antifibrinolysin, 395 BaciIlUJ, 34-35, 71-74, 272, 614 pH, for gcowth of, 8J respiration of, 259 Antigen-antibody reacrion, 386 Bacillw aerosporw, 342 pigmentation of, 112 Amoebiasis, 438-439 Antigens, 46,368,372-374 Bacillus albw, 34 propionic-acid, 141 Amoeboid protozoa, 256-261 complete, 374 BacillUJ anthracis, 65, 362, 366,451 purple nonsulfur, 169 Ammonificarion in soil, 566, 571 "H" and "0," 374 Bacillus breviJ, 332, 342 purple sulfur, 169 Amylase, 585 partial, 374 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, 411 reproducrion of, 58, 5 Anabaena, 274 Antimetabolires, 295 Bacillw emus, 66, 72-73, 437 rod-shaped, 59 Anabolism, 128, 144-145 Antimicrobial acrion, 292-296 Bacillus cereus var mycoides, 536 sheathed, 172 Anaerobic bacteria, 86 Antimicrobial agents, 290, 312-326 Bacillw coagulan.c, 34 size of cells, 60-61 cultivation of, 88-89 acids, 322 Bacillw laNJaJ!, 476 slime, 65, 181, 508 Anaerobic dissimilation, 217 aerosols, 322 BacillUJ lentimorous, 476 in soil, 562-563 Analytical cenrrifuge, 231 alcohols, 315-316 BacillUJ licheniformis, 342 spherical, 59 Anaphylactic reaction, 373 alkalies, 322 Bacillw megatmum, 59, 71 spiral-shaped, 5~ Anaplasma marginale, 472 chlorine, 316 BacillUJ mycoides, 74 spore-forming, 74, 2S Angstrom, 47,304 chlorine compounds, 316-317 BacillUJ polymyxa, 342 stalked, 171 Animal kingdom, 8 derergenrs, synthetic, 321 BacillUJ popilli"" 476 structure of, 61 Animalcules, 18 dyes, 318-319 Bacillus radicicola, 34, 562 capsules, 65-66 Animals, use in laboratory studies, 397-400 gases, 322-324 BacillUJ sphaeriC1J.f, 152 Iimbriae, 64-65 bleeding, 397-398 heavy metal compounds, 318-319 BacillUJ st,arotbo_philus, 537 flagella, 61-64 inoculation sires, 397 heavy metals, 317-318 BacillUJ subtilis, 49, 299, 536-538 sulfur, 508 post-morrem examinarion of, 398-400 hydrogen peroxide, 322 Bacillw subtilis var globigii, 527 sulfur-oxidizing, 169 Anionic dye, 50 iodine, 316 Bacillw thuringienJis, 476 "true," 59, 166, 173 INDEX 651

Bacon, Roger, 17 Bacterial antigens, 383 Biochemical characterizatIon, 12, 153, 167 Bacteria, acetic-acid, 141 Bacterial cell, fearures of, 294 Biochemical oxygen demand, 512 acetone, butyl-alcohol, 141 Bacterial classification, 6-7 Biological oxidations, 130-134 acid-fast, 176 Bacterial colonies, 100, 111 fermentation, 132-134 aerobic, B6 Bacterial genera, 34 respiration, 131-132 anaerobic, 86 Bacterial generation time, 92-95 Biological systems, characteristics, 3 anatomy of, 57 Bacterial growth, methods for measuring, 103 Biological warfare, 14 autotrophic, SO-81 Bacterial growth curve, 95 Bioluminescence, 497 budding, 172-173 Bacterial growth phases, %-97 Biosynthesis, pathway of, 158-159 capsulated, 64 Bacterial gtOwth yield, 97 Blastospore, 209 characteristics of, 166-168, 613ff. Bacterial mutants, 157-159 Blood groups, 374 coli-aerogenes-ryphoid, 141 isolation of, 159 Bloom in water, 281,496 common names for, 35 types, 157-159 BOD, 512-513 cultivation of, 97 auxotroph, 159 BOD test, 512 death of, 290-292 induced, 157 Bollinger bodies, 227 facultatively anaerobic, 86 prototroph, 159 Bonquet,27 fimbriated, 64 spontaneous, 157 Bordet-Gengou bacillus, 414 gram-negative, 51-52 Bacterial mutations, rate of, 157 Bordetella, 615 gram-positive, 51-52 methods of increasing, 157 , 365,413-414,444 green sulfur, 169 Bacterial protoplasts, 75-76 Borrel, Amedee, 243 growth of (see Growth, of bacteria) Bacterial sex factor, 161 Borrelia, 615 halophilic, 89 Bacterial spheroplasts, 75-76 Botrydium, 277, 631 heterotrophic, 80-81 Bacterial spores, 71-75, 293, 298-299 Boteytis, 200, 528 industrial uses of, 576-577 resistance of, 294 Breed method, 98 iron, 171, 508 Bacterial synthesis, 130 BrrJlanomyces, 625 L forms, 75-76, 183-184 Bacterial transduction, 163-164, 242 Brevibac/erium. 615 lactic-acid, 141 Bacterial transformation, 163-164 BrevibacJet7um'line1JJ, 548 luminous, 497 Bacterial viruses, 237-242 Brewer anaerobic jar, 88 microaerophilic, 86 (See also Bacteriophage) Brewer anaerobic petri dish, 88 moldlike, 175 Bactericide, 290 Bright-field microscopy, 40-50 motile, 64 Bacteriological media, 81-85 Bristol's media, 2SO motility of, 62-64 (See also Media) , 434-435, 615 nonmotile, 64 Bacteriolytic amboceptors, 390 Brucella abortus, 434-435 non-spore-forming, 298 Bacteriophage, 5-12, 144, 162-164, 232-237 Brucella melitensis, 434-435 nutritional requirements of, 79-SO composirion of, 237 Brucella suis, 434-435 nutritional types, 79 cultivation of, 237 Brucellergin test, 398-399 aurotrophs, 79-81 DNA content, 156-157 , 394, 435 chemotrophs, 79 morphology of, 237 Bryophyta, 7 heterorrophs, 80-81 reproduction of, 239-242 Buchner, 114 photottOphs, 79 Bac/eriophagium in/es/ina/Ie, 237 Budding, 213-216 otdetS of, 167-184 Bacteriostasis, 290 Buffer, 88 Ac/intJmyce/aks, characteristics of families, Bacreriostatic agent, 290-292 Buist, 227 168,174-178 Bacterium, 17, 22, 59, 61, 76 Bulgarian milk, 543-544 Beggia/oales, characterisrics of families, anatomic structures of, 61 Bulkra,625 168, 178-180 Bacterium ani/raJum, 71 Bulloch, William, 26 Caryophanaks, 168, 173-174 Bac/erium lac/is, 23 Bullock, 19 Chlamydobacteriales, 168, 171-172 Bacteroidos, 614 Burnet, 378 Eubac/eriaks! characteristics of families, Badhamia, 628-629 Burrill, 27 168, 173-175 Balantidium coli, 262-263 Butrer, 544 Hyphomicrobiaks, 168, 172-173 Ball, 27 Burrermilk, eulrured, 543 Mycopi4smataks, 168, 182-184 Bang, 243 Butyribacterium, 615 pleuropneumonia group, 182-183 Bang's disease, 435 Myxobacteraks, characteristics of families, Basidiospores, 195 168, 180-182 Basidium, 190, 195 Cancer, 242-243 Pseudomonadales, 168-171 BCG,411 Candida, 625 Spirochaetaks, 168, 182 Beadle, George, 28 Candida albicans, 219, 341 pH, fot gtOwth of, 87-89 Beef extract, 83 Candida l;polytica, 536 pigmentation of, 112 Beggiatoa, 166, 178-180,614-615 Candida pseudotropicalis, 536 propionic-acid, 141 trichomes of, 179 Candida utilis, 11, 45, 582 putple nonsulfilt, 169 Beijerinck, 26, 107, 223, 561-562 Capsids, 227-228 purple sulfut, 169 Benthic population, 497 Capsomeres, 228 reproduction of, 58, 91 Benthos, 496 Capsulated bactetia, 64 too-shaped, 59 Berberis vulgaris, 479 Capsule production, 152 sheathed, 172 "Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteri­ Capsules, 65-66, 71, 162 size of cells, 60-61 ology," 6, 29-30, 35-37, 167, 178 chemical composition of, 65--66 slime, 65, 181, 508 Beta-galactosidase, 153 Carbohydrates, dissimilation of, 137-141 in soil, 562-563 Beta bemolysin, 447 metabolism of, 147 sphetical, 59 Beta hemolysis, 361 Carbon, 79 spiral-shaped, 59-60 Beta hemolytic streptococci, 394-395 Carbon compounds, in soil, 570-572 spore-forming, 74, 298 l3-hydtOxybutyric acid, 69 synthesis of, 570 stalked, 171 Beta-propiolacrone, 324 Carbon cycle, 572 structure of, 61 Biddulphia granulata, 279 Carbon dioxide requirement, 434 capsules, 65-66 Binary fission, 58, 74, 91-93, 216 Carboxylase, 116 fimbtiae, 64-65 in amoeba, 259 Carcinoma, 242 flagella, 61-64 in paramecia, 261-263 Carpogonia, 280 sulfut, 508 Binomial system of nomenclature, 34 Carrier, 427 sulfur-oxidizing, 169-170 Biochemical activity, 38 Caryophanon. 176 "true," 59, 166, 173 of molds, 198 Caryophanon latum, 173-174 652 INDEX

Catabolism, 128, 137-144 Chlorella, 129, 282 Coliphage, structure, 238 (Set also Dissimilation) Chlorella injwionum, 11 T3, 527 Deaminase, 122 Catalase, 116 Chlorination, 503 Colonies, agar-plate, 111 Deamination, 121, 142-1 Caralysts, 115 Chlorine compounds, 316-317 bacterial, 100, 111 Debaryomyces! 625 Catalytic agems, 115 chloramines, azochloramide, 317 Colorimeter, 101 Decarboxylase, 122 Carhode rays, 308 chloramine-T,317 Colpoda, 262-263 Decarboxylation, 121, l' Carionic dye, 50 mono-, 317 Columella, 193 Dehydrarion, 121 Caulerpa, 631 hypochlorites, calcium, 316-317 Communicabiliry, 365-367 Delra lysin, 447 Cautobacter, 170 sodium, 316-317 Complemenr,379-380 Denitrification in soil,S CCA virus, 226 Chiorobacteriaceae. 130 Complement-fixation tests, 252, 390-391 Deoxyribonuclease, 143 CeH, arrangemem of, 59 Chlorochytfium, 632 bacteriolytic system, 390 Deoxyribonucleic acid, ; crop, 97-98 Chlorococcum! 632 hemalytic system, 390 154, 162, 228 division, 93 Chiorococcum scabettum! 270 Reiter Protein, 390, 442 Dermawphyres, 204-205 morphology, 57 ChlormTteson, 632 Treponema Pallidum, 390, 442 Dermatophytoses, 219 pares. 4 Chlorophyceae, 509, 564 Wasserman, 390, 442 Dermatotropic viruses, 2 permeabiliry, 295 Chlorophyra, 274-275, 281-283 Complement-fixing antibodies, 375 Desiccation, 302 properries, 151 Chloroplasrs, 272 Compound "606," 329 Desmarestia/ 633 size, 60-61 Chlorretracycline, 554 Compounds, heavy-metal, 318-319 Desmidium, 633 sraining, 50-52 Choanoflagellares, 263 copper, 319 Desmids, 276 structures, 4, 61-66 Chromarin body, 70-71 mercury, 319 DeruljOllibfio, 171, 433, 4 vegetative, 74-75 Chromarography, 125 silver, 319 DesuijOllibrio desuljufica11l wall, 66-68, 71, 75 Chromatophores, 272, 280 Conidia, 193 Detergents, synthetic, 31 chemical composirion of, 66-68 Chromogenesis, 111-112 Conidiophore, 192-193 anionic, 320 damage ro, 294-295 "Chromosome maps," 163 Conjugation, featutes of, 161-164 cationic, 321 isolation of, 66 Chromosomes, 154, 161-162 (See al.so Sexual reproduction) nonionic, 321 yeast, 309-310 Chromulina! 632 Constitutive enzymes, 122 Deterioration by microo Cell-free enzyme technique, 126 Chrysophyta, 274, 277. 281 Continuous-cultute apparatus, 97 587 Cells. algal, 271-272 Cilia, 256, 261 Cook, Christopher, 18 of jer fuel, 588 c

Deaminase, 122 Diseases, contact, caused by ttauma, 449-454 Diseases, of insects, 13, 476 Deamination, 121, 142-143 anthrax, 451 foul bcoods, 476 Debaryamyces, 625 car-scratch fevet. 453 fungal infecelon, 476 Decarboxylase, 122 gas gangrene, 450 milky disease, 476 Decarboxvlation, 121, 143 rabies, 451 pebrine, 476 Dehydrarion, 121 rat-bite fevet, 453-4.,4 intestinal, 426-439 Delta lY:iin, 447 tetanus, 449-450 amoebiasis, 438-439 Denitrification in soil, 567, 571 , 444 bacillaty , 432 Deoxyribonuclease, 143 closrridial infections, 448 botulism, 437 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 28-29,68-70,143, dermarophyroses, 462---464 brucellosis, 435 D4, 162,228 black piedra, 462 cholera, 433-434 Dermarophytes, 204-205, 462-464 erythrasma, 463 connol of, 426 Detmatophytoses, 219 onychomycosis, 462 enteroroxemias, 436-438 Dermatotropic viruses, 226 otomycosis, 463 food-boene, 427 Desiccation, 302 ringworm, 463-464 food poisoning, 435-437 Desmarolia! 6)3 tinca CApitis, 463 Malta fever, 435 Desmidium, 633 tinea versicolor, 463 , 431 Desmids, 276 trichomycosis arillaris, 463 , 430 Desulf01Jibrio, 171,433,498-509,573 whire piedra, 463 , 432 Desulf01Jibrio des.lfuricam, 63, 508 <:ncephalieis, 4';7-459 cyphoid fever, 431 Detergents, synthetic, 319-321 gonotrhea, 444 undulant fever, 435 ::lnionic, 320 infeCtious jaundice, 443, 457 of virus origin, 438 cationic, 321 leptospirosis, 443 epidemic diarrhea, 438 oonionic, 321 lymphogranuloma venereum, 444-445 epidemic gastroenteritis, 438 Deterioration by microorganisms, of cordage, pinta, 442 infectious hepatiris, 438 587 protozoan, 267, 457-462 jaundice, 438 of jer fuel, 588 African sleeping sickness, 461 water-boene, 427 of leather, 587 blackwater fever, 458 pebrine, 22 of paints, 587 Chagas disease, 461-462 of plane;, 27, 478-492 of paper, 586 leishmaniasis, 459-460 apple scab, 479 prevention of, 589 malaria, 457-459 bacterial infections, 479-482 of textiles, 587 trypanosomiasis, 461 bean blJghr, 483 Dextran, 147 pyorrhea alveolaris. 442 bean mosaic, 484 d'Herelle, 237 cickettsial, 245-254,457 bean ruSt, 486 Diaminopimelic acid, 66-67, 579 staphylococcus infections, 446 breeding for resistance, 490-491 Diatomaceous earth, 278 streptococcus infections, 405, 407-408,445 caused by fungi, 486 Diatomite, 277 cellulitis, 445 galls, 479-480 Diatoms, 277-278, 500-501 erysipelas, 445 cankers, 481-482 Dick tesr, 398-399, 408 impetigo conragiosum, 445 crown gall, 479-480 Dietyota, 633 puerperal fever, 445 plant cancer, 479--480 Didinium, 263 "swineherd's" disease, 443 caused by nematodes, 486-487 DiJJlugia, 2W-261 syphilis, congenital, 441-442 causes of infections, 479 DinamtJehidium, 633 transmitted by arthropods. 454-459 of coffee plants, 478 Dinoflagellates, 280 chicken cholera, 22-24, 454 control of, 1.87-492 Dipeptide, 111 hemorrhagic septicemia, 454 effect of crop rotation, 491 Diphtheria, 25 homologous serum hep:aitis, 447 ergotism, 479 Dipicolinic acid, 73-74 infectious hepatitis, 446-447 necrosis, 479 Diplobacilli, 59 , 454-455 potato blight, 478-479 Diplococci, 57-58 pseudotuberculosis, 446 quarantine, use of, 491-492 Diplococcus, 616 , 451-456 rc:sinance to. 490-491 Diplawaus pneullIoniae! 363-365, 395, 411-412 ye llow fever, 446 of rice, 478 Diploid colonies, 218 Weil's disease, 443 root knot, 487 Direct-counting methods, 99 yaws, 442-443 soil fertility, effects of, 491 Disaccharides, 138 defense against, 371-380 stem ruSt, 479 Diseases, 22-27, 358-380 diphrheria, 25 Texas root rot of cotton, 479 air-borne, 401--425 early theories as to caust', 358-359 tobacco mosaic, 48' of animals, 466-476 fice blighr, 27 tomato bushy stunt, 485 blackleg, 467 food-bume, 426-440 wild fire, 488 bovine mastitis, 470 of fowl and birds, 472-475 wilts, 479-481 caused bv virus, 470-471 aspergillosis, 475 poliomyelitis, 28 control ~f, 472 avian tuberculosis, 472-474 protozoan, 263-267, 457--462 foot-and-mouth, 470-471 coccidiosis, 475 rabies, 24-25 hog choleta, 470 coryza, 472-474 resistance to, 368- 376 swine influenza, 1.71 enterohepatitis, 475 respiratory, 401, 424 glanders, 467-469 favus, 475 chicken pox, 416 listerellosis, 469 fowl cholera, 474 common cold, 418-419 protozoan, 471-472 fowl typhoid, 474 control of, 401-402 anaplasmosis, 472 histoplasmosis, 473 diphtheria, 403-405 coccidiosis, 472 laryngotracheitis, 472-475 German measles, 416 piroplasmosis, 471 limbemeck, 474 meningitis, 412-413 tick fever, 471 Newcastle disease, 472-175 mumps, 417 swine erysipelas, 469 psittacosis, 474 pneumonia, 411-412 zoonoses, 467-468 pullorum, 472-474 poliomyelJris, 419-420 anthrax, 22 salmonellosis, 472-474 psiuacosis, 420-421 caused, by viruses, 221-225, 438,457,470­ thrush, 475 smallpox, 415 471, 482-485 trichomoniasis, 475 streptococcal infections, 40'), 445 by yeasts, 219 fungal, 204-205, 421-424,462-464 rheumatic fever, 408 chicken cholera, 22-24, 454 germ rheory of, 21-22 scarlet fever, 407-408 contact, 441-46" humoral theory of, 35~ systemic mycoses, 421-424 654 INDEX

Diseases, respiratory, transmission of, 401--402 Energy-rich bond, 134-136 Eubacteria, 166 Food preservation, by tuberculosis, 409-411 Enrichment-culture technique, 107-109 Eubaaeriaks, 59, 62 rickettsial, 246-253 Entamoeba, 259 Eucaryota, 7 by osmotic pressurt, syphilis, 26 Entamoeba coli, 259,438 Eucaryotic cells, 9 by radiation, 554 transmission of, 365-367 Entamoeba gingiva/is, 259 Euglena, 629, 633 Food spoilage, eypc:s 0 ruberculosis, 23 Entamoeba hiltolytica, 259-261,432,438-439 Euglena gra

Food pteservation, by heat, 551 Germfree life, 14 Hanging-drop rechnique, 49-50 by osmotic pressure, 553 Germicidal lamps, 304 Hansen, Emil Chrisrian, 26 by radiation, 5'4 Germicide, 290 Hanseniaspora} 626 Food spoilage, types of, 555-557 GiardIa lamblia, 263-265 Hansenula, 626 Food yeasts, 581-582 Giemsa staining, 52 Haploid colonies, 219 Foods, examination of, 558 Gleotheca, 272 Haprens, 374 Foot-and-mourh disease, 236 Globigerina, 629 Harvey, 358 Foraminifera, 259-261, 497 Glr;eocapstl) 275 Hashimoto, 27 Formaldehyde, ,2, Gloeorhloro, 634 Hektoen, Ludwig, 30 Formalin, 323 Gtoeodinium, 634 HeLa cell cultures, 234 Ftacastoro of Vecona, 1i, 21 GI()(jospon'um, 623 Helical strands, 63 FractionaJ sterilization, 300 Gluconic acid, production of, 583-585 Heliozoa, 259-261 Frei rest, 398-399,445 Glucose, 125, 132-133, 138, 198 Hellriege1, 26, 562 Friedlander's bacillus, 362, 428 dissimilation of, 138-141 Hemagglutination inhibition test, 396 Ftings vinegar generaror, 578-579 fetmentation of, 140 Hemolysins, ,61-362 Frosch, 223 Glutami< acid, 144-14~, 580 Hemolysis, 82 Fruiring bodies, 1R1, 202 Glycerol, 143-144 Hemolytic amboceptor, 390 Fucus, 271, 634 Glycogen, 69, 275 Herbicides in soil, decomposition of, 565 Fulrhorpe, 387-388 Gnotobiotic, 14 Hereditary characteristics, transmission of, Fungi, 189-205, 596 Gonyaulax} 619 154-164 air-borne, 434 Gramicidin, 342 Herediry, 28-29, 218 dassification of, 189-190, 596,601 Gram-negative ba

Inclusion bodies, Guarnieri, 227 Krebs cirric acid cycle, 135-136, 217, 296, 580 Lwoff, Andre, 239 Microbistatic agent, 29 Negri, 227 Krill, 500-501 Lyngbya, 274 Micrococcus! 34, 528, 531 Paschen, 227 Kumiss, 544 Lyophilization, 110-111, 302-303 Micrococcus dmitri~am, Indol production, 428 KJlf'thia, 617 Lysine, 579 Micrococcus jreudmreichi Indophenol oxidase production, 444 Lysins, 375 MicrococcusluteuJ, 535, Industrial microbiological producrs, 576-586 L forms of bacreria, 75-76, 183-184 Lysis, 240 MicrocoCCUJ variam, 535 Infections, 358 i-glutamic acid, production of, 579-580 Lysogeny, 240-242 Microcysts, 181 factors influencing, 362-367 i-lysine, production of, 579 Lysozyme, 75, 294, 371 Micromanipularor, 109 (See also Diseases) Lactic acid, 125, 133 Micrometer, ocular, 60­ Infectious mononucleosis, 396 Malaria, 457-459 commercial production of, 576-578 MicromonOJpora, 178-17~ Infecrive dose, 364-365 Lactic-acid bacteria, 141 Malonic acid, 120 Micron, 12, 60 Infestation, 358 Lactobacillus, 34, 81-82, 616 Marine microbiology, 13,4%-500 Microorganisms, 3, 28, Influenza, 236 bacterial population, 496--497 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 43, 80, 173, 534, 544 characteristics, 4, 10­ virus, 229 discoloration of water, 496 Lactobacillus arabinosJls, 590 classification, 6-7, 35· Infusoria, 256-257, 259-263 Lactobacillw bulgariC1ls, 534, 544-545, 576-578 fertility of oceans, 500 contributions, 6 Inhibicion of enzyme anion, 120-121 Lactobacillus casei, 534, 591 formation of sediments, 497, 500 control of, 289-296 Inoeularion, 106, 111, 397 Lactobacillus fermenti, 535 phorosynthetic zone, 497 by chemical agents intracerebral, 397 Marine microorganisms, chemical transforma­ Lactobacillus helveticw, 534, 545 by physical agents, intracutaneous, 397 Lactobacillus lactis, 545 tion by, 497 cultivation, 9 intramuscular, 397 characcerisrics of, 151 Marine sediments, 497, 500 destruction by incino intraperitoneal, 397 Lactobacillus wichmanni;, 152 Marshall, John, 19 distribution in nature intrapleural, 397 Lactobacillus plan/arum, 534 Mastigamoeba, 263 effect, of low tempen intravenous, 397 Mastigophora, 256-257, 263 Lag phase, % of radiations on, 3C per os, 397 Lagenidium, 623 Mayer, 27 of salr on, 303 per rectum, 397 Laminaria, 634 Media, 9, 23, 79-85, 89 examination of, 49--5: subcucaneous, 397 bacteriological, 81-85 Landsreiner. Karl, 17 groups, 7, 139 subdural, 397 Lederberg, E. M., 159 assay, 83 algae, 7, 11 Iosen vecwcs, 237, 248-249, 458 for characterization of bacteria, 83 Lederberg, Joshua, 28, 159 bacteria, 7, 10 Imecfacial tension, effect on cell, 309 Leeuwenhoek, Antony van, 16-18 differential, 82-83 fungi, 7 Imerferon, 237, 380 Leishman-Donovan bodies, 460 enriched, 82 protozoa, 7-11 Inrerminem sand filter, 516 Leishmania) 265 for enumeration of bacteria, 83 rickettsiae, 9, 11 International codes of nomenc1arure, botanical, selective, 82 Leishmania braziliensis, 460 viruses, 9-10 33-34 Leishmania donovani, 265, 459-460 buffering of, 88 heat resistance, 298-2 microbial, 34-38 Leishmania tropica, 265, 459-460 culture, 9, 152 industrial uses, 11-13 principles, 34 Leishmaniasis, 459-460 chemically defined, 81 coal formation, 13 zoological, 33-34 Czapek.Dox, 197 cutaneous, 460 dairy indusuy, 13 Imernarional Society for Microbiology, 34 for examination of water, 506 mucocutaneous, 460 fermentation, 13 Invertase, 585 Leptospira, 60, 384, 617 for growrh, of molds, 1%-197 Iodine, 316 petroleum formario Leptospira biflexa, 443 of yeasts, 218 soil, 12-13 Iodophors, 316 Leptospira canicola, 443 liquid, 81-83 waste purification, Ionic exchange, 50 Littman's, 197 Leptospira icterohaemon-hagiae, 443 inhibition of, 289-29/ Ions, 50, 115, 317 preparation of, 83-85 Leptospira pomona, 443 by electriciry, 308-~ Irish moss, 282 Sabouraud's, 197 Lethal dose, 365 by radiation, 304;31 Irritabiliry, 3 semisolid, 83 Leucocidin, 361, 447 by sonic disruption Isogamic conjugacion of yeascs, 216 Leucocytes, 25 solid, 81-83 nomenclature, 37 Isogamous reproduction in algae, 237-280 Leuconostoc, 617 solid-reversible-ro-liquid, 83 nutritional requirc:me Isomerizacion, 121 Leuconostoc citrovorum, 534, 543 synrhetic, 81 261 Isoniazid, 352 Leuconostoc dextranicum, 543 Meiosis, 154, 277 30~ Iwanowski, 27, 223-224 radiosensitivity of, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, 147 Membrane systems, 69-70 removal of, 309-310 Leukemia, 242 Mendel, Gregor, 491 by filtration, 310 Jenner, 24, 221, 415 Leukotaxine, 372 Meningococci,413 by sedimentation, 3 Jerne, 378 Levan, 147 Merismopedia) 272 Microscope, 17-18,4<>--4 Jones, S., 19 Lichen fungi, 283 Mermaid's wineglass, 271 antique, 18-19 Jones, W., 19 Mesophiles, 85 Lichens, chemical composition of, 284 electron, 47 Jouberr, 331 reproduction of, 284 Mesophilic bacteria, 557 magnification of, 41-< Journals, 29 structure of, 283 Mesosomes, 69-70 numerical aperture, 41 Liebig, 114 Messenger RNA, 146, 157 objectives, 42 Kahn test, 389-390, 442 Light microscope, 12, 18, 40-43, 47-48 Metabolic parhways, 200, 333 oil-immersion, 43 Kala·Azar, 265, 459-460 Linne, Carl von, 33 Metabolic processes, 4 optical parts, 41 Karscrom, 122 Lipases, 143 integration of, 145-146 resolving power, 41-4 Kefir,544 Lipids, 69-71, 143-144 Metabolic products of staphylococci, 447-448 Microscopic examinarioJ Kelps, 282 Lipman, Fritz, 27-28 Metabolism, types, 128-147 hanging-drop, 49-50 Kero acid, 145 Lipman, Jacob G., 29 of carbohydrates, 147 stained smears, 50 Kircher, 17 Lipolysis, 143 of fats, 147 "wet," 49-50 Kirasato, 25 in milk, 536 of proteins, 147 Miscroscopic preparati, Klebs,25 Lipomyces, 626 Metachromatic granules, 69 50-52 Klebs·Loemer bacillus, 403 Lister, Joseph, 21-23, 26 Mercbnikoff, Elie, 25, 331, 543 Microscopy, 12,40-48 Klebsiella, 427, 505, 617 Listeria, 617-618 Methanobacterium, 171, 433 brighr-field, 40-41, 44 , 235, 362, 428 listeria monorytogene.r) 5, 469 Methyl-red, 428 dark-field, 43-44, 46 Kline microscopic precipidn test, 390 Litmus, 284 Methylene blue, 124-125, 540 eleceron, 47-48 KJoeckera, 626 Littman's medium, 197 Microaerophilic bacteria, 86 fluorescence, 45-46 Kluyver,6 Lockjaw, 360 Microbacterium, 618 phase-contrast, 46 Koch, Robert, 16, 22-24, 451 Loemer, 25, 223 Microbacterium LactiCJIm, 534, 538 ultraviolet, 44 Koch's -posmlares, 22 Log phase, % Microbes, 17-20 Micf'OJpora, 634 Koplik's spots, 416 Logarithmic death rate, 291 relative size of, 48 Microsporidia, 476 Koprowski, Hilary, 27, 236 Logarithmic phase, 95-96 Microbial flora in the sea, 496 Microsporum canis, 205 Kornberg, Anhuf, 28 Low, 331 Microbial genetics, 149-150 Microsporum gypseum, 4( Krebs, Hans, 27-28, 135 Lucke, 243 Microbicide, 290 Microtatobiote.r, 224, 226 INDEX 657

Microbistatic agent, 290 Microcome, 48 Morility, of algae, 272-273 Micrococcu,r, 34, 528, 536, 618 Milk, 532-548 of amoeba, 257 MicrococcfIJ dnzitrificans, 567 abnormal flavors in, 536 of bactetia, 62-64 Micrococcu..r freudenreichii, 535 acid production in, 534 of paramecia, 261 Micrococcus luteus, 535, 538 certified, 542 Morphology, 38, 57 MicrococcfIJ varians, 535 chemical changes in, 534 of algae, 271-272 Microcysts, 181 examination of, 538 of amoeba, 256-257 Micromanipulacor, 109 by direcr microscopic count, 539-540 of fungi, 19D-193 Micrometer, ocular, 60--61 by standard plare count, 538-539 of paramecia, 259-260 Micromonospora, 178-179,563,618 fermen tations of, 534-535 of rickettsiae, 251 Micron, 12, 60 by coliform bacteria, 535 of staphylococci, 446 Microorganisms, 3, 28, 35 by lactobacilli, 534 of viruses, 228-231, 237 chatacteristics, 4, 10-11 by microbacteria, 534 Mucor, 195, 198-199 classification, 6-7, 35-38 by micrococci, 534-535 Mucor hirmalis, 190-191 contributions, 6 by streptococci,S 34 Mulriplicarion (see Reprodunion) conrrol of, 289-2% fermented, 543-544 Munrz, 567 by chemical agents, 290-296 gas production in, 536 Muramic acid, 66-67 by physical agents, 290-296 grades of, 542 Murine , 246-248 cultivation, 9 lipolysis in, 536 Murray, R. G. E., 70 destruction by incineration, 302 microorganisms in, 532, 541 Mutagen, 157 distribution in nature, 14 biochemical types, 534-537 Muranrs, bacterial. 157, 306, 333 effect, of low temperarure on, 302 mesophiles, 537 auxotroph, 159 of radiations on, 303-309 pathogenic types, 538 induced, 157 of salt on, 303 psychrophiles,537 prorotroph, 158 examination of, 49-52 thermoduric bacteria, 577-578 spontaneous, 157 groups, 7, 139 rhermophiles, 537 Mutations, bacterial, 157-159 algae, 7, 11 proteolysis in, 536 effect of radiation, 306 bacteria, 7, 10 sources of contamination, 533 rate of, 157 fungi, 7 stringy, 536 in yeasts, 218 protozoa, 7-11 "Milk Ordnance and Code," 533, 540, 542 Mycelium, 190, 195, 209 rickettsiae, 9, 11 Milk sanitation, 533-534 Mycetozoa, 203 viruses, 9-10 Millimicron, 42 Mycobacteria, 409-410 heat resistance, 298-299 Millipore filrer membrane, 100, 103, 506-507 Mycobactenum. 52, 175-176,618 industrial uses, 11-13 Mineralization in soil, 565 Mycobacterium avium, 370, 410, 472-473 coal formation, 13 Mitochondria, 210, 218 Mycobacterium bovis, 410 dairy industry, 13 Mirosis, 154 Mycobacterium leprae, 409 fermentation, 13 Mixed culture, 9 Mycobacterium lepraemurium, 409 petroleum formation, 13 Miyagawanella Iymphogranulomatos/', 444 Mycobacterium phlei, 409 soil, 12-13 Mold spores, resistance of, 294 MycohactenOum smegmatis, 409 waste purification, 13 Molds, 189-205 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 33, 35, 67, 176,301, inhibition of, 289-296 black, 195 343,365,402,409-411,541 by elecrricity, 308-309 bread, 192, 199 Mycology, 12 by radiation, 304-306 cultivation of, 196-197 Mycoplasma, 183 by sonic disruprion, 308 genera of, 198-203 Mycoplasma laidlawii, 182-183 nomenclarure, 37 A/umaria, 201-202, 528 Mycoses, superficial, 204,462-464 nutritional requitements, 4, 79--80, 197-198, Aspergillus, 192, 199, 622 systemic, 204-205 261 Botrytis. 200, 528 Myxohaderales! 64 radiosensitivity of, 307 Cephalosporium, 200 Myxobacteria, fruiting bodies, 181 removal of, 309-310 Clado.rporium, 201, 528 Myxobacrers, 166, 180-182 by filtration, 310 Fusarium, 202-203, 623 Myxomycetes, 203, 497 by sedimentation, 310 Mucor, 195, 198-199 Myxomycophyta, 189, 203-204 Microscope, 17 -18, 40-47 Neurospora, 200, 623 Myxophyeeae, 509 antique, 18-19 Penicillium, 158, 190-192, 199-200, 528, Myxoviruses, 226, 418 electron, 47 623 magnification of, 41-47 RhizopUJ, 195, 199, 624 NAD, 132, 137 numerical aperrure, 41-42 Scopulariopsis, 201 Nadsonia, 626 objectives, 42 Sporotrichum, 200-201 Navicula splendida, 279 oiJ.immersion, 43 Trichodnma, 201 Needham, John, 19 optical parts, 41 Trichothecium, 200-201 Negative staining, 52 resolving power, 41-44, 47 industrial uses of, 582-586 Negri bodies, 227, 452 Microscopic examinacion rechniques, 48-49 media for growrh, 1%-197 Neisser, Albert, 34 hanging.drop, 49-50 morphological examination of, 195-196 NeiJJeria, 34, 412-413, 618 stained smears, SO morphology of rypes, 197-203 Neisseria catarrhaJis, 412 "wet," 49-50 nutrition of, 197-198 NeiISena flava, 412 Miscroscopic prepararions, stained smears, physiology of, 197-198 NeiISeria flavescens, 412 50-52 rcd bread, 200 NeiJJeria gonorrhoeae, 366, 392, 412, 444, 448 Microscopy, 12,40-48 slime, 203-204 Neisseria meningitidis, 412-413 bright·field, 40-41, 44, 46, 50 (See also Fungi) Neisseria perflava, 412

dark-field, 43-44, 46 Molecular biology, 48 Neisseria sicca J 412 decrron, 47-48 Molecular strucrure of DNA, 154-157 Neisseria suhftava. 412 fluorescence, 45-46 Molecules, 138, 309 Nemalion, 634 phase-comrast, 46 enzyme, 116 Nematoda,486 ultraviolet, 44 Monilial 623 Nemarodes, 486-487 Microspora, 634 Moniliasis, 219 control of, 487 Microsporidia, 476 Monocystis, 629 transmission of, 487 Microsporum canis, 205 Monosaccharides, 138 Nematospora, 626 Microsporum gypseum, 464 Monospore/Ia, 626 Nematospora coryii, 219 Microtatobiotes, 224, 226, 246 Moraxella, 618 , 628 658 INDEX

Portal of entry, 401, 4 Neufeld quellung reaction, 394 p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 2%, 343-344 Phenotype, 150-151 for pathogens, 365 Panacea, 358 Phenocypic changes in bacteria, 151-153 Neurospora! 200, 623 Pouchet,20 Pandemic, influenza, 417 Phormidium. 273 Neuro;pora crassa} 200 Pour-plare rechnique, Phosphatase, 542 Neurospora sitophila, 200 Panttopic viruses, 226 PPLO,183 Neutralizing antibodies, 375 Papain, 117 Phosphate bond, 134-13j Ptecipitin tests, 386-3~ Nitrate reduction in soil, 567 Paracelsw} 358 Phosphorylarion, 121 agar diffusion meth< Nitrification in soil, 566-571 Paraeolobaetrum, 505,619 Photoelectric colorimeter, 101 double-, 387-388 Paracolon, 428 Photoreactivation, 306 Nitrobact", 131,567,618 Elek's, 388 NitrobaJ:ter winogradskyi, 169 Paraformaldehyde, 323 Photosynthesis, 6, 129-130, 275 Oakley and Fulth< Parainfluenza virus, 226 Phototrophs, 79, 496 Nitrofurans, 350-352 Ouchterlony,387­ Paramecia, 259-263 Phycology, 12 Nitrogen, 80, 100-101 Oudin's, 387-388 excretion, 261 Phycomycetes, 497 Nitrogen cycle in soil, 566, 571 single-, 387 morphology, 259-261 Phymatotnchum omnivorum, 479 Nitrogen fixation, in soil, 567, 571 immunoeleccrophorc motility, 261 Physica, 283 nonsymbiotic, 567-569 ring, 387 symbiotic, %9-570 nutrition, 261 Phytophthora infestam, 479 for streptococcus, 38 Nilrosococcus, 618 reproduction, 261-263 Phytoplankron, 496-497, 500-501 for syphilis, 389-390 NitrosocOCCJJS nilrosus, 169 structure, 259-261 Pichia, 626 Kahn, 389, 442 Nitrosomonas, 131,618 Paramecium, 629-<530 Piedraia bortai. 462 Kline, 390 Nitrosomonas curopaea, 169 Parasiola, 635 Pigmenration: 111-112 Precipitins, 375 Nobel prize, 17, 27-28, 46, 116, 135, 154,223 Parasitism, 358-359 in algae, 274, 280-281 Procaryora, 7 Nocardia, 177, 563, 618-619 Parasirology, 12 in bacteria, 111-112 Procaryoric cell, 9, 166 Nocardia asteroides, 177 Paresis, 442 bloom, 281 Pronrosil, 329 N ogucbi, 441 Park, William H., 30 in yeasts, 210 Properdin, 380 Nomenclature, 33-34, 117 Parmeua consper:ra, 282 Pigments, 112, 147, 152-153, 281 Propionibacterium, 548, binomial system of, 33 Paschen, 227 carotene, 281-282 Propionibaaerium s!Jtm botanical code, 33 Paschen bodies, 227 chlorophyll, 281 Propionic-acid bacteria of enzymes, 117 Pasreur, Louis, 16-24, 114,222,331,452-453 fucoxanrhjn, 281 Ptosthetic group, 11j international codes, 33-34 Pasteurella, 34, 619 phycocyanin, 281 Protease, 58' boranical, 33-34 Pasteurella multocido, 362, 454-455, 472-473 phycoerythrin, 281 Ptotein synthesis, 144­ zoological, 33-34 Pasteurella pestis, 454-456 xanthophyll, 281 Proteinases, 141 microbial, 34-38 Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, 454-456 Piroplasma bigeminal 471 Proteins, dissimilation principles of, 34 Pasteurella tularensis, 339, 366, 454-456 Piroplasma canis, 471 metabolism of, 147 zoological code, 33 Pasteurization, 22, 301-302, 537-540 Piroplasma "fui. 471 Proteolysis, 141-142 Norrhrup, John H., 27 commercial methods of, 541 Piroplasma ()tIis! 471 Nostoc, 273-275 phospharase test for, 542 Pityrosporum, 626 in milk, 536 Nucleic acids, dissimilation of, 143 Parhogen, 359 Plague, bubonic, 455 in soil, '66 Nucleoproteins, 154 Pathogenic microorganisms, 367, 427, 441 pneumonic, 445 Proteolytic enzyma, 11 Nudeotides, 135, 143 Pathogenicity, 359 primary septicemic, 445 Proterosporangia, 263 Neurotropic viruses, 226 Pebrine, 22 sylvan, 445 ProtellS, 76, 383-384, 42 Nucleus, bacterial, 70-71 Pectinase, 585 urban, 445 ProtellJ vulgaris, 63, 8), yeast, 208 Prdiastrum, 635 Plankton, 269, 275, 281, 4%-497, 500 Protista, 7, 8, 34 Nutrient agar, 82 Pediococcus, 619 Plant diseases, 27, 478-492 Procaryota, 7 Nutrient broth, 82 Pediococcus cerevisiae, 558 (See also Diseases) Eucaryora, 7 Nutritional mutants, 159 Penicillin, 159, 199,331-339 Plam kingdom, divisions, 6-8 ProtOCOCC1lJ, 275-276, 63' Nutritional requirements of bacteria, 79-80 commercial production of, 582-584 Plant Quarantine Acr, 491-492 Protophyta, 7, 70, 246 resistance, 336-337 Plasma membrane, 68, 73 Proroplasm, 3, 210-211 Protoplasmic membnn "0" antigens, 374, 430 Penicillinase, 336, 448 Plasnwdia, life cycle, 265-267 Penicillium, 158, 190-192, 199-200, 528, 623 Plasnwdium, 203-204, 265-267, 630 Protoplasts, 75-76, 29j Oakley, 387-388 Protosiphen, 635 Objective, microscope, oil-immersion, 42-43 Penicillium camemberti, 548 Plasmodium berghei, 267 Protorroph, 158 Obligate parasites, 359 Penicillium chrysogenum, 199,337-338,583-585 Plasmodium cathemmum, 267 Protozoa, 11, 46, 2j6-2 Ochoa, Severo, 28 Penicillium notatum, 199,331,336,582-583 Plasmodium falciparum, 265, 458 amoeboid, 256-261 Ocular micrometer, 60-61 Penicillium roqueforti, 33, 546-548 Plasmodium gaJlinaceJlm, 267 ciliated, 259-263 Oedogonium, 634-635 Pepsin, 117 Plasmodium Iophura<, 267 dassifiation of, 2'6­ Oidia, 193 Pepridases, 142 Plasmodium malaria<, 265, 4j9 flagellateS, 263-265 Oidium afhicans, 5 Plasmodium ovale, 265 Peptide linkages, 141-142 in soil, j64 Oligodynamic action, 317-318 Peptone, 83 Plasmodium vivax, 33, 459 spore-forming, 265-2 Olpidium, 623 Perithecium, 195 life cycle of, 265-266 Prorowan diseases, 263· Oospora lactis, 210 Peritrichous flagellation, 427 Plasmolysis, 303 Prorozoology, 12 Opalina, 629 Petroff-Hausser bacteria counter, 98 Plasmoptysis, 303 Provirus, 231 Opsonin, 372, 375 Pfeiffer phenomenon, 434 Plasrids, 272 Prowazek, S. von, 246 Opsonocyrophagic index, 394 pH, 84-89 Plate-count technique, 99-100, 103 Pleuropneumonia-like organisms, 183 Preudobumillniopsis, 270 Optimum-growth temperature, 85-86 for bacteria, 87-89 Pseudmnonodales,62 Orla-Jensen, 151 effect on enzymes, 119-120 Pneumococci, 65-66, 162-163, 394 Podophrya, 630 P,eudorrwruzs, 163, 170-1 Oscillatona, 274 indicators, 84 Pseu@11UJnaJ aerugiWJSa, Oscillatona erythra

Porral of entry, 401, 426, 441, 467 Puccinia, 623-624 Resistance (Q infection, natural, 359, 368 for parhogens, 365 Puccinia graminis, 479-480, 489 racial, 370 Pouchet,20 Puerperal fever, 21 species, 368-370 Pour-plate technique, 106-107 Pullorum disease, diagnosis of, 385 Respiration, 131-134, 217 PPLO,183 Pullularia, 528 of amoeba, 259 Precipitin tests, 386-390 Pure culture, 9, 22-23, 105-111 Resting-cell technique, 126 agar diffusion merhods, 387-388 cuirural characteristics, 111-113 Reticuloendothelial system, 371 double-, 387-388 growth characteristics, 111-113 Rhizines, 283 Elek's, 388 maintenance of, 109, 158 Rhizobium, 481, 526, 568-569, 620 Oakley and Fulrhorpe, 387-388 methods of isolating, 1(X)-109 Rhizoids, 192, 199, 277 Ouchrerlony, 387-388 enrichment·culrure technique, 107-109 Rhizopus, 195, 199, 624 Oudin's, 387-388 pour-plate technique, 1(X)-107 Rhizopus nigricam, 192, 199 single-, 387 serial-dilution technique, 109 Rhizosphere, 565 immunoelectrophoresis, 388-389 single-cell isolation technique, 109 Rhodmnicrobium flannielii, 172-173 ring, 387 spread-plate technique, 106 Rhodophyta, 274, 280-281 for streptococcus, 389 streak-plate technique, 106 Rhodospirillum rubrum, 76 for syphilis, 389-390 preservation of, 109-111 Rhodotorula, 626-627 Kahn, 389, 442 by lyophilization, 110-111 Ribonuclease, 51, 143 Kline, 390 starters, 26-27 Ribonucleic acid (see RNA) Precipitins, 375 Purification of wastes, 13 Ribosomaj panicle, 146 Procaryora, 7 Pyocyanase, 331 Ribosomes, 69, 145 Procaryotic cell, 9. 166 Pyrenoids, 275 Ricketrs, Howard Taylor, 246 Prontasil, 329 Pyridoxine, 352 Rickellsia, 246, 385, 628 Properdin, 380 Pyrrophyta, 275, 380 , 248-251 Propionibacterium, ~48, 619 Pyruvic acid, 125, 133, 139 Rick'"sia prowazekii, 245-250 Propionibacterium shermanii, 546 /?jckettsia rickettsii, 248-249 Propionic-acid bacteria, 141 , 301 /?jckettJia IJutsllgamushi, 11, 248-250 Prostheric group, 115 Quantitative measurement of growth, 98-103 life cycle of, 250 Protease, 585 Quaternary ammonium compounds, 320-322 Rickellsia typhi, 246-250 Protein synthesis, 144-146 bactericidal effect, 321 RickettsiaL, II, 52, 245-254 Proteinases, 141 chemical structure, 320 characreristics of, 245 Proteins, dissimilation of, 141-142 Quellung reaction, 395 chemical composition, 252 classification of, 246-247 metabolism of, 147 Rabies, 24-25, 223 cultivation, 252 Proreolysis, 141-142 Radianr energy, 129, 304 morphology of, 251-252 in milk, 536 effect on cells, 304 physiology of, 252 in soil, 566 germicidal effectiveness of, 305 resistance, 252 Proteolytic enzymes, 117 Radiation, 303-309 parhogenesis of, 249-250 ProlerOJporangia, 263 cathode rays, 308 Rickettsial diseases, 245-254, 457 Prot,us, 76, 383-384, 427--430, 619 elecrricity, 308-309 laboratory diagnosis of, 248, 252-254 Prot,us vulgaris, 63, 80, 143, 252,427,430 electron-beam, 308 transmission of, 248 Protisra, 7, 8, 34 gamma rays, 306-308 Procaryota, 7 pasteurization, 555 Rick'lIJiales, 246-247 Eucaryoca, 7 sonic waves, 308 Rick'lIJiella, 628 Ring resr, 387-388 Protococcus, 275-276, 635 sterilization, 555 Protophyta, 7, 70, 246 ultrasonic waves, 308 Rivularia, 274 Proroplasm, 3, 210-211, 295-296 ultravioler lighr, 304-306 RNA, 28--29, 51, 68-69, 143-146, 157, 228 Protoplasmic membrane, 66-68 X rays, 306 RNA polymerase, 146 Proroplasrs, 75-76, 295 Radioisotopes, 124, 306 RNA strand, 146 Protosiphon, 635 Radiolaria, 259, 497 Robbins, 28, 224, 420 Prototroph, 158 Radiosensitivity of microorganisms, 307 Rocky Mounrain sporred fever, 246--252 Prorozoa, 11, 46, 256--267 Raffinose, 138 Roentgen rays, 306 amoeboid, 256-261 Rdphoneis amphiceros, 279 Roor nodules, 568-569 ciliated, 259-263 Receptor-desrroying enzyme (RDE), 235 Rous, Peyton, 243 classification of, 256-257 Recombination, 28, 161 RPCF resr, 390, 442 flagellares, 263-265 Redi, Francesco, 19 Rubella, 417 in soil, 564 Reduction, 121 Rubeola, 416 spore-forming, 265-267 Reed, Walrer, 16, 29 Rumen, 13 Prorozoan diseases, 263-267, 457--462, 471--472 Reiter Protein Complemenr Fixation Test, Russell, 26 Protozoology, 12 390,442 Provirus, 231 Rennin, 117, 536 Sabin, Alberr B., 27, 236 Prowazek, S. von, 246 Replica plating technique, 159-160 Sabin vaccine, 375 Pseudobumilleriopsis, 270 Repression, feedback, 118 Sabouraud, 197 Pseudomonada/es, 62 Reproduction, 91 Sabouraud's medium, 197 Pseudomonas, 163, 170-171,479,497 of amoeba, 258-259 Sac fungi, 214 , 331 asexual, 154, 160 Saccharomyces, 215, 627 Pseudomonas coronafaciens, 482 of bacreria, 91-92 Saccharomyces carlsbergemis, 580 Pseudomonas jluorncms, 536 budding, 92, 193, 213 Saccharomyces cerevisiai!, 207, 210, 580--581 Pseudomonas ichlhYOJmia, 536 of fungi, 193-195 Saccharomyces ,lIipsoickus, 207, 580 Pseudomonas pseudomalJei, 158 of paramecia, 261-263 Saccharomycetaceai!, 213, 216 Pseudomonas putre!aciem, 536 sexual, 92, 160 SaccharomycodeJ, 627 PJeudomonas soianacearum, 481 of viruses, 231-232, 239-242 SaccharomycopJis, 627 Pseudomonas syncyanea, 536 of yeasts, 213-216 Saccharophilic bacteria, 303 Pseudomonas labaci, 488 Reproducrive processes, budding, 92, 193, 213 S-adenosylmethionine, 45 Pseudomonas fI;JC(}Sa, 536 transverse fission, 91, 213 Safety hoods, 528 Pseudomycellum, 207-209 Resazurin, 540 Salk, Jonas, 27, 420 Pseudopod, 257 Resistance to infection, 368-372 Salk vaccine, 234-236, 375, 420 Psychrophiles, 85 acquired, 372 Salmon, 25 Preridophyta, 7 individual, 370--371 Salmonella, 163,374,385,427,430,620 660 INDEX

Salmonella enteritidis, 430-431 Sexual reproduccion, in bacreria, 154, 160 Spores, development of, 73 Streptococcus cremoriJ, Salmonella himhfeldii, 430-431 donor strains, 161-163 location and size of, 74-75 StreptocoCtus CTemtJriS , Salmonella paratyphi A, 430-431 in paramecia, 261-263 structure of, 73 Streptococcus faecalis, 6 Salmonella paratyphi B, 430-431 recipient strains, 161-163 types in fungi, 194 Streptococcus Idais .. 34, Salmonella paratyphi C, 430-431 in yeasts, 214-216 yeast, sporulation of, 213-216 glucose fermenrati Salmonella pullorum, 34, 385, 472-473 Shaw, 27 Sporicide, 290 Streptococcus Idctis var, Salmonella "holtmuelleri, 430-431 Shiga, Kiyoshi, 431 Sporobolomyces, 627 Streptococcus liquefaci. Salmonella typhimurium, 62,430-431 Shigella, 329, 385.427,431-432,620 Sporogenesis, 72 St11lptococcus pyogen", Salmonella typhosa, 12, 59, 62-64, 80, 430-432 Shigella alkalescms, 432 Sporothrix, 30 Streptococcus thermophi Salmonellae in food, 552-553 Shigella dispar, 432 Sporotrichum schenckii, 200 Streptokinase, 360-31 Salmonellosis, 430-431 Shigella dyJenteri"" 432 Sporozoa, 256-257, 265-267 Streptomyces, 178, 479 Salvarsan, 329 , 64 Sporulation, 71-75, 213-215 life cycle of, 179 Sanitization of dairy ueensils, 533 Shope, 243 Spread-plate technique, 106 Streptomyces au""faci, Sanitizer, 290 Side-chain theory of antibody formarion, 376 Stain, fluorescent, 45 Streptomyces erythraeUJ Saprolegnia, 194, 624 Simian viruses, 226 Staining, ~O-~2 Streptomyces fIoridal, J Sapromyces, 624 Single-cdl isolation technique, 109 differenrial, ~O- ~ 1 Streptomyces griseus} 2~ Saprophytes, 359 Skerman, V. B. D., 36 acid-fast, 52 Streptomyces puniaus} Saprospira, 60 Slide-agglurination test, 384 Giemsa,52 Stnptomyces rimosus, 3 Sarcina, 34, 272, 528, 620 Slide-rulture technique, 196-197 gram, 51-52 Streptomyces wnezutltM Sarcina illtea, 106 Slime layer, 65 of granules, 69 Streptomyces vinaaus, Sarcinae, 58 Slime molds, 203-204 mechanism of, 50-52 Streptomycin, 160, 3 Sarcodina, 2'56-257 Sludge digester, 519 negative, 52 Substrate, 12, 116-11 Sarcoma, 242 Sludge digestion, 518-519 of ricketrsiae, 250-251 dissimilation of, r Sarellirism, 448 Smallpox, 221-223 simple, ~o Succinic acid, 120 ScenedesmuJ, 635 Smith, Erwin F., 27, 30 Stains, 50-52, 69, 211-213 Succinic dehydrogen: Schick test, 398-399,405 Smith, Theohald, 16, 25, 471 Stanley, Wendell M., 27, 223 Sucrose, 138, 198 Schizomycetes! 91, 166-167 Society of American Bacceriologists, 29-30 Staphylocoagulase, 447 Suctoria, 256, 262-26 Schizomycophyta, 189 Soil,562-574 Staphylococci, 58-61, 446 Sulfanilamide, 2%, J SchizoJaa:haromyces, 627 ammonification in, ~66, ~ 71 antigenicity, 446-447 Sulfhydryl group, 29 Schizasaccharomyces oetos/or-us, 210-211, 216 carbon compounds in, ~70-~72 culNral characceristics, 446 Sulfonamides, mode Schloesing, 567 degradation of, ~ 72 in food, 552-553 343-344 Schroeder, 20 synthesis of, 570 metabolic products, 447-448 in treatment of inl &hultz-Charlron test, 398-399, 408 composition of, ~62 morphology, 446 Sulfur, 80 Schulze, Franz, 20 conditions influencing growth of orga­ pathogenic, 395 in soil, 572-574 Schwann, Theodor, 20 nisms, 564-565 resistance, 446 Sulfur cycle, 572-574 Schwanniomyces) 627 denitrification in, 567, 571 Staphywcoccus, 621 Sumner, J. B., 115-1 &1erotia, 193, 479 microbial flora of, 562 Staphylococcus aureus, 66, 80, 173,335,361, Surface tension, effec ~I Sedimentation, 310, 503 nitrate reduccion in, 567 436,446-448,470, 538, 553 Surface water, 496, Sedimentacion tank, 514-515 nitrification in, 566-567, ~71 Staphylococcus enterotoxemias, 436-438 Surmlla splendida, 27 Susceptibility, 359, 3, Seleccion theory of antibody [ormation, 378 nitrogen cycle in, ~66, ~71 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 448 Semme1weis, Ignaz Philipp, 21, 317 n,itrogen fixation in, 567, 571 Staphylococcus infections, 446-448 Susceptibility tests, 3 Swift, Jonarhan, 21 Sensitivity tests, 398-399 nonsymbiotic,567-569 Starters, pure-culture, 26-27 Swimming pool sani for antibiotics, 349-350 symbiotic, 569-570 Stationary phase of growth, % Swine erysipelas, di~ disk-plate, 350 proteolysis in, ~66 Steam Arnold, 300-301 Sydenham, Thomas, paper-disk, 351 Soil algae, ~o.J Stearic acid, 143 cube-dilution, 350 Soil bacteria, ~62 Stemphylium, 528 Symhiosis, 263, 284 Septic tank, 515 Soil fungi, 563 Stenothermophiles, 85 Synchronous growth Serial·dilution technique, 109 Soil microbiology, 12-13,26,561 Stentor, 263. 630 Synchytrium, 624 Synthesis, 4-5, 81, 1] Serological characceristics, 38 Soil protozoa, 564 Sterigma, 193 bacterial, 130 Serological reaccion, 46,376-377 Soil viruses, 564 Sterilization, 290, 300-302, 322-324 of carbon compow Serological tests for diagnosis of disease, Sonic waves, 308 by aucoclaving, 300 382-400 Space microbiology, 14 cold,304 plant, 130 Serratia, 163, 620 Spallanzani, 19-20 by dry heat, 302 virus, 240 Serratia marcescms, 106.147,153,527,537 Species, 35-37 fraccional, 300 Synthetic processes, : Synura,270 Serum-plate-agglutination test, 385 Spectrophotometer, 123 hy hot air, 302 Sewage, 511-521 Spermatophyta, 7 hy radiation, 304, 307-308 Syphilis, 26 concrol of, 442 characcerisrics of, 511-~12 Sphaerotllus, 172, 508 use of, ethylene oxide, 323-324 diagnosis of, 389-3 chemical,512 SphaerotituJ natans.. 172 formaldehyde, 323 Systematic bacteriolo microbiological,512 Spherical cells, 57-59 Steroids, ~B6 Systemic mycoses, 20 digestion, 513 Spheroplasrs, 75-76 Stigeocionium, 635 Systems, biological, ( disposal,513 Spirilla, 59 Stillman, 351 microbial degradation, ~20 Spirillace"" 433 Stolons, 192, 199 treatmem, 513-~21 Spirillum, 273 Streak-plate technique, 106 Taphrina, 624 Sewage-treatmem devices, Imhoff tank, 515 Spirillum minus, 453 Streptohacilli, 59 Tarpeia JU;J, 471 intermitrem sand filter, 516 Spirillum serpens, 63 St11lptobacillus moniliformis, 453 Tatum, Edward, 28 sedimemation tank, ~ 14-~ 1~ Spirochaeta, 60, 620-621 Streptococcal infections, 40~, 407-408, 445 Taxa, 35 septic tank, ~1~ Spirochetes, 166,441-443 Streptococci, 52, 57-61, 406-407, 445 Taxonomic categorie sludge digester, 519 Spirogyra, 276-277 alpha hemolytic, 406 Taxonomic groups, 3 trickling filter, 516-517 Spirogyra communis .. 33 beta hemolytic, 360, 406 , 33-38 Sewage-treatment processes, 513-521 Sp;rfJiina, 273 gamma, 406 Teichoic acid, f:JJ-67 efficiency of, 520-521 Spoilage, of canned foods, 555-557 of human origin, 407 TemperaNre, effecr c final,519 of food by molds, 198-203 pathogenic, 406 298-299 primary, 514-516 Spontaneous generation, 19-21 pyogenes, 406 requirements for gJ secondary, 516-519 Sporangia, 192-193, 203-204, 273 serological groups, 389 of molds, 198 Sewerage systems, combined, 512 Sporangiophores, 192-193 types, 389 of yeasts, 218 sanitary sewers, 512 Spores, 71-75 viridans, 406 Template rhoory of ~ ~8 storm sewers, ~12 bacterial, 71-75 St11lptococcus, 273, 621 Tetracocci, Sexual reproduccion, in algae, 273-280 chemical composition of, 73-74 Streptococcus agaifUtiae, 470 Tetrads, 57-59, 68 INDEX 661

StreptococcUJ m:moris, ~34-~3~, ~43 ThaJJophyJa, 7 Trypan>loma, 630 Streptococcus cremoris var. holJandicus, ~36 Theiler, Max, 223-224 Trypanosoma cruzi! 26~, 460-462 StrepttXOCCUJ J~callj! 66, ~04 Thermal dearh point, 299 Trypanosoma gambiense .. 26~, 461 SJrepJocoCCUJ lacJiJ, 34, 139, 534-535, 543-544 Thermal death time, 299 TrypanoJoma rhodtJieme! 26~, 461 glucose fermentation by, 140 Therow(J(tinomyceJ! 178 Trypsin, 117 Streptococcus lactis var. maltigeneJ, ~36 Thermophiles, 85 Tryprophan, 118 5treptIJCoccIIS jj'llle/aciem! S36 Thermophilic bacec:ria, 557 Tube-agglurination test, 384 SJrepJococcus pyogen", ,95, 406, 445 ThiobadlluJ, 508, 621 Tube-dilution technigue, 350 ~44 Streptococcus thermophilus, Ihiobaciiius dmitnjicans! ~67 Tubercle bacilli, 4~, ~9 Streprokinase, 360-361, 394 ThiobadllUJ thioo,idam, 131, 170, 573 Tubetculin test, 398-399, 410 Streptomyces. 178. 47')-480, 563, 621 Thiorhodaceat, 130 Tuberculosis, 23, 409-411 life cycle of, 179 Thiothrix, 178-180 Turbidimetry, 100 Streptomym aureo/adem, 178, 340 Thorn, Charles, 561 Turbidity, 97, 101-102 Streptomym erythraeus 342 J Thunberg rube, 123-124 Turbidostar, 97 Streptomyces Jlcmdae. H, Thvmine, 155-156 Tworr, 237 Streptomyc~s griseus, 239, 339 Tjs~lIe culmre, 9, 233-234 Tworr-d'Herelie phenomenon, 237 StreptomyCtJ puniceUJ, 343 Tobacco mosaic ViruS (TMV), 10,27,223­ TYlidall, 20-21, 331 Stnptomym rimosus, 340-341 224, 228, 2,1 Tyndallization, ,00 Streptomyces venezuelae, 340 Torula cremoris, '~36 Typhoid kvec, 26, 383, 431 Streptomyces tinauus, 343 Torulopsis, 627 Typhoid Mary, 427 Strepromycin, 160, H2, H9-,40, ,47 TorulopJiJ lipofera, 210 Typhus, endemic, 248 Substrate, 12, 116-118 Torul0pJis sphaeric4. ~36 epidemic, 248 dissimilarion of, 137-144 Toxin-antiroxin, 37~, 405 Typhus fever, 245 Succinic acid, 120 Toxins, 25, 147,405,449 Succinic dehydrogenase, 120-121 endo-, ,59 Ulothrix, 276, 6,5-636 Sucrose, 138, 198 exo-, 359 Ultrasonic waves, 308 Suctoria, 256, 262-263 Toxoids, 360, 375, 405 Ultraviolet lighc, 44-45 Sulfanilamide, 296, 329, 34, TPA rest, 384 Ultravioler microscopy, 44 Sulfhydryl group. 2% TPCF rest, >90, 442 Ultravioler photomicrographs, 45 Sulfonamides, mode of aCtion, 329-330, TPI test, 391, 442 Ulrraviolet radiarion, 529-530 343-,44 TPIA test, 391, 442 anrimicrobial aerion, 304-306 in trearment of infections, 329 Trace elements, 198 Ulva, 636 Sulfur, 80 Transamination, 145 Urease, 115 in soil, ~72-574 Transducrion. 163-164,242 Uric acid, 45 Sulfur cycle, 572-574 Ttansfer RNA, 146 UromyceJ phclJeoia typica, 486 Sumner, J. B" 1D-116 Transformation of pneumococcus, 162-163 UJtliago, 624-625 Surface tension, effect upon cell, 309 Transverse fission, 91, 213 Surface watet, 4%, ~Ol Treponema. 60, 621 Vaccination, 24, 221-223,416 Sun"rella splendida! 279 Treponema carateum, 442 Vaccines, 24, 250, 374-375, 420, 453 Suscepribiliry, 359, 368 Treponmta cuniculi, 442 oral, 236, 375, 420 Susceptibility ttsts, 398-399 Treponema genitalis. 442 poliomVelitis, 224, 234, 375 Swift, Jonarhan, 21 Treponema microdentium, 442 rabies, 223 ~09 Swimming pool sanitation, Treponema mUCOSllm, 442 smallpox, 221, 233, 375 Swine etysipelas, diagnosis of, 385 Treponn"a paJJidum, 366,441-442 Vacuole, 260-261 Sydenham, Thomas, j58, 407 Trqxmcma Pallidum Agglutination Tesr. 384 Vallerv-Radot, 21 Symbiosis, 26" 284 Treponema Pallidum Complement Fixation van H~urck, 19 Synchronous growth, 98 Tesr, J9O, 442 van Miel, 6 Synchytrium, 624 Treponema Pallidum Immobilization Tesr, Varicella,415-416 Synthesis, 4-5, 81, 114 391,442 Variola,415 bacrerial, 130 Treponema PaJIidum Immune Adherence Variolation, 415 of carbon compounds, 570-572 Test, 391, 442 V4ucheria, 636 plant, 1)0 Treponema pertenue. 442 Vegetative cells, 73-75, 298 virus, 240 Triceratium /ormosum, 278 Veil/onella,. 413, 621 Synrheric processes, 296 Trichinella rest, 398-,99 VenereaJ diseases, 441-445 Synura! 270 Trichoderma viride, 201 Ventuna inaequaHs, 479 Syphilis, 26 Trichomes, 174, 178-179 Vergil, 19 con trol of, 442 Trichomonads, 26~ Vibrio. 163, 433, 497, 621 diagnosis of, 389-391, 442 Trichomonas, 472, 47\ 630 Vibrio comma, 6" 171, 43,-4,4 Sysrematic bacreriology, 29 Tn'chomonas buccalis! 26~ Vibrio fetus, 171 204-20~ Systemic mycoses, TridJomonas hominis, 26S Vjbrios, S9 Systems, biological, characteristics of, 3 Trichomonas vaginalis. 265 Vinegar, commercial producrion of, ~77-579 Trichonympha, 263-265, 630 ViraleJ, 224, 226 Taphrina, 624 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 467 Virion, 227-228 Tarpeia suis. 471 Tn'ch(Jphyton rubrum, 467 Virology, 12 Tatum, Edward, 28 Trichophyton verrucosum, 467 Virucide, 290 Taxa, 35 Tn·chosporon! 627 Virulence, 24, 358-365 Taxonomic categories, 35 Tricholhecium rosellm, 200 role, of capsular material, 361 Taxonomic groups, 36 Trickling filter, 516-517 of enzymes, 360-361 Taxonomy, B-38 TrigonopJiJ, 627 of toxins, 359-361 Teichoic acid, 66-67 Tripeptide, 141 Virus diseases, 221-224, 438, 457, 470-471, Tempe-rarure, effect on microorganisms, Trisaccharides, 138 482-485 298-299 Tristearin, 143 in animals, 224, 470-471 requirements for growrh, of bacteria, 85-86 True bacteria, 59, 166, 173 in bacteria, 225 of molds, 198 True fungi, classes of, 189-195 in fish, 225 of yeasrs, 218 AscomyceteJ, 189-190 in insects, 225 Templare theory of anribody formarion, 378 l3aJidiomyceteJ, 189-190, 195 in man, 224 TerracocLi, ~8 DfuteromyceteJ. 189-190 in plants, 225, 482-485 Tetrads, 57-59,68 Ph.ycomycetes, 189, 192 Viruses, 3, 9, 221-244 662 INDEX

Warburg respirometer, 123 Xanthomonas vesicatoria, 483 adenoyiruses, 226, 230 Xanthophyta, 281 animal, 229 Wasserman test, 26, 390 bactetiophage, 237-242 Wastes, purificarion of, 13 CCA virus, 226 Warer, 495-'509 Yeasr cell, 9, 209-213 char.lccerisrics of, 226-231 effect of nuisance bacreria in, 408 Yeast extract, 83 classification of, 224-226 examination of, 505 Yeasts, 11, 190, 207-219 composition of, 227 completed test, 505-506 classification, 207, 602 cultivation of, 232-234 confirmed test, 505-506 composition of, 211 chick-embryo technique, 232-233 membrane filter techni