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96 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January JO A. Julia J. Norrell, 1332 Connecticut Ave­ A. Richard E. Vernor, 213 Slade Run Drive, dent of the United States, which was nue NW., Washington, D.C. Falls Church, Va. read and, together with the accompany­ B. Gerald G. Wagner, G.M.I. Associates, B. Known heirs of Levi B. Grltts. ing papers, referred to the Committee 1332 Connecticut Avenue NW., Washing­ ton, D.C. A. T. M. Walters, 400 First Street, Wash­ on Ways and Means and ordered to be ington, D.C. printed: B. Order of Railway Conductors & Brake­ A. William B. O'Connell, 400 First Street To the Congress of the United States: NW., Washington, D.C. man, O.R.C. & B. Building, Cedar Rapids, B. Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen, Iowa. I transmit herewith to the Congress 2247 West Lawrence -Avenue, Chicago, Ill. copies of a trade agreement negotiated . A. F . S. Wardwell, 130 Holmes Avenue, with the United Kingdom to compensate A. Joseph 0. Parker, 531 Washington Darien, Conn. for the increased import duties placed Building, Washington, D.C. B. Pitney-Bawes, Inc., Stamford, Conn. on certain carpets and glass in an escape B. American -Feed Manufacturers Associa­ clause action which affected concessions tion, Inc., 53 West Jackson Boulevard, A. Dr. Frank J. Welch, 3724 Manor Road, previously granted by the United States Chicago, Ill. Chevy Chase, Md. B. The Tobacco Institute, Inc., 808 17th on these products. I am also transmit­ A. Hart Perry, 10 MacDougal Alley, New Street NW., Washington, D.C. ting an agreement negotiated with York,N.Y. Japan to correct the inadvertent omis­ B. International Telephone & Telegraph sion of part of one concession previously Corp. and International Telephone & Tele­ negotiated. The agreement with the graph Credit Corp., 320 Park Avenue, New HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES United Kingdom was signed on behalf of York,N.Y. the United States on December 10, 1962, · THURSDAY, JANUARY 10, 1963 A. Howard A. Prentice, 1717 Penm:ylvania and that with Japan on December 18, Avenue NW., Washington, D.C. 1962. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. The agreements are submitted in ac­ B. The Proprietary Association, 1717 Penn­ The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, sylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. cordance with section 4(a) of the Trade D.D., offered the following prayer: Agreements Extension Act of 1951 which A. L. C. Pyle, 1410 L Street NW., Washing­ Colossians 3: 15: Let the peace of God requires that the President report to the ton, D.C. rule in your hearts. Congress his reason for breaching any . · B. Pitney-Bowes, Inc., Stamford, Conn. Almighty God, constrained by divine peril point findings of the Tariff Com­ A. Robert H. Reiter, 1311 G Street NW., love, we are approaching Thy throne of mission. Annex A, attached to this mes­ Washington, D.C. grace and mercy where none has ever sage, lists those instances in which I de­ B. Standard Kollsman Industries, Inc., been repelled or sent away empty cided to accord tariff concessions at levels 2085 North Hawthorne Avenue, Md rose Park, hearted. below those found by the Tariff Commis­ Ill. Inspire us, during this year, with the sion, together with reasons for my deci- · rapture of the upward look and the joy sion. A. C. C. Rouse, Jr., 1410 L Street NW., of seeing our highest aspirations brought In the agreement ·with the United Washington, D.C. B. Pitney-Bowes, Inc., Stamford, Conn. to fulfillment and fruition. Kingdom, the United States granted May we feel the thrill and throb of tariff concessions to compensate for the A. Edmond F. Rovner, 1126 16th Street lofty promises and purposes as we daily increases in United States tari1Is on cer­ NW., Washington, D.C. confront unknown events and unforeseen tain carpets and glass. The action to B. International Union of Electrical, experiences. increase the carpets and glass tari1Is Radio & Machine Workers, 1126 16th Street Show us how to cultivate our faculties was taken· under section 7

cently conch~ded the fir.st- Natiqnal Con­ in the United States, in reply to the Bul­ teachers. Even a professor of the arts or ference on the Arts in Education at Lake letin's editorial of July 20 entitled, "Buy­ humanities has to be paid-not as much · as ing Public CUititre ·with Federal Sub·­ a chemist, to be sure-and he needs space, Erie College in Pain.esville, Ohio. Dean equipment, books, museum materials. Who Norman L. Rice, of the College of Fine sidies." 'l'his letter makes several facts is going to buy these necessities when the Arts, Carnegie Institute . of Technology, abundantly clear. First, the enlightened budgets of humanities departments are cut who served as chafrman of this confer­ scientist agrees that full vaiue and sup­ to the bone to provide overhead costs for ence, has recently written to the U.S. pprt must be given to our artistic, liter­ the sciences? Office of Education as follows: ary, and scholarly efforts as a Nation if No, Mr. Editor, the remedy for the im­ Of major importance to the conference our science itself is to reach its fullest balance lies with the same agency that cre­ was a realization of the urgent necessity for potential. Second, the gross disparity in ated it--the Federal Government. And the remedy does not consist of curtailing sub­ strong, enlightened Federal support in the relative support by our educational insti­ sidies to the sciences so that we can all be arts. Indeed, this need may be said to have tutions of scientific programs on one poor and mediocre together. It consists of occupied the prime position in the confer­ hand, and of programs in the arts and reasonable, not extravagant, intelligently ence's survey of the arts today. humanities on the other, has been allotted aid to the undernourished areas. Dean Rice goes on to present specific heightened by our own actions in the Then, and only then, can the universities and recommendations from the Council in Congress in behalf of our defense, as colleges improve the deficiencies in their arts essential as these have been. And and humanities departments. And I don't the areas of conferences, research, serv­ know where you got the notion of a "crash ices of specialists, and publication in the finally, the experience in recent years program"-an anomalous term in itself; how field of the arts. Each one of these of educational institutions which have can anything. that crashes be constructive? needs would be met under the provision received substantial Federal support Certainly there's nothing in Mr. FoGARTY'S of this bill. throug)l agencies such as AEC, NIH, NSF, bill to suggest a crash program. President Clark Kerr, of the Univer­ and NDEA proves ·beyond question that Finally, I Wish to object most strongly to sity of California, has written to me in Federal assistance is possible without your statement that this bill implies that Federal control. the Government "can and should . decide these words: what has and what has not cultural value, The purposes intended by your bill are of THE COUNCIL OF and that it can and should shape human­ great importance to our national life which GRADUATE SCHOOLS ities programs in American colleges." In can most surely advance With security and IN THE UNITED STATES, the first place, section 102 of the bill ex­ Washington, D.C., July 25, 1962. strength only if we develop the full poten­ pressly prohibits any Government super­ tials of our intellectual resources, both hu­ To the EDITOR, vision or control of educational policy. More mane and scientific. Providence Evening Bulletin, impressive, however, is the record of the Providence, R.1. past. In the last 20 years, the Government Dean J. A. Burdine of the College of Your editorial of Friday, July 20, 1962, en­ has invested billions of dollars in higher Arts and Sciences of the University of titled "Buying Public Culture With Federal education, through such agencies as AEC, Texas has stated: Subsidies," requires a reply, not so much to NASA, NDEA, NIH, NSF, and others, and let you and your readers know that the uni­ there still has to be found a single instance Representative FoGARTY's bill to create a versities and colleges of the country heartily National Institute of Arts and Humanities in which Government has attempted to for­ support Representative JOHN E. FOGARTY'S mulate, supervise, control, or shape programs, represents an excellent balance to the im­ Cultural Development Act of 1962, but balance that has been created by the recent curriculums, or policies of universities and chiefiy to point out certain distortions of colleges. Believe me, sir, we, the adminis­ emphasis on science. It seems to me that fact and erroneous conclusions in the edi­ the heart of the matter is the provision for trators and faculties of the universities and torial. colleges, would be the first to raise our voices scholarships and fellowships to be awarded I need not waste time and space to prove in protest against such interference. to outstanding students. that a great imbalance exists in favor of the You cannot, indeed, "buy public culture Dean E. W. Doty, of the College of natural sciences over the humanities. You with Federal subsidies," but you can buy the yourself admit it. But I do wish to quote a personnel, the fac111ties, and the equipment Fine Arts of the same university, has few sentences from the now-famous Seaborg made the following comment concern­ by means of which the universities and col­ Report of November 15, 1960, a statement by leges can produce the teachers and practi­ ing this proposed legislation: the President's Science Advisory Committee. tioners of the arts and letters in a favorable Of all the bills which have been introduced "Much of the basic argument for the cultural climate. For the first step in this which I have studied, this seems a more strengthening of American science applies direction we thank Mr. FOGARTY. fruitful approach than trying to set up a equally to other fields of learning. * • * GUSTAVE 0. ARLT, separate national agency. Even in the interests of science itself it is President, the Council of Graduate essential to give full value and support to ');he Schools in the United States. The chairman of the music depart­ other great branches of man's artistic, liter­ ment at Washington University in St. ary, and scholarly activity. The advance­ Financial statistics clearly show that Louis sums up his conviction this way: ment of science must not be accomplished present Federal programs in institutions The arts are no longer a frill or the preoc­ by the impoverishment of anything else, and of higher education are heavily weighten cupation of a fringe group of eccentrics; the life of the mind in our society has needs to the natural and physical sciences. rather, they are basic, fundamental to mean­ which are not limited by the particular con­ The effects of this emphasis on these in­ ingful living in the contemporary world. cerns which belong to this Committee and this report." stitutions has recently been analyzed in He further states that-- These sentences were not written by Rep­ a study of 36 colleges and universities. The study was performed by Harold Or­ only the Federal Government can attack the resentative FOGARTY or by a professor of arts problems of the arts on a scale large enough or humanities, but by 14 of the most lans of the Brookings Institution under and at a level high enough to be meaning­ distinguished scientists of the Nation. contract with the omce of Education. ful and effective. Granted that the expenditure of vast sums It is part of the "Survey of Federal Pro­ in the advancement of the sciences was dic­ grams in Higher Education." Some of And of course, this is the fundamental tated by the needs of national defense, the the findings of this study follow: . need which my bill proposes to meet. fact remains that this advancement was ac­ complished by the impoverishment of the The effects which Federal programs have However, while it is broad and flexible had on the quality and nature of higher enough to attack the needs and problems arts and the humanities. This impoverish­ ment resulted not only from the direct ab­ education have been varied and uneven: in the arts at the Federal level, my bill sence of Federal support but also from the pronounced in some areas but virtually un­ provides specifically that there shall be fact that many universities have had to detectable in others where one would ex~ no Federal control over the policies and siphon off funds from their arts and human­ pect a marked effect. On the whole the ef­ the functions of the institutions, organi­ ities programs to pay the indirect costs of fects have been decidedly· good. zations, associations, and individuals federally sponsored science programs. In They have been most striking and direct which it seeks to assist. other words, the imbalance which exists to­ in scientific research and education at a few day was created both directly and indirectly leading graduate and professional schools At this point, I should like to submit by the Federal Government. and institutes of technology, and most im­ for the RECORD a letter to the editor of I am sure that you must have had tongue perceptible and indirect in scholarly - work the Providence Evening Bulletin which in cheek when you wrote that the remedy and teaching in the arts and humanities at appeared on August 1, 1962. It was for the plight of the humanities and the 4- and 2-year liberal arts colleges. We have written by Dr. Gustav 0. Arlt, presi­ arts lies on the campus of each college along not explored either the tenuous effects at the dent of the Council of Graduate Schools with the responsibility for poorly trained latter institutions or the pronounced effects 110 January 10. at professional schools of medicine, engineer­ Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1963. Mr. Speaker, I feel we have come to a ing, and agriculture, but have focused on This day I have mtroduced legislation paint in the development of our Nation the impact on liberal arts education at a providing Federal grazits and loans for broad group of public and private universi­ at. which neither the Federal Govern­ ties and a select group or· private colleges. the development of comprehensive and ment nor the American economy as a Federal programs have aided these insti­ coordinated mass transportation sys­ whole can afford the expense and dam­ tutions to improve the quality, increase the tems. This measure will authorize the age if metropolitan - areas fail in their numbers, improve the salaries, and reduce Administrator of the Housing and Home productive function. Enactment of the the teaching loads of their faculty in the Finance Agency to provide additional Urban Mass Transportation Act will do sciences and some social sciences • • 0 • assistance for mass transportation sys­ much to insure the good health of the Perhaps the most unfortunate conse­ tems in metropolitan and other urban American city. quence of Federal science programs has been areas in the Nation. the cleavage they have engendered between It is my firm belief that if our urban the status and rewards of faculty in the areas, both large and small, are to es­ THE NEED FOR A COMMITTEE ON sciences and humanities. Surely this is the CAPTIVE NATIONS major problem posed for educational insti­ cape strangulation by traffic congestion, tutions by the unbalanced nature of present the efforts of all levels of government Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask Federal policies and expenditures, and it are needed to solve the critical transpor­ unanimous consent that the gentleman suggests the desirability of either counter­ tation problems now confronting them. from Pennsylvania [Mr. FLOOD] may ex­ balancing programs ln the humanities or of The transportation problems of the tend his remarks at this point in the broader forms of institutional aid. urban areas are of true national con­ RECORD and include extraneous matter. Faculty members in the 36 institutions cern. Seventy percent of the Nation's The SPEAKER. Is there objection were asked their opinion on the wide dif­ population live in urban areas and it is to the request of the gentleman from ference in Federal support between the here that the highest rate of population Oklahoma? sciences and humanities. Their response growth is occurring. It is evident that There was no objection. follows: because our Nation is predominantly an Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, nearly 3 A small majority of scientists believe that urban nation, the solution of urban years have passed since I introduced in the concentration of Federal funds in the problems is very much a part of the cur­ the 86th Congress, 2d session, a House natural sciences and relative neglect of the rent worldwide race for economic, sci­ resolution on a Committee on the Cap­ humanities is in the present national inter­ entific, and cultural leadership. The tive Nations. Referred to the Rules Com­ est, but over two-thirds of the social scien­ strength of our very Nation will be dem­ mittee, the resolution has never been dis­ tists and a still larger proportion of human­ onstrated in the cities. These core cities charged, in spite of numerous bipartisan ists affirm that it is not. Some 70 percent of of 50,000 or more and their surrounding companion resolutions, statements on the scientists, however, state that the pres­ ent pattern is neither ln the long-run na­ urban ·and suburban territory have been the tloor, and letters from constituents, tional interest nor ln the best interest of the fastest growing sections of the coun­ scores of which were published in the their institution, and nine-tenths or more try since the start of the century. Over CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. The primary of their colleagues in the social sciences and two-thirds of the population of the Na­ reason for pigeonholing the measure lies humanities agree. tion today resides in urban areas. in the strong opposition of the State Asked further, "If you could redistribute One of the key and unique pressures Department. the Federal funds presently available, what that faces the city today is the burden As stated in Mr. Dean Rusk's letter would you do?" over 70 percent of the re­ of handling a daytime population 30 to of August 22, 1961, to the gentleman spondents indicate that they would, "Give the humanities somewhat more and the sci­ 50 percent greater than the residential from Virginia, Chairman HOWARD W. ences somewhat less, but still the major por­ population. The continuing decline in SMITH, the State Department objected to tion." It is worthy of special note that 67 the use of mass transit facilities is mak­ House Resolution 211 for two reasons: percent of the scientists at universities now ing this task enormously more difficult. First, identifying certain nations, such as receiving the largest sums from the Federal Within recent years heavy emphasis has Armenians or Georgians, as captive na­ Government also subscribe to this position, been placed on building or planning free­ tions weakens our position, since we ap­ and the comments of many suggest that an ways to the central cities and by adding pear "advocating the dismemberment of even larger proportion would favor a policy It an historical state"; second, a Commit­ which gave both humanists and scientists to the supply of parking spaces. more money, or at any rate which did not strikes me as apparent that a highway tee on Captive Nations would "form a penalize the sciences in order to help the program alone will fail to solve the prob­ pretext for Soviet actions interfering humanities. lem of accessibility for many cities as with the resolution of the crisis." they are constituted today. The ques­ As to· the first reason, one is at a loss In summary, I would say only this: tion of accessibility has a great deal to do to understand how our position could be Seldom, if ever, in my experience as a with the decision of the businessman to weakened if we were to insist on the uni­ legislator, have I observed a more clearly stay downtown or the decision of the versal application of national self-deter­ felt need for appropriate legislation such shopper to go there. In fact, the very mination rights. Brought to its logical as that represented by the comments and question of accessibility to the modern conclusion, Mr. Rusk's argument would convictions of these leaders in the fields city is closely tied to the question of the mean that our position in Africa is being of the arts, sciences, and the humanities survival of the central city. steadily weakened, since we consistenly which I have shared with you in part. I ·Mr. Speaker, I believe it to be a fact support independence aims of every na­ believe my bill, the Cultural Development that the movement of the great masses tion on that continent, sometimes even Act of 1963, makes a comprehensive yet of people into and out of the central city at the cost of chagrining our allies. reasonable beginning of Federal support can be accomplished only by a mass Conversely, it is not easy to compre­ in this area. I feel certain the~ -congress rapid transit program. Nationally, it hend how our position could be strength­ will accept this nationwide surge of makes little difference what form this ened if we keep silent on the Russian united opinion as an unequivocal man­ transport takes-elevated trains, sub­ denial of self-determination to the nu­ date for forthright action. ways, surface trains, buses, or a combina­ merous non-Russian nations, which tion of any or all of them. What is clear Congress, after an exhaustive study, URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION is that the fact of galloping congestion found captive-Public Law 86-90, spon­ ACT in our urban areas must be met-and sored by, among others, Speaker JOHN with dispatch. W. McCORMACK-and if we apply a dou­ Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask Our highway programs, our urban re­ ble standard in this respect in Africa and unanimous consent that the gentleman newal projects, and all urban planning Russia. · from California [Mr. SHELLEY] may ex­ assistance programs will become more One also fails to understand how our tend his remarks at this point in the effective with the enactment of the theoretical support of independence for RECORD and include extraneous matter. Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1963. Armenia, Georgia, or Turkestan would The SPEAKER. Is there objection Under this act Federal aid will be given cohtribute to the dismemberment of his­ to the request of the gentleman f rolil to State and local government agencies. torical Russia, if our endorsement of in­ Oklahoma? They are in the best position to keep dependence for Algeria, Congo, or Angola There was no objection. abreast of the trends which indicate need makes no contribution to the dismember­ Mr. SHELLEY. Mr. Speaker, I rise for specific transportation facilities and ment of historical France, Belgium, and to urge that the 88th Congress enact the the best ways to meet local problems. Portugal. If one speaks in historical 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSR 111 categories, France and Belgium acquired Chinese, Tibetans, Mongols, North Ko- old policy of militant expansionism at their African possessions at about the reans, North Vietnamese, Kazakhs, Uz- the expense of their weaker neighbors, same time Russia expanded on the Cau­ beks, and other non-Russians in the racial and religious intolerance-anti­ casus, while her acquisition of Turkestan Asiatic part of the Soviet Union, num- Semitism, anti-Catholicism-forcible took place 40 years after France's acqui­ bering some 700 million people, that is, Russification, denial of self-determina­ sition of Algeria and more than three nearly four times as many as in Europe, tion rights to the non-Russian nations, centuries after Portugal's acquisition of no favorable results are likely to spring and colonial exploitation of more than Angola. from such a subcommittee. The fact a score of captive nations for the benefit As to the second reason in the letter, that it would remain subordinated un- of the Russian heartland. although Mr. Rusk's hands have not been der the Foreign Affairs Committee raises If the State Department wants to win tied by such a committee, he has failed grave doubts in this respect. the friendship of 96 million Russians at to resolve the Berlin crisis in the more In its report of October 29, 1962, the the cost of alienating over 100 million than a year since he wrote that letter. committee was unable to list a single non-Russians, the House has not deter­ Conversely, it would be safe to assume measure in behalf of captive nations it mined whether the Department sincerely that world war III would not have had sponsored or carried out. All the believes the Russians could be bought erupted over Berlin because of the com­ committee could do was to refer to the without compromising the principles for mittee, even if we had had one. hearings, held 8 years earlier by the which we stand, and without opening Speaking of further opposition to Kersten committee, and list the latter's the United States to the defeating criti­ House Resolution 211, it also was voiced publications. Had it not been for my cism that, wherever it suits our selfish in unmistakable terms by the House For­ resolution, House Resolution 211, in- purposes, we forsake our principles and eign Atl'airs Committee. Invited to state troduced on March 6, 1961, and the support the philosophy of tyranny and his views before the Rules Committee, ensuing interest in this proposal, the the violently antidemocratic regimes. the gentleman from Pennsylvania, committee, most probably, would not The House has done nothing to as­ Chairman THOMAS E. MORGAN. insisted have held any such hearings as were certain whether it is in our own interest that his committee was taking good care held last summer. Actually, it was only to support the Russians and alienate the of the captive nations, and no changes 10 months ago that the committee took non-Russians in view of the possibility in the setup were necessary. The gentle­ initiative, in an apparent effort to fore- of an armed conflict with the Red army, man from Connecticut, JOHN S. MONA­ stall the passage of House Resolution 211 where we could have all non-Russians GAN, who chaired the hearings on nine and keep the matters as they had been lined up for us and all Russians lined European captive nations last summer, heretofore. up against us, since the Soviet Union, asserted that "there was feeling in the The House, for example, has not in- after all, is a Russian Empire, its rulers Foreign Affairs Committee the question vestigated the wisdom of discounting 1 and privileged class are Russian, and its of jurisdiction of matters like this lay billion people behind the Iron, Bamboo, primary beneficiaries are Russian. The with this committee and the objectives and Sugarcane Curtains as our friends. House has not brought out the fact that might be reached in the way we are at­ It has not questioned the replacement of a disproportionate share of rank-and­ tempting to do it here," that is, without liberation or rollback policy by contain- file members in the Soviet Communist any special committee on captive na­ ment, coexistence, disengagement, evolu- Party are Russian, while a shockingly tions. The gentlewoman from New tion, and nonpredetermination policies. disproportionate share of political York, EDNA F. KELLY, chairman of the It has not investigated the full implica- prisoners in Soviet jails and concentra­ Subcommittee on Europe, likewise tion of the powerful tide of self-determi- tion camps are non-Russian. claimed that the captive nations were nation running throughout the captive The House has not weighed the fact her category and that her subcommittee nations, nor looked in to the vulner- that over 100 million non-Russians in practically covered all the nations of the abilities of the Russian Communist the Soviet.Union, if told clearly and well world. empire, including the Red army, as a beforehand of our favorable disposition It cannot be denied that the commit­ consequence of a reborn spirit of na- toward their national aspirations, would tee did not endorse the dismemberment tional independence. become invaluable allies in case of an of Russia. It never questioned Russia's The House has not assessed the results armed conflict with the Soviets. It is right to hold captive 40 million Ukrain­ of our containment policy, which has the non-Russians who hold strategical ians, 10 million Belorussians, 10 million alienated 1 billion captive people and important positions on land and sea ap­ Caucasians, and millions of other non­ gained no new allies among either the proaches to Moscow and control most of Russian people in Europe alone, listed captive or nonalined nations. It has the wheat, coal, oil, and raw materials in Public Law 86-90. The committee's not asked itself whether such policy is sustaining Russia's heartland. only concern were nine smaller captive serving our purposes, and what changes Nor has the House dwelt on the rea­ nations-Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslo­ would be advisable in view of our wit- sons why the Germans in World War II vakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithu­ nessing the disappearance of East Ber- were greeted as liberators in the non­ ania, Poland, and Rumania-with com­ liners behind the Concrete Curtain, the Russian borderlands of the Soviet bined population of about 90 million. As Cubans behind the Sugarcane Curtain Union, why non-Russian troops laid the committee, for some reason, was not the Tibetans and the North Lao behind down arms and offered full cooperation concerned about nearly 20 million East the Bamboo Curtain, and the vacillation in defeating imperial Russia, and why Germans, it disregarded more than 100 of several nations in Asia, Africa, and whole non-Russian towns and districts million captive people in Europe alone-­ Latin America. were taken over by nationalist guerrillas including the European part of the So­ The House has not brought to the long before the Germans arrived. Had viet Union. surface the vested interests at the State ·· the Nazis not refused the extended hand Only this year did the committee rec­ Department that vociferously advocate and replaced Communist slavery by Nazi ognize the inadequacy of its approach Russian nationalism, although precisely slavery, our task in liquidating them to the captive nations problem. The the same line is being pursued by the would have been much more difficult. excuse was that the subcommittee had Kremlin, and evidently is serving its The House has not requested an ex­ been prevented from doing a good job purposes. It has not given a thought to planation from the State Department by the practical limitations of juris­ the puzzling circumstances that both the for its lukewarm support of the United diction and time. As a result of this Russian emigrees and Russian Commu- Nations inquiry into Russian colonial­ soul-searching, the subcommittee recom­ nists equally violently oppose the Cap- ism. It has not asked the Department mended on October 29 that a considera­ tive Nations Week commemorations and whether the ruthless Russian colonial­ tion be given to the establishment of a try to prevent a congressional inquiry ism is considered as different from the Subcommittee on Captive Nations un­ into the captive non-Russian nations in enlightened colonialism as still practiced der the House Foreign Affairs Commit­ the Soviet Union. by some Western nations, and which the tee. The House has not examined the pru- Department so vigorously opposes. While such a subcommittee conceiv­ dence of our open alinement with the Finally, the House has not scrutinized ably could deal with matters pertain­ supernationalist Russians, in spite of on its merits the State Department's un­ ing not only to the European captive their disregard of all the ideals we touchable policy of opposing the Soviet nations, but also to the captive Cubans, cherish, as exemplified in their century- Union's dismemberment nor evaluated 112 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 10 advantages that may result irom, first, his remarks at this point in the RECORD institutions must rest, and the colleges and breaking up the biggest war machine in and include extraneous matter. -universities, provide· the area bi which the history which menaces our own security; , The SPEAKER. Is ·there objection work of the - elementary and secondary schools ls brought to fruition. Essentially second, reestablishing the balance of to the .rectuest· of the gentleman from we have to look upon the entire educational power in Europe; third paving the· way . Oklahoma? · process as a. single process in which the F~­ toward a community of free, democratic There was no objecti.on. eral Government and the people of the en­ nations; and, fourth, abolishing man­ Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Spe~ker, on Tu~s­ tire Nation have a deep _and continuing in­ kind's most ruthless imperial dictator­ day night of this week, my colleague, terest. Therefore, I hope I will be forgiven ship. the gentlewoman from Oregon, Repre­ if in this Burton lecture the comments are The failure of the House to do all these sentative EDITH GREEN, delivered the not limited to elementary education. 1963 Burton lecture on education at Har­ In discussing the role of the Federal Gov­ things actually denies the leadership of ernment 1n education, the question is not Congress that enacted Public Law 86-90. vard University. I find Mrs. ·GREEN'S Should there be Federal aid. That was de­ It also deprives the American people of speech, entitled "The Federal Role in cided over 100 years a.go. The questions of their right to open public inquiry on a Education Today,'' a valuable contribu­ importance today are what kind of Federal vital issue. The failure of the House to tion to the discussion of the need for aid, and where and how the Federal dollars show interest in .the captive nations on Federal assistance to colleges and uni­ should be spent and why. the same subject serve as proof that versities. In the speech the gentlewoman How much Federal aid will be determined no changes may be anticipated even if a from Oregon [Mrs. GREEN] makes a by the priority we give to education. There subcommittee were established under major proposal for legislation in this is no unanimity here, . nor has there -been area-the creation of cooperative edu­ since 1787 when the Northwest Ordinance the Foreign Affairs Committee. was established. Therefore, the only effective solution cational centers in 15 areas of the Ullited Every time a crisis in education has oc­ is to establish a new House Committee States. I know that my colleagues will curred we have marched forth boldly to meet on Captive Nations. Completely dissoci­ be most interested in reading this fine it by establishing a new commission to study ated from the present policies on captive paper. and make recommendations. And so in nations and bearing no responsibility The speech follows: 1929 Herbert Hoover's Commission issued the for their endorsement in the past, such It is a very special privilege to be here report that "The Federal Government has tonight and for several reasons: Dr. Bur­ no inclusive and consistent public policy a committee would be a proper congres­ ton, whose career in education and whose as to what it should or should not do in the sional instrument for examining the leadership has been so outstanding, is now field of education. There are national re­ problem in its entirety and suggesting to a resident of my State. Then, too, my home sponsibillties for education which only the Congress ways and means to communi­ in Portland is about six blocks from Reed Federal Government can adequately meet. cate with and aid our true friends be­ College-and so I feel very pleased to be in­ • • • Federal aid should be given to edu­ hind the Communist curtains, aiding vited to speak at the Reed College of the cation as a whole rather than to particular East. types of training. • • • Requiring the thereby our own security and leadership matching of Federal funds with State or position in the world. We live in a cli­ Then I feel especially pleased to be on the campus of Dr. Pusey whose demands for local is an undesirable policy in the field of mactic period of history. It is high time academic excellence and academic freedom education. • • • that something was done to put the have been a source of great encouragement­ "The Committee . recommends establish­ U.S. Congress on the alert in regard to great inspiration to many of us in the Con­ ment of a Department of Education with a the danger caused by our passive atti­ gress. Those of us on the Education Com­ Secretary in the President's Cabinet." mittee of the House have appreciated his ex­ The Wall Street crash occurred; the de­ tude toward 1 billion captive people all pression slammed the doors of our colleges over the world. pert testimony, his wise counsel, and we will continue to look to him for facts on the to thousands and thousands of men and In his address before the United Na­ state of higher education today-and its fu­ women who today are in the age bracket of tions General Assembly over a year ago, ture needs. the Wernher Von Brauns, Glenn Seaborgs, President Kennedy condemned the new I also look forward to a very close work­ the Tom Dooleys. Soviet colonialism and interjected this ing relationship with your former dean, our And in 1936 Franklin Delano Roosevelt warning: "The tide of self-determina­ new Commissioner, Francis Keppel. His ap­ appointed a commission. Twenty-one vol­ pointment was very enthusiastically re­ umes were published. With the exception of tion has not yet reached the Communist the National Youth Administration and empire." It stands to reason he be­ ceived; his responsibilities are staggering in a country-in a. world where education ls Civilian Conservation Corps, no bills were lieves that the tide will reach the Rus­ the key not only to mllitary success-but passed. They reported that the "inadequacy sian prison ·of nations. Hence, our state also international understanding; where not of local programs in education is increas­ Department lags far behind our Presi­ a rocket thrust-but a national education ing and recommended general aid to ele­ dent in understanding the tide of na­ thrust of massive proportions may determine mentary and secondary education, improved tionalism which moves toward the Com­ who wins the race to the moon; in a. world preparation of teachers, construction of where-as Agnes Meyer said, "the school buildings, Federal aid for students munist empire. Congress must not lend from 16 to 24 years of age." War clouds itself to the State Department's errors has been shifted by the astute leaders of the Kremlin from a competition in physical gathered; another crisis. in strategy and policy. Rather Congress strength to a. competition in brains; and in In 1939 the National Resources Planning should move ahead with the President, a world where there are still many who be­ Board was established. In 1943, among their preparing for the day when the riptide lieve that education ls not the mere train­ recommendations for the postwar period, on national independence dismembers ing of shoemakers and tanners and nuclear they said that "The Offtce of Education the Russian empire. physicists-but ls for the formation of the should be expanded to offer educational lead­ While communism is experiencing in­ complete individual, his curiosity stimu­ ership in the Nation. • • • That equal ac­ lated, his abillties fully developed and his cess to general and specialized education be ternal dissent and difficulty in achieving potential made clearer and more available made available to all youths of college and its objectives, both at home and abroad, to him." · university age-according to their abili­ the free world must mount a vigorous For generations we have talked of the im­ ties. • • • And that the increases in ex­ political offensive on all fronts. The portance of education-George Washington, penditures for education in postwar period Captive Nations Week resolution, that Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, must be financed principally by Federal has caused so much commotion in the Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy. funds." captors' world, must be followed by But now there is new urgency, because not In 1946 President Truman's Commission just our way of life but our life, our very on Higher Education studied the situation proper measures that would implement survival, may depend on its degree of ex­ and reported: its moral objectives, instead of remain­ cellence. I found it very difficult to decide "The Federal Government recognizes the ing a meaningless repetition of annual on a theme for this lecture. I'm not an ex­ desirability of providing financial aid to stu­ declarations. The centennial of the pert in education. Almost every one of you dents in higher education because of the .Emancipation Proclamation is a fitting in this audience has specialized in this field. public benefits which accrue. • • • date for action. I know the Burton lectures have been es­ "A national program _of Federal scholar­ tablished for a discussion of problems in ships in the form of grants-in-a.id should elementary education, but as a member of be provided for at least 20 percent of all THE FEDERAL ROLE IN EDUCATION the House Education Committee I find it undergraduate nonveteran students--based TODAY difficult to divorce the needs of the colleges on need and ability." from the needs of elementary and secondary No bills passed. Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask schools. In 1947 the Hoover Commission on Organi­ unanimous consent that the gentleman Our public educational structure is the zation- of the Executive Branch of the. Gov­ from Oregon [Mr. ULLMAN] may extend foundation on which our higher education ernment reported-surprisingly-"the U.S. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 113 Office of Education has not ' been properly $926 ·million for education and another $545 store, catalog, report, and disseminate the equipped to perform its appropriate func­ million for research in educational institu­ knowledge. An mustration of this may be tion." .tions; it is obvious that.these agencies must found in the fact that a large percentage of In 1953 the Second Hoover Commission _have a ~ajor impact on the educational sys­ the Defense Department research findings and its report. tem in the United States. have not at this time been reported to the In 1955 the White House Conference on The Department of Defense and its com­ Armed Services Technical Information Education. ponent parts are more heavily involved in Agency which was specifically created to In 1956 the President's Commission on the educational process than ·any other de­ serve as a clearinghouse for such information. Education beyond the High School, the Na­ partment or agency of the Government. The Leaving the Defense Department--and I've tional Commission for the Development of budgets for the operation of its schools, when only touched on a few of their education Scientists and Engineers, and several non­ calculated by the same ground rules used by programs-another illustration of the prob­ governmental conferences and commissions. civilian institutions, exceed those of most of ability of overlap in research programs may No one could say that the educational the largest private and public universities. be found in the fact that the following needs have not been studied, and no one The budgets for research contracted with .agencies were engaged 'in medical research could argue that in the postsputnik period universities and associated research centers and research directly related to the health there is not an increased amount of Federal exceed those of any other department except sciences, varying in amounts from $1,870,000 aid; but with the exception of the Federal the Department of Health, Education, and to over $500 million: impact bill, the National Defense Education Welfare with its enormous program in the Atomic Energy Commission. Act, and the college housing program, I Institutes of Health. The Department of De­ Federal Aviation Agency. think it can be said that Federal activities fense is supporting more students working National Science Foundation. in support of education have been inciden­ full and part time toward baccalaureate and Office of Emergency Planning. tal to other national objectives. postgraduate degrees than any other agency. Veterans' Administration. As a result we still do not have a national Its expenditures for training under the Gov­ Department of Agriculture. policy; the Office of Education administers ernment Employees Training Act exceeds the Department of Defense. fewer than half the educational programs amount expended by all other agencies of Department of Health, Education, and ·and the words of the Hoover -Commission are the Government combined. It operates the Welfare. more descriptive of conditions today than in largest and almost the only Federal system Department of Interior. 1929 when they said: "The multitudinous of elementary and secondary schools and is Department of State (AID). Federal educational activities are scattered responsible for the staffing, the curriculum, In oceanography alone-in 1962-research throughout the various Federal departments and the direction of that system. It oper­ was carried on by the Navy, the Army, the and independent agencies, among which ates all but two of the Federal degree­ Depar~~ents of Commerce and Interior, the there is little evidence of cooperation in the .granting institutions in the country and is Atomic Energy Commission, the Public discharge of educational responsibilities hav­ expanding its operations in this field. It Health Service, the Office of Education, and ing the same major purpose." operates, independently of the State Depart­ the National Science Foundation. Today, excluding the in-service training ment, a program of international education There is no question but that better inter­ ·programs of many departments and agen­ under the military assistance program. agency cooperation and coordination of ex­ cies, there are nine agencies and subdivisions To consider the involvement of the Fed­ isting programs is desirable. of the Government that have major programs eral Government in education without refer­ I have touched on only a few o! the edu­ involving education in the United States: ence to the Department of Defense is im­ cation programs in which the Federal Gov­ 1. Department of Agriculture. possible. And yet the questions raised, the ernment is involved. Because of the many 2. Atomic Energy Commission. arguments used, against general education departments and agencies ·which are in­ 3. Department of Defense. programs are never used against education volved and because of the jurisdiction of 4-7. Department of Health, Education, and by the Pentagon-"Segregation-integration," committees in the Congress, I do not believe Welfare; Office of Education; Office of Voca­ "Church-state issues," "Federal control," there is any one person in either branch who tional Rehabilltation; Public Health Service "This is just the beginning," "Don't let the really knows and understands the overall proper; Public Health Service, National In­ camel get its nose under the tent." "We can't role of the Federal Government in education. stitutes of Health. afford it," "Taxes are too high." With the We, in Congress, must certainly share part 8. National Aeronautics and Space Ad­ education program in the Department o! o! the responsibility. Nearly every commit­ ministration. Defense, these arguments are never made. tee in the Congress has jurisdiction over 9. National Science Foundation. The money is appropriated with little ques­ some type of education legislation. This In addition there are six agencies and de­ tion. leads to some inconsistencies and overlap­ partments which have programs smaller in What college or university president ping. scope-or less clearly identifiable with edu­ wouldn't like to have the operating budgets cation-or directed toward a highly special­ For example, legislation to provide assist­ of the three academies: West Point, $11,261 ance for construction of college classrooms, ·ized project. They are: per student per year; Air Force Academy, Department of Commerce. $13,037 per student per year; U.S. Naval when introduced as an amendment to the Housing and Home Finance Agency. .Academy, $7,354 per student. None of these College Housing Act, was referred to the Department of the Interior. Banking and Currency Committees. But include capital outlay. Some questions, but similar legislation, introduced sepe.rately, was Department of Justice. not many on why-in terms of Federal dol­ Department of the Treasury. lars spent--it costs from 400 to 600 percent considered by the Senate Labor and Public Veterans' Administration. more to produce a career officer through the Welfare and the House Education and Labor In international education, in addition to service academies than through the ROTC Committees. the Atomic Energy Commission, Department programs in public or private universities. Likewise, legislation amending the student of Defense, Sp~ce Agency, National Institutes I'm not sure how many people know the loan program of the National Defense Edu­ of Health, and the National Science Founda­ full scope of the program at Madison, Wis., cation Act to provide additional loans to tion, the following agencies have major under the U.S. Armed Forces Institute. It medical and dental students was referred to programs: is designed to meet the educational needs of the House Education and Labor Committee Department of State. all branches of the service in all par.ts of the in the 87th Congress. At the same time, the Agency for International Development. world; correspondence courses are produced House Interstate and Foreign Commerce . and distributed in various academic disci­ Committee was considering a separate pro­ U.S. Information Agency. plines at secondary and higher education gram of financial assistance to medical and It should be noted too that in addition to levels. In 1961, 116,000 students were taking dental students. It may be noted further that the National Science Foundation has these 9--some 16 other departments and correspondence .co~rses; 189,000 were study­ agencies of the Government participate ing in groups and 10,600 were in participating had authority to grant medical scholarships in training foreign nationals in their par­ colleges and universities. The Department under legislation in existence since ·1950. Al­ though this authority has not been used, ticular fields-largely through a transfer of ~f Defense operates a foreign language pro­ funds from AID-and in sponsoring research gram considerably larger thap. that of the consideration of it falls within the jurisdic­ abroad through the use of foreign currency. State Department or the Office of Education tion of a third House committee-Science There are, however, only two agencies of under title ·vI of the National · Defense and Astronautics. Government specifically charged with con­ Education Act. The Department of Defense Numerous b1lls to provide income tax de­ cern for education; these are the Office spent on research on various college and uni­ ductions or tax credits for college expenses of Education and the National Science versity campuses this last year $197.9 million. were introduced in the 87th Congress and Foundation. In total amount spent on research on col­ referred to the Ways and Means Committee The programs in education of all other lege campuses by all agencies we were able in the House and Finance Committee in the lnajor agencies are in total considerably more to identify expenditures of $613 million. Senate. These proposals would have an ef­ extensive than those of the two just men­ And it is here where duplication and over­ fect akin to granting of Federal scholarships, tioned. They have a special' mission, and lap is most probable. It is here that ex­ yet direct scholarship legislation oam.e un­ since this must be their ·overriding concern penditures have grown most rapidly and the der the jurisdiction of the Education and very little consideration is given ¥l the edu­ degree of duplication cannot be ascertained. Labor and Labor and Public Welfare Com­ cational ne~ds as a whole and the impact the There are several reasons; but a major one mittees. Also, while legislation to permit tax particular program might have. And yet, is t'hat' research projects, research findings, deductions for college or other educational in this last year, these several·agencies ·spent have far outstripped the Nation's ab111ty to expenses remained under the jurisdiction of CIX--8 114 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 10 the Ways and Means and Finance Commit­ places? Should the National Science Foun­ most every area-and on the other side we tees, legislation to rebate to the States for dation and the Office of Education be com­ have a huge reservoir of untrained people, educational purposes a percentage of their bined? Is our race to the moon and the from whom come most of the unemployed, Federal income or cigarette tax collections inevitable competitive emphasis on science and to whom we are apparently willing to was referred to the Education and Labor and decreasing the interest in and the training pay unemployment compensation benefits or Labor and Public Welfare Committees. of people in the humanities? Freedom is not spend over $1,000 per person under manpower In the House, general scholarship legisla­ going to be won or maintained by bombs retraining. But, apparently, we are unwill­ tion was considered by the Committee on alone. ing as a matter of national policy, to help Education and Labor, while separate pro­ In the Inglis lecture of 1945, George F. make it possible for them to obtain the highly posals for scholarships for veterans came un­ Zook discussed the role of the Federal Gov­ skilled and professional first training that der the jurisdiction of the Veterans' Affairs ernment in education. He must have been this Nation so desperately needs. Committee, scholarships for medical stu­ looking into the crystal ball at that time We have always considered education a dents and nurses were considered by the when he said: private matter-something to be determined Commerce Committee, scholarships for medi­ "It behooves us-as educators to acquain~ entirely by the individual, and perhaps his cal training for the Armed Forces were ourselves with its many complexities and parents. I think this can no longer be con· referred to Armed Services Committee; schol­ ramifications and to exercise such leadership sidered as a private matter, but rather as a arships !or agricultural research were re­ as we can in its consideration and solution. matter of great public concern. ferred to the Agricultural Committee and Otherwise we may some day wake up to This year, I will again introduce legisla­ scholarships in the sciences to the Science find-at the end of our generation-as the tion to provide Federal funds for academic and Astronautics Committee. result of patchwork and piecemeal legisla­ facilities for higher education. I am sure Furthermore, while nurses scholarship tion, a distorted and disjointed national that you are familiar with the statistics on legislation comes before the Interstate and policy in education which represents neither college enrollments. Today we have abo•lt Foreign Commerce Committee because of its the considered judgment of educational 4.2 million students; by 1970 we will have general jurisdiction over public health mat­ leaders nor the needs of our country." almost 7 million. We're talking not about a ters, legislation to assist in training practical The needs of our country are very great. situation that may or may not occur. It nurses was handled by the Education and Van Allen has said that our ambitions in most certainly will occur and no amount of Labor Committee because of its general juris­ outer space already exceed our scientific wishful thinking will alter the course of diction over vocational education. competence. We're told that we need 13,000 events. In this decade our colleges and uni­ Both the school lunch and school milk additional scientists and engineers on the versities will be asked to provide the equiva­ programs are administered by the Depart­ man-on-the-moon project alone. We des­ lent in facilities of those it has taken them ment of Agriculture. But in the House, perately need teachers, social workers, med­ 150 years to build. Our competition with school lunch legislation is the province of the ical dootors, nurses. the Soviet world, perhaps, is making us un­ Education and Labor Committee, while the Our country has shown, time and time derstand what Aristotle said a long time ago: school milk program is under the Agriculture again, that we can do whatever we must "The destiny of an empire depends upon the Committee's jurisdiction. do-we can do what our times demand of us. education of its youth." Donations of surplus Government property, We can, whenever we set our minds to it, And there is growing evidence that not which include many pieces of equipment, are amaze the world, and even surprise ourselves only the leaders in the Kremlin, but also considered by the Government Operations by what we can achieve. But the achieve­ the leaders in Red China, are familiar with Committees in the Congress. Yet the fur­ ments that loom before us-the challenges the history of other countries and other em­ nishing of new equipment to educational in­ that beckon us on-will require above all, an pires. It was a professor of philosophy at stitutions may be considered by several education program carefully planned-an the University of Berlin 160 years ago who committees-the Space, Education, Defense, educational system not only equal to our said, "Education is not a function of the or Health Committees of either House. foreseen need, but far in excess of anything state. It is the function of the state if it As I stated earlier, the diffusion of respon­ this country, or any country, has ever known. wishes to survive." sibility for educational programs in the Con­ We must prepare our young people not for Bismarck came along and is credited with gress makes it difficult for any one commit­ the 20th century, but for the 21st century the statement that "The nation that has tee, subcommittee, or individual Member to in which they will be living most of their the schools has the future." ascertain the overall achievements of the lives and give them the kind of an education For many years we were unwilling to ad­ Government's existing educational programs which will help them find the answers to mit that the Russians could develop a school or the overall effects of proposals for changes ·questions which today we cannot even system anywhere near as good as ours. Then in them. imagine. jarred us out of our complacency. My Subcommittee on Higher Education has We will have to invest in education, as we Today we know that they are graduating been making a detailed study. I hope we now invest in dams and flood control proj­ two or three times as many engineers as we will have recommendations and the printed ects, as a utilization of public-and private­ are-and that the quality of their education report ready sometime in February. There funds, with a guaranteed return far in ex­ is at least as good and maybe better. are many questions we are asking: cess of cost. To put it another way-we But what we refuse to look at is the star­ Over 90 percent of all the research funds shall have to abandon the kind of thinking tling projection of figures for the 1970's are spent in 100 institutions. Is this neces­ that reckons education in terms of costs, and which indicate that in Communist Europe sary? What does it do to the other 1,900 not in terms of value. and Communist China there will be far more institutions? The President's Science Advis­ Schools a.re faced with a decade of tre­ students enrolled in their colleges and uni­ ory Committee has recommended a widen­ mendous responsibility and need for growth versities than in the colleges and universi­ ing circle of centers of excellence. How can and improvement. ties of the United States and Western the Government help to bring this about? A half century ago, 1 out of every 20 high Europe. What effect does the matching-grant re­ school graduates entered college. Today, one All of the studies-all of the reports-all quirement have on the local college or uni­ out of three goes on to college. And this is of our leaders who know of the manpower versity? For example: A small college de­ wonderful. But many Members of Congress needs of this country have told us that cides that top priority should be given to a are very much concerned about the 60,000 to time and time again we must do more in general library-but then an agency of Gov­ 100,000 capable young men and women who the way of providing educational opportuni­ ernment offers to provide $1 million for a should be graduating this year but are not. ties. science building if the institution will match There have been several studies at the Admiral Rickover has said, "To talk of the it. Because such a high percent of the funds State level, and one study at the national necessity of more engineers, more scientists, are in the science field, does this create a level, which indicate that between 25 and 40 more doctors, more teachers and not provide further imbalance? percent of our most capable· st-qdents do not facilities for learning is a kind of cynical Is the emphasis on research undermining now go beyond high school-and largely be­ n<>nsense this Nation cannot afford." the importance of teaching? Are we draw­ cause of financial need. Where do we go from here? ing our best scholars away from the class­ I am talking now of students with IQ's of As I have outlined earlier, we do have room and into the research lab, and decreas­ 120 and above, who have maintained high many educational programs for a specific ing the time they spend in educating the academic records during their high school purpose-with the largest part of the Fed­ next generation? years and who would like to go to college. eral dollar spent in research in 100 institu­ Is the concentration of Federal funds in In addition, there is another group of 60,000 tions of higher education. the sciences creating a serious imbalance in to 100,000 extremely capable high school We have no across-the-board program of our academic system? Except for the GI graduates each year who are not properly Federal support of school construction or bill which is being rapidly phased out, the motivated and do not attend college. In teachers' salaries at the elementary or sec­ National Defense Education Act loan pro­ other words, we have between 150,000 and ondary level. We have no across-the-board gram and the Reserve Otllcers Training Corps 200,000 students of outstanding ability program of Federal aid for construction of programs-nearly all of the direct student who do not go beyond the high school level. academic facilities at the college level. aid is at the graduate level and most of it is This is in addition to the million who drop For years the Federal Government has in the physical and life sciences and engi­ out during their high school years, and too helped to provide places for the students to neering. Nine agencies sponsor fellowship often become the unemployed. eat and sleep--dormitories and dining programs. Are we producing enough people So, on one side of the national ledger we halls-and also student lounges-but we at the baccalaureate level to fill up these have a shortage of trained manpower in al· have not been willing to provide the financial 1963 _CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 115 help to build classrooms, libraries, and labo­ for the second year in Federal funds to con­ Last fall I pledged to introduce, if ratories where the stude'nts can work. . struct cooperative educational centers in 15 necessary, and ·support legislation call­ We have several Federal- programs for areas t~roughou~ the co.untry. It is frankly ing for a substantial pay increase. In­ student assistance at the graduate level_;, an experimental apprqach, which has not in fact so many that we have advertised for been considered before in Federal legislation cluded was to be a section correcting applicants for Fellowship prograins--but we to assist educational mstitutions. But I be­ the inequities in the pay scales for those have no scholarship programs at the under- lieve that it has great possib111ties in produc­ retired personnel who left the service graduate level. . _ ing_ the "centers of excellence" which the prior to July 1958. These retired per­ This year, the Education Committees in President's Science Advisory Committee has sons were discriminated against and a the House and the Senate will be asked to recommended. great inequity has existed for over 4 r eview, expand, and extend the Federal Im­ No institution would lose its identity, and years as a result. pact bill and the National Defense Educa- an institution which had made for itself a A few weeks ago I was heartened to tion Act . · unique place in the American educational learn that the Defense Department was In the National Defense Education scene because of an outstandin.g program Act--! would predict that the ceiling on the would find that its whole program would be supporting a pay increase measure loan provision would be raised considerably, strengthened, not weakened. It is not de­ amounting to as much as 14 percent in that the forgiveness feature would either signed to create centers of mediocrity, but some categories, and also correcting the be extended to all teachers in colleges as rather centers of excellence, made possible inequities I mentioned previously. well as secondary schools and in both public through the cooperative effort of several col­ . Rather than introduce my version of and private ·schools-or that it would be re­ leges and universities. a pay bill I have decided to defer such moved altogether. I would predict that the I am told that coliege librarians estimate action until the administration's meas­ Fellowship program would be expanded. that the number of books in college libraries ure comes before the Personnel Subcom­ This year, I also propose a new program doubles approximately every 20 to 25 years­ mittee of the Armed Services Committee. of support in addition to the higher educa­ not including the proliferation of learned tion bill of which .I spoke a few moments and professional journals and pamphlets. As a member of the subcommittee, I rec­ ago; the establishment of a cooperative edu­ Would it not contribute to academic excel­ ognize that legislation as introduced by cation center. lence if two or more higher education insti­ the administration is merely the raw We are aware of the tremendous explosion tutions cooperatively built a research library, material from which a truly effective of knowledge. The National Science Foun­ where the faculty and students would have and meaningful pay bill can be molded dation tells us that of all the scientists who facilities never available at a smaller college? by our subcommittee and subsequently have ever lived since the dawn of history Through cooperative effort, the curriculums by the Congress. over 70 percent are living and working today. of all colleges participating in an educational It is the responsibility of the Con­ Of all the research that has ever been center might be broadened and enriched gress to act with dispatch on a substan­ printed-over 50 percent has occurred since through ·the offering of courses which no 1950. We are also told that every major single institution could afford, or could tial and constructive pay bill for active executive must acquire the equivalent of an justify. Perhaps a center might provide an duty and retired personnel of our mili­ additional college education every 10 years engineering laboratory, with its expensive tary service and I am looking forward just to keep abreast of his competition. equipment. Or perhaps it might offer the to helping to expedite this much-needed This outpouring stream of knowledge facilities, and attract the learned faculty, for legislation. courses through our lives. Its implication instruction in the lan.guages, cUl.ture, and is obvious-we must all run faster just to history of some of the newly emerging coun­ stay in the same relative place. tries of the world. MUST WE ALLOW OUR MAILBOXES When I was graduated from college, not And might not a cooperative center raise TO BE INVADED BY UNWANTED even the most imaginative science fiction the quality of education in its participating writers ventured to prophesy that man ac­ institutions by enabling outstanding schol­ OBSCENE MATERIAL? tually would sail through space. Now we ars to devote their full teaching time to the Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask are literally and physically "reaching for the specialized field of their choice. unanimous consent that the gentleman star~.' ' Those who cannot, or will not, stay If we are to progress as a nation, we must abreast of these new developments will find from Nebraska [Mr. CUNNINGHAM] may devote more attention and resources to the extend his remarks at this point in the that--not the world-but the universe will education of our youth. And at the same pass them by. time, we must insure that we are providing RECORD and include extraneous matter. To provide an adequate research library quality education. The SPEAKER. Is there objection is often beyond the financial capabilities of Philosopher Alfred Nort.h Whitehead stated to the request of the gentleman from many of our 2,000 colleges and universities. Vermont? Fully equipped science buildings and lab­ the case for education quite clearly when he oratories to serve the space age are becoming said: There was no objection. more and more costly. · "In the conditions of modern life the rule Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, a Educational television offers great hope-­ is absolute: The race which does not value new fiood of objectionable and possibly great opportunities-but an individual edu­ trained intelligence is doomed. Not all your obscene material is being sent to persons cational TV station on each campus is out heroism, not all your social charm, not all across the country from New York and of the question. your wit, not all your victories on land or at sea, can move back the finger of fate. Today other places. An article in the Wash­ A computer system would be of great help ington Star recently stated that over to most universities-even though it was not we maintain ourselves. Tomorrow science used or needed full time. will have moved forward yet one more step, 25,000 protests had been received by the In several places-Harrisburg, Pa., in the and there will be no appeal from the judg­ Post Office Department, and I am sure Amherst, Mount Holyoke area in Massachu­ ment which will then be pronounced on the that most Members have also received setts, in Claremont, Calif., cooperative pro­ uneducated. similar complaints. grams have been started. Tomorrow, I will The core of the problem in this field introduce a bill which will provide Federal is the attitude of the courts. Repeatedly assistance for the construction of cooperative PAY INCREASE FOR THE MILITARY educational centers where institutions of in recent years court decisions· have higher education in the same locality can Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask struck down State, local, and Federal share the specialized facilities of such centers unanimous consent that the gentleman statutes designed to afford a measure and thus develop programs that are beyond from California [Mr. BOB WILSON] may of protection against such filthy mate­ the resources of single institutions. This may extend his remarks at this point in the rial, especially protection against such not be of the greatest help to Harvard RECORD and include extraneous matter. unsolicited material sent through the and the 100 other institutions which are the The SPEAKER. Is there objection postal system. recipients of over 90 percent of the Federal research dollar. But, I believe it would help to the request of the gentleman from This is not an easy problem to solve, to accomplish what the President's Science Vermont? in view of this situation. Yet I think Advisory Committee has recommended-an There was no objection. we would all agree that we should seek increase in the number of centers of excel­ Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, an answer within the framework of lence in this country. for many months I have been ex­ court decisions and constitutional guar­ The national interest requires an expan­ tremely concerned at the delay of the antees. sion of national support of research in a widenin g circle of institutions and an ex­ Kennedy administration in pushing for Accordingly, I am introducing today pansion of programs designed to increase the a pay increase for the military, despite a bill prepared at my request by the· supply of highly trained people and college the fact that other governmental em­ staff of the House Post Office Committee and university teachers. ployees have benefited from pay raises in cooperation with the House legisla­ The bill I am sponsoring will authorize on two occasions since the last general tive counsel. It is similar to a bill I in­ $75 million for the first year and $150 million military pay increase in 1958. troduced in the last Congress in that it 116 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD - HOUSE January 10 gives certain recourse to the citizen whose when the dollar had not depreciated to difficult battles in which the advantage mailbox is invaded by unsolicited and the extent ·to which it has declined in goes not to brute strength but to ideas. unwanted obscene material. The pro­ purchasing :Power today. Many con­ One of the most important of these cold visions of the bill will also apply to tributed toward retirement on the basis war battles is fought in the field of inter­ unsolicited and unwanted Communist of a 100.-cent dollar and now are being national commerce, and this was one of propaganda. repaid on the basis of a 45-cent dollar. the bases for the enactment last Congress This bill would allow a citizen who re­ The earnings limitation of $1,200 a of the Trade Expansion Act. To win in ceives unsolicited matter which is ob .. year penalizes people for living long lives, the area of international economics, we scene or Communist propaganda to not.; for having the spirit to want to go ori and our free world allies must keep ify his postmaster that he does not want working and being useful and produc­ strong the trade links which bind us and to receive any future mail from the send~ tive, and for having the ability to do so. those which harmonize the economics of er. The Post Office Department so noti­ Raising the earnings limitation to the uncommitted nations with the eco­ fies the mailer, and if additional mail is $1,800 is not a panacea, but there are nomics of the Western alliance. sent to the person in question, the sender plenty of persons I know who would ap­ The use of international trade as a stands to lose his special bulk mailing preciate being allowed to help them­ weapon in international relations is as privileges and permits. selves to that extent. old as commerce itself. It is 'a refined I believe this approach will give par­ The Government continues to study game, played for high stakes. We must tial solution to the problem of this new and plan ways and means of aiding our master it if we are to be secure against flood of material. It will not solve the retired and older citizens. This to me the threat of the international Commu­ whole problem until we have on the seems to be one of the best ways and nist movement. law books an effective antiobscenity law means. The United States and its allies have which is upheld in the courts. some imp·ortant advantages in this con­ test. We are far stronger than our The gentleman from Arizona [Mr. DR. AND MRS. JAE H. YANG UDALL] has a companion measure which opponents economically. In this con­ he is also introducing today. It is aimed Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask text, I should like to make note of the at this same problem but varies in de­ unanimous consent that the gentleman excellent work which has been done by gree. We serve together on the House from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] may extend the Joint Economic Committee in bring­ Post Office Committee and will jointly his remarks at this point in the RECORD ing the facts of the comparative eco­ seek action against this matter. and include extraneous matter. nomic strength of the United States and The SPEAKER. Is there objection the Soviet Union to light. Through the to the request of the gentleman from efforts of this committee, and the gen­ INCREASE IN AMOUNT OF OUTSIDE Vermont? erous cooperation of experts throughout EARNINGS ALLOWED RECIPIENTS There was no objection. the country, much valuable information OF SOCIAL SECURITY RETIRE­ Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I have to­ in this field has been brought to a focus. MENT BENEFITS day introduced legislation for the relief And the inevitable conclusion to be Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask of Dr. Jae H. Yang and his wife, Jeong drawn from this information is the unanimous consent that the gentleman S. Yang. The Yangs are natives of Korea superiority of the United States and the who came to this country in the mid- free world's economy over ·that of the from Wisconsin [Mr. ScHADEBERG] may Soviets. extend his remarks at this point in the 1950's. Through previous action on the RECORD and include extraneous matter. administrative level, arrangements were This is not to dismiss the threat which The SPEAKER. Is there objection made to change the status of Dr. and the Soviet Union poses, however. The to the request of the gentleman from Mrs. Yang to immigrants. The legisla­ Soviet economy is strong, overwhelming Vermont? tion which I have now introduced would unless matched by the economic force refer their entry as immigrants back to of the free world leaders. And, as a There was no objection. controlled economy, it can be used in Mr. SCHADEBERG. Mr. Speaker, to­ the date when they actually arrived in, this country so that Dr. Yang may ob­ ways which are not open to the eco­ day I am introducing a bill to increase nomic or political leaders of our free from $1,200 to $1,800 the amount of out­ tain his citizenship and qualify for the side earnings allowed recipients of so­ practice of medicine in the State of economy. The Soviet economy is sub­ cial security retirement benefits. Missouri, where the Yangs now reside. ject to manipulation for the ends of the Without this legislative relief, it would political state. There need be no eco.'. This bill would materially assist our be some 7 or 8 years before Dr. Yang nomic justification for these acts; their retired folks by letting them provide for could enter the practice of medicine and political impact is the profit they seek. themselves additional income many of his talents would be wasted during that Thus the Soviet economy can be used them so desperately need. I introduced time. General legislation to assist those effectively in spot situations, concen­ similar legislation in the 87th Congress among the top quota immigrants, which trating its strength in predetermined but it was not taken up by the Ways was passed last year, did not cover the areas, even against the stronger and and Means Committee to which it was group of which Dr. Yang and his wife sounder Western economies. referred. are a part, but the underlying philosophy The examples of such use are a legion. My bill would permit the increased of the general legislation applies to the Basically they come down to a pattern earnings without loss to the individual Yangs case as well. I would urge early not unlike that of the classical monop­ of any of his entitlement to benefits un­ action to determine the eligibility of the oly. The monopolist, or the Soviet der social security. Moreover, the bill Yangs for relief and the merits of their international trader, chooses a market does not add to the cost of the social case. within which to operate and by cutrate, security program. cutthroat tactics drives all competition Most retired persons who are able to from the market. Then each seeks his work desire to do so, to be both produc­ TO MEET THE SOVIET ECONOMIC own profit: The monopolist by forcing tive and independent. In this they CHALLENGE prices up where there is no longer any should be encouraged, not discouraged Mr. STAFFORD. ·-Mr. Speaker, I ask competition to keep them down and the as so many are by the restrictions im­ unanimous consent that the gentleman Communist by infiltrating. the economic posed on them by the present unrealistic from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] may extend and political structure of the trade part­ law. his remarks at this point in the RECORD ner it has chosen and welding it irrev­ One of the major problems facing our and include extraneous matter. ocably to the Communist bioc. Or the country today is the difficulty our older The SPEAKER. Is there objection Communist goal may be merely to dis..: citizens encounter in trying to provide to the request of the gentleman from rupt a mutually advantageous trade re­ for themselves on small fixed iricomes Vermont? - lationship between two countries outside a decent and dignified life--incomes There was no objection. of the Communist bloc. In either event which remain constant while the cost of Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, the bat­ the result is detrimental to the goals of living continues to rise. tles of the cold war are fought on many the free world. These citizens paid toward their re­ fronts, in space technology, the minds of The immediate targets of the Soviets tirement-through social security as­ men and the complexitie& of interna­ in such a spot economic invasion are the sessments and other means-iil years tional trade and economics. These are free world companies doing business in 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 117 a particular ·place. It is only through be put to u·se, we could shorten the time of Dr. Narayan Chandra Gupta, a doc­ driving· them from the market that the the Congress must meet and do the same tor presently residing in the St. Louis, Soviet goals can be achieved, and they amount of business. Mo., area who entered this country cannot long stand against the concen­ It also recognized that the Congress­ under our exchange program. trated strength of the Soviet economy, man, to do· an adequate job of repre­ It is the policy of the Congress and which is willing to weaken itself overall senting his constituency, must be a part of the executive agencies who adminis­ for the chance of a particular victory. of the community he represents and it ter our immigration statutes to look To effectively counteract this threat of was designed to give him a chance to with disfavor on all but the very rare Soviet economic pressure, I have today keep his roots firmly settled among the cases in which a visitor to this country introduced a bill to establish a U.S. Trad­ people of his district. I have been taken under an exchange program wishes to ing Corporation. This bill would create to task from time to time when I say alter his status to that of immigrant a corporate body under the aegis of ~he that the job of the Congressman should while residing in the United States. Our U.S. Government which would provide be a part-time job. This is not to say exchange program is based upon the idea assistance to private enterprises against that a Congressman should not give the that Americans will go abroad and for­ whom the weight of Soviet economic best he has to the job; far from it, it eign nationals come to this country, each might is asserted in particular market means that to do the job here he must spending some time absorbing the cul­ areas. It would help nullify the short­ keep himself current with the thoughts ture and learning of the other so that range competitive advantage of the So­ and feelings of those he represents. He they might return to their homes and viet controlled economy and place cannot represent his district when he enrich the understanding between the American businesses in a position·to com­ lives in and feels himself a part of the countries. pete successfully with the tactics of the Washington area. He must keep his in­ There must be flexibility in these pro­ Soviets in this phase of cold war battling. terests and his contacts in his home area grams, however, and private legislation The powers of the Corporation are made alive. He must be a part-time Congress­ is one means of providing it. Dr. broad in the bill for great flexibility will man and devote the rest of his time to Gupta is a Hindu, a native of an area be necessary to counter the broad range maintaining the liaison between his con­ which was incorporated into Pakistan of challenges in the complex field of in­ stituency and himself. at the time of the division of the Indian ternational commerce. Basically, how­ Certainly the majority of the Con­ subcontinent. It is out of the question ever, the Corporation will be a service gress itself has no desire to spend ever for him to return to his home and he unit for American business, not control­ more weeks and months in session every has no place in the present country of ling or coercing it but standing ready to year. India to which he can return as a home. assist when the challenge of concen­ As I noted, the July 31 date is fixed by I believe that this is the type of case trated economic power is placed against law as the date upon which the Congress which should be given consideration by our firms. is to adjourn. Yet it does not do so, for the proper congressional authorities to This will not end the competition with the law provides also, and with good see if a special exception, in the form of the Soviet Union in the world's market­ reason, that the Congress may stay in private legislative relief, is justified. places. There is no one easy way in session beyond that date in years when which we can achieve victory. This is there is a war or national emergency. one step, however, which will help And we are, according to the record, MEDICAL CARE INSURANCE strengthen the position of the United living in a period of national emergency, States and the free world in meeting the so proclaimed by President Truman on Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask Communist threat. December 16, 1950, to meet the Korean unanimous consent that the gentleman crisis. I contend the crisis which from Ohio CMr. BowJ may extend his brought about this proclamation of a remarks at this point in the RECORD and ADJOURNMENT national emergency has ended insofar include extraneous matter. Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask as it bears upon the adjournment date The SPEAKER. Is there objection unanimous consent that the gentleman of Congress and my bill so states. to the request' of the gentleman from from Missouri [Mr. CuRTisJ may extend Certainly, should other grave national Vermont? his remarks at this point in the RECORD emergencies arise, requiring the Congress There was no objection. and include extraneous matter. to meet beyond the July deadline, pro­ Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, I have to­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection vision can then be made for continued day introduced a new version of my vol­ to the request of the gentleman from meeting by the proclamation of an untary plan for medical care of all Vermont? emergency or by vote of the Congress, Americans over the age of 65. There was no objection. another procedure authorized in the Re­ The Bow bill provides Federal Gov­ Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, it is quite organization Act for lengthening the ernment assistance for the payment of fitting, in light of the protracted 2d ses­ congressional session. But I believe we premiums for medical care insurance, sion of the 87th Congress which scarcely should recognize that, for purposes of either through the issuance of a certifi­ sputtered to a halt before election day, holding the Congress in session past a cate which may be used by those of little that the Congress tum its attention on reasonable date, the Korean war is over. income to pay their premiums or by a the day it convenes to the question of It may seem early in the session to tax credit for those of higher income. when it shall adjourn. For this reason worry about adjournment, but if we do The new bill raises the amount of I have today reintroduced a bill which not think about it now and if we do not premium that will be covered through I offered in the closing days of the last put our shoulders to the wheel from the either kind of Government assistance Congress in the hope that by raising the very beginning, we shall once again be from $125 to $150, with corresponding point now, rather than next autumn, we forced to stay in session long past the increases in the benefits specified as can spare ourselves the unhappy ex­ Reorganization Act's appointed adjourn­ minimum essentials of a satisfactory perience of another 10-month session ment date. medical care insurance contract. this year. Also included is an income limitation My bill is quite simple, it merely calls DR. NARAYAN CHANDRA GUPTA restricting benefits of the bill to indi­ upon tqe Congress to abide by the de­ viduals age 65 with incomes of $4,000 cision which was made in the Legislative Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask per year or less, and married couples :ij.eorganization Act of 1946; that is, to unanimous consent that the gentleman with incomes of $8,000 per year or less. adjourn by July 31. This decision was from Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] may extend I estimate that the income limitation based upon sound reasoning, I believe. his remarks at this point in the RECORD would leave some 14.7 million Americans It recognized that if the Congress would and include extraneous matter. over 65 eligible to participate in the in­ put its mind to its work it could finish The SPEAKER. Is there -Objection surance program. its business by that date. If, instead of to the request of the gentleman from I believe this is the best solution to wasting the first 3 months of the legisla­ Vermont? the problem of medical care for persons tive ye~r in sessions whose most impor­ There was no objection. over 65. It preserves their freedom of tant and most time-consuming business Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I . have choice, it encourages improvement in the was the opening prayer, this time could today reintroduced a; bill for the relief policies offered by insurance carriers of 118 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January · 10 all classes, it offers incentive to rela­ higher education, .i.n which the st<_udent colleges and universities in America. Be­ tives and former employers to give as­ can choose from a great variety of col• tween the falls of 1958 and 1959 there sistance, and it eliminates any possi­ leges.and universities and~ one~ in those was an increase of 143,741 or 4.5 percent bility of Government interference with schools, choose from a great variety of in the enrollment of ui:iiversities, liberal the hospital or medical establishments subject material, making for a diversity arts colleges, teachers colleges, techno­ of this country. of opportunity and ideas which serve logical schools, religious schools, and jun­ I hope it will have widespread sup­ both to encourage growth and to give us ior colleges in the United States. During port in Congress, in both parties. The strength and stature as a nation and as that period a total enrollment of 3,402,- experience of some 35 Members of. Con­ a people. 297 full- or part-time students com­ gress who introdl.\Ced the 1962 bill indi­ Compare this to the authoritarian se­ pared with 3,258,556 in the previous year. cates that it has widespread popular lection and appointment to specific Between 1957 and 1958 the enrollment support. courses of study in the Soviet system, increase was an additional 5.5 percent. which, because of this, has a built-in A more alarming figure, perhaps, is the increasing number of freshmen entering THE IOWA PLAN FOR. PROGRESS weakness, a weakness which I think we should avoid. Certainly the preserva­ our colleges and universities each year. AND GROWTH IN EDUCATION tion of our system of freedom in higher The number of freshmen enrolling in the The SPEAKER. Under previous order education and the opportunity afforded fall of 1959 was 5.6 percent above the of the House, the gentleman from Iowa the individual regardless of his status total freshman enrollment of 1958. · For [Mr. ScHWENGELJ is recognized for 30 must be preserved, encouraged, and ex­ the year 1962-63 it is anticipated by the minutes. tended, if our system is to survive. Our U.S. Office of Education that enrollment Mr. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, yes­ system will not survive by an imitation of in institutions of higher learning will terday I introduced a bill on higher edu­ the singleminded system of the Com­ increase 300,000. cation which I believe holds out more munists. Rather, I think to remain There can be no doubt that powerful promise for real solutions in this area great, to progress and grow, we must social, industrial, and population factors of education, that we need to come to adhere to the principles that made us are not only putting tremendous pres­ grips with, than any proposition yet great. sures on our institutions of higher learn­ offered. Because this bill was pretty The value of and the need for higher ing, but on the individual, and his fam­ largely conceived and evolved through a education, I repeat, is inestimable. The­ ily, who desires a college education. Let program of study and research at the individual involved gains a lifetime earn­ me cite some facts to substantiate this University of Iowa we have chosen to ing power as well as ability to understand and to give stress to what I am trying to call this the "Iowa Plan for Progress and appreciate his society and the socie­ talk about today: and Growth in Education." ties of others. First. A distinguished scientist re­ I had hoped that this bill would have Mr. Speaker, the whole Nation thus minds us that we are doubling our knowl­ a very low number; in fact, I had hoped benefits in that higher education better edge in science each 10 years-think of it could have No. 1 billing on our sched­ prepares an individual to participate in that. ule. · I had hoped that because I think his society and, more importantly, to Second. Then ponder the implications education is the No. 1 problem of contribute to the solution of the problems of this one by an authority on science: America. Obviously this is not going to of that society. It may be accurate to 90 percent of all of the scientists who be possible but it seems I do have the say that the future success of our Nation ever lived are living today. first opportunity to speak, under a spe­ and the continued existence of our way Third. For all of those interested in cial order, in this Congress; so in that of life depends on making the benefits of the health of our people: 90 percent of an· way at least education is getting No. 1 higher education available to the great­ drugs used today were unknown 10 years billing here in the Congress. est possible number of people. ago. Mr. Speaker, I would like to point out However, the cost of obtaining college Fourth. The implications ·of automa­ that the greatest need of our Republic, and university education has steadily in­ tion are reflected in this one: 90 percent I believe, is an educated constituency, creased. Today the cost of obtaining of all of the light bulbs produced today citizens with a thorough understanding such an education is prohibitive for many are manufactured by only 12 men. of the basic philosophies on which our and will become so for an increasing Fifth. As to the efficiency of the system is built, with the ability to choose number in the years ahead. For those American farmer is noted when I tell intelligently leaders to govern itself. It faced with -the prospect of financing an you that today a smaller percent of the is my firm belief that the answer to our education for more than one child, es-' population is producing more food for Nation's problems and the challenge of pecially at the same time, the dilemma is the whole population today than ever freedom everywhere is more and better oftentimes compounded. before, and that percentage is going education for all people everywhere. Certainly, there is no business in my down every year. Education in America, and I think in thinking more important than the busi­ Sixth. Labor leaders and economists most places of the world, is now geared ness of education. At a time when every need to know that three-fourths of the to and lays great stress on scientific pur­ person and the Nation is expected to find working force which will be ·employed in suits of our age. The pursuit of scien­ and apply the very best of its talents in our plants arid factories in· 1975-and tific achievement is certainly not wrong, order to compete with and defeat those that is only 13 years away-will be turn­ but we must also learn to control this who would destroy freedom, it is impera­ ing out products which have not yet been knowledge and to learn to live with each tive that we show some interest in the 27 invented. other more intelligently and more ade­ percent of the parents of college age stu­ Seventh. The future burden of our quately. In order to assure this, we dents, capable of doing college level work, schools is reflected in this one: By the must also encourage putting great stress who are unable to send their children year 2000--only 37 years away-the on the teaching of the basic philosophies to college because their budget will not average person now in high school will that deal with man's human relations. permit including this expense without need to be retrained vocationally three I believe it is a paradox of our time lowering of their own standard of living. times before he retires. that we live in a time when we can create Making it possible for all of these Eighth. It is hard to imagine but they and control missiles that reach 54 million young people to get a college education say by the year 2000 travel by rockets miles from the earth but, as is evident in will do much to fulfill the demands made will be as commonplace as travel by jets so many of our recent experiences in so­ on us· in these very critical and challeng­ is today. ciety, still not reach the hearts and minds ing times in which we live. Ninth. That we are living in a period · of people on the basic principles of In this decade, our system and way of of revolution becomes certain when I tell human decency. life has put a greater emphasis on the you that there have been 63 generations I believe our Nation was founded by a values of higher education than ever be­ of people since the time of Christ and multitude of different people w,ith a mul­ fore. As a result, college enrollment :fig­ more changes have occurred in the past titu