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Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, 44 COLONIAL EXPERIENCE AND MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL REFORMS : A COMPARISON OF THE ALIGARH AND THE MUHAMMADIYAH MOVEMENTS .. By Ruswan A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Reçearch in partial fuElment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University Montreal July 1997 ORusw an National Library Bibliothèque nationale l*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue WelIington OttawaON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Yow nle Voire reference Our Notre rèfdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/f3m, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation, ABSTRACT This thesis is a comparative study of the educational reforms initiated by the Aligarh and Muhammadiyah movements in India and Indonesia respectively. It covers three main points: -ad Khan's and -ad Dalân's educational philosophy; the educational system of the Muharnmadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAOC) and Muhammadiyah schools; and the impact of the educational reforms of the two movements to Muslim education in general in the two countries. As will be explained in this thesis, -ad KhZn and -ad D&l& were deeply concemed with economic and social problems faced by the Muslirns due to colonial policies. Both scholars came to the conviction that education was one of the most important ways to solve those problems. The two scholars, therefore, each contrived to design a new system of education for Muslims, which would produce graduates capable of meeting the new demands of the changing socio-political context while ret aining their fait h. Their ideas were eventually realized in the establishment of the MAOC and the Muhammadiyah schools, respectively. Even though these two institutions were unable to satisQ al1 Muslim aspirations, they succeeded in making Muslims in India and Indonesia aware of the need for pragmatic education, wliich was to contnbute to the empowerment of Muslims in the colonial era. RÉsm Auteur : Ruswan Titre due mémoire : Expérience coloniale et réformes de l'enseignement musulman: une comparaison entre les mouvements Aligarh et Muharnm~diyah Département : Institut des Études Islamiques par le collège dYAIigarhainsi que les mouvements Muhammadiyah en Inde et en Indonésie. La recherche insistera sur trois points; c'est-à-dire les philosophies d'-ad Khan et d'-ad Dahl51 concernant l'éducation; les systèmes d'éducation du Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAOC) et des écoles Muhammadiyah; enfin, l'impact des réformes de l'éducation de ces mouvements sur l'éducation musulmane en général dans les deux pays. Il sera démontré dans ce mémoire qu' -ad Khàn ainsi que -ad DN5n étaient profondément préoccupés par les problèmes économiques et sociaux qu'affrontaient les musulmans suite aux politiques coloniales. Les deux érudits furent convaincus que l'éducation était l'un des plus importants moyens pour résoudre ces problèmes. Ils ont alors, chacun de leur côté, tenté de créer un nouveau système d'éducation pour les musulmans, pouvant former des gradués capables d'affronter les nouvelles exigences d'un contexte socio-politique en pleine transformation tout en conservant leur foi. Leurs idéaux furent éventuellement réalisées par les fondations du MAOC et des écoles Muhammadiyah. Malgré que ces deux institutions furent incapables de satisfaire toutes les aspirations musulmanes, elles ont toutefois réussi à sensibiliser les musnlrii~sen Inde et en Indonésie de la nécessité d'une éducation praomatique, qui devait contribuer à la prise de conscience par les musulmans de leur pouvoir durant l'ère coloniale. NOTE In this thesis, the system of Arabic transliteration fol1ows that of the Institute of Islamic Studies, McGiil University. Indonesian terms are written according to the Ejaan Baru Bahasa hdonesia (1972), but personal names and the titles of books and articles are rendered according to the original spellings. Short vowels: - - - i, kasra, 0 Long vowels: -7,- yâ' 3= u, waw The ta' marbüta (z) is ornitted in pause form and transliterated as "at" in conjmct ional fom; examples: nadwa and Nadwat al-'Uiama' . In the case of tarhdid t he letter is doubled; example: Islàmiyya. Alif or harnza is transliterated as an elevated comma in al1 positions except when it occurs at the beginning of a word; examples: 'ulami' and ark&. Having completed this thesis 1would like to take the opportunity t O express my gratitude to Professor Sajida S. Alvi, my academic as well as thesis supervisor. She has devoted much of her time to helping me improve rny research abilities. During the writing of this thesis, Dr. AIvi provided me with invaluable criticism and suggestions which helped me understand the subject more deeply, and without which this thesis might never have seen the light of day. My gratitude is also due to Dr. A. Üner Turgay, the Director of the hstitute of Islamic Studies, McGill University. He has contributed greatly to the successful completion of both my course of study and this thesis. 1would like to express my deep gratitude to the Director of Indonesia-Canada Islarnic Higher Education Project, al1 of the Project 's staff, and CIDA (Canadian International Development Agency), who provided hancial as well as technical support, without which my st udy at this Institute would not have been possible. I would like also to thank all the staff of the Islamic Studies Library, Salwa Ferahian, Wayne St. Thomas, Adam Gacek, Steve Millier, Alan Guenther, and many others, for their help in locating sources for my thesis, and for assisting me throughout my stay at the Institute. 1would also like to thank the editors, Steve Millier and Reem Meshal, who have helped me in using accurate terms, citations, and in many other technical matters during the writing of this thesis. 1would like also to express my deepest gratitude to my mother, Surnidah, who has devoted her life to me, and my two brothers and one sister. She alone reared me and has provided me with material and spiritual support while I have been at school and university. To my father, who died when I was only fifteen days old--may God bless vi him. 1am thanlcful to my brothers and sister for al1 the help they have given to me, help which lias enabled me to finish rny studies overseas. I would like to thank my wife, Nurul Khotimah, SA$, who patiently gave birth to my son, Ghilman Dharmawan, and has taken care of him during my absence. Without her sacrifice my penod of study at the Institute of Islarnic Studies would not have been possible. Last but not least, 1would like to thank every one who has contributed to the accomplishrnent of rny thesis. For those acknowledged above and those not mentioned by name 1ask God's blessings and may He give them His best Reward. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .. .....+...... .... .-..... ...-....-. .. ........ ... ... .... ii RÉsW....................................................................................................................... iii NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION ... .. .. , -. .-. .. -. - -.-. .. - .. .. - .. .. .. - iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 Chapter 1: MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN MDIA: THE ALIGARH ........................................ MOVEMENT ........................................ 1 1 A. Traditional Education of Indian Muslims and Colonial Educational Policy Prior to the Foundation of Muhamrnadan Anglo-Oriental College .............................. ... .. ..................... 1 1 B. Sayyid -ad Kh& ............................................................... 21 C. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAOC) ........................... 3 1 D. The MAO College's Impact on MusIim Education in India ...... ....... 42 Chapter 2: MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL REFORM IN INDONESIA: THE BNAHMOVEMENT ...................,. -..--.-.-............ 53 A. Traditional Education and Dutch Educational Policy: An Overview ..................................................................- - .. 53 B. madDa@%: The Founder of Muhammadiyah .. ... ... .... .... ....----- - 63 C. Muhammadiyah Schools ..............................................................73 D. The Impact of the Muhammadiyah Educational Reforms on Muslim Education ....... .......................,., ......... .............-.85 Chapter 3: THE IMPACT OF THE COLONIAL EXPERIENCE ON MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL REFORMS: A COMPARISON OF ALIGARH AND THE MU3WBXDIYAK ........................................................ 92 A. Educational Philosophies of @ad Khan and -ad Del& .... 92
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