DE-ISLAMIZATION IN JAVA DURING THE DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD FROM 1800 TO 1942 BY FEBRI PRIYOYUDANTO A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia DECEMBER 2016 ABSTRACT A very long period of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia still has a very significant impact on Indonesia, including Java as a part of Nusantara. Javanese people as the largest population in Indonesia were greatly affected of a de-Islamization process during the Dutch colonial period. This process not only made Javanese people estranged from Islamic values, but also, the culture of Hindu-Buddhism is still seen as a major variable in Javanese culture. Although, the Dutch colonists persuade systematic de-Islamization efforts, Javanese Muslims provided the resistance in many ways to prevent it. This thesis intends to elaborate and analyze the de-Islamization efforts in Java during the Dutch colonial period. The thesis will focus on the Javanese ethnic group on Java Island, Indonesia. This thesis will be useful in understanding the patterns and strategy for de-Islamization which were created by the Dutch during the colonial period. The method of data collection used in this thesis is documentary research. The information was gathered from books, journals, and websites pertaining to the Dutch colonial history of Java will be utilized. In order to enhance comprehension of this thesis, the author will survey Javanese culture, educational and cultural de-Islamization, Islamic revivalism and resistance political de-Islamization in Java during the Dutch colonial period. ii ملخص البحث ABSTRACT IN ARABIC إن الحكم اﻻستعماري الهولندي في إندونيسيا الذي استمر في مدة طويلة له تأثير كبير جدا, بما في ذلك جزيرة جاوى كجزء من أرخبيل نوسانتارا. وشعر المجتمع الجاوي بقوة كأكبر قبيلة عريقة في إندونيسيا تأثير إزالة كرامة اﻹسﻻم المعروف بمصطلح )de-Islamization( خﻻل الفترة اﻻستعمارية الهولندية. وما كانت عملية هذه اﻹزالة نحو المجتمع الجاوي قاصرة على جعل هؤﻻء يشعرون بالغربة من القيم اﻹسﻻمية ولكن أضف إلى ذلك أنها تجعل تأثير الهندوس والبوذية ﻻيزال يُرى أنه المتغير الرئيسي في الثقافة الجاوية. ومع ذلك, فإن المجتمع المسلم الجاوي قاموا ببذل الجهود لمقاومة عملية إزالة كرامة اﻹسﻻم التي قام بها الهولنديون بشكل منهجي. وتحاول هذه الرسالة القيام بوصف عملية إزالة كرامة اﻹسﻻم المنهجية وتحليلها تحليﻻ شامﻻ الواقعة في جزيرة جاوى في فترة اﻻستعمار الهولندي. ومن المتوقع أن تساهم هذه الرسالة في فهم واستكشاف نمط واتراتيجية إزالة كرامة اﻹسﻻم التي خلقها الحكومة الهولندية خﻻل الحقبة اﻻستعمارية. وتستخدم طرق جمع البيانات في هذه الرسالة دراسة وثائق المصادر التارخية مثل الرسائل الصادرة من الحكومة الهولندية والكتب والمجﻻت باﻹضافة إلى بعض المواقع على شبكة اﻹنترنت. وسعيا وراء إثراء البحث العلمي في هذه الرسالة, حاول كاتب هذه الرسالة القيام بالوصف الشامل عن الثقافة الجاوية وإزالة كرامة اﻹسﻻم من الثقافة والتربية فضﻻ عن نهضة المجتمع اﻹسﻻمي الجاوي في المعارضة السياسية للجهود الرامية إلى نزع القيم اﻹسﻻمية التي قام بها الحكومة الهولندية. iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization. …………………………………….. Wan Suhana Wan Sulong Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization. …………………………………….. Examiner This dissertation was submitted to the Department of History and Civilization and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization. …………………………………….. Head, Department of History and Civilization This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences in History and Civilization. …………………………………….. Rahmah Bt. Ahmad H. Osman Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Febri Priyoyudanto Signature…………………....………. Date …….………………. v COPYRIGHT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH DE-ISLAMIZATION IN JAVA DURING THE DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD FROM 1800 TO 1942 I declare that the copyright holder of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM. Copyright © 2016 Febri Priyoyudanto and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy. Affirmed by Febri Priyoyudanto ……..…………………….. ……………………….. Signature Date vi DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents and my entire family vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise be to Allah (SWT) who gave me ability to finish this research. I would like to deliver my deepest gratitude to my supervisor viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Abstract in Arabic ........................................................................................................ iii Approval Page .............................................................................................................. iv Declaration ................................................................................................................... v Copyright ..................................................................................................................... vi Dedication .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... viii Glossary ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................ 4 1.3 Objective of the Study ................................................................................ 6 1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................ 6 1.5 Literature Review ....................................................................................... 7 1.6 Methods and Procedure .............................................................................. 30 1.7 Proposed Chapter Outline ........................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO: GENERAL SURVEY ON JAVA ............................................ 34 2.1 Demography and Ethnography ................................................................... 34 2.2 Javanese Language and Culture.................................................................. 35 2.2.1 Javanese Language ............................................................................ 35 2.2.2 Javanese Script .................................................................................. 36 2.2.3 Javanese Style of Speech .................................................................. 37 2.2.4 The Regional Diversity of Javanese Culture ..................................... 37 2.3 Javanese Rural Culture ............................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Javanese Peasant in Agriculture ........................................................ 41 2.3.2 Rural Administration and Association .............................................. 42 2.3.3 Rural Folk Art ................................................................................... 43 2.4 Javanese Urban Culture .............................................................................. 45 2.4.1 Priyayi ............................................................................................... 46 2.4.2 Priyayi Recreation and Javanese Urban Artistic Expression ............ 48 2.5 Javanese Symbolic System and Values ...................................................... 50 CHAPTER