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Science, Technology, and Society. Emerging Relationships. Papers from "Science," 1949-1988

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Science, Technology, and Society. Emerging Relationships. Papers from DOCUMENT RESUME ED 304 329 SE 050 392 AUTHOR Chalk, Rosemary, Ed. TITLE Science, Technology, and Society. Emerging Relationships. Papers from "Science," 1949-1988. INSTITUTION American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO AAAS-88-12; ISBN-0-87168-332-6 PUB DATE 88 NOTE 265p.; Graphs and small print may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science Books, P.O. Box 753, Waldorf, MD 20604 ($19.95; $15.95 to AAAS members). PUB TYPE Collected Works - General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Altruism; *Ethics; Health Occupations; *Humanism; *Moral Values; National Security; *Philosophy; Risk; *Science and Society; Sciences; Social Influences; Social Values; Technology ABSTRACT The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has necessarily played a major role in the debates over choices and responsibilities arising from the advances of scienfa and its applications in a rapidly changing world. The editor of this volume has selected articles, editorials, and letters from the AAAS journal "Science," from 1949-1988, that deal with: (1) scientific freedom and responsibility; (2) the difficult ethical questions that have arisen in the practice of science and its applications; (3) the risks and benefits of new technologies and the making of decisions concerning them; (4) the conflict between the traditional openness of science and the pressures for secrecy arising from concerns over national security by government officials; and (5) other related matters. (MVL) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. Science, Technology, and Society Emerging Relationships Edited by Rosemary Chalk Papers from SCIENCE, 1949-1988 The American Association for the Advancement of Science 0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Science. technology. and society. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. ScienceSocial aspects. 2. TechnologySociai aspects 3. Science and ethics. I. Chalk. Rosemary A.II. American Association for the Advancement of Science Q175.55 .S295 1988 303.483 88-26204 This material originally appeared in Science, the official journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ISBN 0-87168-332-6 AAAS Publication No. 88-12 Printed in the United States of America © Copyright 1988 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1333HStreet, NW. Washington. DC 20005 4 Foreword vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Science and Responsibility Moral Imperatives in the Nuclear Age The Social Responsibilities of Scientists . 4 Social Responsibilities of Scientists 11 Bertrand Russell Philip H. Abelson Between Two Extremes 5 Two Aspects of Scientific Responsibility 12 Joseph Turner John T. Edsall The Moral Un-Neutrality of Science 6 Reflections on Current Issues in Science and C.P. Snow Technology 15 Anna J. Harrison The Jinni in the Bottle 10 Dael Wolfle Common Elements and Interconnections 18 Anna J. Harrison The Moral Sense of the Scientists 10 J.V. Reistrup 2. Science and Freedom Sputnik and Segregation Government and the Freedom of Science 24 Address at the Einstein Session of the Pontifical John T. Edsall Academy of Sciences 29 Pope John Paul II Science and Freedom 27 Bentley Glass Freedom of Inquiry: An Endangered Species . 31 Charles E. Hess How Helpful Is Freedom? 28 Joseph Turner Is Taking Sides a Good Idea for Universities? 32 Harold T. Shapiro Freedom of Inquiry 28 DeWitt Stetten, Jr. 3. Sciencc and Ethics An Ethical Code for Scientists? An Ethical Code for Scientists 34 Code of Ethics 44 Ward Pigman and Emmett B. Carmichael F.R. Fosberg The Ethical Basis of Science 37 Code of Ethics 44 Bentley Glass Henry Lanz Ethical Code for Scientists'? 44 Ethical Code for Scientists? 44 Lawrence Cranberg W.E. Graham 5 iii 4. The Human Side of Science Beyond the Laboratory Walls Modern Science and the Intellectual Tradition 48 A Very Human Business 65 Gerald Holton William D. Carey Science and Social Attitudes 53 Address at the Einstein Session of the Pontifical Robert S. Morison Academy of Sciences 66 Carlos Chagas Humanity in Science: A Perspective and a Plea 60 June Goodfield Human Issues in Human Rights 68 Robert W. Kates 5. Scientists and Citizens Entering the Political Arena The Scientist as a Citizen 74 Scientists, Engineers, and Citizens 94 J.R. Schenken Edward Wenk, Jr. Participatory Technology 76 Public Doubts About Science 95 James D. Carroll Philip Handler Public Interest Science 82 Scientists' Responsibility for Public Information96 Frank von Hippel and Joel Primack C.B. Raleigh Technology Observed: Attitudes of a Wary Public 88 Todd R. La Porte and Daniel Met lay 6. Science and the Modern World Autonomy and Accountability A Time to Take Stock 98 Protectionism and the Universities 114 J.R. Pierce Robert L. Sproul! Abortion and the Limitations of Science 98 Science and Technology in a World Brian G. Zack Transformed 114 David A. Hamburg Intellectual Property: The Control of Scientific 99 Information Guidelines for Industry-Sponsored Research at Dorothy Nelkin Universities 117 Robert D. Varrin and Diane S. Kukich Differing Values in Academia and Industry 104 Philip Abelson The Social Process of Science 121 Gerard Piel Creationism in 20th-Century America 104 Ronald L. Numbers New Risks of Prejudice, Ethnocentrism, and The University. Industry, and Cooperative Violence 122 David A. Hamburg Research III A. Bartlett Giamatti IV 6 7. Fraud and Misconduct in Science Putting Our House in Order Fraud and the Structure of Science 126 Reported Laboratory Frauds in Biomedical William J. Broad Sciences 130 DeWitt' Stetten, Jr. Fraud, Science, and Safeguards 129 Edith D. Neimark Fraud in Science 131 Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. Research Practices 129 Harold Hillman Accuracy and Truth 131 Raymond R. White Fraud Investigation 129 George A. Silver NIH Fraud Guidelines 132 Michael R. Rosen and Brian F. Hoffman Fraud Investigation 129 George Silver 8. Professional Rights and Duties in the Health Sciences New Developments, New Debates The New Biology: What Price Relieving Man's Impact of Genetic Manipulation on Society and Estate? 134 Medicine 152 Leon R. Kass Arno G. Motulsk %' Privacy, Confidentiality, and the Use of Medical Genetic Screening: Marvel or Menace? 158 Records in Research 143 Peter T. Rowley Leon Gordis and Ellen Gold American Medicine's Golden Age: What Happened to It? 147 billl C. Burnham 9. Science and Risk How Safe Is Safe Enough? Social Benefit versus Technclogical Risk 166 Risk and Benefit in Environmental Law 191 Chauncey Starr Paolo F. Ricci and Lawrence S. Mo lton Risk and Responsibility 173 Science. Technology, and the Limits of David L. Bazelon Judicial Competence 196 Sheila Jasanoff and Dorothy Nelkin Comment on Societal Risk 176 David Okrent The Nature of Technological Hazard 201 C. Holzetzeinser, R.W. Kates and P. Slovic Risks of Risk Decisions 180 Chauncey Starr and Chris Whipple Science, Risk, and Public Policy 207 Willianz D. Ruckelshaus Regulation of Technological Activities: A New Approach 186 Simon Ranzo 7 v 10. Science and National Security Silos of Secrecy United StatesSoviet Scientific Exchanges Academic Freedom and the Classified Victor F. Weisskopf and Robert R. Wilson Information System 219 Drift and Danger in U.S.Soviet Relations 212 Robert A. Rosenbaum et al. William D. Carey Scientifi" Freedom, National Security, and the First Amendment Science and the National Security 213 221 William D. Carey James R. Ferguson Scientific Exchanges and U.S. A Run Worth Making 225 William D. Carey National Security 214 Wiliam D. Carey and Frank Carlucci Federal R&D Budget: Guns versus Butter 126 The Government, Secrecy, and University F.A. Long Research 216 Scientific Communication and National Security Donald Kennedy in 1984 227 Handcuffing Science 217 Mitchel B. Wallerstein William D. Carey Scientific Communicziions and National Security Declaration on Prevention of Nuclear War 217 233 Conference on Nuclear Warfare Richard D. De Lauer Epilogue 235 Appendix: AAAS Committee Reports Civil Liberties of Scientists 238 Science and Human Welfare 244 AAAS Special Committee on Civil Liberties for AAAS Committee on Science in the Promotion of Scientists Human Welfare Social Aspects of Science 239 Scientific Freedom and Responsibility 249 AAAS Committee on the Social Aspects AAAS Committee on Scientific Freedom and of Science Responsibility Index of Science References 257 Index 259 8 The great scientific advances of the twentieth century have and choices arising from the advances of science and its applications enabled us to sec far more deeply than ever before into the in a rapidly changing world. One manifestation of this concern was nature of matter and of life. They have also endowed mankind the establishment in 1976 of a Committee on Scientific Freedom and with power to alter the environment, and the living organisms in it, in Responstility, which had a specific mandate to consider these ways almost unimaginable to our ancestors. With increased power issues. Rosemary Chalk served w ith great ability and devotion the comes increased responsibility for the wise use of that power. The staff officer of this Committee, as 1 can testify from having worked release of nuclear energy, one of the great turning points in human with her as a member and (for two years) chairman of the Committee. history, has thrust upon us the necessity of preventing the destruction As the editor of this volume, she has selected articles, editorials, and of civilization by nuclear weapons. The emerging understanding of letters from the AAAS journal Science that deal with. scientific :if:: processes, and their application in modern biotechnology, will freedom and responsibility, the difficult ethical questions that have permit us to modify living organisms in ways that may result in great arisen in the practice of science and us applications, the risks and benefit or great harm. benefits of new technologies and the making of decisions concerning The wise use of these great and rapidly increasing powers in a them, the conflict between the traditional openness of science and the democratic society is everybody's business.
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