Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 Rcie 4Ags 07 ia eso eevd1 eebr2007) December 12 received version final 2007; USA August Florida, 24 Gainesville, (Received Florida, of University Zoology, of Department and Research o.4,Ns 31,Arl20,1095–1102 2008, April 13–14, Nos. 42, Vol. History Natural of Journal http://www.informaworld.com 10.1080/00222930701877565 DOI: online # 1464-5262 print/ISSN 0022-2933 sea ISSN from species [email protected] epibiont Email: Our undocumented author. of *Corresponding out. The previously carried identities of ago. was and records assessment decades site-specific 11 number two more include widely-separated the a over other, results therefore at distinguish (1986) collected Florida; samples not in Caine from localities CNS did by at collected (1986) study samples have epibiont Caine a epibionts loggerhead by since which presentation examined for area been an with not (CNS), examined Seashore be National Canaveral to the limited. yet of are have epibiota nature occur their epibiosis. loggerheads the to of and where concerning respect turtles documentation regions reports loggerhead many extensive However, between Moreover, most that exist species. information that the animal relationships of represents any breadth in epibionts the epibiosis loggerhead Moreover, on studied. other exists some and or turtles particularly documented where sea frequently species, on habitats 1976). found epibiont Ross in be and free-living some only (Newman substrates can (i.e. vertebrates However, and motile of foraging large, 2004). commensals while variety obligate al. or are a events barnacles, et to nesting 1988). (Frick between (Dodd attach forms) region time epibionts carapace spend the these loggerheads on particularly of epibionts, Many as animals and plants ( turtles sea Loggerhead Introduction b a Bjorndal A. Karen and Pfaller B. Joseph Florida Seashore, ( National turtles Canaveral loggerhead of epibionts Carapace eateto ilgclSine,FoiaSaeUiest,Tlaase lrd,USA; USA; Florida, Georgia, Tallahassee, Savannah, University, Project, State Research Florida Caretta Sciences, Biological of Department 08Tyo Francis & Taylor 2008 h rsn td ersnsasre feiinsfo etn ogred at loggerheads nesting from epibionts of survey a represents study present The most the are turtles loggerhead of epibionts the species, turtle sea extant the Of n clgclcaatrsiso oeo hs el ouetdseisto species documented epibiota. their newly and these sea turtles Keywords: loggerhead of of between were records some relationship the physical, first species of better behavioural, the understand the characteristics epibiont on present presented ecological are We documented and Data epibionts. loggerheads. newly loggerhead turtles individual as urchins lowest sea Eleven 52 the loggerhead from to possible. identified observed of and level sampled carapace were taxonomic the Epibionts 2003–2004. inhabiting from conducted epibionts the caretta Caretta of survey A pbot ogred e turtle; sea loggerhead; epibiont; a ,McalG Frick G. Michael *, Lnau)nsigo aaea ainlSahr,Foiawas Florida Seashore, National Canaveral on nesting (Linnaeus) c aet caretta Caretta b ibryJ Reich J. Kimberly , Lnau) r nw ohs ait of variety a host to known are (Linnaeus)) aet caretta Caretta c rheCr etrfrSaTurtle Sea for Center Carr Archie aet caretta Caretta nesting ; c rsiaL Williams L. Kristina , etn at nesting ) b Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 on,o hc 1wr rvosyudcmne pce rmsatrls(see and turtles forms free-living sea as County from ( Brevard Barnacles species in relationships. found obligate undocumented represent are not report previously do we were taxa Most 11 range 1). Table length; which carapace of (curved long found, cm 98.7 SD of cm; average 112 a an were whether turtles denote Host to discussion used and be Results will record. stereomicroscope/micrometer. (*) new asterisk a computer-interfaced is an question a section, in species following or microscopy the calipers mm The Within light in possible. recorded Vernier level were under taxonomic epibiota documented lowest using laboratory newly the the to for the identified morphometrics and appropriate sorted in then were studied Samples 1000 al. then to et up Frick were (magnification following Florida. epibionts 52 Samples County, conspicuous 2004, Brevard for (1998). CNS, sampled and and on 2003 examined nesting of were while Turtles epibionts (May–August) for seasons surveyed nesting were turtles turtle loggerhead the During Methods ecological the better and epibiota. understand their physical, to and species behavioural, turtles documented loggerhead the newly from between these on relationship Echinozoa) of data (Echinodermata: some of urchins report characteristics sea We of turtles. report loggerhead first the including turtles, and 1096 omni h aieevrnetsauciswudb on oeotnas often more found be would urchins was interaction sea of turtles. environment type an nesting this of with marine if epibionts associated Thus, the vertebrate. turbulence in motile the environment large common strenuous likely a on the and existence withstand areas epibiotic to wave-pounded urchins allow with feet associated tube carapace suckered (curved turtles long, 105 and surveyed she as range rare, length: are associations such Scha results, that our suggests to Similar Rico. turtles Puerto sea Island, ( from turtle hawksbill Echinozoa a subphylum from the other of one of only epibionts echinoderms (Scha Moreover, turtles. the States, documented sea has from to United documented study southeastern respect been ever the with has species in studied neither loggerheads extensively of area range an the throughout common variegatus Lytechinus rmtesuhatr ntdSae Fike l 98.Bcuems taxa undocumented most urchins, previously sea Because the as on 1998). documented discussion been our al. already before focus have et will reported study interactions. we present (Frick been epibionts, the turtle have in States sea loggerheads all United CNS and on southeastern found survey the our from during ( encountered tanaids commensals robust and ftetx bevd yfr h otsrrsn pbot nonee eethe were encountered epibionts surprising most the far, by observed, taxa the Of rr20) h eclurchin, pencil The 2001). ¨rer hlnbacaretta Chelonibia ..Pfaller J.B. ¡ rai punctulata Arbacia 5 3.6; 048. m n nyoehosted one only and cm) 20.4–85.1 n tal. et 5 2.Tit-oreiitcseisrpeetn iepyawere phyla nine representing species epibiotic Thirty-four 52). ealoearobusta Hexapleomera rtohlsimbricata Eretmochelys Lmrk*(test-diameter (Lamarck)* pnlr,rdage( algae red Spengler), 6 o nosiuu rhde pbot (cryptofauna). epibionts hidden or inconspicuous for ) Lmrk*( (Lamarck)* uiai tribuloides Eucidaris n rrs(01 eoto hsechinozoan this of report (2001) ¨rer’s 5 Lnau) ntewtr erMona near waters the in (Linnaeus)) Moe)wr h nyobligate only the were (Moore)) oyihnacarettia Polysiphonia ;test-diameter 4; hlnbatestudinaria Chelonibia .tribuloides E. 5 19m) ohseisare species Both mm). 31.9 Lmrk,wscollected was (Lamarck), .caretta C. peia shape spherical A . 5 24. m and mm) 32–42.3 Hollenberg) (Linnaeus) however, , 5 86.5– Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 Dntseiin pce rvosyudcmne rmsaturtles. sea from undocumented previously species epibiont *Denotes carettia Polysiphonia atlantica Polysiphonia linum Chaetomorpha crenulata Acetabularia ALGAE occidentalis Molgula CHORDATA pectinata Lepas robusta Hexapleomera galeata Conopea testudinaria Chelonibia caretta Chelonibia scaura Caprella penantis Caprella equilibra Caprella andreae Caprella amphitrite Balanus CRUSTACEA variegatus Lytechinus punctulata Arbacia ECHINODERMATA obscura Podarke falsa Nereis ANNELIDA gigas Strombus alatus Strombus lunata Mitrella pomum Chicoreus transversa Anadara MOLLUSCA floridana Thalamoporella unicornis Schizoporella tuberculata Membranipora tenuis name Membranipora Colloquial arborescens Membranipora fulva Bugula BRYOZOA crocea Tubularia florida Ricordia dichotoma Obelia virgulata Leptogorgia CNIDARIA species Epibiont ( 2003–2004 Florida, ( County, turtles sea Brevard loggerhead Seashore, nesting from National collected Epibionts 1. Table elwbs roon4(7.7) 4 bryozoan bush yellow * ue oc (1.9) 1 conch queen * lrd as oa (5.7) 3 coral false Florida * lrd ihigcnh2(3.8) 2 conch fighting Florida * pl ue (1.9) 1 murex apple * upesauci (7.7) 4 urchin sea purple * ad e qit2 (40.4) 21 squirt sea sandy * ogsie e rhn1(1.9) 1 urchin sea long-spined * etc roon2(3.8) 2 bryozoan lettuce * ht rs roon2(3.8) 2 bryozoan crust white * ht rs roon1 (32.7) 17 bryozoan crust white * e la 2(100) 52 (59.6) 31 (51.9) 27 (25) 13 (55.8) 29 (100) 52 (3.8) algae 2 red (100) 52 algae red (90) 47 algae green algae green (11.5) 6 barnacle goose (32.7) 17 (9.6) tanaid 5 robust barnacle whip sea (90) 47 barnacle turtle (75) 39 barnacle turtle amphipod shrimp skeleton amphipod shrimp (69.2) skeleton 36 amphipod shrimp skeleton (40.4) 21 amphipod shrimp skeleton barnacle acorn pink-striped (65.4) 34 (3.8) 2 polychaete swift-footed worm polychaete (21.1) 11 (11.5) 6 snail dove lunar ark (19.2) transverse 10 (71.2) 37 (13.5) 7 bryozoan crust orange bryozoan crust white hydoid wildflower hydrozoan coral whip sea ora fNtrlHistory Natural of Journal n 5 2turtles). 52 aet caretta Caretta # tCanaveral at ) ute (%) turtles 1097 Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 rmtefml tobde nw stetu conchs. true the as known Strombidae, family the from hosting length also turtles with associate to appear and 2006), al. et algae. Pfaller 1998; al. et Frick caretta laigagefo ait fsbtae.Gsrpd rmtegenera the from Gastropods substrates. of variety a from Costoanachis algae of gleaning epibionts as organisms utoia rdtr fsal,bvle,adbrals(upr n o 98.The 1988). Fox and (Ruppert barnacles and bivalves, snails, of predators subtropical juvenile between overlap spatial this the rare, While be 1976). nesting (Berg observed to stage the larval appears of veliger interaction planktonic, shape the and from size size metamorphosis in small after increase the they to as Due areas ( deeper 1992). to to Sandt known move and are and Juveniles (Stoner habitats range region. its sub-tidal CNS of shallow, the extent in including northern settle the 1992), and (Meinkoth mm) Florida 300 south to (up is America North to native mollusk eefudt eascae ihtrlshsiggenage( algae green hosting turtles with and associated Lamouroux be to found were ouetdb rze ta.(95 rmHthno sad Florida. Island, Hutchinson from (1985) al. et pomum Frazier by documented from pomum life throughout areas aforementioned water the shallow in like remain between Much to 2001). known are (Abbott and Carolina North 1098 lyakyrl ntedvlpeto pboi omnte Rwo ta.2003). al. et (Rawson communities epibiotic of development the in role key a play testudinaria tobsalatus Strombus pbot Faire l 95 an 96 rc ta.19) nldn the including 1998), (family al. muricid a et of Frick account murex, second apple 1986; the the turtles, Caine loggerhead only from snail 1985; report Muricidae) we al. conchs, et epibiosis. aforementioned of (Frazier form uncommon epibionts this reveal will observations further region Perhaps this surprising. from is turtles CNS of of north loggerheads from reported h ufc fteolgt barnacle, obligate the of surface the florida large host to Immature found Atlantic. the were in Uruguay turtles of green coast from ( documented turtles been green as has such epibionts, whelk), as (rapa found also items prey lunata potential of frequency high relatively of presence niiulsal e ute(eaae l 2006). al. et (Lezama turtle per snails individual , 0 m,i slkl htteosre pcmnrpeet is-erindividual first-year a represents specimen observed the that likely is it mm), 108 single A ncnrs,tesmaller the contrast, In fte1 pce fgsrpdmluk urnl ouetdas documented currently mollusks gastropod of species 15 the Of ohuci pce,i diint ueiecnh ( conchs juvenile to addition in species, urchin Both he niiultrlshrordclne fFoiaflecoral, false Florida of colonies harboured turtles individual Three .caretta C. 5 n eea anceseis nte muricid, Another species. barnacle several and ..Pfaller J.B. uhsan n ihlti.I ahcs,clne eefudatce to attached found were colonies case, each In Michelotti*. and Duchassaing nteWsenAlni nsvrlocsos(rze ta.18;Cie1986; Caine 1985; al. et (Frazier occasions several on Atlantic Western the in .caretta C. Gei),(xslength (axis (Gmelin)*, 23m n 61m)rpeettefrteiitcrcrso gastropods of records epibiotic first the represent mm) 36.1 and mm 42.3 and .alatus S. r omnadcnpcoseiinso e ute n apparently and turtles sea of epibionts conspicuous and common are , .pomum C. .heotm floridana haemostoma T. and hlnamydas Chelonia .gigas S. , Gei))adlnrdv nis( snails dove lunar and (Gmelin)*) heoopalinum Chaetomorpha hi amsoafloridana haemastoma Thais Crepidula tCSlkl aiiae h bevdepibiosis. observed the facilitated likely CNS at tal. et n nesting and sa pboto N ogred slkl trbtbet the to attributable likely is loggerheads CNS of epibiont an as ai length (axis tobsalatus Strombus .caretta C. swl as well as , Lnau) nietlycpue nglnt f the off gillnets in captured incidentally (Linnaeus)) 5 .caretta C. 12m) h te uii atoo reported gastropod muricid other The mm). 31.2 5 (Mu slkl trbtbet hi rpniyfor propensity their to attributable likely is 5m)adtosolitary two and mm) 45 .lunata M. hlnbacaretta Chelonibia r yial hlo-ae rpcland tropical shallow-water typically are le).Tepeec fteaforementioned the of presence The ¨ller)). oee that however , u o10m)etn ute ot into north further extend mm) 110 to (up .venosa R. Cna)(lrd okSal,was Snail), Rock (Florida (Conrad) aebe ouetdfrom documented been have , .gigas S. Mitrella aaavenosa Rapana tobsgigas Strombus tobsgigas Strombus grgtoso pt 49 to up of aggregations Chicoreus pta vra occurs overlap spatial , hc,aogwith along which, , ( .alatus S. 5 ctblracrenulata Acetabularia Astyris) .alatus S. ( (Valenciennes) 5 a o been not has lunata .gigas S. ines & Linnaeus* stelargest the is Phyllonotus .caretta C. Chicoreus Ricordia .gigas S. (Say)), (axis and M. C. C. ) Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 .tuberculata M. epibiont documented commonly more Jhso)ecutn h hl fa of bryozoan shell orange-crust the the encrusting found (Johnston) (2004) al. et Frick Similarly, ebaioatuberculata Membranipora fsailcmeiinfo te roecn roon nCSloggerheads. CNS on bryozoans arborescent other et of from (Frick presence USA competition the Georgia, spatial 2006), in al. of loggerheads et nesting Pfaller of 1998; epibionts al. as commonly arborescent found because are Furthermore, species rare. several be ( to by bryozoans appears used interaction frequently turtles—this 1957)—areas sea (Maturo of Florida to yellow-brown Carolina North or yellow appear fulva and B. cm) like 2–3 reddish-purple herein: of instead height (colony smaller usually bryozoan arborescent The (Osburn)*. bryozoans the for opportunities epibionts: dispersal to vast attaching 1992). of provide al. benefits be the et the While may to (Frazier insignificant, hawksbills. found likely of turtles was most 58% are and species migratory loggerhead bryozoans bryozoan ( of hosting one 100% of to least costs species up at on cases occurring al. both common, turtle et In bryozoans. Frazier three Scha epibiotic by loggerheads. from and from (loggerheads) reported bryozoans been (Eschscholtz), report have 1986) (1992) (Caine (Linnaeus) ebaioamembranacea Membranipora 1983). for al. grounds et breeding (Meylan periods and/or post-nesting foraging during nesters pre-nesting of most interaction Deloach region this caretta and occur, the (Humann to epibiosis reflects Caribbean for the required likely is and overlap Bahamas spatial Because the 2002). Florida, example, southern For of movement. reefs and use habitat turtle florida R. of patterns corroborate and identify tahddrcl otecsa ctso etn turtles. nesting of case, scutes present costal the the In to addressed. directly not attached were species these of sites porites Porites aebe ouetdfo ogred ( loggerheads anthozoans non-anemone from Other are unknown. cnidarians documented is these carapace been Whether the carapace 2000a). to have turtle al. directly the et attach to (Frick to directly barnacles able affixed epibiotic not to were instead colonies but coral where USA, Georgia, trigonus iia soitoswr on ewe nte nhza cnidarian anthozoan another between found danae were associations Similar a ed h rpniyof propensity The dead. was ohnwydcmne pce fwiecutbryozoans, white-crust of species documented newly Both turtle sea as species bryozoan undocumented previously four report We eea roonseishv endcmne seiinso e turtles. sea of epibionts as documented been have species bryozoan Several h soito between association The Aasz sa oa)adsvrlbral pce ( species barnacle several and coral) (star (Agassiz) nteemr otel ra—ra led ouetdt otCNS host to documented already areas—areas southerly more these in r nw oihbtresadlmsoeotrpig dpht 3m from m) 53 to (depth outcroppings limestone and reefs inhabit to known are awn and Darwin, sapoietbnhcciainclnzn h adsbtaao h coral the of substrata hard the colonizing cnidarian benthic prominent a is uuafulva Bugula .neritina B. .mydas C. Pla) Cie18;Fike l 98 u h epcieattachment respective the but 1998) al. et Frick 1986; (Caine (Pallas)) eefudecutn h ufc of surface the encrusting found were , , mti distans Amathia hhmlsfragilis Chthamalus Ryland*, and rr(01 hwsil)hv ouetd1 additional 12 documented have (hawksbills) (2001) ¨rer Bs),and (Bosc)*, .arborescens M. .florida R. .caretta C. .neritina B. Lnau)(uhs17)and 1974) (Hughes (Linnaeus) ebaioaarborescens Membranipora .testudinaria C. .fulva B. xmlfe o pbotdt a eue to used be can data epibiont how exemplifies .Mr eetsuisb rc ta.(1998) al. et Frick by studies recent More ). .neritina B. uk and Busk, RpetadFx18) hl ooisof colonies While 1988). Fox and (Ruppert Thalamoporella ogo nhr usrtsa free-living as substrates hard on grow to .fulva B. awn rmnsiglgehasin loggerheads nesting from Darwin) etgri virgulata Leptogorgia ylo uhbyza)rsmlsthe resembles bryozoan) bush (yellow oee,i hscs h barnacle the case this in however, ; ora fNtrlHistory Natural of Journal nunlapalmata Anguinella ngot ombtclne are colonies but form growth in a eatiual otelack the to attributable be may ( .testudinaria C. 5 .testudinaria C. Schizoporella eiohlsolivacea Lepidochelys .virgulata L. ciooel unicornis Schizoporella Cn n Bassler)*, and (Canu .arborescens M. uuaneritina Bugula Lmrk and (Lamarck) a Beneden) van ) a found was barnacles. Astrangia , floridana Balanus 1099 and C. Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 ooisrfet h bevdpeeec fti pce o h adpae of plates hard the for species this of Conversely, preference barnacles. observed epibiotic the reflects colonies gulfweed, oak obscura Podarke approximately on were occurring tunicate That loggerheads, this turtles. CNS of the on Aggregations of prevalent turtles. 40% relatively sea be from to squirt) found sea (sandy larger Traustedt* from these distinguish to of difficult association growth colonizing rare common with the this associated more making fragility, conditions the turtles, exoskeletons harsh sea their the of their by carapace of and inhibited the be Because individuals to of 1988). appear structures composed Fox frills and and grazing (Ruppert rosettes by erecting crust, presumably off, of resemble colonies stripped Young 1995). been (Winston had ramosus coenchyme ( the gastropods where whip) 1100 N ogred.Tu,det h paetscesoa aueo epibiotic of nature successional apparent the to due Thus, loggerheads. CNS Membranipora that sfloe yhdoon n roon,wihsbeunl nacdthe enhanced like subsequently species pioneer which of prevalence bryozoans, The 2000b). and al. testudinaria et barnacles (Frick hydrozoans by tunicates communities colonization of epibiont by which settlement some in pattern, followed in and successional colonization a amphipods, is exhibit addition, to crabs, In shown worms, 2004). been has al. (e.g., et epibiota (Frick motile snails) particular for microhabitats (e.g., epibionts sessile occasions, additional On Chelonibia tunicates. individual falsa between N. in and colonies underneath range geographic species, its southern the as 1991). to surprising, Florida al. not not central is about was loggerheads at loggerheads, CNS way Florida gives of North epibiont and an Georgia as on present found tunicate prevalent more al. et (Frick floridana observed turtles the other of of While 100% occurrence 1992). on the al. occurring et 1998), USA, (Frazier Georgia, Ecuador in of coast common the on between turtle green associations recaptured of a colony living of a of tag addition, shells In the 1987). and al. 1975) et al. et (Zann (Hydrophiidae) snakes rather type angulata habitat to related likely is specificity. occurrence host and than distribution its and believed, grgtosof Aggregations tunicate solitary the of observations first the report also We Several w niiultrlswr on ohs ooiso etc bryozoans, lettuce of colonies host to found were turtles individual Two .tuberculata M. ..Pfaller J.B. lmnaecmo ot ffree-living of hosts common are Allman rwn sscnayeiinsatce oscin of sections to attached epibionts secondary as growing , Lvne) aebe ouetda pbot tahdt h clso sea of scales the to attached epibionts as documented been have (Levinsen), a on ob soitdwt eiet ul pbtencutr of clusters between up built sediments with associated be to found was Membranipora Sargassum ance.Clnzto ybrals uiae,adohraggregated, other and tunicates, barnacles, by Colonization barnacles. and Membranipora .lunata M. p ieyspot h rsneof presence the supports likely sp. .caretta C. erl and Verrill tal. et Membranipora culyatce oawdrvreyo usrtsta previously than substrates of variety wider a to attaches actually .occidentalis M. eaieysf usrt ycmaio.Orrslssuggest results Our comparison. by substrate soft relatively a , uuai crocea Tubularia ebaioatenuis Membranipora .Similarly, ). p stecln rw,zocamv wyfo h initial the from away move zooecia grows, colony the As sp. ogl manhattensis Molgula n nemdaescesoa pce like species successional intermediate and , pce,a ela h pplgcbryozoan epipelagic the as well as species, eesfalsa Nereis Membranipora .tuberculata M. observations. eefudt comdt w nei species, annelid two accommodate to found were Thalamoporella .arborescens M. .virgulata L. and , uteae,weewrswr found were worms where Quatrefages, Bugula eo and Desor pce sls prevalent. less is species DKy cmo e rp) the grape), sea (common (DeKay) .floridana T. .occidentalis M. yial nrsstelae of leaves the encrusts typically n h hydroid the and p)cmol rae favorable creates commonly sp.) ei scut htsuperficially that crusts as begin a on nrsigtemetal the encrusting found was .caretta C. .occidentalis M. ntewsenAtlantic western the in ogl occidentalis Molgula Nautilus sa pbotof epibiont an as .virgulata L. r extremely are .crocea T. Thyroscyphus (Landman Fairet (Frazier Electra (sea and C. T. Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 ada H anesW,WntnJ,HrisP.18.Nuiu.NwYr:Plenum, York: New Nautilus. 1987. PJ. Harries JE, Bahamas. Winston Caribbean, WB, Florida, Saunders identification: NH, creature Landman Reef 2002. N. DeLoach P, Humann uhsG.17.Tesatrlso ot atArc.I.Tebooyo h Tongaland the of biology The II. Africa. east south of turtles sea The 1974. GR. Hughes community Epibiont 2000b. SE. Knight JA, Jackson DX, Veljacic KL, Williams MG, Frick rc G ilasK,Vlai ,Perr ,JcsnJ,Kih E 00.Newly 2000a. records SE. New Knight JA, 2004. Jackson RE. L, Pierrard Frick D, JB, Veljacic Pfaller KL, Williams EJ, MG, Markesteyn Frick KL, Williams MG, sea loggerhead Frick nesting with associated III. Epibionts turtles. 1998. M. marine Robinson on KL, Williams communities MG, Epizoan Frick 1992. CA. Ruckdeschel S. JE, Salas Winston C, J, Ruckdeschel Frazier J, Rosewater CW, Potter II. K, turtles. Muldoon marine D, of Margaritoulis communities J, Epizoan Frazier 1991. CA. Ruckdeschel I, Goodbody J, Frazier odC.18.Snpi ftebooia aao h ogredsaturtle sea loggerhead the on data biological the of Synopsis J 1988. USA. of CK. coast Dodd Atlantic turtles: sea loggerhead nesting conch of epibionts queen Carapace 1986. the EA. Caine of Growth 1976. St. CJ. York: New Jr. Identification. Field Berg to Guide A America, North of Seashells 2001. RT. Abbott References this for and used equipment Fish Care microscopy Animal Florida the Institutional by provided Foundation Florida issued study. This PADI of permits field. The University Committee. under the Use the conducted in and and was assistance Commission and their Conservation Service, Service for Fisheries Wildlife Wildlife Marine Stiner and National John Fund, Fish Conservation and US Wildlife Osman Disney by Nick funded thank was project to like would We Acknowledgements successional a prevent to density. season and nesting by occurrence hosted entire species epibionts the in of across bias diversity sample the should document turtles to sea attempt that studies communities, niec n id feion ntesel flive of shells the on epizoans of kinds and Incidence p. 320 Publications. World New (FL): p. Jacksonville 96 36. No. Rep. Invest. Inst., Res. Oceanographic coriacea Dermochelys nSaTrl ilg n osrain 00Fb2–a ;Olno NOAA Orlando. 4; 29–Mar turtle Feb 2000 loggerhead Conservation; and 281–282. 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Rev Herpetol Georgia. in ) .wt omnso h etebc turtle leatherback the on comments with L. tobsgigas Strombus aet caretta Caretta hlnamydas Chelonia ora fNtrlHistory Natural of Journal Nautilus ihadsuso fthe of discussion a with , rmGoga S.In: USA. Georgia, from , .163–177. p. , .i h td region. study the in L. aet caretta Caretta aet caretta Caretta 1101 )on Downloaded By: [University of Florida] At: 15:04 2 August 2008 anL,Cfe J rpc .17.Tebooyo e nks atmr (MD): Baltimore snakes. sea of biology The 1975. 57(1):84–93. C. Sci Mar Kropach B Lagoon. RJ, River Cuffey Indian the LP, of diversity Zann Ectoproct 1995. JE. Winston tnrA,SntV.19.Pplto tutr,saoa oeet n edn fqueen of feeding and movements seasonal structure, Population 1992. VJ. Sandt AW, Stoner upr E o S 98 esoecetrso h otes ..Clmi (SC): Columbia U.S. southeast the of creatures Seashore Scha 1988. RS. Fox EE, Ruppert eaaC oe-edlhruM crbn ,Etae ,Flarn .20.Interaction 2006. A. 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