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The Avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Reveals Megadiversity in Northern Amazonia

The Avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, Reveals Megadiversity in Northern Amazonia

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 138-171 ARTICLE June 2014

The avifauna of Viruá , , reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia

Thiago Orsi Laranjeiras1,2,7, Luciano Nicolás Naka1,3, Catherine L. Bechtoldt1, Thiago Vernaschi Vieira da Costa1, Christian Borges Andretti1, Marconi Campos Cerqueira1,4, Marcela de Fátima Torres1, Gisiane Lima Rodrigues1, Marcos Pérsio Dantas Santos5, Claudeir Ferreira Vargas1, Angela Midori Furuya Pacheco1, Carla Haisler Sardelli1, Juan Mazar-Barnett6 and Mario Cohn-Haft1.

1 Programa de Coleções e Acervos Científicos, Coleção de Aves, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, CEP 69083-000, , Amazonas, . 2 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Rua Alfredo Cruz, 283, Centro, CEP 69301-140, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. 3 Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de , Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, CEP 50670-001, , Pernambuco, Brazil. 4 Biology Departament, University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 5 Laboratório de Ecologia e Zoologia de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, Caixa postal 479, CEP 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil. 6 Deceased 7 Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received on 05 February 2014. Accepted on 20 May 2014.

ABSTRACT: While many published maps of avian richness indicate northern Amazonia to be somewhat species-poor, recent surveys reveal that this area actually possesses one of the most species-rich avifaunas in the Neotropical lowlands. Our surveys indicate that at least 520 species occur in Viruá National Park (VNP) and adjacent areas, which is located in the Brazilian state of Roraima (northern Amazonia). Here, we present the results of our ornithological efforts since 2001, based on audio-visual and mist- netting surveys, vouchered by tape and digital recordings, photographs, and collected specimens. VNP is dominated by Amazonian white- (locally known as campina and campinarana) on an extensive floodplain influenced by muddy-, clear-, and black- water , forming a complex mosaic of habitats that includes várzea, igapó, and hilltop “islands” with terra-firme forest. The high avian diversity found at VNP is likely due to both biogeographic- and local-scale processes. Each habitat contains a particular avian assemblage. Patches of terra-firme forest have a typical Guianan avifauna. Campina and campinarana contain unique species, including some poorly known and range-restricted (e.g., Aprositornis disjuncta), as well as species typical of the northern Roraiman (e.g., Icterus nigrogularis). Thevárzea of the Rio Branco (with its associated islands) is particularly species-rich, including the endemic carbonaria and isolated populations of white-river-island specialists (e.g., Mazaria propinqua). VNP protects important ecological ecotones and biogeographical contact zones, as well as 27 threatened and 45 migratory bird species. On the other hand, 71 species reported for our study area have been found outside the current boundaries of the park. Ongoing proposals of expanding the limits of the park would absorb most of these species. With its outstanding bird species richness and wide variety of habitats, VNP emerges as an important site for Amazonian avian research, tourism, and conservation. Despite the park’s protected status, the Brazilian government plans to build a hydroelectric dam in the , representing the main threat to its avifauna and overall .

KEYWORDS: ornithological inventory; species richness; threatened species; white sand forest; Rio Branco

INTRODUCTION forming a complex mosaic of riparian habitats (including várzeas and igapós). Despite being located in what is Viruá National Park (VNP), located in the center of the supposed to be one of the poorest of the Amazon Brazilian state of Roraima, represents an environmentally (Rahbek & Graves 2001; Bass et al. 2010; Jetz et al. 2012), complex, relatively intact, and until recently, poorly the environmental heterogeneity found at the park fosters known region of the . White-sand high avian species richness. ( and campinaranas) dominate the . The sandy, waterlogged soils of the park sustain low- Perched just above these waterlogged habitats, scattered stature forests, of low logging worth, and are generally hills support lowland terra firme forest. The entire region considered too poor for . This has resulted in is drained by muddy-, clear-, and black-water rivers, a very low human impact in the park, which is virtually The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 139 Laranjeiras et al. uninhabited and almost entirely pristine (Schaeffer et village of Vista Alegre, the islands of the Rio Branco, the al. 2009). On the other hand, a large hydroelectric dam right margin of Rio Anauá near the confluence with the imminently planned for the Rio Branco 30 km north of Rio Branco, and the left margin of the Rio Barauana. the park (MME 2011), represents a serious threat to the The two latter have been officially included in a request park’s natural hydrological cycle and, consequently, to the to expand the boundaries of the park, which is currently biodiversity of the entire region (Campos 2011). under consideration by the Brazilian government (see Biodiversity inventories are vital to understanding proposed VNP limits in Figure 1; MMA 2010). Four ecological and biogeographical processes, and are additional protected areas have been created in the especially urgent when an entire is under region, including two Ecological Stations (Niquiá and threat. Avifaunal surveys, in particular, are useful to Caracaraí), a (Anauá), and a National establish conservation priorities. Many species are habitat Park (Serra da Mocidade), forming a 1,200,000-ha specialists and can be good indicators of habitat integrity network of protected land. (Stotz et al. 1996). are also better known than most The climate at VNP is warm and wet, with a other groups and a list of the birds recorded in a mean annual temperature of 26ºC, with mean annual given area provides baseline data that can be monitored precipitation ranging from 2,000-2,300 mm in the south and followed in the future (Lees et al. 2014). Recent and 1,700-2,000 mm in the north (Barbosa 1997; Schaefer avian inventories conducted throughout Amazonia have et al. 2009). Rainfall concentrates from May to July and resulted in a better understanding of the association the dry period occurs from December to March-April. between birds and vegetation types, regional variation in species abundance, and significant range extensions Habitats for many species (e.g., Cohn-Haft et al. 1997, 2007a; VNP is located in an ecotone area, which is mostly Naka 2004; Robbins et al. 2007; Whittaker 2009; Aleixo covered by Amazonian white-sand forests (campinas et al. 2011; Borges & Almeida 2011; Lees et al. 2012). and campinaranas; Figure 1). Other habitats present in Furthermore, extensive bird inventories have helped the park are seasonally flooded riverine forests, such as recognize and delimitate areas of endemism (Naka várzeas and igapós; terra-firme forests on more elevated 2011; Borges & 2012). Finally, avian inventories areas, forming forested hilltop “islands”; aquatic offer distribution data to support better delimitations of environments; and a small extent of open on the protected areas and Important Bird Areas (De Luca et park’s northern limit. Small human-altered areas are also al. 2009), both of which are important to protect more present. Elevation ranges from 50-60 m at the margin habitat and encourage (Laranjeiras & Naka of the Rio Branco to 360 m at the Serra do Viruá. Bird 2014), which supports economic development. habitat characterization and terminology follow Naka et Here, we present the results of several years of al. (2006). More details on the vegetation and soil types ornithological surveys at VNP and adjacent areas. present at VNP are available elsewhere (Schaefer et al. Our results include a comprehensive list of the park’s 2009; Adeney 2009; Gribel et al. 2009; Mendonça 2011; avifauna, its distribution across habitats, and notes Rossetti et al. 2012; Damasco et al. 2013). and commentaries on some highlighted species of Campina and campinarana. These habitats biogeographic and conservation concern. This study will represent the dominant vegetation type in the park, improve our understanding of avian distribution patterns covering ~45% of the area (Schaeffer 2009). We have in Roraima and northern Amazonia, and will be useful included here more open (campina) and more forested for the management of one of the most diverse avian (campinarana) areas, which share similar poorly drained communities in the world. sandy soils. species richness is very variable between these vegetation types. Typical elements in the campina are the endemic small palm Barcella odora, species of METHODS Cyperaceae (Lagenocarpus spp.), and several species in the family . In the campinarana, the canopy is Study Area taller and generally more uniform, reaching up to 15 m. It is formed predominantly by trees of the Vochysiaceae Viruá National Park, 230,000 ha, is located in the center family, especially Ruizterania retusa and Vochysia ferruginea of the state of Roraima in northern Brazil (1°20'N; (Gribel et al. 2009) 61°10'W), nearly 150 km south of Boa Vista (Figure 1). Terra-firme. Although this represents the dominant The park is bounded by the Rio Branco to the west, the forest type in Amazonia, it covers only ~6% of the park BR-174 highway to the northeast, the Estrada Perdida (Schaeffer 2009). Terra-firme forests are more species (lost road) to the east, and the Rio Anauá to the south. rich than campina or campinarana, but are restricted in We have also included in our surveys some areas that are the park to the slopes of two hilly areas (Serra do Viruá outside the current boundaries of the park, including the and Serra do Preto) and to areas that do not flood along

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 140 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. the Rio Branco and Rio Baruana. The plant species Survey localities composition is considerably variable between localities, and plant richness is higher along the Rio Baruana. The We concentrated our ornithological surveys at nine major canopy is tall, with emergent trees that can reach 40-45 localities (Table 1). m in height. The understory is generally open and rich in 1. Serra do Viruá. A small hill (maximum elevation palms, such as inajá (Maximiliana maripa) and bacaba 360 m above sea level) with slopes covered mainly by (Oenocarpus bacaba; Gribel et al. 2009). terra-firme forest. Administrative buildings and a 60-km Várzea. This represents the main habitat found trail system across a 25-km2 area (5 x 5 km) are located along the Rio Branco and river islands, but is only present in this section of the park. The trail system also crosses within the boundaries of the park along a thin stretch igapós, campinas, and campinaranas. We concentrated our on the western side of VNP, covering only ~5% of the surveys on this trail system, and also along a 5-km road park’s area (Schaeffer 2009). The várzea is composed that gives access to the administrative buildings (Estrada of a series of successional vegetation types that are do Portão), covered by secondary forests, and another seasonally flooded by white-water rivers in Amazonia. 2-km road that borders the hill (Estrada do Neri). It includes grassy sandbars, sandbar scrubs, river-edge 2. Estrada Perdida. An abandoned stretch of the forest (dominated by Cecropia spp.), and tall forests with BR-174 highway that crosses ~40 km of campinas and well-developed canopy (transitional forest). There are no campinaranas, but also a few human-altered areas, igapós, studies on the floristic composition of these habitats at and Moriche palm (buritizais). There are some VNP, but jauari palms (Astrocaryum jauari) and jacareúva trails, including the Estrada do Preto (that gives access trees (Calophyllum brasiliense) are common in these areas. to the Serra do Preto), that cross a mosaic of all these Igapó. This forested habitat occurs in areas that vegetation types. are seasonally flooded by black-water and nutrient-poor 3. Igarapé do Aliança. This site includes mainly rivers, and covers ~40% of the park’s area (Schaeffer 2009). seasonally flooded forests, including igapós along the The stature, plant species richness, and composition are Aliança stream and várzeas in the confluence with the very variable at different sites and rivers. Along the Rio Rio Branco, but also patches of adjacent terra-firme forest Iruá, igapós are floristically diverse but lower in stature, and aquatic habitats. Two 5-km trails run next to the resembling campinarana, with palms virtually absent; the stream. We also surveyed early-successional vegetation igapós of the Anauá and Baruana rivers seem to be more and várzea forest in the Aliança, Pascoal, Inajatuba, structured, with a common presence of trees in the family Muriru, and Ajarani islands on the Rio Branco. Fabacae (Gribel et al. 2009). 4. Ilha do Palhal. An island on the Rio Branco covered Savanna. This open vegetation type in VNP is with early-successional vegetation and tall várzea forest. restricted to the surroundings of Vista Alegre at the Our surveys also included other aquatic environments northern edge of the park, covering only 170 ha (less than nearby and along the margins of the Rio Branco. 0.1% of the study area). This region is currently outside 5. Boca do Anauá. A group of riverine islands with the boundaries of the park, but has been included in a early-successional vegetation and tall várzea forests in proposed expansion of the park’s area (MMA 2010). The the confluence of the Branco and Anauá rivers. We also savannas are characterized by the sparse presence of small surveyed other aquatic environments near these islands, trees, with predominance of caimbé (Curatella americana) and the lower course of the Rio Anauá. and murici (Byrsonima spp.), over continuous . 6. Rio Iruá. The main watercourse inside VNP, Aquatic environments. Water-related habitats, which drains most of its territory. This river crosses including rivers, lakes with floating vegetation, and several different vegetation types, mainly campinaranas, sandbanks, cover ~4% of the park (Schaeffer 2009). At forming low igapós. We concentrated our surveys along VNP, natural lakes appear a few kilometers inland from the lower course of the river, near the confluence with the margin of the Branco, Anauá, and Baruana rivers and the Rio Anauá. in low-lying areas in some campinas. Along the Estrada 7. Campinho do Rio Anauá. An open area Perdida and the main highway (BR-174), the removal of with campinas along the margins of the Rio Anauá, soil for road construction has formed extensive artificial surrounded by campinaranas, igapós, and other aquatic ponds. environments. A 5-km trail from the river crosses and Human-altered areas. These areas include borders these vegetation types. pastures and other human land uses that have caused 8. Trilha do Baruana. This is a highly heterogeneous deforestation or degradation of natural habitats. In our 5-km trail, which encounters igapós, terra-firme forests, study area, human-altered areas are limited to the park’s and campinaranas, ending at an open campina. In this administrative buildings on the Serra do Viruá, the village site, we also surveyed the aquatic environments and igapó of Vista Alegre, the Rio Baruana access, the margins of surrounding the entrance of the trail in the river, as well the BR-174 highway, and along the Estrada Perdida. as human altered areas around the campsite.

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 141 Laranjeiras et al. Location of Viruá National Park in northern (upper right) and in Roraima (lower right) and the distribution of major habitats survey(left). and main roads localities along rivers (lower America (upper right) and in Roraima in northern South Park National Viruá Location of FIGURE 1. FIGURE va – Vila de Vista Alegre; sv – Serra do Viruá; ep – Estrada Perdida; ba – Trilha do Baruana; al – Igarapé do Aliança; ip – Ilha do Palhal; an – Boca do Anauá; ri – Rio Iruá; ca – Campinho do Rio Anauá. an – Boca do Anauá; ri Rio Iruá; do Palhal; do Aliança; ip – Ilha al – Igarapé do Baruana; Trilha ba – ep – Estrada Perdida; Viruá; do sv – Serra Alegre; Vista de Vila – va

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 142 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al.

9. Vila de Vista Alegre. A small village located predominantly during our fieldwork (see above), but along the Rio Branco, where the BR-174 bridge crosses also data gathered from unpublished sources (visitor the river. We surveyed mainly the savanna, but also the reports). We tentatively assign species to their main várzeas along the Rio Branco, small patches of terra-firme habitats, and provide their local status (qualitative forest, artificial ponds, and open areas near the bridge. abundance categories), based on our own observations in the park. Qualitative abundance was determined Fieldwork subjectively, combining number of detections during our main expeditions in 2006 and 2008 and our Fieldwork involved a series of complementary bird impressions in the field. Species believed to be widespread surveying techniques in order to detect a maximum in the appropriate habitat were assigned as common; number of species in different habitat types. We conducted species believed to occur in most, but not all seemingly auditory and sight observations, playback trials, and mist- appropriate habitat, were assigned as uncommon; and net surveys. Birds were documented with vocalization species observed in less than four occasions (including recordings, photographs, and specimens. Surveys took records obtained through visitor reports) were assigned place usually in the early morning (05:00 – 12:00 h) and as rare. Our abundance assignments are clearly late afternoon (15:00 – 18:00 h) and sporadically at night dependent on survey effort and methods in each habitat, (18:00 – 21:00 h). and our ratings should be interpreted as hypotheses of MCH, LNN, and MFT first visited VNP in May abundance that can be tested by quantitative census 2001. Subsequently, we conducted major expeditions techniques (Cerqueira et al. 2013). Information on in 2002, 2006, and 2008, sampling most habitats regional occurrence, seasonality, and conservation and localities, and using all bird sampling techniques status is based on published sources (Stattersfield et described above. Some of us also visited the park for al. 1998; Naka et al. 2006; ICMBio 2014; CBRO short periods (< 2 days) during these years, for a total 2014; BirdLife International 2014). We also present of ~30 days of opportunistic observations, mainly the physical evidence used for the inclusion of each around the park’s headquarters and the Estrada Perdida. species in the list (specimen, audio recordings, and In August 2009, TOL started identifying areas for photographs), including the catalog number of at least birdwatching purposes, and since then he has visited one voucher, when available. Species lacking evidence the park periodically. Also, since 2012, LNN and TOL refer to lack of visual or auditory records during our began conducting systematic surveys along the Rio surveys. and species nomenclature follow Branco. Survey effort totals > 134 days (see Table 2 for the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee all surveying periods and efforts). (CBRO 2014), except for the Caprimulgidae, the Cercomacra, the species Mazaria (Synallaxis) Species list propinqua, and the genus Tachyphonus and Eucometis, where we follow, respectively, Sigurdsson & Cracraft We present a list of all bird species recorded at VNP (2014), Tello et al. (2014), Claramunt (2014), and and adjacent areas, which includes data obtained Burns et al. (2014).

TABLE 1. Ornithological survey effort and sampled habitats in each main study locality at Viruá National Park and adjacent areas.

Locality General geographic coordinates Effort Habitats1

Serra do Viruá 1°29'30.46"N; 61°00'21.33"W 47 tf, ig, cp, cm, at Estrada Perdida 1°24'34.72"N; 60°59'15.97"W 29 cp, cm, at, ig Igarapé do Aliança 1°27'46.20"N; 61°14'51.04"W 26 vz, ig, tf, wa Ilha do Palhal 1°14'19.91"N; 61°19'16.10"W 10 vz, aq Boca do Anauá 0°57'59.06"N; 61°21'56.40"W 5 vz, aq Rio Iruá 0°59'37.39"N; 61°15'23.93"W 5 ig, cm, aq Campinho do Rio Anauá 0°57'32.19"N; 61°09'33.25"W 5 ig, cp, cm, aq Rio Baruana 1°25'02.40"N; 60°50'46.30"W 5 ig), tf, cp, cm, at, aq Vila de Vista Alegre 1°42'42.37"N; 61°08'46.27"W 2 sa, vz, tf, at 1Habitats: cp – campina; cm – campinarana; tf – terra-firme forest; vz – várzea; ig – igapó; sv – savanna; aq – aquatic environment; at – human-altered areas

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 143 Laranjeiras et al.

TABLE 2. Dates of ornithological surveys at Viruá National Park and adjacent areas, including effort (in days) and localities.

Period Team Effort Localities1 May 2001 MCH, LNN, MFT 2 sv, ep Oct 2001 LNN, JMB 7 an Aug 2002 MPDS 15 sv, ep, al, ip May 2006 TOL 8 sv, ep Oct 20062 LNN, MCH, CB 20 All except ba, va Mar-Apr 20082 AMFP, CBA, CFV, CHS, GLR, MCC, MCH, MFT, TOL, TVVC 23 All Aug 2009 TOL 6 sv Jan 2010 TOL, MFT 4 ep Apr 2010 TOL, MFT, LNN 4 sv Jul 2010 TOL 5 sv, ep, al Jan 2011 TOL, LNN 4 sv, ep, ba Jul 2011 TOL 3 ri, ca Jan 2012 TOL, MFT 3 sv, ep Apr 2012 TOL 3 sv, ep Mar 2012 LNN 5 al3 Sep 2012 LNN, TOL 4 al, ip3 Nov-Dec 2012 TOL 9 sv, ep, al Ago-Sep 2013 TOL 5 sv, ep Oct 2013 LNN, TOL 4 ip3 Total effort 134 days 1Localities: sv – Serra do Viruá; ep – Estrada Perdida; al – Igarapé do Aliança; ip – Ilha do Palhal; an – Boca do Anauá; rb – Rio Branco; ri – Rio Iruá; ca – Campinho do Rio Anauá; ba – Trilha do Baruana; va – Vila de Vista Alegre. 2Main expeditions. 3includes other sites along Rio Branco near the locality.

RESULTS has not been documented. Because these species are not expected to occur in the park, or at least lack records in We recorded 520 bird species for VNP and adjacent areas, nearby localities, we have opted to wait for additional which are distributed over 70 bird families (Appendix A). records before including them on the list, so these species A total of 71 species (~13%) were found exclusively in are noted as hypothetical. areas outside the park boundaries (including 16 that were Most species (~78%) occur in more than one locality found exclusively on islands on the Rio Branco). The most (Appendix A), but nearly half of the species recorded representative families were Tyrannidae, Thamnophilidae, in the park (259) were detected exclusively in a single and Thraupidae, with 48, 44, and 41 species, respectively. habitat type (Table 3). The várzeas of the Rio Branco For the non-, the most represented families and the terra-firme forests represent the habitats where were Accipitridae, Trochilidae, and , with 23, we detected the highest numbers of species, with 276 22, and 21 species, respectively. and 240 species, respectively (157 of these were detected We documented the presence of ~83% (431 species) exclusively in one of the two). As expected, sandy-soiled of the bird species included on the list. The presence of 339 campina and campinarana harbour fewer species (about species (~65%) was documented with photographs; 303 185), but 37 of them were found nowhere else in the species (~58%) with audio recordings, and 245 species park. (~47%) with specimens (Appendix A). The remaining A total of 27 bird species are currently considered ~17% (89 species) were listed for VNP based on sight threatened at global (BirdLife International 2014) and/or auditory records. Most of the species recorded or national (ICMBio 2014) levels, including one without physical evidence are widespread and common species (Cercomacra carbonaria; taxa, which are expected to occur in the region and do not Appendix A). One species (Neochen jubata) is listed as represent any identification challenges. Data Deficient, and five species are considered to have Six bird species (Gallinula galeata, Aratinga restricted geographic distributions (Aprositornis disjuncta, solstitialis, Pyrrhura picta, Tyranneutes stolzmanni, klagesi, C. carbonaria, Hemitriccus inornatus, Leptopogon amaurocephalus, and Tachyphonus rufus) have and Dolospingus fringilloides). Most of the species recorded been mentioned to occur in the park, but their presence seem to be permanent residents in the park, but nearly

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10% (45 species) possibly visit the park on a seasonal Rio Branco, where it regularly occurs. Fortunately, this basis (Appendix A). From these, nearly half (24 species) species seems not to be seen as a good source of food by represent North American or neartic migrants; 14 species local human communities (TOL and LNN pers. obs.). represent southern South American or austral migrants; Given its reliance on sandy beaches, the construction of and seven species seem to arrive from other regions within a dam on the Rio Branco, with its potential impacts on northern South America or Amazonia. flooding and regimes represents a serious threat to the survival of this species in the region. TABLE 3. Total avian species richness and number of exclusive species for each major habitat in Viruá National Park and adjacent areas. Crested Bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) Habitat Total Exclusive The Crested Bobwhite (Figure 3) occurs in northern South America in arid lowlands and locally into the subtropical Campina 88 19 zone, using thickets, edges, savannas, roadsides, Campinarana 130 10 and embankments (Carroll & Boesman 2013). It is Sand soil forest total1 185 37 generally considered more common in open savannas, Terra-firme 240 95 and its presence on sandy-soiled campinas is poorly Várzea 276 62 documented. We frequently recorded this species in the Igapó 144 7 campinas along the Estrada Perdida and Rio Anauá. VNP Flooded forest total2 297 93 seems to represent its southernmost area of occurrence in Savanna 34 2 Roraima. Aquatic environment 75 29 Human altered area 89 3 Total single habitat species 259

1Includes campina and campinarana. 2Includes várzea and igapó.

Species accounts

In this section we present data on some poorly known species, records that represent range extensions and records that we consider important in biogeographical or conservation terms. FIGURE 3. Crested Bobwhite (Colinus cristatus) at a human-altered Orinoco Goose (Neochen jubata) area near the Estrada Perdida (T.O.L.) The Orinoco Goose (Figure 2) is a widespread but poorly known species regularly seen on sandy beaches along the Least Nighthawk (Podager pusillus) Rio Branco. Although this species is known to perform The Least Nighthawk represents a geographically seasonal movements, at least in part of its distribution in widespread species with an apparently disjunct population southern Amazonia (Davenport et al. 2012), very little in northern Amazonia (Cleere & Kirwan 2013). It is known about this species at VNP, or along the entire seems that two different forms occur within the state of Roraima (septentrionalis and esmeladae), which segregate geographically and possibly by habitat (Naka et al. 2006). All specimens from the park seem to be esmeraldae. We found this species to be fairly common along the Estrada Perdida, in campinas adjacent to Iruá and Anauá rivers, as well as in the open savannas of Vista Alegre.

Spot-tailed Nightjar (Hydropsalis maculicaudus) This species is patchily distributed in South America and its seasonal movements are poorly understood; some populations are sedentary, while others are likely migratory (Cleere & Bonan 2013). In March 2008, we recorded this nightjar daily in the campinas along the FIGURE 2. Orinoco Goose (Neochen jubata) at Ilha do Palhal in the Estrada Perdida. These represent the only known records Rio Branco (T.O.L.) for the park, suggesting possible seasonal movements in

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 145 Laranjeiras et al. the region. The same pattern has been observed in central firme forest around Serra do Viruá, whereas the - Amazonia (MCH pers. obs.), although populations known cheeked (a widespread western Amazonian species) to be resident are found along the lower Rio Amazonas occurred in the várzea forest along the Rio Branco and (Arizmendi et al. 2013). While it inhabits open habitats, the lower Rio Anauá. The presence ofP. barrabandi east its presence in sandy-soil campina is poorly documented. of the Rio Branco represents an exception to the observed pattern of western elements being restricted to the west Barbets (Capito spp.) bank of the Rio Branco (Naka et al., 2006). Although Two species of Capito barbets occur in Roraima and they both species co-occur in the park, they seem to segregate are thought to replace parapatrically along the Rio Branco ecologically. (Naka et al. 2006, 2012). Similar to the pattern followed by (see below), we only recorded C. niger (a Black-throated Antshrike (Frederickena viridis) Guaianan endemic) in terra-firme forest around Serra do The Black-throated Antshrike (Figure 5) is a relatively Viruá, while C. auratus was regularly present on islands uncommon understory Guianan endemic, that until covered with várzea forest along the Rio Branco, just recently was only known from a single record for the opposite the park boundaries. entire state of Roraima (Naka et al. 2006). In 2007, we recorded a male in a terra-firme forest at ~7 km from White-bellied Piculet (Picumnus spilogaster) the park’s boundaries (1o39’20’’N, 61o2’14’’W), but in The White-bellied Piculet (Figure 4) has a relatively December 2012 and August 2013, we voice-recorded narrow range in northern South America. It only occurs and photographed a female in the terra-firme forest in Brazil in Roraima and at the mouth of Rio Amazonas, along the Buritizal Trail, near the park headquarters, and near Belém (Winkler & Christie 2002), where the in February 2014 we found another individual at the population may represent another taxon (Lees et al. Estrada do Neri. These are the only records of this species 2014). This species was previously considered a gallery in VNP, and the third known locality for Roraima. forest specialist, restricted to riparian vegetation along rivers, and patches of deciduous forests in the savannas of northern Roraima (Naka et al. 2007). On 23 March 2008, we collected one individual of this species at Ilha do Palhal on the Rio Branco. Another specimen was collected at Ilha do Ajarani in September 2012. These specimens represent the southernmost records of the nominate form along the Rio Branco, and the first evidence that it also occurs in várzea forests.

FIGURE 5. Black-thorated Antshrike (Frederickena viridis) around the Serra do Viruá (T.O.L.)

Klages’s Antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi) This species (Figure 6) is a range-restricted, Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2014), seasonally flooded forest specialist (Zimmer & Isler 2003). Although it was only recently added to the state of Roraima list (Naka et al. 2006), it is a common inhabitant of the várzea FIGURE 4. White-bellied Piculet (Picumnus spilogaster) at Ilha do forests along the entire lower Rio Branco (LNN and Ajarani in the Rio Branco (T.O.L.) TOL, unpublished data), where it occurs on river islands and forested margins (Naka et al. 2007). We documented Parrots (Pyrilia spp.) its presence in the park along the eastern bank of the river, Two species of Pyrilia parrots occur in Roraima, and from Vista Alegre (possibly the northernmost locality of although they are thought to replace parapatrically along its entire distribution) to the mouth of the Rio Anauá the Rio Branco (Naka et al. 2006, 2012), we observed and (at the southern edge of the park). Despite its threatened tape-recorded both Caica P. caica and Orange-checked P. status, there is no evidence of habitat loss or population barrabandi Parrots in VNP. Nevertheless, the Caica Parrot decline in the region, although modification of the habitat (a Guianan endemic) was recorded exclusively in the terra- by the proposed dam will reduce the várzea habitat upon

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 146 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. which it relies, and will likely have negative consequences due to the construction of the proposed dam will have for the Rio Branco populations of this species. consequences on the global population of this species, which occurs along the Rio Branco and a few of its tributaries.

Yapacana (Aprositornis disjuncta) This range-restricted, monotypic antbird (Figure 8) is known from a handful of localities in northern Amazonia (Zimmer & Isler 2003). We first recorded this campina specialist in VNP in May 2001, and it has been recorded regularly in different localities along the Estrada Perdida and near the Rio Anauá ever since. VNP remains the only known locality of this taxon in Roraima, and only the second Brazilian site.

FIGURE 6. Klages’s Antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi) at an unnamed island in the Rio Branco (T.O.L.)

Leaden Antwren (Myrmotherula assimilis) This is a várzea forest specialist is restricted to the understory and mid-story of both river islands and forested river edges along some of the largest rivers in the Amazon basin (Zimmer and Isler 2003). It was only recently found to occur along the Rio Branco (Naka et al. 2007). We voice-recorded and collected this species on several river islands along the Rio Branco. On 6 October 2006 and 1 April 2008 we found this species in VNP, near the confluence of this river and the Rio Anauá, FIGURE 8. Yapacana Antbird (Aprositornis disjuncta) in the representing the northernmost records of this species. campinaranas around the Estrada Perdida (T.O.L.)

Rio Branco Antbird (Cercomacra carbonaria) Fuscous Flycatcher (Cnemotriccus fuscatus) The (Figure 7) is a range-restricted This widespread understory tyrant likely represents Rio Branco near-endemic, which is currently considered several biological species, which taxonomic status is Critically Endangered (Vale et al. 2007; BirdLife currently under investigation (MCH and collaborators, International 2014). We commonly recorded this antbird unpublished data). Two forms of this polytypic species on river islands and more rarely along the margins of the are present at VNP: the form fumosus is commonly Rio Branco, from Vista Alegre to the Rio Anauá. Previous found along the Rio Branco, particularly (although not records extended its known distribution more than 300 exclusively) in várzea forest, whereas the form duidae has km southward (Naka et al. 2007). Although it is relatively been found in the campinas along the Estrada Perdida. common in suitable habitat, habitat modifications Pale-bellied Mourner (Rhytipterna immunda) This poorly known, sandy-soil specialist was found to be uncommon in the campinaranas associated with the Anauá, Iruá, and Barauana rivers, as well as along the Estrada Perdida. The species was only recently reported to occur in Roraima (Naka et al. 2006) and are still only a handful of records. We found this species on only five occasions, despite many days of fieldwork in apparently suitable habitat, suggesting that it is indeed uncommon (or very local) as suggested for other regions, such as neighboring (Hilty 2003).

White Bellbird (Procnias albus) FIGURE 7. Rio Branco Antbird (Cercomacra carbonaria) at Ilha do This remarkable species is known to occur in northern Palhal in the Rio Branco (T.O.L.) Amazonia, but its distribution and seasonal patterns

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 147 Laranjeiras et al. remain poorly understood (Snow 2004). We observed and but becomes rarer further south. On 22 March 2008, we heard this species in terra-firme forest around the Serra do voice-recorded and collected this bird in the campinaranas Viruá and at Igarapé do Aliança in October 2006 and along the Estrada do Preto. This is the only record for October 2012, respectively. The species had not been VNP. Although it occurs in a variety of open habitats, reported for the Rio Branco region before, and few records including urban areas around Boa Vista and other towns, for Roraima are available (Naka et al. 2006). It seems quite its presence in sandy soils remain poorly documented. possible that this species is only seasonally present in the park, but we cannot refute the hypothesis that birds are residents but go silent during the rest of the year. Year- DISCUSSION round surveys may contribute to the understanding of this species’ seasonal patterns in the region. Avian diversity

Large-billed -Finch (Sporophila crassirostris) With over 500 bird species recorded, Viruá National Park A relatively widespread species in northern South and its adjacent areas harbors an unexpectedly species- America, yet very uncommon in Brazil (Jaramillo rich avifauna, which includes more than 70% of all bird 2011). In the state of Roraima, it is only known from species recorded in the Brazilian state of Roraima (Naka a couple of localities (Naka et al. 2006). On March et al. 2006). This is particularly impressive, given the and April 2008, we recorded and collected this species almost negligible altitudinal range within the park, which in an open sandy soil campina along the Estrada ranges from 50 m to 360 m, and that most of the park Perdida. In Brazil, there are very few recent records is located on top of sandy soils. The high avian diversity and the species has been up-listed to Vulnerable on found in VNP is likely due to both biogeographic- and the national Red List (ICMBio 2014). The species is local-scale processes. common in captivity in Boa Vista (TOL pers. obs.). At a biogeographical scale, VNP is located at the confluence of different biogeographical regions (see Black-stripped Sparrow (Arremonops conirostris) Biogeographical affinities below). It includes a described Although this species (Figure 9) is widespread in northern contact zone for terra-firme forest birds (Naka 2011), South America and southern , the state an ecotone region of flooded forests (várzea and gallery of Roraima represents the only known area of occurrence forest; Naka et al. 2007) and a transition zone between in Brazil. We recorded this species in VNP during our open areas (savanna and campina). The Rio Branco, surveys in early successional vegetation on islands along which dissects the state in an eastern and western half, the Rio Branco. The population in Roraima seems to represents one of the most important biogeographical represent the nominate form, which is isolated from barriers in the Amazonia for birds (Naka et al. 2012). In the main distribution of the species in northern South addition, because of its latitude, VNP receives migratory America (Hilty 2003). birds from both northern and southern South America, although these are responsible for only 7% (45 species) of the total. Locally, there are extremely high levels of environmental complexity within and between habitats. Terra-firme forests are known to have the greatest species richness anywhere in Amazonia (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997) and várzea and igapó are also very rich (Rosenberg 1990; Cohn-Haft et al. 2007b; Borges & Almeida 2011). Seasonally flooded forests (where, in fact, we found more species; see Table 3), in particular, have a variety of successional stages that result in the occurrence of many specialized birds, which inhabit different microhabitats (Remsen & Parker 1983; Rosenberg 1990; Borges & FIGURE 9. Black-stripped Sparrow (Arremonops conirostris) at Ilha do Carvalhes 2000). Also, species from adjacent terra- Aliança in the Rio Branco (T.O.L.) firme forest (e.g., Dendrocincla fuligionsa, Formicarius colma) may explore tall várzea and igapó during dry Yellow Oriole (Icterus nigrogularis) periods (Beja et al. 2010). Sandy soil habitats (campina The Yellow Oriole is known from northern South and campinarana) have a lower number of species, but America (Hilty 2003), reaching Brazil in a few localities add many unique ones to the park (Borges 2004). A north of the Rio Amazonas. In Roraima, this species is similar pattern is observed for the savannas and aquatic quite common on the Roraima-Rupunnuni savannas, environments. As the bird communities among habitats

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 148 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. are, in general, distinct, the total avian diversity is very terra-firme forests north of Manaus (e.g., Thamnomanes high. ardesiacus, Formicarius analis, Corapipo gutturalis, Our results also show that the avian richness of VNP Vireolanius leucotis, Tangara chilensis, Dacnis lineata) is higher than expected (almost 100 species more) given (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997), 500 km south of VNP, have not known large-scale patterns of species richness (see Rahbek yet been recorded in the park. One possible explanation & Graves 2001; Bass et al. 2010; Jetz et al. 2012). Although for their apparent absence is the small proportion of terra- avian species richness in Amazonia seems to increase firme forest and its naturally fragmented distribution westwards to the (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997; Rahbek within VNP. Additionally, most of our surveys in terra- & Graves 2001), previous studies may have neglected firme forests were limited to a few sites within the park the contribution of sandy soil and flooded forests to (Serra do Viruá). It is possible that exploring new areas avian diversity in the Guianan Shield. In fact, areas with within the park’s forests, some of those absent species > 500 bird species are starting to appear throughout the may finally appear. The apparent rarity of some species in Brazilian Amazon (Pacheco et al. 2007; Somenzari et al. VNP (e.g., Piaya melanogaster, Saltator grossus), suggests 2011; Lees et al. 2013a,b), also contradicting the overall that many terra-firme forest birds may be indeed rare and species richness pattern. More attention to microhabitats very local, and therefore including new sampling areas and a better knowledge of avian vocalizations may be may significantly enhance the chances of finding more responsible for these increasing numbers. bird species. Despite our efforts, it is likely that the bird list of VNP will continue to grow. After 13 years since we first Biogeographical affinities visited the park, we continue to find new species in the area (see Figure 10), even in heavily surveyed sites (e.g., VNP is located entirely on the eastern bank of the Rio Serra do Viruá). We believe that at least 20 more bird Branco, and therefore has a typical Guianan avifauna in species are very likely to be found in the park with further the terra-firme forest, including 71 Guianan endemic taxa sampling, and another 50-60 species could potentially (26 species and 45 subspecies). In fact, 12 endemic species be found within the park boundaries (Appendix B). and 20 endemic subspecies are restricted to the eastern Therefore, we believe that VNP and its adjacent areas will side of the Rio Branco (Table 4). On the other hand, likely reach 550 bird species in the next few years. another three species not considered Guianan endemics On the other hand, some species that were expected seem to be absent west of the Rio Branco in Roraima to occur within the park seem to be absent. More than (Microrhopias quixensis, Cercomacra laeta, and Cercomacra 20 species that are common and easily detectable in the nigrescens). Whether these absences are real or a function

FIGURE 10. Increase in total bird species detected during key inventory dates at Viruá National Park and adjacent areas.

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 149 Laranjeiras et al. of lack of sampling remains to be evaluated. Despite Conservation, implications for management, and being entirely within the Guianan Area of Endemism, future research we have mapped some contact zones in the study area, such as for a pair of parrots in the genus Pyrilia (caica Although VNP is part of a large mosaic of protected and barrabandi) and a pair of barbets in the genus Capito areas, current agricultural and forestry developments (auratus and niger). around the park are of concern. Currently, southern The várzeas along the Rio Branco are particularly Roraima is under severe threat from deforestation interesting. Typical várzea species (known from most of (Soares-Filho et al. 2006; Campos 2011). With more the Amazon basin) are present, such as Thamnophilus than 200,000 ha, VNP offers significant protection for nigrocinereus, Myrmotherula assimilis, Myrmoborus the biodiversity found in the state, including several lugubris, and Dendroplex kienerii (Table 4). The avian threatened bird species. Within the park, very few areas communities found along these várzeas seem to be quite have been modified and the park seems to be large similar to those found on the Anavilhanas archipelago on enough to hold stable populations of threatened and the lower (Cintra et al. 2007). On the other non-threatened species. However, the connectivity of the hand, a handful of white-water (muddy) river specialists park with other healthy natural vegetation communities that are apparently absent from the Rio Negro are present is necessary for maintaining large-scale ecological and in isolated populations along the Rio Branco (see Naka et evolutionary processes. The proposal to expand the al. 2007), as well as on the river islands just opposite the park boundaries (MMA 2010) moves toward this goal park boundaries (Table 4). For flooded-forest birds, the and also, importantly, reinforces the protection of 55 Rio Branco also represents an ecological ecotone, which bird species that we found exclusively in the requested influences bird species composition. The Rio Branco expansion areas (Appendix A). runs along a latitudinal gradient, which goes from the The construction of a hydroelectric dam on the savannas (around Boa Vista) into the forest realm (south Rio Branco, only 30 km north of the park’s boundaries of Caracaraí). Along its margins, gallery forests on the represents a serious threat to riverine bird species, some upper Rio Branco are replaced by várzeas further south, of which are range-restricted and threatened (e.g., C. and this replacement seems to occur near VNP (Naka et carbonaria and Myrmotherula klagesi; Appendix A; Vale et al. 2007). Therefore, although the vegetation of the Rio al. 2008; Bird et al. 2012). Studies to assess the population Branco is composed of várzea forests along VNP, some status and vulnerability of these riverine bird species are gallery forest specialists are still found near the park’s urgently needed. Besides the direct loss of habitat due to boundaries, such as Picumnus spilogaster, Hylophilus flooding above the dam (which would likely not affect pectoralis, and Turdus nudigenis (Table 4). VNP directly), hydroelectric dams affect the flood pulse The campinas and campinaranas host a typical of the river, which will affect the existence and formation sandy-soil avifauna, similar to that present in other of river-created habitats (Junk & Mello 1990), especially localities in northwestern Amazonia, such as Jaú NP river islands (Remsen and Parker 1983). River islands, in Brazil (Borges 2004), or Campamento Junglaven in which shelter a unique avifauna (Rosenberg 1990), Venezuela (Zimmer & Hilty 1997). Typical white-sand including 16 exclusive species in the study area, are outside forest birds include Myrmotherula cherriei, Aprositornis the boundaries of VNP, and lack any legal protection. disjuncta, Elaenia ruficeps, and Dolospingus fringilloides, Because of their ephemeral nature, there is an urgent among others (Table 4). Although savannas are virtually need to categorically protect river islands in Amazonia, absent in the park, present only near the village of Vista independent of their geographic location (Cohn-Haft et Alegre, we found a group of species that are generally al. 2007b). restricted to the savannas of northern Roraima inhabiting Maintaining habitats in VNP for threatened and the campinas in the park (Naka et al. 2006; Santos & Silva range-restricted birds is also important because these 2007). The presence of savanna species such as Colinus species attract bird watchers and ecotourists. VNP cristatus, Sporophila intermedia, Sporophila crassirostris, offers easy access to sandy-soil habitats (campinas and and Icterus nigrogularis may simply be due to a ‘leakage’ campinaranas) and to flooded forests, where most of these from the nearby savannas. In fact, VNP may represent the rare species can be readily found (Laranjeiras & Naka southern limit of the distribution of some of these species. 2014). Moreover, a network of trails within the Park Other avian elements in the campinas include species that offers access to all of the diverse habitats found within the are widely distributed in open areas in South America and region, allowing the observation of a great variety of birds predominantly absent in Amazonia, such as Chordeiles in a single day. If promoted properly, ecotourism could pusillus, Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer, Tangara cayana, become a major force helping conservation and economic and Geothlypis aequinoctialis. Most of these species are development in the region. polytypic and their populations in VNP deserve genetic Finally, our results show that VNP and adjacent and taxonomic studies. areas represent an important site to learn more about

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 150 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. ecological and biogeographical processes in Amazonia. park’s region plays a similar role for groups other than The presence of species from distinct biogeographical birds. The park also hosts multiple large-scale ecotones, regions demonstrates that VNP lies in a significant contact as well as a variety of habitats that influence local zone for avian species (Naka et al. 2012). Distributions of diversity. The absence of severalterra-firme forest species other taxa should be explored, to determine whether the deserves further attention. Isolated populations of várzea

TABLE 4. Species from distinct biogeographical regions found at Viruá National Park and adjacent areas, listed by their habitat association.

Terra-firme (26 species): Guianan endemic species. *species that are restrict to the east side of rio Branco Crax alector Veniliornis cassini Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Penelope marail Epinecrophylla gutturalis* Campylorhamphus procurvoides* Psophia crepitans Myrmotherula surinamensis* Lepidocolaptes albolineatus* Pyrilia caica* Myrmotherula guttata Schiffornis olivacea* Notharchus macrorhynchos* Frederickena viridis Perissocephalus tricolor Monasa atra Myrmelastes leucostigma* Todirostrum pictum Capito niger* Percnostola subcristata* Zimmerius acer Selenidera piperivora* Hypocnemis cantator* Cyanocorax cayanus Pteroglossus viridis Gymnopithys rufigula

Campina (7 species): Northwestern Amazonia typical species. *also found in scattered sites southeastward in Amazonia. Elaenia ruficeps* Myrmotherula cherriei Hemitriccus inornatus* Euphonia plumbea Heterocercus flavivertex Dolospingus fringilloides* Aprositornis disjuncta

Campina (8 species): Species from northern South America, absent in most of Amazonia but present in northern Roraima open savannas Colinus cristatus Mimus gilvus Sporophila crassirostris Hydropsalis cayennensis Sporophila intermedia Icterus nigrogularis Fluvicola pica Sporophila minuta

Campina (10 species): Species that are widely or disjunctly distibuted in South America (and absent in most of Amazonia) Diopsittaca nobilis Tangara cayana Sporophila plumbea Chordeiles pusillus Schistochlamys melanopis Sporophila nigricolis Todirostrum cinereum Emberizoides herbicola Geothlypis aequinoctialis Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer

Várzea (7 species): Typical species of Amazonian seasonally flooded forest (várzea and igapó) and generally absent in northern Amazonia. * Species exclusively present in igapó. Myrmotherula klagesi Myrmoborus lugubris Inezia subflava* Myrmotherula assimilis Dendroplex kienerii Thamnophilus nigrocinereus Hemitriccus minor

Várzea (5 species): White-water river várzea specialists (absent in lower Rio Negro) Mazaria propinqua Stigmatura napensis Conirostrum bicolor Synallaxis gujanensis Serpophaga hypoleuca

Várzea (7 species): Species absent in most part of Amazonia but present in northern Roraima gallery forests Picumnus spilogaster Turdus leucomelas Arremonops conirostris Poecilotriccus sylvia Turdus nudigenis Conirostrum speciosum Hylophilus pectoralis

Várzea (9 species): Species predominantly restricted to western Amazonia, and absent east of Rio Branco. *Also found in southeastern Amazonia Phaethornis hispidus Celeus grammicus* Cyanocorax violaceus Capito auratus Pyrilia barrabandi Dacnis flaviventer* Pteroglossus pluricinctus Pipra filicauda Psarocolius bifasciatus*

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 151 Laranjeiras et al. specialists along the Rio Branco also deserve further study, # TNC 006/03). This article is publication 30 in the as they may indicate the presence of either old relictual Amazonian Ornithology Technical Series of the INPA populations or recent long-distance dispersal (Naka et Scientific Collections Program. al. 2007). Future ornithological research that will help elucidate these questions include investigating patterns of bird occupancy and movement within habitats and REFERENCES between seasons, surveys in isolated and yet unexplored Adeney, J. M. 2009. Remote sensing of fire, flooding and white sand patches of terra firme forest, such as Serra do Preto, and . Ph.D Dissertation, Durham: Duke University. systematic surveys along the várzeas of the Rio Branco. Aleixo, A.; Poletto, F.; Lima, M. F. 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Bird species of black water inundation forests in the Jaú National Park (Amazonas state, Aleixo, Alexander Lees, and Sérgio Borges. Osmar Borges Brazil): their contribution to regional species richness. Biodiversity and R. Czaban generously discussed some observations and Conservation, 9: 201–214. and made valuable comments on the manuscript; and Borges, S. H. 2004. Species poor but distinct: bird assemblages in Carlos Franciscon reviewed plant species names and white sand vegetation in Jaú National Park, Brazilian Amazon. nomenclature. TOL is also grateful to all the birdwatchers Ibis, 146(1): 114–124. Borges, S. H. & Almeida, R. A. M. 2011. Birds of the Jaú National and photographers that joined him in the recent visits to Park and adjacent areas, Brazilian Amazon: new species records VNP, especially to João Quental, Bradley Davis, Flávio with reanalysis of a previous checklist. Revista Brasileira de Guglielmino, Almir Almeida, Marcelo Camacho, Ed Ornitologia, 19(2): 108–133. 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Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 154 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 ) ( Synallaxis WA 181253 WA 252860 WA 72044 WA 825390 WA WA 8875 WA 281360 WA WA 618182 WA 570953 WA WA 51601 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) 181578 WA T.O.L. T.O.L. 417150 WA 138968XC 261937 WA T.O.L. Voice Mazaria , the species Mazaria Cercomacra 5 INPA 1453 INPA MPEG 56257MPEG ML (C.B.A.) MPEG 56256MPEG 138892 XC 827866 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 RR NT UCC INT? INT? U INT? C UC VU C VU RU NEA C C U R R U (DD) NT, Abu. APPENDIX A: A: APPENDIX 2 sv, ba sv, out va, ri, ca al, ip, ep, ri, ca, ba ep, al, ip ep, al ep, ca ep, ip, an, ba ip, sv ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, out ep, C al, ba sv, sv, ep, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, al, an, ri, ca, va ep, sv, an, ca, va al, ip, sv C al al an, out ip, sv, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C NT Locality 1 Tf Aq At Aq, Cp, At Aq, Cp, At Aq, Cp, Aq Cp, At Cp, Vz, Ig SvVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, all localities an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, C NT Tf Aq, At Aq, At Aq, Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Vz, Ig Cm, Vz, Ig Tf Aq Aq Aq Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Habitat . (2014), Claramunt (2014), and Burns et al . (2014). et al . (2014), Claramunt and Burns Tello (2014), & Cracraft Sigurdsson respectively, follow, we , where and Eucometis , and the genus Tachyphonus propinqua List of all bird species recorded in the Viruá National Park and adjacent areas, including habitats used, localities of records, migratory and endangered status, and documentation. Taxonomy Taxonomy migratory status, and documentation. and endangered including habitats used, localities of records, and adjacent areas, Park National Viruá in the species recorded List of all bird for the Caprimulgidae, g enus 2014), except Committee (CBRO Records Ornithological the Brazilian follow and species nomenclature Odontophorus gujanensis Podicipedidae dominicus Tachybaptus Ciconiidae maguari Ciconia mycteria americana Mycteria Phalacrocoracidae brasilianus Phalacrocorax Odontophoridae Colinus cristatus Aburria cumanensis Aburria Ortalis motmot tomentosa Pauxi Crax alector Crax Cairina moschata Cairina discors Anas Cracidae marail Penelope Crypturellus cinereus Crypturellus soui Crypturellus undulatus Crypturellus erythropus Crypturellus Anatidae viduata Dendrocygna autumnalis Dendrocygna jubata Neochen Tinamidae major Tinamus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 155 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 51625 WA 181591 WA WA 252850 WA 818983 WA 19190 WA 219890 WA 8876 WA 815007 WA 1306894 WA 813219 WA 181365 WA 34400 WA 825371 WA 618194 WA 781925 WA WA 197826 WA WA 8845 WA WA 252499 WA Photo WA 17675 WA 6 ML (C.B.A.) 252507 WA T.O.L. WA 62869WA 866635 WA JPC T.O.L. Voice 5 INPA A2223 INPA 1536 INPA A8310 MPEG INPA A2254 INPA Specimen 4 Status 3 R C CC NEA U U C C C C C C U R UU INT? U U RR NT R VU C C Abu. 2 al al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv ep, al, ip, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, al, an, ca C C C al, ca ca, ba ep, al, ba, va sv, ba sv, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, out ep, al, ba sv, C ba, out ep, NEA sv, al, va sv, an, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, C al, an, ba al, out sv ep, ip, ba, out ip, al, ip, an, ri, ca al, ip, an, ca, ba ep, sv, Locality 1 Vz Vz, Ig Cm, Vz, Ig, SvVz, Ig, Cm, At Aq, Vz, Ig, an, ba, va al, ip, ep, al, an, ba ep, Tf Sv, Aq, At Aq, Sv, Aq Vz, Ig, Aq Aq At Aq, Vz, Ig, Cm, Aq al, an, ri, ca, ba ep, At Cm, Sv, Cp, At Cp, Tf At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, all localities Tf all localities Aq Vz, Ig, Cm Vz Tf, At Cp, Sv, At Sv, At Aq, Sv, Vz, Aq Aq, Vz-is Aq, Aq Vz, Ig, Aq, At Aq, Vz, Ig, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Vz, Aq Aq At Aq, Habitat Rostrhamus sociabilis Rostrhamus caerulescens Geranopsiza Ictinia plumbea Ictinia nigricollis Busarellus Harpagus bidentatus Harpagus Ardea alba Ardea pileatus Pilherodius thula Egretta caerulea Egretta Threskiornithidae cayennensis Mesembrinibis ajaja Platalea Cathartidae Cathartes aura Cathartes burrovianus Cathartes melambrotus Coragyps atratus papa Sarcoramphus Pandionidae haliaetus Pandion Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis forficatus Elanoides swainsonii Gampsonyx Bubulcus ibis Bubulcus cocoi Ardea Cochlearius cochlearius Zebrilus undulatus Zebrilus nycticorax Nycticorax Butorides striata Butorides Agamia agami Agamia Anhingidae anhinga Anhinga Ardeidae lineatum Tigrisoma Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 156 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 816641 WA WA 872563 WA 19191 WA WA 284083 WA PNV 12421 WA 820557 WA 410906 WA 35751 WA 261943 WA WA 6070 WA 21336 WA 178577 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) ML (L.N.N.) M.C.H. 63056 WA ML (C.B.A.) 219856 WA WA 48648 WA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. Voice 5 MPEG 56267 MPEG A2176INPA ML (C.B.A.) 287883 WA MPEG 56259MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 202090 WA MPEG 56252 MPEG MPEG 56253MPEG T.O.L. INPA 1538 INPA Specimen 4 Status 3 U R U R R R C C U C C R U C RR RR NEA U R (VU) NT, R (VU) NT, NT R C C Abu. U 2 sv, ep sv, out ep, al, ba ep, al, out out ep, al, ba al, ca, va ep, sv, an, ca al, ip, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, C ep, al, an ep, ba sv, ep, out ep, ba sv, an, ba al, ip, sv ca al sv, sv ba al, ip, ep, sv, ip sv sv all localities Locality al, ip 1 Aq, At Aq, At Aq, At Aq, Vz-is Aq, Aq Aq At Aq, Cp, Aq Cp, Aq, At Aq, Cp, Tf, Sv, Aq, At Aq, Sv, Tf, va sv, Aq, At Aq, Tf Cp Tf Vz Tf Cp Tf Tf Vz Tf, Vz Tf AqVz, Ig, Cm, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, C Tf Cp, Cm, Aq, At Cm, Aq, Cp, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, All habitats ca, ba ep, sv, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Habitat Vz Laterallus viridis Laterallus exilis Laterallus albicollis Porzana martinicus Porphyrio flavirostris Porphyrio Heliornithidae fulica Heliornis chilensis Vanellus collaris Charadrius Charadriidae cayanus Vanellus Rallidae cajaneus Aramides Aramidae guarauna Aramus Psophidae crepitans Psophia Geranoaetus albicaudatus Geranoaetus Leucopternis melanops nitidus Buteo platypterus Buteo brachyurus Buteo guianensis Morphnus harpyja Harpia tyrannus Spizaetus melanoleucus Spizaetus ornatus Spizaetus Eurypygidae helias Eurypyga Pseudastur albicollis Pseudastur Heterospizias meridionalis Heterospizias urubitinga Urubitinga magnirostris Rupornis Family / Species Family schistaceus Buteogallus

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 157 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 45327 WA WA 1255218 WA WA 219857 WA WA 281416 WA WA 866340 WA 195585 WA 272934 WA 252542 WA 862787 WA WA 15675 WA WA 15157 WA 812251 WA 281359 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) 410882 WA T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) ML (C.B.A.) 181582 WA ML (C.B.A.) JPC ML (L.N.N.) 828969 WA Voice 5 MPEG 56285 MPEG INPA A2080INPA 62971 WA 15158 WA MPEG 56266 MPEG 1527INPA A2110 INPA ML (C.B.A.) MPEG A8295 MPEG INPA A1022 INPA INPA A8312 INPA INPA A2202 INPA MPEG 56268 MPEG Specimen 4 Status 3 U C C C C C R C R C C C C C C RR NEA NEA CURR NEA NEA NEA NEA R RU NEA NEA Abu. R 2 sv, al, an, ca, ba sv, al, ca, ba al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, al, ip sv, sv, ca, ba, va sv, all localities ep, ba, out ep, ba, out ba, out sv, ep, al, ba,va ep, sv, an, ri, ca al, ip, ep, an, ri, ca al, ip, ep, an, ri, ca al, ip, al al, ip ep, ri, ca, ba ep, ri al, ip, ep, ri ip, ri al, ip, ep, out ep, ba, out ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, Locality ep, ri ep, 1 Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Vz Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig, AtVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, Vz Tf, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, C Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, al, an, ri, ca, ba, va sv, C VU Tf, Vz Tf, All habitats Cp, Cm Cp, At Vz SvVz, Ig, Cm, all localities Sv, Aq, At Aq, Sv, Aq Aq Aq Vz, At Cm, Cp, ca, ba ep, sv, Aq Aq Aq, At Aq, At Aq, At Aq, Aq Cp, Aq Cp, Cp At Aq, Habitat Aq Cp, Cuculidae minuta Coccycua Opisthocomidae hoazin Opisthocomus Leptotila verreauxi Leptotila rufaxilla montana Geotrygon Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas Patagioenas plumbea Patagioenas Patagioenas cayennensis Patagioenas Columbina minuta Columbina talpacoti pretiosa Claravis speciosa Patagioenas Jacanidae jacana Jacana Sternidae superciliaris Sternula simplex Phaetusa Rynchopidae niger Rynchops Columbidae Columbina passerina Calidris fuscicollis Calidris melanotos Calidris Tringa solitaria Tringa melanoleuca Tringa flavipes Tringa minutilla Calidris Gallinago undulata Gallinago longicauda Bartramia macularius Actitis Family / Species Family Scolopacidae paraguaiae Gallinago

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 158 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 1295119 WA PNV WA 1256913 WA WA 1295126 WA WA 351967 WA WA 410881 WA 639970 WA 326669 WA Photo 6 XC 138999XC 180933 WA T.O.L. XC 139202XC 281361 WA T.O.L. T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) 854716 WA T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) 188425 WA ML (C.B.A.) 195582 WA Voice 5 INPA 1533INPA ML (C.B.A.) 18050 WA INPA 1456INPA ML (C.B.A.) 9745 WA INPA A1800INPA 1454INPA ML (C.B.A.) 47137 WA 640068 WA INPA 1455INPA ML (C.B.A.) 181087 WA INPA 1535INPA ML (C.B.A.) 815037 WA MPEG 56282 MPEG MZUSP 77931 62750 WA 1024047 WA MPEG 56815 MPEG Specimen 4 Status 3 RR NEA?C U 1531 INPA RC AUS? C R AUS? C U U C C C U U R U C U R C C R RRRC AUS NEA AUS? C C Abu. 2 al al ca, ba sv, al, ri, ba ri ri, ca, va ep, sv, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, ep, out ep, ep, out ep, sv, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C sv, ba sv, sv, ep, ca ep, sv, ba al, ip, ep, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, ep, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, sv, ep, ip ep, sv, ba sv, ir ba sv, sv ba sv, ep, out ep, ep, al, ip, ri, ca al, ip, ep, sv, ba, va sv, va, out va, ri ca sv ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, ep, al, ba ep, Locality 1 Vz Vz Ig Tf, Ig Aq At Sv, Cp, Vz Cp Cp Tf, Aq, At Aq, Tf, Tf Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf, Ig Tf, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Cm Tf Tf Tf Cm Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf Tf Ig Cm Tf Vz, Ig At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cp, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C Cp, Vz Cp, Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, all localities Habitat Chordeiles acutipennis Chordeiles Apodidae zonaris Streptoprocne spinicaudus Chaetura cinereiventris Chaetura Podager nacunda Podager pusillus Podager Hydropsalis climacocerca Hydropsalis Hydropsalis maculicauda Hydropsalis Hydropsalis cayennensis Hydropsalis Nyctidromus albicollis Nyctidromus Nyctidromus nigrescens Nyctidromus Carpimulgidae rufus Antrostomus semitorquata Lurocalis leucopyga Nyctiprogne Nyctibius griseus Nyctibius ( virgata ) sp. Strix hardyi Glaucidium brasilianum Glaucidium Nyctibiidae grandis Nyctibius Lophostrix cristata perspicillata Pulsatrix Bubo virginianus Bubo Strigidae choliba Megascops Megascops watsonii Megascops Piaya melanogaster Piaya Coccyzus melacoryphus Coccyzus americanus Coccyzus euleri major Crotophaga ani Crotophaga Tapera naevia Tapera Piaya cayana Piaya Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 159 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 219853 WA WA 221242 WA WA 872562 WA WA 813899 WA WA 827852 WA WA 326725 WA 351968 WA 856773 WA 281362 WA WA 18140 WA M.F.T. 813210 WA 287337 WA WA 814605 WA WA 205169 WA 18139 WA WA 862587 WA 1066541 WA Photo 6 ML (L.N.N.) 177934 WA WA 50045WA 51626 WA ML (L.N.N.) 862680 WA ML (C.B.A.) 282800 WA ML (C.B.A.) ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. Voice 5 INPA 1467 INPA INPA 1466 INPA INPA A1002INPA 138856 XC 262713 WA MPEG A8307MPEG T.O.L. INPA 1140INPA T.O.L. INPA 1137INPA T.O.L. INPA 1462INPA T.O.L. INPA A2134 INPA INPA 1460INPA T.V.V.C. 181096 WA INPA 1457INPA 138917 XC 15676 WA INPA A2083 INPA INPA A2077 INPA INPA 1133INPA 138943 XC 849680 WA INPA 1461 INPA INPA 1131INPA ML (C.B.A.) 806659 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 U C C R C C U R R U C U C C U U U C R U R C INT? U U U C R U R C C Abu. 2 ep, al, ip, ri, ba al, ip, ep, ep, al, ip, ri, ca al, ip, ep, sv, al sv, sv, an, ba sv, sv, ba sv, al ep, sv, ba, out ep, va sv, al, ca ep, ri, ca ep, sv, ep, ip, ba ip, ep, sv, ep, ba, out ep, ba sv, ri sv, ep, al, ip, ri, ca al, ip, ep, ep, al, ri ep, ri, ca ep, al, ba al, ri, ca ep, al, ip va sv, ba, va sv, sv, al, ip, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, sv al, an, ba sv sv, al, ca, ba, va sv, sv, ep, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, sv, ep, an, ri, ca, ba, va ep, sv, C Locality 1 Vz, Ig, Aq Vz, Ig, Vz, Ig, Aq, At Aq, Vz, Ig, al, an, ri, ca, ba ep, Vz, Ig, Aq Vz, Ig, Vz, Ig, Aq, At Aq, Vz, Ig, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Tf At Aq, Vz, Ig, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Cm, Tf Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, all localities Tf Tf At Ig, Vz Tf, Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, Vz Cp, Ig Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Cp, At Cp, Tf Tf Cm, Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf, Ig Tf, At Ig, Cp, Vz, At Vz, Ig Cp, Vz Tf Vz Tf, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf Vz Tf Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Ig Tf, Vz, Ig, Sv Vz, Ig, Tf, Habitat Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle aenea Chloroceryle amazona Trogon rufus Trogon Alcedinidae Megaceryle torquata Trogon violaceus Trogon Trogon viridis Trogon Heliothryx auritus Heliothryx longirostris Heliomaster amethystina Calliphlox Trogonidae melanurus Trogon Amazilia fimbriata Amazilia Amazilia versicolor Amazilia Polytmus theresiae Polytmus Hylocharis cyanus Hylocharis Chlorostilbon mellisugus Chlorostilbon furcata Thalurania sapphirina Hylocharis Chlorostilbon notatus Chlorostilbon Campylopterus largipennis Campylopterus mellivora Florisuga nigricollis Anthracothorax Chrysolampis mosquitus Phaethornis hispidus Phaethornis bourcieri Phaethornis superciliosus Phaethornis ruber Panyptila cayennensis Panyptila Trochilidae hirsutus Glaucis Threnetes leucurus Threnetes Phaethornis rupurumii Tachornis squamata Tachornis Chaetura brachyura Chaetura Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 160 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 273449 WA WA 866626 WA WA 1295127 WA WA 50866 WA WA 8966 WA WA 862590 WA WA 180999 WA WA 866551 WA WA 181581 WA WA 326670 WA WA 505401 WA WA 818444 WA WA 866361 WA Photo 6 WA 649302WA 195584 WA XC 138846XC 262722 WA T.O.L. T.O.L. T.O.L. Voice 5 MPEG 56310MPEG T.O.L. INPA 1151INPA 139809 XC 505417 WA MPEG 56312MPEG T.O.L. INPA 1481 INPA INPA 1482INPA ML (C.B.A.) 854677 WA MPEG 56814 MPEG INPA 1479INPA T.V.V.C. 56306MPEG 360170 WA 181366 WA INPA 1477INPA T.O.L. MPEG 56303 MPEG INPA A2108INPA 138895 XC 813265 WA MPEG 56300MPEG 63519 WA 44266 WA INPA 1142INPA 139195 XC 180495 WA INPA 1473INPA 138860 XC 410878 WA INPA 1471INPA ML (C.B.A.) 6440 WA INPA 1145INPA T.O.L. INPA A2244INPA ML (C.B.A.) 8879 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 R C C C R VU R C C C U R U U U C U C C C C C U U C Abu. 2 al al, an, ba sv, sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, sv, al, ip, ba, va al, ip, sv, al, out ip, out ip, al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, sv, al, ca, ba sv, sv an, out ep, out ep, sv al sv, al sv, sv, al, ba sv, sv, al, ip sv, sv, ri, ba, va sv, ba sv, sv, ri, ca sv, sv al, ca, ba sv, al, ip, ba, va al, ip, sv, Locality 1 Vz Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Vz-is Vz-is Cm, Ig Cp, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Tf Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Vz-is At Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Tf Vz AtVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, Cp, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Tf, Vz Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, all localities Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf, Ig Tf, Tf Cm, Tf, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, Cm, Vz, Ig, SvVz, Ig, Cm, Cp, all localities Tf Vz Tf, Vz Tf, Habitat Veniliornis passerinus Veniliornis flavigula Piculus Veniliornis cassini Veniliornis Melanerpes cruentatus Melanerpes Picumnus spilogaster Picumnus Pteroglossus pluricinctus Pteroglossus Picidae exilis Picumnus Pteroglossus viridis Pteroglossus aracari Pteroglossus Selenidera piperivora Selenidera Ramphastos vitellinus Capito auratus Capito Ramphastidae Ramphastos toco Ramphastos tucanus Capitonidae niger Capito Monasa nigrifrons Monasa tenebrosa Chelidoptera Bucco capensis Bucco atra Monasa Bucco tamatia Bucco Notharchus tectus Notharchus Bucconidae macrorhynchos Notharchus Galbula dea Galbula aureus Jacamerops Galbula leucogastra Galbula Galbula galbula Galbula Galbula albirostris Galbula Galbulidae lugubris Brachygalba Momotidae momota Momotus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 161 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 862753 WA WA 181593 WA 177386 WA WA 866606 WA 858617 WA WA 827193 WA WA 814078 WA Photo 6 XC 139205 XC ML (C.B.A.) 78853 WA ML (L.N.N.) ML (C.B.A.) 1334808 WA XC 139203XC 816636 WA ML (C.B.A.) 8846 WA ML (L.N.N.) 252839 WA T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) 252858 WA T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) 8874 WA XC 138839XC 807515 WA ML (L.N.N.) Voice 5 MPEG 56280MPEG T.V.V.C. 866581 WA MPEG 56276 MPEG 56274MPEG 139204 XC 8965 WA INPA 1135INPA 48647 WA 287075 WA MPEG 56277MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 181278 WA MPEG 56254 MPEG MPEG 56832MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 181925 WA MPEG 56313MPEG T.O.L. MPEG 56315MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 866638 WA INPA 1147INPA T.O.L. MPEG 56827MPEG 56309 MPEG 1362INPA ML (L.N.N.) 62763 WA 180493 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 C RUC NT NT U C C VU C U C C C U C R U U C R C C C C R C C U U U U U C Abu. 2 sv, al, ip, va al, ip, sv, an, out al sv, al, an, ba, va ep, sv, sv, ep sv, sv, ba, va sv, sv, ba sv, sv, an, ca, ba, va sv, ep, ca ep, ep, ri, ca ep, sv, ep sv, al, an sv, ep, an, ba ep, sv, an, ba sv, sv ba sv, ca, ba sv, al, ca, ba sv, out va, ep, sv, ep, al, an, va ep, sv, ep, al, ba ep, out ep, al, ca, ba sv, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, C sv, ip, ba ip, sv, sv, al, ba, va sv, sv, va sv, sv, al, ba sv, sv, al sv, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, Locality 1 Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Tf Vz Tf, Cm, Cm, Tf Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Cm, Vz, At Cm, At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, al, an, ri, ca, ba, va ep, sv, C Cm, Ig Cm, Tf Cm, Vz Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Tf, Tf Tf Vz Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, At Sv, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, al, ri, ca ep, sv, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig, SvVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, all localities Cm, Vz, Sv Cm, Cm, Vz Cm, At At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, ri, ca, va ep, sv, Vz Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, al, an, ca, ba, va ep, sv, C Tf, Vz Tf, Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Habitat Pionus fuscus Pionus Pyrilia barrabandi Pyrilia caica Pyrilia menstruusPionus Touit purpuratus Touit Pionites melanocephalus Pionites Touit huetii Touit Brotogeris chrysoptera Brotogeris Psittacara leucophthalmus Psittacara pertinax Eupsittula Diopsittaca nobilis Orthopsittaca manilatus Ara severus Ara Ara macao Ara chloropterus Ara Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur gilvicollis Micrastur mirandollei Micrastur semitorquatus Micrastur sparverius Falco rufigularis Falco Psittacidae ararauna Ara Herpetotheres cachinnans Herpetotheres Ibycter americanus Ibycter cheriway Caracara chimachima Milvago Falconidae ater Daptrius Campephilus melanoleucos Campephilus Campephilus rubricollisCampephilus Dryocopus lineatus Celeus torquatus Celeus Celeus flavus Celeus Piculus capistratus Piculus Colaptes punctigula Celeus grammicus Celeus elegans Celeus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 162 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 272920 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) 45344 WA WA 829047WA 829032 WA ML (C.B.A.) 18048 WA WA 48660WA 51649 WA ML (C.B.A.) ML (C.B.A.) 181598 WA XC 139187XC 181094 WA XC 138940XC 181590 WA Voice 5 INPA A2174INPA 48644 WA 50869 WA INPA A2235INPA 138941 XC 261944 WA INPA 1497INPA 62901 WA 8862 WA INPA 1495INPA 417140 WA 262712 WA INPA A1054INPA 50041 WA 51648 WA INPA 1184INPA ML (C.B.A.) 807541 WA INPA 1487INPA 1185INPA ML (C.B.A.) ML (C.B.A.) 51664 WA INPA 1180INPA ML (C.B.A.) 827245 WA INPA 1485INPA T.O.L. INPA 1484INPA 139207 XC 181002 WA INPA A2149INPA ML (C.B.A.) 7305 WA INPA 1199INPA 138988 XC 51602 WA INPA A2240 INPA INPA 1491INPA 62864 WA 814481 WA INPA 1191INPA 50042 WA 854693 WA INPA 1489INPA 138852 XC 351964 WA INPA A2181INPA ML (C.B.A.) 181283 WA INPA 1405INPA 139806 XC 649879 WA INPA 1193INPA 139199 XC 180497 WA INPA 780INPA 47135 WA 130462 WA INPA A2104INPA 139197 XC 807882 WA INPA 1376INPA 139264 XC 202576 WA MPEG 56279MPEG 50046 WA 325113 WA MPEG A8296MPEG 138900 XC 283369 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 C U U R U C R U C C U NT C C R C R U C C (VU) NT, A2189 INPA T.V.V.C. 802504 WA C U VU C C R C C C C C C C VU Abu. 2 sv, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, sv, sv ip, ca, ba ip, sv an, ba al, ip, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, C sv, ba sv, sv sv, an, ba sv, al, ba, va sv, sv, al, ip, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, al, ip, an, out al, ip, sv, al, ip, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, sv, ip, ba, va ip, sv, sv, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C sv, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C ba, out sv, al, ba sv, sv an, ba, out ip, ri, ca, ba ep, al, ip, an al, ip, sv, ep, ri, ba ep, sv, al, ca, ba sv, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, sv, sv, ip, ba ip, sv, ba, out ca ep, sv, al, ba sv, sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, sv, ca, ba, va sv, sv, ep, al, ip, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C sv, ba sv, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, Locality 1 Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf Vz, Ig Tf Vz Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Vz-is Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Vz-is Ig Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Vz Cp, Cm Cp, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf Tf Cm Cp, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig, SvVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, all localities Tf Vz Habitat Myrmoborus leucophrysMyrmoborus Myrmelastes leucostigma Myrmelastes Sclateria naevia Hylophylax naevius Hylophylax punctulatus Hylophylax Hypocnemoides melanopogon Hypocnemoides Myrmoderus ferrugineus Myrmoderus Frederickena viridis Frederickena Cymbilaimus lineatus Cymbilaimus major Taraba Thamnophilus amazonicus Thamnophilus nigrocinereus Thamnophilus punctatus Thamnophilus murinus Thamnophilus doliatus Sakesphorus canadensis Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Herpsilochmus Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus Herpsilochmus Isleria guttata Isleria Thamnomanes caesius Myrmotherula longipennis Myrmotherula assimilis Myrmotherula grisea Formicivora Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula Myrmotherula klagesi Myrmotherula Myrmotherula cherriei Myrmotherula Myrmotherula surinamensis Myrmotherula Myrmotherula brachyura Myrmotherula Myrmophylax atrothorax Myrmophylax Epinecrophylla gutturalis Epinecrophylla disjuncta Aprositornis Microrhopias quixensis Microrhopias Thamnophilidae stellaris Pygiptila Deroptyus accipitrinus Deroptyus Amazona ochrocephala Amazona Amazona amazonica Amazona Amazona farinosa Amazona Amazona festiva Amazona Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 163 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 188427 WA WA 51604 WA Photo 6 Voice 5 MPEG 56347MPEG T.O.L. INPA A1751INPA ML (C.B.A.) 351965 WA INPA 1427INPA ML (C.B.A.) 51624 WA INPA 1166INPA 139214 XC 282812 WA INPA 1167INPA A2140INPA ML (L.N.N.) 139201 XC 281363 WA INPA 1544INPA T.V.V.C. 7302 WA INPA 1543INPA ML (C.B.A.) 814936 WA INPA 1367INPA 139213 XC 813258 WA INPA 1545INPA 138982 XC 1261649 WA INPA 1165INPA T.O.L. INPA 1170 INPA 1421INPA 139009 XC 813260 WA MPEG 56414MPEG 139261 XC 1425INPA ML (C.B.A.) 854695 WA INPA 1194INPA 50428 WA 1258745 WA INPA 1434INPA 138904 XC 854012 WA INPA 1189INPA 48656 WA 854805 WA INPA 1197INPA 139803 XC 807533 WA INPA A2076INPA 62805 WA 411490 WA INPA A1048INPA 48646 WA 51663 WA INPA 1176INPA 139189 XC 854720 WA INPA A1731INPA 1505INPA 138894 XC 139258 XC 8861 WA INPA 1416INPA 48654 WA 813117 WA INPA 1494INPA ML (C.B.A.) 1248476 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 U C C R R C C NT R R C C U RR NT C U U C C U U C NT C C C C C CR U VU Abu. 2 sv, ba sv, sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, sv, an, ba, va sv, sv, ba sv, sv, ip sv, al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, al, ip, an, ri, ca al, ip, an, out ca an, ri, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C sv, ba, va sv, sv sv al sv, sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, sv, al, ba sv, sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, sv, al, ba, va sv, sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, sv, al sv, ba sv, sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, al, ba sv, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, sv, sv sv, al, ba sv, al, ip, an, out al, ip, ip, an, out ip, Locality 1 Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Tf Vz, Ig Vz, Ig Vz Ig Vz, Ig Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, all localities Tf Tf Tf Vz Tf, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Tf Tf Tf Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf Tf Vz-is Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Vz-is Habitat Xenopidae minutus Xenops Dendrocolaptes picumnus Dendrocolaptes Dendrocolaptes certhia Dendrocolaptes Dendrexetastes rufigula Dendrexetastes Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Nasica longirostris Nasica Dendroplex kienerii Dendroplex Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Campylorhamphus procurvoides Campylorhamphus picus Dendroplex Xiphorhynchus guttatus Xiphorhynchus obsoletus Xiphorhynchus pardalotus Dendrocincla merula Dendrocincla longicauda Deconychura griseicapillus Sittasomus Glyphorynchus spirurus Formicariidae colma Formicarius Dendrocolaptidae fuliginosa Dendrocincla Grallariidae campanisona Myrmothera Gymnopithys rufigula Gymnopithys Pithys albifrons Pithys poecilinotus Willisornis Hypocnemis cantator Hypocnemis nigrescens Cercomacroides Cercomacroides laeta Cercomacroides Cercomacroides tyrannina Cercomacroides Cercomacra cinerascens Cercomacra Cercomacra carbonaria Cercomacra PercnosT.O.L.a subcristata PercnosT.O.L.a Myrmoborus lugubris Myrmoborus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 164 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 181000 WA WA 826954 WA WA 1295152 WA T.O.L. WA 781991 WA 205165 WA Photo 6 T.O.L. T.O.L. 138896XC 827661 WA T.O.L. T.O.L. 649330WA 862785 WA Voice 5 INPA 1203INPA T.O.L. INPA 1569INPA T.O.L. MPEG 56445 MPEG 56467MPEG 138914 XC 781926 WA INPA A2097INPA 138898 XC 631432 WA INPA 1560 INPA INPA 1566INPA 63408 WA 261946 WA INPA 1206INPA 48658 WA 50873 WA MPEG 56451MPEG A1005INPA T.O.L. 417144 WA 410877 WA MPEG 56459MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 205164 WA INPA A989INPA ML (C.B.A.) 1565INPA 138911 XC 990976 WA INPA 1524INPA ML (C.B.A.) 802131 WA INPA 1517INPA 139211 XC 181279 WA INPA 1436INPA 48963 WA 50874 WA INPA 1522INPA 47145 WA 273450 WA INPA 1521INPA 138961 XC 866320 WA UFPE 5081UFPE T.O.L. MPEG ? MPEG 1370INPA 138891 XC 45338 WA INPA 1508INPA 56345MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 417154 WA 411492 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 C U U U U C U U U C U R U C C U U C U C C C U C U C U R C C U Abu. 2 sv, al, an, ba sv, ip sv, sv, ip, an, ba, va ip, sv, sv, va sv, sv, an, ba sv, al, ba sv, sv sv al, ca, ba sv, al, ca, ba sv, sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, ip, va, out va, ip, ba al, ip, sv, ep, ri, ca ep, sv, sv, al, ip, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, sv ep, al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, al, ip, ca al, ip, sv, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, al, an, ba, out sv, ip, ba ip, sv, ep, ca ep, ep, out ep, out al, ip, sv, al, ip, an al, ip, sv, sv, al sv, sv, al sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, al Locality 1 Vz, At Vz Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Cp, Cm, Vz, At Cm, Cp, an, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Tf Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Vz, Ig Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Vz Tf, Cm Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Cm, Ig Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz Vz Vz, Ig Vz-is Tf, Vz Tf, Cp Cp, At Cp, Vz-is Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Tf Vz Vz Habitat Pachyramphus polychopterus Pachyramphus marginatus Pachyramphus Pachyramphus surinamus Pachyramphus Pachyramphus minor Pachyramphus Pachyramphus rufus Pachyramphus Tityra inquisitor Tityra cayana Tityra Schiffornis olivacea hypopyrra Laniocera Myiobius barbatus Myiobius Schiffornis major Terenotriccus erythrurus Terenotriccus Chiroxiphia pareola Chiroxiphia Onychorhynchidae coronatus Onychorhynchus Xenopipo atronitens Xenopipo Dixiphia pipra Manacus manacus Manacus Heterocercus flavivertex Heterocercus Ceratopipra erythrocephala Ceratopipra Cranioleuca gutturata Cranioleuca Pipridae filicauda Pipra Cranioleuca vulpina Cranioleuca Synallaxis gujanensis Synallaxis Synallaxis rutilans Synallaxis Synallaxis albescens Synallaxis Certhiaxis cinnamomeus propinqua Mazaria Philydor pyrrhodes Philydor Automolus cervicalis Automolus Automolus ochrolaemus Automolus Automolus rufipileatus Automolus Furnariidae leucopus Furnarius Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 165 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 781796 WA WA 45329 WA WA 195583 WA 351966 WA 857482 WA Photo 6 XC 138978 XC 138955XC 67902 WA WA 48659WA 862728 WA XC 138906XC 820397 WA ML (C.B.A.) 1334742 WA XC 139263XC 202577 WA ML (L.N.N.) Voice 5 INPA 1559INPA T.O.L. INPA 1215INPA 417148 WA 814250 WA INPA A999INPA 1210INPA 139191 XC 139231 XC 181261 WA INPA 1548INPA 62877 WA 16471 WA INPA A2248INPA ML (C.B.A.) INPA A2132INPA ML (C.B.A.) 181579 WA INPA 1614INPA ML (C.B.A.) 262705 WA MPEG 56436MPEG ML (C.B.A.) 854718 WA INPA 1213INPA 139212 XC 5086 WA INPA 1833 INPA 56803 MPEG INPA 1547INPA 139221 XC 862784 WA INPA 1204 INPA MPEG 56469MPEG 139222 XC 352003 WA MPEG 56468MPEG T.O.L. Specimen 4 Status 3 C (VU) U C C U U U C U C C C U C R R C U U R R R U U U U R C C Abu. 2 al, ip, out al, ip, ep, ri, ba ep, sv, al, ip, ca al, ip, sv, ep, ca ep, al, ip, an al, ip, sv ca, ba sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, sv ep, out ep, ep, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, ep, ep, al, an, ri, ca, ba, vaep, U sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, ba, va al, ip, sv, ca al, ba sv, al, ip, ba, va al, ip, sv, sv, ip sv, an, ba al, ip, ba, out sv ri ba sv, al, ip, ca al, ip, ri sv, al, ba sv, ri, ba sv, an, ri, va al, ip, sv, sv, al, ip, ri, ba, va al, ip, sv, Locality 1 Vz-is Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Cp, Cm Cp, Tf, Vz Tf, Cp Vz Tf Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Cp, Cm Cp, Vz, Ig Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, all localities Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Ig Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Tf Tf Cm Tf Vz Cm, Tf Tf Ig Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Habitat Stigmatura napensis Stigmatura Tyrannidae acer Zimmerius Hemitriccus inornatus Hemitriccus Lophotriccus galeatus Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer Hemitriccus Hemitriccus minor Hemitriccus zosterops Hemitriccus Poecilotriccus sylvia Poecilotriccus Myiornis ecaudatus Myiornis Todirostrum pictum Todirostrum Todirostrum cinereum Todirostrum Todirostrum maculatum Todirostrum Tolmomyias flaviventris Tolmomyias Tolmomyias poliocephalus Tolmomyias Tolmomyias sulphurescens Tolmomyias assimilis Tolmomyias Mionectes macconnelli Mionectes Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Rhynchocyclus Rhynchocyclidae oleagineus Mionectes Perissocephalus tricolor Perissocephalus Cephalopterus ornatus Pipritidae chloris Piprites Platyrinchidae saturatus Platyrinchus coronatus Platyrinchus platyrhynchos Platyrinchus Gymnoderus foetidus Gymnoderus Xipholena punicea albus Procnias Cotinga cayana Querula purpurata Cotingidae vociferans Lipaugus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 166 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 814648 WA WA 19189 WA WA 119848 WA WA 1271477 WA WA 781721 WA WA 411491 WA WA 272938 WA WA 273469 WA Photo 6 T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) T.V.V.C. 814680 WA ML (C.B.A.) XC 139247XC 800187 WA WA 50049WA 51627 WA T.O.L. XC 139808XC 253388 WA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. T.O.L. Voice 5 INPA A1000INPA ML (C.B.A.) 854717 WA INPA 1562INPA ML (C.B.A.) 282803 WA INPA 1561INPA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. INPA A997INPA 138919 XC 44261 WA INPA 1563INPA T.O.L. INPA A1854 INPA INPA 1564INPA T.O.L. MPEG 56435MPEG 50050 WA 51628 WA MPEG 56450MPEG 138837 XC 261945 WA INPA A1004INPA 139224 XC 197829 WA INPA A8302 INPA INPA 1558INPA 138942 XC 281415 WA INPA 1549INPA 139807 XC 8964 WA INPA A993 INPA 1557INPA 649317 WA 181255 WA INPA 1550INPA 1554 INPA 62845 WA MPEG 56429MPEG 360177 WA 325112 WA INPA A1876INPA 138893 XC 857469 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 R INT? CUU AUS AUS R AUS CC AUS? C U C R R R AUS C C C C C R R C C U C U C C RC AUS C C U Abu. 2 ep, out ep, sv, ba, va sv, ba, out ip, ep, out ep, sv, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca al, ip, ep, sv, C sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, ri ep, sv, all localities ri, ba al, ip, an, ba al, ip, ri al sv, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, C ep, out ep, sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, sv, ep, an, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, al, an, ri, ca, ba va, out va, out ip, sv, ep, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, ep, sv, sv, al sv, an, ca, ba al, ip, ri, ca ep, ri, ca ep, ep ri ca ep, ep, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, al, ba sv, ep, ri ep, Locality 1 Cp, At Cp, Cp, Vz, Ig, Aq, At Aq, Vz, Ig, Cp, Cm, Sv Vz al, ri ep, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Cp At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, ri, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C AUS Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, At Aq, Vz, Ig, Cm, an, ri, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Vz Tf Cm, Vz, Ig, Aq, At Aq, Vz, Ig, an, ri, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C All habitats Cm, Ig Vz, Ig Cp Tf Vz, Ig Tf, Cp Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, ri, ca, ba, va ip, sv, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Vz, Ig Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz, Ig Sv Vz-is Vz, Ig Cp, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, all localities Tf Vz, Ig Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, sv, C Cp Cp Cp Cp Cp Vz, Ig Tf Cp, Ig Cp, Habitat Pyrocephalus rubinus Pyrocephalus Tyrannus savana Tyrannus varius Empidonomus Conopias trivirgatus Conopias parvus Tyrannus albogularis Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus Megarynchus pitangua cayanensis Myiozetetes Myiodynastes maculatus Myiodynastes sulphurea Tyrannopsis Philohydor lictor Philohydor Pitangus sulphuratus Pitangus Rhytipterna immunda Myiarchus ferox Myiarchus Myiarchus tyrannulus Myiarchus Sirystes sibilator Rhytipterna simplex Myiarchus swainsoni Myiarchus Myiarchus tuberculifer Myiarchus Ramphotrigon ruficauda Legatus leucophaius Attila spadiceus Attila Attila cinnamomeus Attila Phaeomyias murina Phaeomyias hypoleuca Serpophaga Capsiempis flaveola Capsiempis Tyrannulus elatus Tyrannulus Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis flavivertex Myiopagis Myiopagis gaimardii Myiopagis Elaenia chiriquensis Elaenia Elaenia ruficeps Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster Elaenia Elaenia parvirostris Elaenia cristata Elaenia Camptostoma obsoletum Camptostoma Ornithion inerme Inezia subflava Inezia Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 167 Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 821689 WA WA 221243 WA WA 9742 WA WA 272929 WA Photo WA 272919 WA 6 ML (L.N.N.) 411488 WA ML (C.B.A.) 376414WA 34375 WA Voice 5 INPA 1571INPA ML (C.B.A.) INPA A2093 INPA 56813 MPEG 1223INPA ML (C.B.A.) 50875 WA MPEG 56476 MPEG MPEG A8305 MPEG INPA 1221INPA ML (C.B.A.) 835793 WA INPA A994INPA 139194 XC 219840 WA MPEG 56831 MPEG 1220INPA ML (C.B.A.) 857498 WA INPA 1570INPA ML (C.B.A.) 197791 WA MPEG 56442MPEG ML (C.B.A.) INPA A2173INPA ML (C.B.A.) 802551 WA INPA A8301INPA 417151 WA 816664 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 C R RU NEA NEA C C RC NEA R C C C AUS R U C R C C U AUS C U RR NEA C C R C Abu. 2 ep, al, ip, an, ca, ba al, ip, ep, ep, out ep, va, out va, al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, ep, al, ri, ca, ba ep, sv, al, ca, ba, va sv, ip, out ip, al, ca, ba ep, sv, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, C va, out va, ca, ba al, ip, al, ri, ca sv, ep, al, ip, an, ri, ca al, ip, ep, ba, out al, ip ri, ba, va sv, al al, ba, va sv, al, an, ri, ca, ba sv sv, al, ip, ba al, ip, sv, sv, al, ip, ca, ba al, ip, sv, al ri, ba al, ip, an al, ip, al, ca ep, out ep, Locality 1 Vz, Ig Aq, At Aq, Aq Aq Cp, Vz, Ig, At Vz, Ig, Tf Aq Aq Aq Aq Aq Aq Aq Tf Vz Cm Vz Tf Cm, Vz, Ig Tf Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Tf, Vz Tf, Cm, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Cp, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, sv, C Vz Ig Vz Vz, Ig Cp At Aq, Vz, Ig, Cp, al, ca ep, Habitat Cantorchilus leucotis Cantorchilus Donacobiidae atricapilla Donacobius Riparia riparia rusticaHirundo Troglodytidae musculus Troglodytes coraya Pheugopedius Progne subis Progne chalybea Progne albiventer Tachycineta Hirundinidae melanoleuca Pygochelidon fasciata Atticora ruficollisStelgidopteryx Progne tapera Progne Hylophilus ochraceiceps Hylophilus Corvidae violaceus Cyanocorax cayanus Cyanocorax Hylophilus pectoralis Hylophilus muscicapinus Hylophilus Hylophilus semicinereus Hylophilus Vireo olivaceus Vireo Hylophilus thoracicus Hylophilus Lathrotriccus euleri Lathrotriccus Vireonidae gujanensis Cyclarhis Contopus virens Knipolegus poecilocercus Cnemotriccus fuscatus Ochthornis littoralis Arundinicola leucocephala Arundinicola Fluvicola pica Fluvicola Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 168 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 1063116 WA WA 9746 WA WA 294633 WA 866293 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) 181254 WA WA 417149WA 325115 WA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. ML (C.B.A.) ML (C.B.A.) WA 62996WA 1270334 WA XC 139804XC 282813 WA Voice 5 MPEG 56509MPEG 417139 WA 410879 WA MPEG 56508MPEG 138897 XC T.O.L. INPA A2155INPA 1611 INPA ML (L.N.N.) INPA A2111INPA ML (L.N.N.) T.O.L. INPA 1605INPA 139006 XC 1334775 WA INPA A1017 INPA 1603INPA 174982 WA 174924 WA INPA 1574INPA ML (C.B.A.) INPA 1576INPA 62940 WA 15678 WA INPA 1575INPA 649315 WA T.O.L. INPA A1839INPA 63051 WA T.O.L. INPA A2229INPA ML (C.B.A.) 639696 WA Specimen 4 Status 3 U C C R C C RR NEA R C RU NEA NEA U NEA R NEA C R R C U R R C C C C R NEA C R C Abu. 2 sv, ep, ba ep, sv, ri, ba ep, sv, al, ba sv sv, al, ip, ri, ca, ba al, ip, sv, sv out ep, sv an, ba al, ip, sv, sv, ba sv, al, out sv, al, va sv, al sv, al, ba sv, va, out va, out va, ep, ca al, ip, al, ip, an, ba, out al, ip, al ep, va, out va, ep, sv ep, ca ep, sv, al, ca, ba sv, ep, ri, va ep, sv, ba sv, ep, ri, ca, ba ep, sv ba al, ip, sv, Locality 1 Cm At Tf, Cm, Cm, Tf, Vz, Ig, AtVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, all localities Vz Tf Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Tf Cm, At Tf Vz Tf, Cm, Tf Vz-is Tf, Vz Tf, Vz, Ig Tf Sv At Sv, Cp, Vz, Ig Vz-is Vz Cp Tf Cp, Cm Cp, Tf, Vz, Ig Tf, Cm, Ig, Sv Cm, Ig, Tf Cp, Cm, Ig Cp, Tf Vz Tf, Habitat Icterus cayanensis Icterus chrysocephalusIcterus Cacicus cela Cacicus Procacicus solitarius Procacicus haemorrhous Cacicus Psarocolius bifasciatus Psarocolius Setophaga fusca Setophaga aequinoctialis Geothlypis Icteridae viridis Psarocolius decumanus Psarocolius Setophaga ruticilla Setophaga petechia Setophaga Setophaga striata Setophaga Parulidae noveboracensis Parkesia Arremon taciturnus Arremon Passerilidae capensis Zonotrichia humeralis Ammodramus aurifrons Ammodramus Arremonops conirostris Arremonops Turdus nudigenis Turdus Turdus ignobilis Turdus albicollis Turdus Mimidae gilvus Mimus Turdus fumigatus Turdus Turdus leucomelas Turdus Turdidae Catharus fuscescens Polioptila plumbea Polioptila Ramphocaenus melanurus Polioptilidae collaris Microbates Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 169 Laranjeiras et al. 7 T.O.L. WA 901527 WA WA 273468 WA WA 222262 WA WA 281858 WA Photo WA 866273 WA 6 ML (C.B.A.) 15673 WA WA 417146 WA ML (L.N.N.) 866596 WA ML (C.B.A.) ML (L.N.N.) Voice 5 INPA 1594 INPA INPA 1606INPA 62849 WA 272935 WA INPA 1374INPA 56812 MPEG 50040 WA 1593 INPA MPEG 56483MPEG 139805 XC 181927 WA INPA 1607INPA 139256 XC 273448 WA INPA 1579INPA 139208 XC 326649 WA INPA 1591INPA T.O.L. INPA 1589INPA ML (C.B.A.) 51652 WA MPEG 56485MPEG 50713 WA 181262 WA INPA 1228INPA 1582INPA ML (C.B.A.) 138956 XC 261936 WA INPA 1587INPA ML (C.B.A.) 817268 WA MPEG 56846MPEG 1585INPA ML (L.N.N.) ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. INPA 1231INPA 648555 WA 639973 WA INPA 1608INPA 63003 WA 15677 WA INPA 1577INPA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. INPA 1612INPA 1613INPA 47138 WA ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. Specimen 4 Status 3 C C R U R R C NT R U R C C C U R R U U C C C C C R C C R R C R U Abu. 2 ep, ca ep, ba, out ba sv, al al an al, ip, sv al, ba sv, ba, out al, ip, an, ri, ca, ba, vaal, ip, C ep, ri, ca ep, ep, ca ep, sv al, ba sv sv, ip sv, sv, ba sv, al, ip, an, ba al, ip, sv, al, an, ba sv, ba al, ip, sv, al, ip, an al, ip, ep, ri, ca ep, sv al, ip, ba, va al, ip, an, ba al, ip, ep, sv, ep, out ep, out va, ep, al, ip, an, ca, va al, ip, ep, ep, out ep, Locality 1 Cp, Vz, Sv, AtVz, Sv, Cp, al, ba ep, sv, Cp, At Cp, Tf Tf Vz Vz Vz Tf Tf Cm, Ig AtVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, ri, ba al, ip, ep, sv, Vz, Ig Cp, Cm Cp, Cp, Cm, At Cp, Tf Tf Tf AtVz, Ig, Tf, Cm, At Sv, Vz, Ig, Tf, Cp, an, ri, ca, ba al, ip, ep, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, sv, C C Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Vz, Ig Tf, Vz Tf, Vz Tf, Cp, Cm, Vz, Ig, Sv, At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, an, ca, ba, va al, ip, ep, sv, C Vz Cm Tf Vz Vz Cm, Cp, At Cp, Vz At Sv, Vz, Ig, Cm, Cp, al, an, ri, ca, ba, va ep, sv, C Vz, At Cp, Cm Cp, AtVz, Ig, Cp, al, ri, ca, ba ep, Habitat Volatinia jacarina Volatinia Emberizoides herbicola Emberizoides Cyanerpes cyaneus Cyanerpes spiza Chlorophanes Hemithraupis guira Hemithraupis Conirostrum speciosum Conirostrum bicolor Cyanerpes nitidus Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes Dacnis flaviventer Dacnis cayana Dacnis Paroaria gularis Paroaria Schistochlamys melanopis Tangara cayana Tangara Tangara velia Tangara varia Tangara punctata Tangara episcopus Tangara palmarum Tangara Tangara mexicana Tangara Tachyphonus surinamus Tachyphonus Lanio penicillatus Tachyphonus luctuosus Tachyphonus cristatus Tachyphonus Ramphocelus carbo Nemosia pileata Nemosia Tachyphonus phoenicius Tachyphonus Saltator grossus Saltator Saltator maximus Saltator azarae Saltator Sturnella militaris Sturnella Mitrospingidae melanoleuca Lamprospiza Thraupidae flaveola Coereba Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus Molothrus oryzivorusMolothrus Icterus nigrogularis Icterus Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 170 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia Laranjeiras et al. 7 WA 50868 WA WA 205166 WA WA 861786 WA Photo 6 ML (C.B.A.) T.O.L. XC 139215XC 18041 WA WA 649322WA 806599 WA ML (L.N.N.) Voice 5 INPA A2154INPA A2237INPA ML (C.B.A.) 139223 XC 51646 WA INPA 1601INPA 649318 WA 21329 WA INPA 1599INPA 376425 WA T.O.L. INPA A2216 INPA A1860INPA 139209 XC 281859 WA INPA 1596 INPA INPA 1514INPA 139210 XC 846967 WA INPA 1512INPA ML (L.N.N.) 181252 WA Specimen ; Sv – savanna; Aq – aquatic environment; At – human- At – aquatic environment; Aq – savanna; igapó ; Sv 4 Status 3 R R U R C U U C U U R C RRR U INT? AUS C C Abu. (Vz-is – exclusively on Rio Branco islands); Ig – islands); Ig on Rio Branco (Vz-is – exclusively 2 várzea al sv sv, al sv, ep, al ep, al, ca sv, ep, ri, ca ep, sv, al, ba sv, sv, ba sv, ep, ca ep, ep, ba, out ep, al, out ba, out al ba, out ep, an, ba, out ep, ep, ca ep, ep, al, ip, an, ca, va al, ip, ep, Locality forest; Vz – forest; terra-firme 1 Tf Tf Tf Cm, Vz Vz Tf, Cm Tf, Vz Tf, Tf Cp Cp Vz-is Cp, Vz, Ig, Sv, Aq, At Aq, Sv, Vz, Ig, Cp, al, ca, ba ep, Vz, At Vz At Cp, At Cp, Cp, At Cp, Cp, Vz, At Cp, Habitat ; Tf campinarana – campina ; Cm – Habitats: Cp – Habitats: do Baruana; Trilha ca – Campinho do Rio Anauá; ba an – Boca do Anauá; ri Rio Iruá; do Palhal; do Aliança; ip – Ilha al – Igarapé ep – Estrada Perdida; Viruá; do Localities: sv – Serra C – common; U uncommon; R rare. Abundance: Deficient at Data (DD) – Vulnerable at national level; at global level; (VU) – Endangered Critically CR – Vulnerable at global level; VU – at global level; Threatened NT – Near Status: or Museu (UFPE), do Pernambuco Federal Unversidade (MPEG), Goeldi Emílio Paraense Museu (INPA), da Amazônia de Pesquisas Nacional Instituto Catalogue number from Specimen: Library. at Macaulay the specified author in cataloguing process obtained by to records ML with authors initials refers (WA); or wikiaves (XC) xeno-canto Catalogue number from Voice: other visitors and PNV – photographs obtained by of species with undeposited vouchers; to those of recordists authors initials refers Only (WA). wikiaves Catalogue number from Photo: Euphonia minuta Euphonia (cayennensis) sp. Euphonia Euphonia chrysopasta Euphonia Euphonia chlorotica Euphonia violacea Euphonia Fringillidae plumbea Euphonia Cardinalidae pelzelni Granatellus Cyanoloxia rothschildii Cyanoloxia Dolospingus fringilloides Dolospingus Sporophila crassirostris Sporophila Sporophila castaneiventris Sporophila Sporophila angolensis Sporophila Sporophila bouvronides Sporophila lineola Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila minuta Sporophila Sporophila plumbea Sporophila altered areas. altered Sporophila intermedia Sporophila 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 va – Vila de Vista Alegre; out – exclusively in areas that are outside the current park boundaries. park outside the current that are in areas out – exclusively Alegre; Vista de Vila – va “?” uncertainty on the migratory other regions; – austral migrants; INT migrants from behavior. NEA – nearticnational level; migrants; AUS (MZUSP). Paulo de São da Universidade de Zoologia Culasso. Pablo Juan obtained by JPC – undeposited vouchers of species with undeposited vouchers; to those of recordists authors initials refers Only archive. Park National Viruá at available Family / Species Family

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014 The avifauna of Viruá National Park, Roraima, reveals megadiversity in northern Amazonia 171 Laranjeiras et al.

APPENDIX B:

Bird species predicted to occur in Viruá National Park, including habitat, presence in the state of Roraima and status elsewhere. It includes species known from nearby areas, based on Naka et al. 2006, Borges et al. 2011 and unpublished data.

Species Habitat1 Roraima Status2 Species Habitat1 Roraima Status2

Crypturellus variegatus Tf X C / W Hylexetastes perroti Tf X U / Lr Amazonetta brasiliensis Aq X C / W Microxenops milleri Tf U / Lr Botaurus pinnatus Sv, Aq X C / W Clibanornis obscurus Tf X U / W Ixobrychus exilis Aq X U / W Anabacerthia ruficaudata Vz X C / W Ixobrychus involucris Aq X U / W Neopelma chrysocephalum Cp X C / Lr Cercibis oxycerca Sv, Aq X R / Lr Tyranneutes virescens Tf X C / Lr Theristicus caudatus Sv, Aq X C / W Corapipo gutturalis Tf X C / Lr Chondrohierax uncinatus Tf X U / W Iodopleura fusca Tf X R / Lr / Pk Helicolestes hamatus Ig C / W Cotinga cotinga Tf X R / W Amaurolimnas concolor Aq U / Lr Haematoderus militaris Tf R / W Pluvialis dominica Aq X C / M Neopipo cinammomea Tf, Cm R / W / Pk Zenaida auriculata Sv, At X C / W Leptopogon amaurocephalus Vz X C / Lr Tyto furcata At X C / W Lophotriccus vitiosus Tf C / Lr Dromococcyx pavoninus Tf X U / W R / Lr / Lo Nyctibius aethereus Tf X R / W Hemitriccus josephinae Tf / Pk Nyctibius leucopterus Tf U / W / Pk Corythopis torquatus Tf X C / W R / W / Lo Attila citriniventris Tf, Cm U / W / Lo Nyctibius bracteatus Vz, Ig / Pk Empidonomus Chordeiles minor Vz, Sv X U / M aurantioatrocristatus Tf X C / W Chordeiles rupestris Aq X U / W Vireolanius leucotis Tf X C / W Topaza pella Tf X U / W Hylophilus brunneiceps Cp, Ig X C / Lr Polytmus guainumbi Sv X C / Lr Atticora tibialis Tf X R / W Amazilia brevirostris any X C / Lr Henicorhina leucosticta Tf X C / Lr Nonnula rubecula Tf X U / W / E Microcerculus bambla Tf X U / W Celeus undatus Tf X C / Lr Cyphorhinus arada Tf X R / W Falco derioleucus Tf X U / W / Lo Myiothlypis mesoleuca Tf X C / Lr Falco femoralis Sv X C / W Polioptila guianensis Tf X C / Lr / E Falco peregrinus Vz, Tf X C / M Tangara gyrola Tf X C / W Pyrrhura picta Tf X C / Lr Tangara chilensis Tf X C / W Terenura spodioptila Tf X U / W Cyanicterus cyanicterus Tf, Cm R / Lr Myrmornis torquata Tf X U / W Dacnis lineata Tf X C / W Myrmeciza longipes Tf X C / Lr Hemithraupis flavicolis Tf X C / W Myrmotherula menetriesii Tf X C / W Sporophila schistacea Vz, Sv X U / Lr Thamnomanes ardesiacus Tf X C / W Sporophila americana Vz, Sv X U / Lr Conopophaga aurita Tf X C / W Caryothraustes canadensis Tf X C / W Grallaria varia Tf C / W Peripophyrus erythromelas Tf R / Lr / Pk Hylopezus macularius Tf X C / W Lampropsar tanagrinus Vz X C / W Formicarius analis Tf X C / W 1 Sclerurus mexicanus Tf X U / W Habitats: cp – campina; cm – campinarana; tf – terra-firme forest; vz – várzea; ig – igapó; sv – savanna; aq – aquatic Sclerurus rufigularis Tf X C / W environment; at – human altered areas Sclerurus caudacutus Tf X C / W 2Status elsewhere: C – common; U – uncommon; R – rare; W Xiphocolaptes – widespread; Lr – limited range in Amazonia; M – migratory; promeropirhynchus Tf, Vz X U / W Lo – local occurrence; Pk – poorly known; E – easly overlooked

Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 22(2), 2014

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