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On the Monitor, Darkly. from Mediation to Media by Way of Reality 73 Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen____ Empirischen______ Literaturwissenschaft Herausgegeben von Reinhold Viehoff (Halle/Saale) Gebhard Rusch (Siegen) Jg. 25 (2006), Heft 1 Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften SPIEL Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft SPIEL: Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft Jg. 25 (2006), Heft 1 Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main • Berlin • Bern • Bruxelles • New York • Oxford • Wien Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://www.d-nb.de> abrufbar. ISSNISSN 2199-80780722-7833 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2009 Alle Rechte Vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. www.peterlang.de Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 1 Mediale Wende - Ansprüche, Konzepte und Diskurse / Mediatic turn - Claims, Concepts, and Discourses hrsg. von / ed. by Theo Hug (Innsbruck) Die Heftbezeichnung SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 1 ist produktionstechnischen Gründen geschuldet und bezieht sich nicht auf das tatsächliche Erscheinungsjahr dieses Bandes, 2008. Dafür bittet die Redaktion um Verständnis. Das Heft wird zitiert: Theo Hug (Hg.), 2008: Mediale Wende - Ansprüche, Konzepte und Diskurse. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. (= special issue SPIEL, 25 (2006), H. 1). Owing to technical reasons of production, the title SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 1 does not refer to the actual year of publication of this issue. The editorial team asks for the readers’ indulgence. The issue is cited as follows: Theo Hug (ed.), 2008: Mediatic tum - Claims, Concepts, and Discourses. Frankfurt/Main: Peter Lang. (= special issue SPIEL, 25 (2006), H. 1). Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft Contents / Inhalt SPIEL 25 (2006), H. 1 Theo Hug (Innsbruck) Introductory Note 1 Reinhard Margreiter (Innsbruck) Interdiskursive Medienphilosophie 5 Gebhard Rusch (Siegen) The Many Mediatic Turns... and a Significant Difference 23 Christina Slade (Sydney, Utrecht) From the Linguistic to the Mediatic Turn: The case of virtual Reality 35 Marianne van den Boomen (Utrecht) Transcoding metaphors after the mediatic turn 47 Hans-Martin Schdnherr-Mann (Munchen) Die Metaphysik im Weltbild des mediatic turn 59 Goran Sonesson (Lund) On the Monitor, darkly. From Mediation to Media by Way of Reality 73 Sybiile Kramer (Berlin) Das .postalische Prinzip’: Versuch einer Rehabilitierung des Ubertragens 89 Oliver Lerone Schultz (Berlin) Augmented Embodiment. Excavated Dynamics of Media Theory - Critical Inlets to the (Second) Medial Turn 99 Norm Friesen (Vancouver) Communication Genres and the Mediatic Turn 105 Theo Hug (Innsbruck) Media Pedagogy under the Auspices of the mediatic turn - An Explorative Sketch with Programmatic Intention 117 Andreas Strohl (Munchen) How Personalized Media Create Millions of Operators - Vilem Flusser’s Take on Apparatus Culture and Media Literacy 137 RUBRIC Daniela Pscheida (Halle) Wissensmodelle im Wandel: Vom Modus wahrer Erkenntnis zum Modus situativen Konsenses 149 10.3726/80107_73 SPIEL 25 (2006) H. i, 73-88 Gör an Sonesson (Lund / S) On the Monitor, darkly. From Mediation to Media by Way of Reality Wenn das Ganze der Realität auf irgendeine Weise mediaiisiert ist, wie dies von Peirce, Cassirer und Vygotsky verstanden worden ist, dann fragt sich, was sich beim Gebrauch dieses Ausdrucks ändert, wenn (Massen-)medien die Aufgabe der Zuschreibung von Bedeutungen übernehmen. Mit anderen Worten: In weichem Sinne können wir von einer medialen Wende sprechen, wenn die Humangeschichte, zumindest seit sie human wurde, sich als medienvermittelte gewandelt hat? Die Schwierigkeit ist mit dem Kommunikationsmodell verbunden, das für die Befassung mit telegra- fischen und Radioübertragungen entwickelt worden ist, und das gegenwärtig in der Semiotik, Kommunikationstheorie und andernorts zur Analyse aller Arten von Kommunikation einschließ- lich face-to-face Kommunikation angewendet wird. Diese Konfusion macht verständlich, dass manchmal behauptet wird, dass Medien nicht einmal vermitteln, sondern schlicht Realität wider- spiegeln. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Behauptung kritisch untersucht, die Umberto Eco in seiner jüngsten Kritik der Ikonizität formuliert hat, und derzufolge das Fernsehen überhaupt nicht mediaiisiert ist, weil es wie ein Spiegel, der einen anderen Spiegel zeigt, selbst Realität darstellt. Indem die Idee des Spiegels als Nicht-Zeichen sowie die Parallele zwischen einer Kette von Spiegeln und Fernsehübertragungen zurückgewiesen werden, wird anderen Betrachtungsweisen Beachtung geschenkt, bei denen Fernsehen und auch Internet-Kommunikation an der Realität teilhaben, wenngleich diese bereits medienvermittelt ist._____________________________________ When students of the (mass) media tell us, either to complain about the fact or extol it, that reality is becoming increasingly mediated, they no doubt mean to suggest that we more and more have access to our environment only by means of a number of technical, often socially instituted, apparatuses, which tend to have an institutionally delimited in- group as senders and a collective audience. Psychologists, such as, notably, Vygotsky, use the term mediation to describe the process by means of which something is conveyed by signs, normally linguistic signs. Mediation, in this sense, is a stage in the development of all children, which has existed ever since the ancestors of Homo sapiens took a different route in evolution from the other apes, inventing signs such as language, gesture, and pictures. Semioticians, finally, such a Peirce and Cassirer, appear to use the term in a still more general sense, applying it to all kinds of meaning, which is accessible to us, as well as to all other animals, differently in each case, already in direct perception. Peirce, notably, decides to abandon the term “sign” because it appears to him to be too narrow. Cassirer, who sees in the “symbolic forms” something peculiar to human beings, would apparently admit that, also in the variegated worlds experienced by animals of other species, there is some kind of mediation. This is a type of meaning, which, at least in part, is determined already by the nature of sense organs and limbs possessed by the organism. It is a kind of constraint that comes close to being anatomical. 74 Goran Sonesson How to lift the dead hand of information theory Mediation in the sense of Vygotsky is not technically informed, in any real sense, because it depends of extensions, which are more directly connected to the human body (to which must be counted elementary writing and drawing utensils). It does not have any institutionalized in-group as senders, but depends instead on a mutual collectivity of addressers and addressees. Because it is ruled by norms, mediation in this sense also could be considered some kind of constraint imposed on the individual subject, but it is clear that, without these constraints, the subject would not even be a subject, because this very exchange of signs contributes to defining it as such. As for mediation in the sense of Peirce and Cassirer, it may in part be biologically determined, and in other parts it is constituted by cultural meanings, which are so deeply entrenched, that they only become visible in the comparison between the lifeworlds of different animals or different human groups. Thus, the different meanings of the objects we call chairs (“something to sit on”) and tables (“something to put things on which we are handling, etc.”) are not there for the fly or the dog, nor for human groups who sit on the ground and put all the objects they handle there, too. Even today most studies of media in communication as well as semiotics rely, more or less explicitly, on the communication model derived from the mathematical theory of information, which was designed to describe a few, by now rather old-fashioned, techno- logical means of communication, telegraphy and radio, and in particular to devise reme- dies to the loss of information often occurring during transportation. Largely because of the influence of Jakobson (1960) and Eco 1976; 1977), this model has been used inside semiotics as a model of all communication, all signification, and of all kinds of semiosis. This practice has produced at least two symmetrical, equally negative, consequences: by reducing all kinds of semiosis to the mass media kind, in particular to that employed by radio and telegraphy, we become unable to understand the specificity of more direct forms of communication; and by treating all semiosis as being on a par, we deprive ourselves of the means to understand the intricacies added to direct communication by means of different varieties of technological mediation. Taken together, this means that we dispose of no way of explaining the effects of the multiple mediations having accrued to the immediately given world of our experience in the last century. Beyond this, we may even discover a third, even more serious consequence: by
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