Brazilian Legal Amazon

Indicators brief1

Brazil area: 8,515,767 km² Brazilian Legal Amazon area: 5,088,985 km² Original forest area: 3,940,345 km² Current forest area (2019): 3,185,838 km² Yearly deforestation (2019): 10,129 km² Yearly deforestation rate (2019): 0.32% Interannual deforestation change (2018-2019): +34.4% Accumulated deforestation (2001-2019): 225,913 km² Protected conservation areas: 1,402,863 km² (16.5% of Brazil) Carbon stocks (2015): 3,095 millions tons (above ground biomass) NA NA NA NA More on jurisdictional sustainability State of jurisdictional sustainability 1 Indicators documented for the 9 states conforming the Brazilian legal Amazon unless otherwise stated

Forest and people In 2019, the estimated area of tropical forest in the Brazilian Legal Amazon was 3,185,838 푘푚2, distributed among 9 states (see Figure 1). This represented 37.41% of the area of Brazil and about 18% of the global tropical forest area. The Brazilian amazon concentrates about 19.61% of the carbon reserves stored in the biomass of the world’s tropical forest. About 29.27 million people lived in the Brazilian Legal Amazon as of 2020, distributed in nine states. The largest city was Manaus (Amazonas) with a population of 2.1 million people. There were 104 settlements with at least 50,000 people (see Figure 2). 13.5% of the area was delimited as indigenous territories where an estimate of 382,714 indigenous people livedDRAFT as reported in the most recent census of 2010.

Pará Rondônia Amapá 27.3% 3.9% 3.5%

Acre 4.5%

Roraima 4.7% Amazonas 44.7% Mato Grosso 9.9%

Figure 1: Distribution of forest area among Brazilian Amazon states

http://earthinnovation.org BR-1 Report created July 17, 2020 Figure 2: Maps of most populated places (> 50,000 people) and indigenous and protected areas in Brazilian Legal Amazon Deforestation Forest tropical deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon decreased rapidly after reaching a maximum of 27,772 푘푚2 in 2004. In 2012 deforestation reached a minimum yearly forest loss with 4,571 푘푚2 and increased gradually afterwards to a maximum in 2019. The total accumulated forest lost during the period 2001-2019 was 225,913 푘푚2 , equivalent to 6.6% of the forest area remaining in 2001. The deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2019 was 10,129 푘푚2, which represented an increase of 34% with respect to 2018; being among the largest interannual increase over the last two decades. The yearly deforestation rate, which indicates the percentage of remaining forest that is lost every year, was 0.32% in 2019, and has remained above 0.2 since 2016. The deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is 48% below the reference baseline 1996-2005, and 27% belowDRAFT the reference baseline 1996-2015. The cleared forest area over the last two decades is contained mainly in the states of Para (37%), Mato Grosso (31%) and Rondonia (14%). In 2019 more than 70% of the deforestation was contained in 3 states: Para (41%), Mato Grosso (17%) and Amazonas (12%). Figures 3-5 present the yearly deforestation trends observed in the 9 reported states.

http://earthinnovation.org BR-2 Report created July 17, 2020 DRAFT Table 1: Forest and deforestation indicators in Brazilian Legal Amazon (2001-2019) Year Forest (km2) Deforestation Deforestation rate (%) Annual variation (%) 2001 3,444,821 18,165 0.53 -0.3 2002 3,278,790 21,650 0.64 19.2 2003 3,364,590 25,396 0.76 17.3 2004 3,334,207 27,772 0.83 9.4 2005 3,307,038 19,014 0.58 -31.5 2006 3,283,144 14,286 0.44 -24.9 2007 3,272,242 11,651 0.36 -18.4 2008 3,260,739 12,911 0.4 10.8 2009 3,247,434 7,464 0.23 -42.2 2010 3,240,881 7,000 0.22 -6.2 2011 3,234,543 6,418 0.2 -8.3 2012 3,228,932 4,571 0.14 -28.8 2013 3,224,474 5,891 0.18 28.9 2014 3,219,061 5,012 0.16 -14.9 2015 3,213,934 6,207 0.19 23.8 2016 3,207,790 7,893 0.25 27.2 2017 3,200,523 6,947 0.22 -12 2018 3,193,224 7,536 0.24 8.5 2019 3,185,838 10,129 0.32 34.4

25,396 DRAFT

20,000 17,259 2 m K 11,651 10,129 10,000

6,418 6,207

97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1996 2019

Amazon deforestation Average 3−year deforestation Deforestation baseline Figure 3: Amazon yearly deforestation (푘푚2) and deforestation baseline

http://earthinnovation.org BR-4 Report created July 17, 2020 Pará 5,237 7,510 7,145 8,870 5,899 5,659 5,526 5,607 4,281 3,770 3,008 1,741 2,346 1,887 2,153 2,992 2,433 2,744 4,172

Mato Grosso 7,703 7,89210,40511,814 7,145 4,333 2,678 3,2581,049 871 1,120 757 1,139 1,075 1,601 1,489 1,561 1,490 1,702

Rondônia 2,673 3,099 3,597 3,858 3,244 2,049 1,611 1,136 482 435 865 773 932 684 1,030 1,376 1,243 1,316 1,257

Amazonas 634 885 1,558 1,232 775 788 610 604 405 595 502 523 583 500 712 1,1291,001 1,045 1,434

Maranhão 958 1,085 993 755 922 674 631 1,271 828 712 396 269 403 257 209 258 265 253 237

Acre 419 883 1,078 728 592 398 184 254 167 259 280 305 221 309 264 372 257 444 682

Roraima 345 84 439 311 133 231 309 574 121 256 141 124 170 219 156 202 132 195 590

Tocantins 189 212 156 158 271 124 63 107 61 49 40 52 74 50 57 58 31 25 23

Amapá 7 25 46 33 30 39 100 70 53 66 27 23 31 25 17 24 24 32

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Pará Mato Grosso Rondônia 11,814

10,000 8,870

5,000 4,172 3,858

1,702 1,257 1,741 0 757 435

Amazonas Maranhão Acre

10,000 DRAFT 2 m K 5,000

1,558 1,434 1,271 1,078 237 682 0 405 209 167

Roraima Tocantins Amapá

10,000

5,000

590590 271 23 100 32 0 84 23 7

03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 2001 2019 2001 2019 2001 2019 year Figure 4: State yearly Amazon deforestation 2001-2019 (푘푚2). Darker colors correspond with high values of deforestation.

http://earthinnovation.org BR-5 Report created July 17, 2020 a

Roraima ( 590) Amapá ( 32)

Pará (4,172)

Amazonas (1,434) Maranhão ( 237)

Acre ( 682) Tocantins ( 23) Rondônia (1,257)

Mato Grosso (1,702)

DRAFT

Km2 0 100 200 300 400 500 Figure 5: Amazon deforestation in 2019 by (a) states (푘푚2) and (b) municipalities (푘푚2) http://earthinnovation.org BR-6 Report created July 17, 2020 Burned area According to the NASA-USGS analysis of MODIS satellite observations, the average yearly burned area in the Brazilian Legal Amazon was 112,663 km2 for the period 2010-2020. This figure includes burned areas due to fires in forest, savannahs and opened agricultural areas. The burned area in 2019 was123,896 km2 and the worst year in the last decade was 2010 with 249,897 km2 burned. In most years, the months of September and August represented the peak of the fire season (see Figure 5).

12 2,419 4,606 1,439 2,161 2,803 11,268 1,133 4,117 875 1,172

11 2,843 3,752 6,106 2,982 4,321 12,606 5,533 7,248 1,769 5,278

10 19,025 5,446 20,100 9,652 21,984 31,061 11,826 21,253 5,039 8,971

9 112,473 37,915 59,677 24,098 28,327 42,568 30,165 80,857 20,724 46,748

8 76,186 12,708 44,187 14,995 30,831 21,524 31,993 24,232 11,729 34,320

7 19,152 3,932 9,608 4,455 5,945 5,333 12,536 7,279 4,220 7,183

Month 6 7,367 2,341 2,685 2,142 3,652 3,412 3,355 2,738 2,505 4,098

5 3,330 1,518 1,487 1,286 1,765 1,784 2,269 1,991 2,160 2,454

4 1,557 568 524 472 766 416 1,467 646 484 1,630

3 1,525 1,434 939 1,576 1,628 1,743 3,591 1,469 2,634 5,058 3,354

2 2,883 256 1,264 2,051 1,046 2,229 4,431 1,435 4,292 3,196 4,330

1 1,136 924 1,585 1,169 824 1,599 3,513 736 699 3,789 3,397

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year 249,897 DRAFT 200,000

2 123,896 m K 100,000 57,130 0

12 14 16 18 2010 2019 year Figure 6: Monthly burned area since 2010 (km2). Source: EII analysis of MODIS-MCD64

http://earthinnovation.org BR-7 Report created July 17, 2020 Emissions from deforestation The accumulated emissions from tropical deforestation in the 9 Brazilian states between 2000 and 2019 amounted to 12,905 million tons of CO2eq (Figure 7, left). According to SEEG, Brazil, the total emissions during this period including all sectors (agriculture, energy, industry, waste, and landuse landcover change) totaled 45,653.74 million tons of CO2eq. Consequently, deforestation represented 28% of the total CO2 emissions of the country during this period. Considering the observed yearly deforestation, the mean carbon density of the Amazon forest and the business as usual deforestation baseline, the accumulated gross avoided emissions from deforestation during the period from 2006 to 2019 was 7,504 million tons of CO2eq. This results from summing avoided emissions during the years in which the deforestation was lower than the business as usual deforestation baseline after 2006 (Figure 7, right). 1,569

628 601 600 1,200

489

400 800

610 569 256 Emissions CO2eq (Millions tons) Avoided emissions CO2 (Millions tons) Avoided 400 200 301 274

0 DRAFT0 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 08 10 12 14 16 18 2000 2019 2006 2019

Tocantins Maranhão Acre Mato Grosso Pará Amapá Roraima Rondônia Amazonas Figure 7: Emissions from deforestation (left) and avoided emissions (right) (CO2eq Millions tons)

http://earthinnovation.org BR-8 Report created July 17, 2020 Aquaculture The plot shows the aquaculture production in the Brazilian Legal Amazon over the last 6 years and the value of this production. The data includes production of fish such as Tambaqui, Skunk catfish, Tiger shovelnose catfish or Tilapia and includes only activities related with fish farming under controlled conditions. Does not include fishing activities.1

3,308

200 3,000 Value (million $R) in local prices

150 2,021 2,000

100 166 160 1,000

Production (000’ tons) 50

0 0

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Value in local prices (million $R) Production (000’ tons) Figure 8: Yearly aquaculture production (thousand tons) and value of production (million of Reales) in the Brazilian Legal Amazon a b

2018 1 4 11 14 11 8 27 34 50

Roraima 1 4 12 12 10 8 28 37 59 Amapá (11) ( 1) 2016 1 4 10 13 10 12 24 40 59

Pará Amazonas Year Maranhão ( 8) (14) 1 6 9 14 11 23 21 47 84 DRAFT(27) Acre 2014 1 5 10 12 14 23 18 61 75 Tocantins ( 4) Rondônia (11) (50) Mato Grosso 4 7 5 16 15 17 76 25 (34)

Acre Pará Amapá Roraima Tocantins Amazonas Maranhão Rondônia Mato Grosso

000’ tons 0 20 40 60 80 Figure 9: a) Yearly aquaculture production (thousand tons) in states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon in 2018. b) Yearly aquaculture production by states (000’ tons)

1The value of production don’t include the class Shellfish seeds, Shrimp, Shrimp larvae and post-larvae, Oysters, scallops and mussels, Other products (frog, alligator, crab, lobster, etc.) and Alevinos. http://earthinnovation.org BR-9 Report created July 17, 2020