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Simone De Beauvoir's Le Deuxième Sexe Exploring the translation of feminist philosophy: Simone de Beauvoir’s Le Deuxième Sexe Marlène BICHET School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences University of Salford, Salford, U.K. Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, May 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................... VI ABSTRACT......................................................................................................VII INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO LE DEUXIÈME SEXE AND ITS FIRST ENGLISH TRANSLATION....... 7 1. Le Deuxième Sexe........................................................................................7 1.1. The historical and personal context............................................................7 1.1.1 De Beauvoir’s time and the inception of Le Deuxième Sexe........................7 1.1.2. How to situate de Beauvoir’s work..................................................9 1.2. An overview of Le Deuxième Sexe’s thesis.....................................................10 1.2.1. Le Deuxième Sexe as an interdisciplinary work..................................... 10 1.2.2. A key message........................................................................ 12 1.2.3. Le Deuxième Sexe as a philosophical treatise........................................13 1.3. Towards a definition of philosophy: the creation of a system..............................14 1.3.1. De Beauvoir’s stance on philosophy............................................... 14 1.3.2. Descartes, Plato and de Beauvoir: the beginning of philosophical enquiry.....15 1.3.3. De Beauvoir as a writer.............................................................. 16 1.4. Towards a definition of literature: la littérature engagée........................................ 17 1.4.1. De Beauvoir’s views on literature...................................................17 1.4.2. Differences and similarities between philosophy and literature................. 20 1.4.3. Philosophical literature, or intertwining literary text with philosophy.......... 22 1.5. Hierarchy in the literary field...................................................................23 1.5.1. Literature, philosophy, and women’s writing......................................23 1.5.2. Le Deuxième Sexe’s philosophical content.......................................... 25 1.6. Feminist philosophy.............................................................................30 1.6.1. A broad definition....................................................................32 1.6.2. Feminist philosophical methodologies.............................................32 1.6.3. Le Deuxième Sexe as a cornerstone of feminist philosophy.......................34 1.6.3.1. De Beauvoir and the use of Existentialism............................34 1.6.3.2. How has her phenomenological method been used by successors? ....................................................................................... 35 1.6.3.3. Le Deuxième Sexe as dealing with feminist topics at the level of the everyday, but also with philosophical depth...................................36 2. From Le Deuxième Sexe to The Second Sex....................................................... 37 2.1. The publishing of The Second Sex in the United States in 1953............................. 37 2.2. The reception of the 1953 publication in the United States ...................40 2.3. The link between the English translation and the reception of Le Deuxième Sexe................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 2: FROM RECEPTION TO RETRANSLATION.....................................................53 1. Reception theory......................................................................................... 53 1.1. The meaning of the text can be an elusive and changing matter...........................54 1.2. The text and its author......................................................................... 56 1.3. Interpreting form and content.................................................................59 2. The role of the translator............................................................................... 61 2.1. The translator as a mediating agent........................................................... 61 2.2 Ethical concerns and the translator’s moral responsibility.................................. 63 2.3. The translator’s subjectivity................................................................... 65 3. Retranslation.............................................................................................. 66 3.1. The reasons behind retranslation............................................................. 66 3.2. Retranslation and interpretation............................................................... 67 3.3. Retranslation and the translation of ideology................................................ 68 3.4. The ‘retranslation hypothesis’..................................................................69 3.5. Retranslation and the publishing industry.................................................... 72 3.6. Retranslation and genres........................................................................73 3.7. Retranslating the canon.........................................................................75 CHAPTER 3: THE ISSUE OF FAITHFULNESS IN TRANSLATION........................................... 78 1. The Interpretive Theory of Translation and the translation of feminist philosophy....... 80 1.1. Faithfulness to the source message is key to the ITT.......................................80 1.2. The ITT favours the reader’s experience and the reception of the target text........... 81 2. Faithfulness and the translation of the philosophical discourse................................82 2.1. Defining features of philosophy helps to identify possible translation challenges.......................................................................................... 83 2.1.1. Philosophy coins new phrases, and subverts everyday language............... 83 2.1.2. Philosophy is a multilingual discipline.............................................84 2.1.2.1. The hierarchy of languages............................................ 84 2.1.2.2. Borrowing concepts and terms from other languages is emblematic of philosophy...................................................................... 86 2.1.2.3. Philosophy and temporality............................................87 2.2. What translation strategies can be used to render philosophy?............................88 2.2.1. Shifts and philosophy...............................................................88 2.2.2. The foreignization of philosophy..................................................89 3. Feminist translation as a way to be faithful to a political agenda............................. 90 3.1. Different approaches in feminist translation................................................ 91 3.1.1. Strategies..............................................................................92 3.1.2. Les belles infidèles, or denouncing sexist tropes in Translation Studies...........94 3.2. The plurality of feminisms is also present in Translation Studies............................96 3.2.1. The translator’s subjectivity.........................................................96 3.2.2. Differences of viewpoint and representation..................................... 97 3.3. Critical reading of feminist translation........................................................ 99 3.3.1. Feminist translation’s originality.................................................... 99 3.3.2. Feminist translation as an elitist approach........................................100 3.3.3. Feminist translation and sexist biases............................................. 101 4. Conflicting approaches with Lawrence Venuti’s foreignization...............................103 4.1. Venuti’s foreignizing approach............................................................... 103 4.1.1. Against the hegemony of the English language..................................104 4.1.2. The role and visibility of the translator........................................... 105 4.1.3. Voicing the Other.................................................................. 106 4.2. Foreignization and readability.................................................................107 4.2.1. Maria Tymoczko and the problem of definition.................................109 4.2.2. Pym and the visible translator-theorist............................................110 4.2.3. Tarek Shamma and foreignization as exoticism..................................110 4.3. Investigating the agency of the translators of de Beauvoir.................................111 CHAPTER 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LE DEUXIÈME SEXE’S SECOND TRANSLATION... 114 1. Borde and Malovany-Chevallier’s translation......................................................114 1.1. The story behind the new Second Sex.........................................................114 1.2. The translators’ background.................................................................. 115 1.3. Borde and Malovany-Chevallier’s translation approach................................... 116 1.3.1. The ‘blurb’ and marketing the translation.......................................
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