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Feminism and Global Justice: a Case for Cosmopolitanism

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FEMINISM AND GLOBAL JUSTICE: A CASE FOR COSMOPOLITANISM Angie Pepper Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophy) March 2013 Department of Philosophy The University of Sheffield In memory of Scott Halliwell. 1971 – 2012 ABSTRACT Cosmopolitanism and statism represent the two dominant theoretical standpoints in the current debate on global distributive justice. Cosmopolitans take individuals to be the primary units of equal moral concern and they advocate the application of principles of distributive justice that are global in scope. By contrast, statists take states to be the primary units of equal moral concern and hold that there can be no principles of distributive global justice, recommending instead weaker duties of assistance. The central claim of this thesis is that feminists should reject statism and be cosmopolitans about global justice. This thesis is divided into four parts. Part I situates this project in the global justice debate and the feminist literature. I begin by introducing some distinctions pertinent to discussions of cosmopolitanism and outlining several approaches to cosmopolitan justice. Following this I sketch the key aims of the feminist agenda being pursued here and argue that my central thesis should appeal to feminists of different theoretical backgrounds. In Part II I offer a feminist critique of statist accounts. This critique involves a critical evaluation of the statist position formulated by John Rawls in The Law of Peoples and a more general argument against statist positions that is based on the work of Susan Moller Okin. Having demonstrated that statism is defective from a feminist perspective, and suggested that cosmopolitanism is better placed to address feminist concerns, in Part III I anticipate two feminist objections to cosmopolitanism: (1) cosmopolitan approaches necessarily rely on inaccurate general claims about women; and (2) cosmopolitan approaches represent a form of Western cultural imperialism. I argue that the feminist cosmopolitan can be sensitive to these concerns without abandoning either their feminist or cosmopolitan commitments. Finally, in Part IV, I make some tentative suggestions about the types of cosmopolitanism best equipped to meet the feminist aims outlined in Part I. I II TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract….……………………………………………………………………………........I Acknowledgements………………………………………………………...……………VII Introduction. .. …………………………………………………........................................IX PART I: Background ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 - Cosmopolitanism ........................................................................................... 3 1.1 Global Justice .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 The Central Tenets of Cosmopolitanism ................................................................ 6 1.3 Weak and Strong ..................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Some Things that Cosmopolitans Are Not (Necessarily) Committed to .............. 10 1.5 Relational Versus Non-Relational: Contemporary Cosmopolitan Accounts ........ 18 1.6 Summary ............................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 2 - Feminism ...................................................................................................... 41 2.1 Feminism ............................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Isn’t This Just Liberal Feminism? ......................................................................... 54 2.3 Summary ............................................................................................................... 66 PART II: A Feminist Critique of Statism ........................................................ 69 Chapter 3 - Rawls and the Law of Peoples: Toleration, Human Rights, and the Duty to Assist ............................................................................................... 71 3.1 Rawls and The Law of Peoples – An Overview ................................................... 72 3.2 Decent Peoples ...................................................................................................... 81 3.3 Rawls’s Minimal Conception of Human Rights ................................................... 87 3.4 The Exclusion of Burdened Societies and The Rejection of a Global Principle of Distributive Justice ......................................................................................... 104 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 112 III Chapter 4 - The Public/Private Divide in Theories of Global Justice ...................... 115 4.1 The Public/Private Distinction ........................................................................... 116 4.2 Okin, Rawls, and the Family .............................................................................. 118 4.3 Applying Principles of Justice to the Family ..................................................... 122 4.4 Extending Okin’s Critique to The Law of Peoples ............................................. 127 4.5 Taking the Feminist Critique Beyond the Law of Peoples: Thomas Nagel’s Statism ..................................................................................... 132 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................................ 140 PART III: Feminist Objections to Cosmopolitanism ................................ 143 Chapter 5 - Feminism and the Problem of Generalisations: Political Risk and Utility .......................................................................... 147 5.1 The Problem ....................................................................................................... 148 5.2 Why is the Rejection of Generalisations Problematic for the Feminist Cosmopolitan? .................................................................................................... 154 5.3 A Potential Defence of Generalisations? ............................................................ 158 5.4 But Does That Mean That We Must Reject All Generalisations? ..................... 160 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................ 169 Chapter 6 - Feminism, Cosmopolitanism, and the Problem of Cultural Imperialism ................................................................................................ 171 6.1 The Problem ....................................................................................................... 172 6.2 Why a Feminist Cosmopolitan Might Be Accused of Cultural Imperialism ..... 175 6.3 The Feminist Cosmopolitan Response ............................................................... 178 6.4 Why a Feminist Cosmopolitanism is Not a Form of Western Cultural Imperialism ......................................................................................................... 187 6.5 Summary ............................................................................................................ 194 IV PART IV: A Feminist Cosmopolitanism ............................................... 197 Chapter 7 - What is the Scope of Justice? Relational vs. Non-Relational Approaches to Global Justice ........................................................................................ 199 7.1 The Moral Relevance of Social and Economic Interaction ................................. 201 7.2 The Danger of Making Justice Contingent on Relationships ............................. 205 7.3 Feminism, Relational Cosmopolitanism, and the Problem of Exclusion ........... 211 7.4 Justice and the Disabled ...................................................................................... 213 7.5 A Feminist Objection to Non-Relational Cosmopolitanism ............................... 218 7.6 Summary ............................................................................................................. 228 Chapter 8 - What Metric of Justice? ............................................................................ 231 8.1 Resources vs. Capabilities .................................................................................. 232 8.2 Capabilities and Gender Injustice ....................................................................... 235 8.3 Can the Metric of Resources Do a Better Job? ................................................... 243 8.4 Why We Should Prefer a Capabilities Metric ..................................................... 251 8.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 257 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 259 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 267 V VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking the Arts and Humanities Research Council for funding my study. Without their financial support this project would not have been possible. I also wouldn’t have got very far without the support and guidance of two excellent supervisors. I’d like to thank my secondary supervisor Garrett Brown for always being enthusiastic about
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