RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Taxonomy & Systematics RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 67: 595–639 Date of publication: 21 November 2019 DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0045 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:59E5587E-5013-4807-9667-6CCAAA1673F3

Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia, including a checklist of Indonesian species

Joko Pamungkas1,2 & Christopher J. Glasby3

Abstract. Despite some past remarkable marine expeditions in the seas surrounding the Indo-Malay Archipelago, a checklist of Indonesian polychaete species has never been published to date. In this paper, an inventory of species was created based mainly on existing published literature. All records of Indonesian polychaetes were mapped, and this indicated a preponderance of deep-sea records in the Wallacea region, which were primarily collected by the Dutch Siboga Expedition at the turn of the 19th century. Most biodiversity studies on the fauna by local scientists have been ecological in nature and conducted in shallow water. Many specimens were not identified to species level and not vouchered in a recognised institution. Since the mid 1700s, 580 valid polychaete species (51 families) have been identified by 37 first authors in 90 taxonomic publications. Of these species, 301 species (40 families) were new to science and mostly described by R. Horst and M. Caullery. An additional 133 polychaete species and four polychaete families are also known from the species records of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Altogether, there have been 713 polychaete species (55 families) identified from Indonesian waters. We examined the three largest polychaete repositories in Indonesia – the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense in Bogor, Research Center for Deep Sea in Ambon, and Research Center for Oceanography in Jakarta – and found that the collections at each institution were mostly unidentified, unpublished, and not databased, suggesting that the taxonomic study of the polychaete fauna, at least locally, has been largely overlooked. Despite some challenges, international collaborative research may be the solution to improve the knowledge of the polychaete fauna of this species-rich, yet poorly known geographic region.

Key words. Coral Triangle, Indonesia, Polychaeta, species inventory

INTRODUCTION his stay on the island, Rumphius (1705) observed wawo worms, i.e., the local name for the annually swarming palolo In some parts of the world, the ubiquitous, largely marine polychaetes (Pamungkas, 2011). One wawo species was polychaetes (Annelida) remain poorly studied. The Indo- described by Horst (1902) as Lysidice oele (Eunicidae). More Malay Archipelago, and especially its most populous nation, than three centuries after Rumphius’ initial observations, a Indonesia, is one of them. Despite its exceptional marine more complete estimate of the species composition of the biodiversity – the country is part of the Coral Triangle, has swarming animals was provided by Martens et al. (1995), about 17,500 islands and coastline in excess of over 80,000 Pamungkas (2015a), and Pamungkas & Glasby (2015). km (Tomascik et al., 1997) straddling two continental shelves (Sunda and Sahul) including Wallacea – little attention has Historically, the Siboga Expedition (1899–1900) was the been paid to this ecologically important group of invertebrates most remarkable marine expedition in Indonesian waters in Indonesia (Glasby & Al-Hakim, 2017). conducted to date. The expedition yielded most of the total number of Indonesian polychaete specimens archived in The initial study on Indonesian polychaetes probably dates museums today. Subsequent taxonomic publications on the back to Rumphius (1627–1702), a prominent German material indicate that none of the specimens can be found naturalist who was based in Ambon, Province of Maluku, as at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), i.e., the an agent for the Dutch United East Indian Company. During only internationally accredited zoological museum of the country established in 1894, five years prior to the start of the Expedition. Bleeker & van der Spoel (1992) did not indicate any Indonesian repository in their catalogue of Siboga polychaetes. Rather, it appears that all of the 1Research Center for Deep Sea, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Ambon 97233, specimens were returned to the Netherlands and deposited Indonesia; Email: [email protected], [email protected] in museums in Amsterdam and Leiden. Now they mostly 2Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand reside at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC), Leiden, 3Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, PO Box 4646, Darwin NT 0801, Australia after the Zoological Museum Amsterdam collections were subsumed into the NBC. © National University of Singapore ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 0217-2445 (print)

595 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia

The polychaete specimens collected during the Siboga of the genus in which case their inclusion was considered Expedition have been studied by a number of polychaete useful for the added information at the genus level without workers across the globe, past and present (Glasby & Al- unduly inflating species numbers. In order to visualise the Hakim, 2017). The Errantia groups, for instance, were areas where biodiversity studies on the fauna have been studied by Horst (1902, 1903, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, conducted, all polychaete records with coordinates were 1915, 1916a, b, c, 1917, 1918b, 1919b, 1921, 1924), mapped using ArcGIS version 10.6.1 (records without Pettibone (1970, 1971), Hutchings & McRae (1993), and coordinates were given approximate coordinates based on Aguado et al. (2008), whereas the Sedentaria groups were their detailed localities provided). investigated by Caullery (1914c, 1915a, b, c, d, 1944a, b), Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) and Southward (1961). Further, Repository visits. In order to properly assess the Indonesian Glasby & Al-Hakim (2017) listed all marine expeditions polychaete collections, visits to each repository was necessary and fieldwork that collected polychaete materials from as their collection data are not currently online. The Research the Indo-Malay-Philippines Archipelago and surrounding Center for Deep Sea (RCDS) and MZB – the latter one is seas. They found that most of the polychaete material was managed by the Research Center for Biology (RCB) – were subsequently scattered across many different natural history visited by the author JP in November 2017 and February museums of the world, and that most are still undetermined. 2018, respectively, whereas a visit to the Research Center It is thus not surprising that the Indonesian polychaete fauna for Oceanography (RCO) was carried out by the author remains poorly known. In the present study, we provide the CG in 2005. An information update about the polychaete first step toward an improved knowledge of the fauna: an collection at the RCO was given by Hadiyanto through inventory of Indonesian polychaete species, accompanied by personal communication on 16 January 2019. Acronyms biodiversity statistics, and identification of repositories as of institutional repositories housing Indonesian polychaete well as a list of relevant literature and associated datasets. collections are listed in Table 1.

MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS

Taxonomic and geographic scope. The primary taxonomic Biodiversity studies. Most of Indonesian polychaete units used in the present study were valid species, genera species were collected from offshore and deep-sea (more and families as currently indicated in the World Register than 200 m deep) environments around Wallacea (Fig. 1) of Marine Species (WoRMS). Subspecies were elevated by overseas voyages, notably the Siboga Expedition (Table to species level. The traditional concept of polychaetes 2). The polychaete materials obtained from these studies was used as currently adopted in WoRMS, i.e., a non- were deposited at overseas museums, largely at the NBC monophyletic taxon within the phylum Annelida, excluding (Table 2). Over the last ~ 2.5 centuries, there have been 90 aphanoneurans (Aeolosomatidae and Potamodrilidae), taxonomic publications on Indonesian polychaetes by 37 first clitellates, sipunculans, and myzostomids, but including authors. The first taxonomic publication on an Indonesian echiurans and siboglinids (previously known as Pogonophora polychaete was probably the description of Amphinome and Vestimentifera). Freshwater polychaetes are also included rostrata (Amphinomidae) by Pallas (1766), although the in this study, although only a few species are known from the pre-Linnaean publication of Seba (1734: plate 81) shows Indonesian region (Glasby & Timm, 2008). The geographic another amphinomid (unidentifiable) from Ambon (see Read, scope of this study was Indonesia, including all coastal and 2019). Pallas’ specimen upon which the description was offshore waters in its jurisdiction. The country is situated based was thought to have been also collected in Ambon between 6°N and 11°S, and between 95°E and 141°E. It by a Dutch physician and naturalist Dr. van Hoey, but now includes the biogeographical entity, Wallacea, lying between appears to have been lost (Glasby & Al-Hakim, 2017). the Sunda Shelf to the west and the Sahul Shelf to the east. Thereafter, there were no publications until the mid 1800s. The number of publications on Indonesian polychaetes Data collection. Polychaete data were mainly garnered then generally increased from 1 to 20 publications annually from the published literature, including both taxonomic between the 1850s and 1910s, dropped to two publications in and ecological publications, containing lists of polychaete the 1980s despite some fluctuations, then increased again to species collected from Indonesian waters up until December 7–9 publications per annum in the last three decades. Until 2018 known to both authors. In addition, polychaete data the end of the 1900s, the publications were solely made by in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) overseas scientists (mostly European taxonomists) without and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), the involvement of local scientists. The contribution of downloaded on 26 December 2018, were also included local scientists to polychaete identification of the country after selection in R version 3.5.3 (Tables S1, 2, 3). In order was relatively minor (i.e., about 70 species identified, two to standardise taxonomic accuracy, species names listed of which were new to science) and did not occur until early in ecological publications were only taken into account this century (Fig. 2). if they were associated with voucher specimens and/or a polychaete taxonomist was known to be involved. Species Studies on Indonesian polychaete fauna by local scientists identified to morphospecies (e.g., Nereis sp. A) were not were mostly ecological in nature and have yielded numerous included, unless they represented the only current record specimens. The fauna was typically collected from various

596 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019

Table 1. Acronym of institutional repositories housing Indonesian polychaete collections; institutions in Indonesia in bold.

Acronym Institution City Country

AMS Australian Museum Sydney Australia BMNH British Museum of Natural History London England MNHM Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Bogor Indonesia NBC Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden Netherlands NRS Naturhistoriska Riskmuseet Stockholm Stockholm Sweden NTM Northern Territory Museum Darwin Australia RCB Research Center for Biology Bogor Indonesia RCDS Research Center for Deep Sea Ambon Indonesia RCO Research Center for Oceanography Jakarta Indonesia SMF Naturmuseum und Forschunginstitut, Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main Germany UCLA University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles USA UPMSI University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute Quezon City Philippines USNM United States National Museum Washington, D.C. USA WAM Western Australian Museum Perth Australia ZMB Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Germany ZMH Zoological Museum Hamburg Hamburg Germany ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark ZRC Zoological Reference Collection Singapore Singapore

Fig. 1. Map of Indonesian polychaete records (scale 1:30,000,000). Red circles represent records from taxonomic publications, whereas yellow circles represent records from both GBIF/ OBIS and ecological publications. Black dash and solid lines are Wallace’s and Lydekker’s Lines, respectively. The upper (light blue) and bottom (dark blue) bathymetric scales represent depths < 100m and >8,000 m, respectively.

597 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1932) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Dehorne (1907) Pettibone (1989) Pettibone Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Pflugfelder (1932) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Ehlers (1918); Pflugfelder Horst (1917); Malaquin & Horst (1917); Malaquin Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC WAM ZMB? ZMB? ZMUC (India)? Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC Resources and Ecology Centre for Marine Living Centre – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA L. M. Joll ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA SIBOGA & SWISS Expedition/ collector LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA & – Author(s) Peter, 1973 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Grube, 1878 Ehlers, 1887 (Grube, 1876) (Grube, 1878) (Holthe, 2000) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Pettibone, 1989 Pettibone, (M. Sars, 1835) (Caullery, 1944) Pflugfelder, 1932 Müller in Grube, 1858 Malaquin & Dehorne, 1907 Malaquin sp. Species Eclysippe Lysippe caeca Isolda pulchella Polyodontes jolli * jolli Polyodontes Amphicteis theeli * theeli Amphicteis Amphicteis gunneri Amphicteis Acoetes melanonota Acoetes Auchenoplax crinita Auchenoplax Amage madurensis * Amphicteis sibogae * Amphicteis Melinna malmgreni * Melinna Polyodontes sibogae * Polyodontes Polyodontes tidemani * Polyodontes Plotohelmis sumatransis Plotohelmis Amphicteis malayensis * Amphicteis Panthalis nigromaculata Panthalis Amage auricula sibogae * Paramphicteis angustifolia Paramphicteis Amphicteis quadridentata * quadridentata Amphicteis Ampharete macrobranchia * Eupolyodontes amboinensis * Eupolyodontes Polyodontes atromarginatus * Polyodontes Family Acoetidae Acoetidae Acoetidae Acoetidae Acoetidae Acoetidae Acoetidae Alciopidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Table 2. List of Indonesian polychaete species garnered from both taxonomic literature and GBIF/ OBIS datasets. The symbol ‘*’ indicates that the species was originally described from Indonesian waters. Capital and small letters in Expedition/ collector column indicate expedition and collector names, respectively. The symbol ‘–‘ indicates either no information provided, or difficulty to obtain is not in English. as the literature the information

598 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Reference(s) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a); Horst (1910, 1912) Horst (1910, 1912) Horst (1910, 1912) Horst (1910, 1912) Quatrefages (1866b) GBIF/ OBIS datasets Grube (1877); Horst (1912) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Horst (1912); McIntosh (1885) Augener (1933c); Horst (1912) Augener (1933c); Horst (1912) Augener (1933c); Pallas (1766) Augener (1933c); Ehlers (1918); NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMUC MNHM? Repository MZB & NBC MZB & NBC BMNH & NBC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NBC & ZMB? MZB, NBC, NTM & ZRC – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS GALATHEA Expedition/ collector ANAMBAS & SIBOGA ANAMBAS & SIBOGA GAZELLE & T. van Patot GAZELLE P. A. Ouwens & van Hoey Merton, SIBOGA, S. M. S. J. Verwey, P. A. Ouwens & H. M. S. CHALLENGER & – Author(s) Baird, 1868 Baird, 1868 Baird, 1868 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1910 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1910 Horst, 1910 Horst, 1910 Holthe, 2000 (Horst, 1912) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 1766) (Pallas, 1766) (Hessle, 1917) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 McIntosh, 1885 (Caullery, 1944) Quatrefages, 1866 sp. * Species Pavelius Chloeia flava Sosane wireni Chloeia parva Chloeia Chloeia nuda * Chloeia Chloeia fusca * Sosane fauveli * Sosane fauveli Samytha hesslei * Amphinome jukesi Chloeia violacea * violacea Chloeia Chloeia amphora * Chloeia Chloeia conspicua * Chloeia Sosane malayensis * Eurythoe complanata Eurythoe Amphinome rostrata * Benthoscolex coecus * coecus Benthoscolex Chloeia flava pulchella Bathychloeia sibogae * Bathychloeia Phyllocomus balinensis Phyllocomus Paramphicteis weberi * Paramphicteis Samytha heterobranchia * Cryptonome parvecarunculata Amphinome nigrobranchiata * Family Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Ampharetidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae

599 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Horst (1917) Reference(s) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae & Dehorne (1907) Horst (1911, 1912) Horst (1911, 1912) Horst (1911, 1912) Martens et al. (1995) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Augener (1933c); Fischli Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) (1903); Horst (1912); Malaquin Horst (1916c, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMH ZMUC ZMUC USNM USNM Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA A. Grube B. Glavic ANAMBAS L. Colinvaux GALATHEA GALATHEA W. Kükenthal J. M. Martens et al. Expedition/ collector J. Verwey, SIBOGA, SWISS & Author(s) Potts, 1909 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1911 Horst, 1911 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1911 Horst, 1916 Grube, 1855 Grube, 1875 Fauvel, 1932 (Baird, 1868) (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1916) (Pallas, 1766) (Monro, 1937) (Kinberg, 1867) (Kinberg, 1857) (Augener, 1913) (McIntosh, 1885) (Wu, Shen & Chen, 1975) chilensis rayneri cf. cf. Species Eurythoe dubia * Eurythoe Notopygos crinita Sangiria hystrix * Notopygos gigas * Aphrodita limosa * Pherecardia striata Pherecardia Aphrodita sondaica Aphrodita sibogae * Notopygos variabilis Linopherus oculifera Notopygos cirratus * Pherecardites parva * Notopygos Aphrodita decipiens * Aphrodita decipiens Paramphinome indica Aphrodita malayana * Aphrodita floresiana * Hermodice carunculata Aphrodita aphroditoides Pareurythoe Linopherus oligobranchia Parachloeia marmorata * Parachloeia Linopherus acarunculatus Family Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Amphinomidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae

600 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1917) Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Horst (1916b) McRae (1993) McRae (1993) McRae (1993) McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae (1993) & McRae Horst (1916a, 1917) Horst (1916a, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets Horst (1917); Hutchings & Horst (1917); Hutchings & Horst (1917); Hutchings & Horst (1917); Hutchings & Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings Horst (1916b, 1917); Hutchings – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC USNM Repository Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA L. Colinvaux Expedition/ collector Author(s) Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1916 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Grube, 1877 (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1916) (Grube, 1875) (Ehlers, 1918) (Haswell, 1883) (Haswell, 1883) Langerhans, 1881 malleata cf. Species Laetmonice parva * Pontogenia villosa * Pontogenia Pontogenia macleari Pontogenia Aphrogenia villosa * Laetmonice rugosa * Laetmonice Laetmonice producta Laetmonice Laetmonice batheia * Laetmonice Pontogenia spinosa * Pontogenia Laetmonice dubiosa * Laetmonice Hermonia Laetmonice arenifera * Laetmonice Laetmonice malayana * Laetmonice Laetmonice brachyceras Laetmonice Laetmonice conchifera * Laetmonice Laetmonice moluccana * Laetmonice Laetmonice viridescens * Laetmonice Branchiomaldane vincenti Branchiomaldane Laetmonice brevihastata * Laetmonice Aphrogenia nigropunctata * Aphrogenia nigropunctata Family Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Aphroditidae Arenicolidae

601 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1939) Pillai (1965) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Ehlers (1908) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Pamungkas (2017) Pamungkas (2015b) Sluiter (1891, 1902) Sluiter GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Ehlers (1918); Mesnil & Fauvel – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB NTM NTM SMF? NBC? NBC? ZMUC BMNH? MAGNT MAGNT Repository MZB & RCDS MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NBC, NTM & ZRC – – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA T. G. Pillai ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA J. Pamungkas J. Pamungkas Merton & SIBOGA Expedition/ collector DEUTSCHE TIEFSEE ANAMBAS & SIBOGA Author(s) Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Green, 2002 Green, 2002 Ehlers, 1908 Sluiter, 1891 Sluiter, Gravier, 1901 Watson, 2010 (Grube, 1846) M. Sars, 1851 (Renier, 1804) Webster, 1884 (Sluiter, 1902) (Sluiter, (Fauvel, 1932) Caullery, 1944 Hartman, 1945 (Gravier, 1908) McIntosh, 1885 (Caullery, 1944) Zenkevitch, 1966 Zenkevitch, 1964 Pamungkas, 2017 Marenzeller, 1879 Pamungkas, 2015b Watson Russell, 1998 latericeus cf. * Species Bhawania riveti Bhawania goodei Ikedella bogorovi Ikedella Bruunellia bandae Bruunellia Bonellia pumicea * Bonellia Capitella singularis Capitella Sluiterina sibogae * Sluiterina Chaetopterus cautus Bhawania pottsiana * Leiochrus alutaceus * Leiochrus alutaceus Treptopale paromolos Dasybranchus caducus Notomastus hemipodus Mediomastus warrenae Capitella ambonensis * Capitella Arichlidon hanneloreae Arichlidon Bhawania cryptocephala Bhawania amboinensis * Polymastigos javaensis * Notomastus Chaetopterus variopedatus Phyllochaetopterus sibogae * Phyllochaetopterus Mesochaetopterus malayensis Mesochaetopterus Promastobranchus orbiculatus Phyllochaetopterus claparedii Phyllochaetopterus Family Bonelliidae Bonelliidae Bonelliidae Bonelliidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Capitellidae Chaetopteridae Chaetopteridae Chaetopteridae Chaetopteridae Chaetopteridae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae Chrysopetalidae

602 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Reference(s) Grube (1877) Grube (1877) Ehlers (1918) Fischli (1903) Kinberg (1865a) Augener (1933c) Augener (1933c) Augener (1933c) Horst (1913, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); – – NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB MZB NTM NTM NRM ZMB? ZMB? ZMUC USNM USNM USNM Repository NBC & NTM MZB & NTM Freunde zu Berlin? MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NRS & NTM Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – Merton Vorster Vorster SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA Verngren ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS J. Rosewater GALATHEA W. Kükenthal S. M. GAZELLE S. M. GAZELLE Expedition/ collector ANAMBAS & SIBOGA H. Singou & J. Rosewater ANAMBAS & EUGENIE J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux – – – – 1856 Author(s) Day, 1963 Peters, 1854 Grube, 1878 Grube, 1877 Grube, 1877 Ehlers, 1901 Ehlers, 1868 Fischli, 1900 (Horst, 1913) Gravier, 1905 (Pallas, 1788) (Grube, 1856) (Ehlers, 1908) Kinberg, 1865 (Moore, 1909) Gallardo, 1968 (Hartman, 1976) (Schmarda, 1861) (Claparède, 1868) Quatrefages, 1866 Grube & Örsted in Grube, sp. sp.1 sp.2 sp. Species Tharyx Eunice afra Eunice Chaetozone Eunice laticeps Eunice Eunice indica * indica Eunice Eunice australis Eunice Cirriformia afer Eunice coccinea Eunice Eunice dilatata * dilatata Eunice Monticellina Monticellina Cossura dimorpha Eunice filamentosa Eunice aphroditois Eunice Dorvillea bioculata Dorvillea Dodecaceria joubini Eunice complanata * Eunice Cirratulus annamensis Eunice margariticacea Eunice Aphelochaeta multifilis Pareulepis malayana * Pareulepis Dodecaceria fistulicola Timarete anchylochaeta Timarete anchylochaeta Protodorvillea biarticulata Protodorvillea Protocirrineris chrysoderma Family Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cirratulidae Cossuridae Dorvilleidae Dorvilleidae Eulepethidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae

603 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Horst (1912) Horst (1912) Reference(s) Grube (1877) Ehlers (1918) Fischli (1903) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone Augener (1933c) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Martens et al. (1995) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets (1995); Pamungkas (2015a) Horst (1902); Martens et al. Augener (1933c); Ehlers (1918); – AM NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMH ZMUC USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM MAGNT Repository MZB & ZMB? Freunde zu Berlin? MAGNT & ZMUC MZB, RCDS & ZMH Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – Merton Vorster SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA A. Humes L. Colinvaux GALATHEA GALATHEA van de Sande W. Kükenthal et al. & SIBOGA J. M. Martens et al. Expedition/ collector U. S. FISH COMMISSION U. S. FISH COMMISSION J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux Merton, S. M. GAZELLE & J. M. Martens et al., Pamungkas Author(s) Horst, 1902 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1912 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Grube, 1870 Grube, 1840 Fischli, 1900 Hanley, 1986 (Peters, 1854) (Grube, 1840) (Grube, 1856) (Müller, 1776) Augener, 1933 Schmarda, 1861 Zibrowius, 1998 Marenzeller, 1879 Gray in Stair, 1847 (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Chiaje, (Delle Hartmann-Schröder in Hartmann-Schröder & Hartmann-Schröder Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 Savigny in Lamarck, Species Palola viridis Palola Eunice vittata Eunice Lysidice oele * Lysidice Eunice pennata Eunice Lysidice collaris Lysidice Eunice marianae Eunice Palola siciliensis Palola Nicidion cariboea Nicidion Lysidice unicornis Lysidice Leodice antennata Leodice Eunice microprion Eunice Eunice metatropos Eunice Euniphysa aculeata Euphrosine affinis * Lysidice kuekenthali kuekenthali Lysidice Euphrosine laureata Euphrosine hystrix * Euphrosine mucosa * Euphrosine globosa * Eunice schemacephala Eunice Marphysa mossambica Euphrosine maculata * Marphysa soembaensis * Euphrosine longesetosa * Family Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Eunicidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae

604 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1912) (1995/ 1996) Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Fischli (1903) McIntosh (1885) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) Horst (1903, 1912) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Kirkegaard (1995/ 1996) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Caullery (1944a); Kirkegaard – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB MZB ZMUC ZMUC BMNH Repository MZB & NTM MZB & NTM MZB & NTM NBC & ZMUC Freunde zu Berlin? Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA GALATHEA W. Kükenthal P. A. Ouwens Expedition/ collector H. M. S. CHALLENGER GALATHEA & SIBOGA Author(s) Izuka, 1912 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Horst, 1903 Grube, 1870 Grube, 1878 Grube, 1877 Fauvel, 1932 (Grube, 1877) (Ehlers, 1908) (Fauvel, 1928) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Gallardo, 1968 McIntosh, 1885 (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) Arwidsson, 1899 (Claparède, 1869) Marenzeller, 1879 Quatrefages, 1866 Böggemann & Fiege, 2001 Böggemann Species Piromis eruca Pherusa indica Piromis nuda * Glycera lapidum Glycera africana Pherusa coronata Pherusa sibogae * Glycera brevicirris Glycera macintoshi Daylithos parmatus Glycera longipinnis Pherusa curvisetis * Euphrosine superba Euphrosine pilosa * Brada talehsapensis Trophoniella rigida * Euphrosine sibogae * Euphrosine obiensis * Trophoniella intoshi * Euphrosine pelagica * Glycera onomichiensis Glycera amboinensis * Diplocirrus erythroporus Trophoniella avicularia * Trophoniella avicularia Glycera madagascariensis Family Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Euphrosinidae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Flabelligeridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae

605 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Horst (1921) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Kinberg (1866) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone McIntosh (1885) Kirkegaard (1995) Horst (1921, 1924) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Horst (1924); Pettibone (1970) Augener (1933c); Ehlers (1918) – – NRS NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMB NTM NTM ZMUC BMNH CMLRE Repository MZB & NTM MZB & NTM MZB & NTM MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA EUGENIE ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA J. Verwey & Merton Expedition/ collector H. M. S. CHALLENGER – – – – – – Author(s) Peter, 1974 Horst, 1921 (Day, 1963) Grube, 1840 Grube, 1878 Ehlers, 1908 (Horst, 1921) (Grube, 1878) Kinberg, 1866 Kinberg, 1866 Lamarck, 1818 Lamarck, 1818 Lamarck, Southern, 1921 Pettibone, 1970 Pettibone, 1970 Pettibone, Pettibone, 1986 McIntosh, 1885 Pettibone, 1970) Pettibone, (Lamarck, 1818) (Lamarck, Kirkegaard, 1995 Augener & Pettibone in Augener & Pettibone (Augener & Pettibone in (Augener & Pettibone sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. oligodon cf. Species Gyptis Psamathe Abyssoninoe Hartmaniella Lumbinerides Ophiodromus Iphione muricata Glycera tesselata Glycera unicornis Hesione intertexta Hesione splendida Goniada clavata * Goniada clavata Leocrates indicus * Leocrates chinensis Hesione eugeniae * Hesione eugeniae Leocratides ehlersi * Glycera sagittariae * Glycinde Podarkeopsis capensis Lopadorrhynchus indica Oxydromus angustifrons Leocratides filamentosus philippinensis Iphionella Bathyglycinde sibogana * Leocrates djangkarensis * Leocrates wesenberglundae Family Glyceridae Glyceridae Glyceridae Goniadidae Goniadidae Goniadidae Hartmaniellidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Hesionidae Iphionidae Iphionidae Lopadorrhynchidae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae

606 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Reference(s) Grube (1877) Ehlers (1918) Kinberg (1866) Kinberg (1866) Augener (1934) Kinberg (1865a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – – – – NRS NRS NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB ZMB NRS? ZMB? ZMUC ZMUC Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC – – – – – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA EUGENIE EUGENIE ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA GALATHEA C. Ph. Sluiter S. M. GAZELLE Expedition/ collector 1872) Author(s) Grube, 1877 Ehlers, 1908 Ehlers, 1918 Ehlers, 1908 Verrill, 1873 Verrill, Fauvel, 1932 Monro, 1937 (Izuka, 1902) (Baird, 1873) (Grube, 1877) (Ehlers, 1908) Kinberg, 1865 Kinberg, 1866 Kinberg, 1866 (Monro, 1928) Gallardo, 1968 Gallardo, 1968 Fauchald, 1968 (M. Sars, 1861) Claparède, 1868 (Augener, 1934) Malmgren, 1865 Malmgren, 1865 Quatrefages, 1866 (M. Sars in G. O. Sars, (Mesnil & Fauvel, 1939) Mortimer & Mackie, 2003 & Mackie, Mortimer vietnamensis cf. Species Ninoe bruuni Maldane sarsi Ninoe nigripes Rhodine loveni Rhodine Magelona cincta Metasychis gotoi Metasychis Praxillella affinis Isocirrus tropicus Maldanella grossa Maldanella Praxillella gracilis Praxillella Sabaco javanicus * Magelona gemmata Sabaco maculatus * Lumbrineris indica * Lumbrineris indica Petaloproctus cirratus Petaloproctus Lumbrineris impatiens Notoproctus sibogae * Magelona crenulifrons Aglaophamus lyratus * Petaloproctus terricolus Petaloproctus Lumbrineris albidentata Lumbrineris maxillosa * Aglaophamus dibranchis Lumbriclymene interstricta Lumbrineris amboinensis * Lumbrineris pseudobifilaris Aglaophamus Family Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Lumbrineridae Magelonidae Magelonidae Magelonidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Maldanidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae

607 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Pillai (1965) Horst (1924) Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Ehlers (1918) Ehlers (1920) Ehlers (1920) Horst (1918b) Horst (1918b) Fischli (1903) Glasby (2015) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone & Glasby (2015) Pflugfelder (1933) Martens et al. (1995) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Horst (1924); Pamungkas & Pamungkas (2015a); – – NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMB ZMB NTM ZMH SMF? ZMB? ZMUC BMNH? Repository MZB & NTM MZB & NTM MAGNT & NBC Freunde zu Berlin? MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & RCDS Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – Merton Merton Kinberg SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA T. G. Pillai ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA W. Kükenthal J. Pamungkas et al. J. M. Martens et al. Expedition/ collector LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA J. Pamungkas et al. & SIBOGA – 1988 Author(s) Horst, 1918 Grube, 1878 Ehlers, 1918 Ehlers, 1887 Ehlers, 1920 (Eisig, 1870) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1918) Gravier, 1904 (Ehlers, 1920) (Fischli, 1900) Hartman, 1938 Hartman, Fauchald, 1968 (Leuckart, 1847) (Southern, 1921) (O. F. Müller, 1776) (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949) Hartmann-Schröder, 1985 Hartmann-Schröder, 1985 Hartmann-Schröder, (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) Hylleberg & Nateewathana, Hylleberg sp. perkinsi punctata cf. cf. Species hyalognatha * hyalognatha Alitta succinea Alitta Nephtys palatii Ceratocephale Nephtys squamosa Hediste diversicolor Gymnonereis fauveli Nephtys Aglaophamus tepens Ceratonereis australis Ceratonereis Gymnonereis sibogae * Gnatholycastis brocki * brocki Gnatholycastis Nephtys spiribranchis * Ceratonereis hircinicola Ceratonereis ternatensis Ceratonereis tripartita * Ceratonereis Composetia marmorata * Gymnonereis phuketensis Dendronereis pinnaticirris Ceratonereis (Composetia) Ceratonereis dorsolineata * Ceratonereis dorsolineata Micronephthys oligobranchia Micronephthys Micronephthys sphaerocirrata Micronephthys Family Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nephtyidae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae

608 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 (1990) Pillai (1965) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Reference(s) Grube (1881) Horst (1918b) & Glasby (2015) & Glasby (2015) Pflugfelder (1933) Pflugfelder (1933) Pflugfelder (1933) Pflugfelder (1933) Pflugfelder (1933) Glasby et al. (2007) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Martens et al. (1995); Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Ehlers (1918); Horst (1924); Feuerborn (1931); Glasby et al. Horst (1919, 1924); Pamungkas Feuerborn, (1931); Horst (1909) Pamungkas (2015a); – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMB MZB NTM ZMH ZMB? ZMB? ZMB? ZMB? ZMB? ZMB? ZMB? USNM BMNH? MAGNT Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NBC, NTM, RCDS & – – Junardi Martens SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA T. G. Pillai ANAMBAS ANAMBAS J. Rosewater J. W. R. Koch Expedition/ collector al., Merton & SIBOGA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA J. M. Martens, Pamungkas et – Author(s) Silva, 1965 Horst, 1924 (Horst, 1918) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) Junardi, 2007 (Grube, 1881) (Ehlers, 1904) (Ehlers, 1868) (Ehlers, 1901) Kinberg, 1865 (Willey, 1905) (Willey, (Fauvel, 1918) (Johnson, 1903) (McIntosh, 1885) (Feuerborn, 1931) (Pflugfelder, 1933) (Pflugfelder, 1933) (Pflugfelder, 1933) (Pflugfelder, 1933) (Pflugfelder, 1933) Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 Glasby, Miura, Nishi & sp. Species Nereis baliensis * Leonnates indicus Nectoneanthes Leonnates persicus Nereis abyssicola * Neanthes trifasciata Neanthes rubicunda Nereis batjanensis * Neanthes unifasciata Namalycastis vivax * Namalycastis vivax Namalycastis nipae * Neanthes vitabunda * Neanthes vitabunda Neanthes cricognatha Neanthes kerguelensis Neanthes pachychaeta Neanthes pachychaeta Leonnates nierstraszi * Neanthes larentukana * Neanthes larentukana Neanthes negomboensis Namalycastis terrestris * Namalycastis hawaiiensis Namanereis amboinensis * Namalycastis meraukensis * Namalycastis rhodochorde * Namanereis catarractarum * Family Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae

609 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (2015) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Reference(s) Ehlers (1920) Ehlers (1920) Ehlers (1920) Augener (1933c) Hoagland (1920) Pflugfelder (1933) Kirkegaard (1956) Horst (1919, 1924) Horst (1918a, 1924) Quatrefages (1866a) Horst (1918b, 1924) Martens et al. (1995) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Horst (1924); Pamungkas Ehlers (1918); Horst (1924) Horst (1924); Martens et al. (1995); Pamungkas (2015a); Pamungkas & Glasby (2015), (2015a); Pamungkas & Glasby NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMB ZMH ZMH SMF? SMF? ZMB? ZMUC USNM USNM MNHM? MAGNT Repository MZB, NBC, NTM & RCDS MZB, NBC, NTM, RCDS & – – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA J. Rosewater GALATHEA ALBATROSS L. van Lummel et al. & SIBOGA J. M. Martens et al. Merton & SIBOGA Expedition/ collector LIMNOLOGISCHE SUNDA J. W. van Nouhuys & SIBOGA J. Pamungkas et al. & SIBOGA J. M. Martens et al., Pamungkas Author(s) Horst, 1918 Horst, 1918 Ehlers, 1919 Ehlers, 1868 Ehlers, 1920 Fauvel, 1911 (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1889) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1840) (Grube, 1878) (Ehlers, 1920) (Ehlers, 1868) Kinberg, 1865 Kirkegaard, 1956 (Hoagland, 1920) Quatrefages, 1866 (Pflugfelder, 1933) Species Nereis persica Nereis nigripes Nereis quoyii * Nereis jacksoni Perinereis helleri Perinereis Nereis profundi * Nereis nouhuysi * Nereis macropis * Nereis tydemani * Nereis thysanota * Nereis buitendijki * Nereis buitendijki Perinereis floridana Perinereis cultrifera Perinereis Nereis vandersandi * Perinereis camiguina Perinereis Perinereis caeruleis * Perinereis Perinereis cavifrons * Perinereis dongalae * Perinereis Nereis onychophora * Perinereis aibuhitensis Perinereis Nereis heteromorpha * Perinereis binongkae * Perinereis Nereis sumbawaensis * Perinereis nigropunctata Perinereis Paraleonnates tenuipalpa * Paraleonnates Family Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae

610 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Horst (1924) Reference(s) Horst (1919b) Kinberg (1865b) Augener (1933c) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1914a) & Glasby (2015) Augener (1933b) Quatrefages (1866a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Martens et al. (1995), Glasby & Hsieh (2006) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Fischli (1903); Grube (1877) Pamungkas & Glasby (2015) Augener (1933c); Horst (1924) Pamungkas (2015a), NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB NTM ZMH NTM NRS? ZMB? ZMUC ZMUC MAGNT MAGNT MNHM? MNHM? Repository MZB & NTM – – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA Kükenthal I. Al-Hakim ANAMBAS GALATHEA GALATHEA L. van Lummel J. Pamungkas et al. J. M. Martens et al. Lummel & SIBOGA Expedition/ collector T. van Benthem Jutting T. van Benthem S. M. S. GAZELLE & W. S. M. GAZELLE K. W. Dammerman, L. van K. W. Dammerman, – 1833) Author(s) Gibbs, 1971 (Horst, 1919) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) (Horst, 1924) Gravier, 1899 (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1878) (Willey, 1905) (Willey, (Fauvel, 1918) (Fauvel, 1930) Lamarck, 1818 Lamarck, Pettibone, 1971 Pettibone, (Kinberg, 1865) Crossland, 1924 (Augener, 1933) (Augener, 1913) (Caullery, 1914) (Montagu, 1804) (Quatrefages, 1866) (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) (Savigny in Lamarck, (Audouin & Milne Edwards, sp. Species Oenone fulgida Arabella iricolor Arabella Perinereis nuntia Perinereis Neanthes indica * Drilonereis logani Websterinereis foli Websterinereis Perinereis obfuscata Perinereis Perinereis rumphii * Perinereis suluana * Perinereis Platynereis dumerilii Platynereis Platynereis cristatus * Platynereis Pseudonereis anomala Perinereis tobeloana * tobeloana Perinereis Platynereis abnormis * Perinereis perspicillata Perinereis Rullierinereis gallardoi Rullierinereis Perinereis variodentata Perinereis bengalensis Platynereis Simplisetia erythraeensis Simplisetia Drilonereis parasiticus * Drilonereis parasiticus Arabella (Notopsilus) Arabella Perinereis singaporiensis Perinereis Pseudonereis trimaculata * Pseudonereis trimaculata Solomononereis merauensis Tylorrhynchus heterochetus * Family Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Nereididae Oenonidae Oenonidae Oenonidae Oenonidae Oenonidae

611 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1833) Reference(s) Ehlers (1908) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone McIntosh (1885) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Kirkegaard (1956) Quatrefages (1866a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Audouin & Milne Edwards Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMB NTM SMF? ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC USNM BMNH MNHM? MNHM? Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC – – – – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA M. Rosenstein Expedition/ collector DEUTSCHE TIEFSEE H. M. S. CHALLENGER U. S. FISH COMMISSION 1833 1833 1872) Author(s) Grube, 1878 Ehlers, 1908 Paxton, 1993 (Verrill, 1873) (Verrill, (Moore, 1911) (Fauvel, 1932) Pettibone, 1970 Pettibone, Hoagland, 1920 (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Gallardo, 1968) (Fauchald, 1968) Southward, 1977 Kirkegaard, 1956 (McIntosh, 1885) Marenzeller, 1879 Quatrefages, 1866 (Chamberlin, 1919) (Chamberlin, Nishi & Kato, 2009 (O. F. Müller, 1776) (M. Sars in G. O. Sars, Hartmann-Schröder, 1974 Audouin & Milne Edwards, Audouin & Milne Edwards, Species Kinbergonuphis Onuphis eremita Onuphis opalina Diopatra maculata Diopatra pseudodibranchiata Diopatra claparedii Hyalinoecia robusta Hyalinoecia Ophelina bimensis * Hyalinoecia tubicola Hyalinoecia Armandia bipapillata Diopatra uncinifera * Diopatra uncinifera Nothria hawaiiensis * Diopatra amboinensis * Onuphis holobranchiata Armandia longicaudata * Armandia longicaudata Anchinothria hiatidentata Anchinothria Kinbergonuphis abyssalis Longibrachium arariensis Ammotrypane galatheae * Ammotrypane galatheae Kinbergonuphis proalopus Paradiopatra quadricuspis Rhamphobrachium chuni * Rhamphobrachium pacifica Ophelina brevibranchiata * Ophelina brevibranchiata Protodiopatra willemoesii * Protodiopatra willemoesii Kinbergonuphis investigatoris Family Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Onuphidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae

612 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1923) Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Ehlers (1920) Horst (1919a) Horst (1919a) Horst (1919a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Kirkegaard (1995/ 1996) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NTM NTM NTM NTM NTM NTM SMF? SMF? ZMUC ZMUC Repository MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC – – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS P. Buitendijk GALATHEA GALATHEA P. N. van Kampen P. N. van Kampen Expedition/ collector – – – – Author(s) Pillai, 1961 Horst, 1923 Fauvel, 1913 (Horst, 1919) (Horst, 1919) (Horst, 1919) (Ehlers, 1918) (Ehlers, 1920) (Ehlers, 1897) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Gallardo, 1968 1955 Hartman, Southern, 1921 (Webster, 1879) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Uschakov, 1950) Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956 sp. sp. sp. sp. Species orientalis Levinsenia Paradoneis Cirrophorus Owenia collaris Myriochele picta Myriochele Ophelina dubia * Leitoscoloplos Ophelina fauveli * Ophelina fauveli Ophelina ehlersi * Ophelina sibogae * Myriochele minor * Myriochele Ophelina kampeni * Ophelina remigera * Ophelina profunda * Owenia assimilator * Scoloplos (Leodamas) Leodamas marginatus Ophelina buitendijki * Ophelina buitendijki Ophelina cordiformis * Ophelina pygocirrata * Paralacydonia weberi * Paralacydonia Myriochele eurystoma * Myriochele Aricidea (Acmira) lopezi Aricidea Paralacydonia paradoxa Paralacydonia Galathowenia lobopygidiata Galathowenia Scoloplos (Leodamas) rubra Scoloplos (Leodamas) gracilis Family Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Opheliidae Orbiniidae Orbiniidae Orbiniidae Orbiniidae Orbiniidae Oweniidae Oweniidae Oweniidae Oweniidae Oweniidae Oweniidae Paralacydoniidae Paralacydoniidae Paraonidae Paraonidae Paraonidae Paraonidae

613 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Horst (1917) Reference(s) Fischli (1903) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Dawydoff (1905) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB NTM NTM NTM ZMUC MAGNT MAGNT Repository MZB & NTM Freunde zu Berlin? MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA Zadelhoff ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA W. Kükenthal Expedition/ collector – – – Author(s) Allen, 1904 Horst, 1915 (Day, 1963) Grube, 1878 Grube, 1878 (Fauvel, 1919) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Pettibone, 1969 (Kinberg, 1866) Dawydoff, 1905 (Caullery, 1944) (Gallardo, 1968) (Hartman, 1945) (Kitamori, 1960) (Southern, 1921) (McIntosh, 1885) Langerhans, 1880 Glasby & Marks, 2013 (Marks & Hocknull, 2006) (Gmelin in Linnaeus, 1788) in Linnaeus, (Gmelin sp. sp. sp. Species Pilargis Paraonis Petta tenuis * Petta Paranaitis Synelmis sergi Sigambra bassi Synelmis rigida Sigambra parva Genetyllis gracilis Genetyllis Sigambra hanaokai Litocorsa annamita Sigambra constricta Pectinaria brevispinis Pectinaria Pectinaria profunda * Pectinaria Pectinaria papillosa * papillosa Pectinaria Admetella longipedata longipedata Admetella Poecilochaetus serpens Poecilochaetus Polygordius epitocus * Polygordius epitocus Phyllodoce lamelligera lamelligera Phyllodoce Australaugeneria pottsi Australaugeneria Phyllodoce madeirensis Phyllodoce Pectinaria leioscapha * leioscapha Pectinaria Phyllodoce quadraticeps Phyllodoce Amphictene leioscapha * leioscapha Amphictene Allmaniella arafurensis * Allmaniella Hermundura gladstonensis Family Paraonidae Pectinariidae Pectinariidae Pectinariidae Pectinariidae Pectinariidae Pectinariidae Phyllodocidae Phyllodocidae Phyllodocidae Phyllodocidae Phyllodocidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Pilargidae Poecilochaetidae Polygordiidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae

614 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Ehlers (1908) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC SMF? ZMUC Repository SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA GALATHEA Expedition/ collector DEUTSCHE TIEFSEE Author(s) Horst, 1917 Horst, 1915 Horst, 1915 Horst, 1915 Horst, 1915 (Potts, 1910) (Potts, 1910) (Potts, 1910) (Potts, 1910) (Horst, 1915) (Horst, 1917) (Horst, 1915) (Horst, 1915) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1840) (Grube, 1870) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1876) (Ehlers, 1908) (Fauvel, 1913) McIntosh, 1885 (Benham, 1927) (Benham, Schmarda, 1861 (Linnaeus, 1767) 1758) (Linnaeus, Augener & Pettibone, 1970 Augener & Pettibone, adspersus imbricata squamatus benthaliana cf. cf. cf. cf. Species Eunoe pallida * Eunoe pallida Harmothoe atra * Harmothoe cornuta Harmothoe flaccida Lagisca malayana * Halosydna batheia * Halosydna batheia Bathynoe pustulata * Bathynoe Lepidonotus cristatus Lepidonotus Lagisca elytrophora * Lagisca elytrophora Lepidasthenia elegans Lepidasthenia Lepidonotus echinatus Gastrolepidia clavigera Gastrolepidia Halosydnopsis pilosa * Drieschella maculata * Drieschella Hemilepidia versluysi * Hemilepidia Harmothoe dictyophora Heteralentia ptycholepis Heteralentia Lepidonotus carinulatus Harmothoe Lepidasthenia microlepis Lepidasthenia Bathyeliasona abyssicola Bathyeliasona Lepidonotus Lepidonotus Harmothoe Lepidonotus albopustulatus * Hololepidella nigropunctata * nigropunctata Hololepidella Benhamipolynoe antipathicola Benhamipolynoe Family Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae

615 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1856) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Ehlers (1920) Pettibone (1970) Pettibone Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1913, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Horst (1915, 1917) Di Camillo et al. (2011) Di Camillo Petersen & Britayev (1997) Petersen & Britayev Fischli (1903); Horst (1917) Horst (1915, 1917); Kinberg Horst (1917); McIntosh (1885) Augener (1933c); Horst (1917) – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMB MNCN Repository NBC & NRS MZB & NBC – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SNELLIUS II Di Camillo et al. Di Camillo SIBOGA & Vorster Expedition/ collector EUGENIE & SIBOGA SIBOGA & W. Kükenthal H. M. S. CHALLENGER & Author(s) Potts, 1910 Baird, 1865 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1915 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1915 Horst, 1915 Ehlers, 1918 Ehlers, 1908 Ehlers, 1920 (Potts, 1910) (Potts, 1910) Fischli, 1903 (Horst, 1915) (Horst, 1915) (Horst, 1915) (Peters, 1854) (Grube, 1878) Britayev, 2011 Britayev, McIntosh, 1885 (Kinberg, 1856) Di Camillo, Martin & Di Camillo, Petersen & Britayev, 1997 Petersen & Britayev, Augener & Pettibone, 1970 Augener & Pettibone, indica cf. Species lobetobiensis * lobetobiensis Thormora jukesii Telolepidasthenia Polynoe cornuta * Polynoe Perolepis regularis Perolepis Polynoe kampeni * Lepidonotus ruber * Lepidonotus ornatus Lepidonotus glaucus Paradyte crinoidicola Paradyte Subadyte papillifera * papillifera Subadyte Paradyte tentaculata * tentaculata Paradyte Lepidonotus suluensis * Lepidonotus javanicus * Parahalosydna sibogae * Lepidonotus malayanus * Scalisetosus acutipinnis * Scalisetosus acutipinnis Scalisetosus ceramensis * Verrucapelma nigricans * Paralepidonotus indicus * Paralepidonotus Paralepidonotus Medioantenna variopinta * Lepidonotus onisciformis * Lepidonotus vandersandei * Ophthalmonoe pettiboneae * Ophthalmonoe pettiboneae Paralepidonotus ampulliferus Paralepidonotus Family Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae Polynoidae

616 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 (2010) Horst (1915) Jones (1974) (1995/ 1996) Reference(s) Ehlers (1908) Ehlers (1918) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Horst (1915, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Kirkegaard (1995/ 1996) Augener (1933c); Fischli Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Kinberg (1866); Kirkegaard Augener (1934); Nishi et al. Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); (1903); Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NTM NTM SMF? ZMUC USNM MAGNT MAGNT Repository MZB & NTM NRS & ZMUC BMNH & USNM Freunde zu Berlin? & NBC Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA P. Taylor ANAMBAS ANAMBAS GALATHEA Expedition/ collector DEUTSCHE TIEFSEE SIBOGA & W. Kükenthal EUGENIE & GALATHEA ANAMBAS & P. A. Ouwens C. Ph. Sluiter & P. Buitendijk A. Dewilde, O. Bryant, W. Palmer – 2012 Author(s) Jones, 1974 Krøyer, 1856 (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1870) (Ehlers, 1908) Kinberg, 1866 (Moore, 1903) Augener, 1934 (Leydig, 1851) (Leydig, Fitzhugh, 2002 (Kinberg, 1866) (Caullery, 1944) 1913) (Caullery, (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (McIntosh, 1885) (Schmarda, 1861) (Schmarda, 1861) (Schmarda, 1861) (Treadwell, 1926) (Capa & Murray, 2009) Hutchings, Capa & Peart, sp. Species Euchone Bispira porifera Bispira tricyclia Chone letterstedti Lygdamis ehlersi * Idanthyrsus willora Eunoe kerguelensis Lygdamis indicus * Tetreres superbus * Tetreres porrectus * Sabellaria javanica * javanica Sabellaria Bispira melanostigma Notaulax phaeotaenia Notaulax Tetreres philippinensis Lepidonotus adspersus Caobangia morrisoni * Laonome andamanensis Chone infundibuliformis Paradialychone ecaudata Paradialychone Idanthyrsus bihamatus * Branchiomma cingulatum Amphiglena mediterranea Amphiglena Phalacrostemma abyssalis * Acromegalomma interruptum Family Polynoidae Polynoidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellariidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae

617 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1939) (1939) Pillai (1965) Reference(s) Fischli (1903) Augener (1933c) Augener (1933c) Zibrowius (1972) Pamungkas (2015a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Martens et al. (1995), Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Ehlers (1918); Mesnil & Fauvel Fischli (1903); Mesnil & Fauvel – AM AM NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMB MZB NTM NTM USNM USNM BMNH? MAGNT Repository AM & SMF MZB & ZMH NBC & ZMB? AM & MAGNT Freunde zu Berlin? AM, SMF & USNM Freunde zu Berlin? & NBC Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – – – – Vorster E. Wong E. Wong E. Wong SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA P. Taylor P. Taylor T. G. Pillai ANAMBAS ANAMBAS W. Kükenthal Pamungkas et al. Expedition/ collector J. M. Martens et al. & SIBOGA & W. Kükenthal SIBOGA & S. M. S. GAZELLE – – Author(s) Pillai, 1961 Grube, 1878 (Pillai, 1960) (Shaw, 1800) (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1870) (Grube, 1878) Savigny, 1822 Imajima, 1976 Augener, 1925 Berkeley, 1835 Berkeley, Southern, 1921 (Gmelin, 1791) (Gmelin, Straughan, 1967 Straughan, 1967 Zibrowius, 1972 (Montagu, 1813) (McIntosh, 1885) Marenzeller, 1885 (Marenzeller, 1885) (Quatrefages, 1866) Hartmann-Schröder, 1979 Hartmann-Schröder, sp. sp. Species zebuensis Perkinsiana Hydroides recta Hydroides minax Sabella pavonina Sabella Filograna implexa Ditrupa gracillima Hydroides exaltata Hydroides albiceps Hydroides albiceps Sabella spallanzanii Pseudopotamilla Stylomma palmatum Pseudobranchiomma Potamilla leptochaeta Potamilla Hyboscolex verrucosa Hydroides tuberculata Hydroides externispina Ficopomatus uschakovi Sabellastarte magnifica Hydroides multispinosa Hydroides bandaensis * Sabellastarte spectabilis Sabellastarte Hydroides tambalagamensis Acromegalomma vesiculosum Hydroides novaepommeraniae Family Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Sabellidae Scalibregmatidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae

618 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Fischli (1903) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) Mesnil & Fauvel (1939) (1939); Willette et al. (2015) (1939); Willette Malaquin & Dehorne (1907); Malaquin Grube (1862); Mesnil & Fauvel – – SMF SMF NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMB ZMUC USNM BMNH BMNH BMNH UPMSI (India)? Repository AM & SMF MNHM? & NBC BMNH & USNM Freunde zu Berlin? Resources and Ecology AMSS, NBC, UCLA & Centre for Marine Living Centre AM, BMNH, MAGNT & Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – – – – – – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA H. ten Hove H. ten Hove GALATHEA W. Kükenthal SIBOGA & SWISS Expedition/ collector D. A. Willette & SIBOGA C. Johnsen, P. Taylor & R. Fadli 1904) Author(s) Baird, 1865 Gravier, 1906 (Pallas, 1766) (Grube, 1862) (Grube, 1875) Imajima, 1982 Imajima, (Fischli, 1903) (Huxley, 1855) (Philippi, 1844) Straughan, 1967 (Montagu, 1803) Southward, 1975 Kirkegaard, 1956 Tunnicliffe, 2002 Tunnicliffe, (Schmarda, 1861) (Abildgaard, 1789) (Abildgaard, (Marenzeller, 1885) (O. G. Costa, 1861) Southward, Schulze & Pillai & Ten Hove, 1994 Pillai & Ten Hove, 1994 Pillai & Ten Hove, 1994 Pillai & Ten Hove, 1994 (Bush in Moore & Bush, Species Serpula jukesii Protula tubularia Salmacina dysteri Spiraserpula snellii Spiraserpula Vermiliopsis labiata Vermiliopsis Euthalenessa festiva Euthalenessa Galathealinum bruuni Galathealinum Spiraserpula deltoides Lamellisabella pallida Lamellisabella Pomatostegus stellatus Spiraserpula sumbensis Vermiliopsis glandigera Spirobranchus giganteus Spirobranchus decoratus Spirobranchus tetraceros Spirobranchus latiscapus Spiraserpula ingoconvexa Paraescarpia echinospica Spirobranchus corrugatus Neodexiospira foraminosa Neodexiospira Vermiliopsis infundibulum Spirobranchus nigranucha * Spirobranchus corniculatus * Family Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Serpulidae Siboglinidae Siboglinidae Siboglinidae Siboglinidae

619 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Fischli (1903) Pettibone (1997) Pettibone Horst (1913, 1917) Horst (1916a, 1917) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Caullery (1914c, 1944b) Grube (1877); Horst (1917) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Horst (1917); Pettibone (1971) Horst (1917); Pettibone (1970) Horst (1917); Pettibone – – – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC ZMUC Repository NBC & ZMB? Freunde zu Berlin? MZB, NBC, NTM & ZRC Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA Ivanov A. V. GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA GALATHEA W. Kükenthal Expedition/ collector ANAMBAS & SIBOGA SIBOGA & S. M. S. GAZELLE Author(s) Potts, 1910 Horst, 1917 Horst, 1917 Grube, 1877 Ivanov, 1963 (Horst, 1917) (Horst, 1917) (Horst, 1913) (Horst, 1916) (Horst, 1917) (Peters, 1854) (Grube, 1877) (Grube, 1870) (Grube, 1877) Kinberg, 1856 Kinberg, 1856 (Willey, 1905) (Willey, (Fischli, 1903) Caullery, 1944 Pettibone, 1970 Pettibone, 1997 Pettibone, (Johnston, 1833) Southward, 1975 Southward, 1975 (McIntosh, 1885) oculata cf. Species Sthenelais boa Sthenelais Leanira coeca * Leanira coeca Psammolyce flava Sthenolepis incisa Sthenolepis Pelogenia zeylanica Pelogenia Leanira quatrefagesi Leanira Sthenelais orientalis Sthenelais Sthenolepis japonica Sthenolepis Ehlersileanira incisa Ehlersileanira Psammolyce horsti * Siboglinum weberi * Sthenolepis javanica * Sthenolepis Sthenelais malayana * Sthenelais Sthenelanella ehlersi * ehlersi Sthenelanella Siboglinum sumatrense Sigalion amboinensis * Sigalion Siboglinum polystichum Euthalenessa Unibrachium tenuifrenum Labioleanira tentaculata * Labioleanira tentaculata Labiosthenolepis sibogae * Labiosthenolepis Pottsipelogenia malayana * Pottsipelogenia Fimbriosthenelais gracilis * Fimbriosthenelais Horstileanira vanderspoeli * Fimbriosthenelais longipinnis Fimbriosthenelais Family Siboglinidae Siboglinidae Siboglinidae Siboglinidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae

620 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Horst (1917) Horst (1917) Reference(s) Williams (2001) Williams (2000) Williams (2001) Williams Pettibone (1971) Pettibone (1971) Pettibone (1971) Pettibone Augener (1933a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1914b) (1915d) Caullery (1915d) Caullery GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Salazar-Vallejo (2013) Caullery (1914b, 1944a) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Caullery (1944a); Sendall & Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Horst (1917); Pettibone (1971) Horst (1917); Pettibone – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB MZB MZB USNM USNM USNM USNM Repository MZB & ZRC NBC & NTM MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NBC, NTM & ZRC – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS L. Colinvaux van de Velde J. D. Williams J. D. Williams J. D. Williams Expedition/ collector ANAMBAS & SIBOGA ANAMBAS & SIBOGA 1991 Author(s) Grube, 1860 Foster, 1971 Fauvel, 1928 (Horst, 1917) (Horst, 1917) (Horst, 1917) (Ehlers, 1901) Caullery, 1915 Caullery, 1915 Caullery, Hartman, 1965 Berkeley, 1927 Berkeley, Williams, 2000 Williams, 2001 Williams, Pettibone, 1971 Pettibone, 1971 Pettibone, 1971 Pettibone, (M. Sars, 1851) (Augener, 1933) (Caullery, 1914) (Caullery, 1914) (Caullery, 1944) Woodwick, 1964 (Langerhans, 1880) Hylleberg & Nateewathana, Hylleberg cirrata cf. pettiboneae Species cf. Paraprionospio Polydora robi * Prionospio delta inaequibranchia * inaequibranchia Prionospio ehlersi Dipolydora armata Dipolydora armata Laonice Spiophanes kroyeri Prionospio komaeti Spio Sthenolepis vulturis * Sthenolepis Caulleryaspis laevis * Caulleryaspis laevis Pseudopolydora reishi Polydora umangivora * Paraprionospio pinnata Spiophanes longicirris * Spiophanes longicirris Willeysthenelais horsti * Willeysthenelais Prionospio malayensis * Spiophanes malayensis * Prionospio multibranchiata Willeysthenelais suluensis * Willeysthenelais Sthenolepis melanocephala * melanocephala Sthenolepis Sphaerodoropsis malayana * Willeysthenelais bandaensis * Willeysthenelais Willeysthenelais heterochela * heterochela Willeysthenelais Family Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sigalionidae Sphaerodoridae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Spionidae Sternaspidae

621 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia (1933c) Reference(s) Sluiter (1891) Sluiter Augener (1933c) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1944a) Lattig et al. (2010) Lattig et al. (2010) Lattig et al. (2010) Lattig et al. (2010) Lattig Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets (2013); Sluiter (1882) Salazar-Vallejo (2013) Sendall & Salazar-Vallejo Hartmann-Schröder (1993) Hartmann-Schröder Caullery (1994a); Sendall & Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004); Aguado et al. (2008); Augener – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB MZB NBC? ZMH? USNM USNM Repository MZB & NBC MZB, NBC, NTM & ZRC – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA? W. Kükenthal SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II N. J. de Voogd N. J. de Voogd L. van Lummel Expedition/ collector ANAMBAS & SIBOGA L. van Lummel & Steinfurth L. van Lummel J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux A. Janssen, B. W. Hoeksema & A. Janssen, B. W. Hoeksema & K. W. Dammerman & SIBOGA 2010 2010 2010 2010 Author(s) Day, 1963 Grube, 1878 Sluiter, 1882 Sluiter, (Grube, 1855) (Grube, 1878) Augener, 1913 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 (Gravier, 1900) (Imajima, 1966) Claparède, 1863 (Augener, 1913) (Claparède, 1868) Marenzeller, 1879 Marenzeller, 1875 Lattig, Martin & Aguado, Lattig, Martin & Aguado, Lattig, Martin & Aguado, Lattig, Martin & Aguado, Lattig, Marion & Bobretzky, 1875 (Hartmann-Schröder, 1993) (Hartmann-Schröder, Species Eusyllis assimilis Eusyllis Exogone normalis Exogone Sternaspis costata Exogone verugera Exogone Odontosyllis gibba Sternaspis minor * Eusyllis lamelligera Eusyllis Branchiosyllis exilis Branchiosyllis Sternaspis spinosa * Sternaspis rietschi * Opisthosyllis flaccida Haplosyllis nicoleae * Haplosyllis nicoleae * Haplosyllis tenhovei Haplosyllis spongicola Haplosyllis aciculata * Haplosyllis aciculata Odontosyllis arenicolor Branchiosyllis maculata Branchiosyllis Haplosyllis ingensicola * Alcyonosyllis xeniaecola * xeniaecola Alcyonosyllis Odontosyllis freycinetensis Branchiosyllis verruculosa Branchiosyllis Family Sternaspidae Sternaspidae Sternaspidae Sternaspidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae

622 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Fischli (1903) Augener (1933c) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) Aguado et al. (2008) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM USNM BMNH Repository Freunde zu Berlin? Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA L. Colinvaux L. Colinvaux W. Kükenthal SNELLIUS II SNELLIUS II L. van Lummel Expedition/ collector SIBOGA & SNELLIUS II SIBOGA & SNELLIUS II J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux J. Rosewater & L. Colinvaux Author(s) Hove, 2008 Hove, 2008 Hove, 2008 Hove, 2008 Grube, 1840 Grube, 1860 Ehlers, 1864 Ehlers, 1864 Krohn, 1852 Moore, 1908 Fischli, 1900 Rathke, 1843 (Ehlers, 1897) Haswell, 1920 (Haswell, 1886) (Imajima, 1966) (Augener, 1913) (Augener, 1913) San Martín, 2005 (Langerhans, 1881) (O. F. Müller, 1776) Aguado, San Martín & ten Aguado, San Martín & ten Aguado, San Martín & ten Aguado, San Martín & ten San Martín & López, 2000 Núñez & San Martín, 1991 cruzi parapari cf. cf. Species Syllis krohnii Syllis Syllis gracilis Syllis Syllis cornuta Syllis Syllis augeneri Syllis Syllis prolifera Syllis Syllis setoensis Syllis Syllis alternata Syllis ehlersiaeformis Syllis villenai * villenai Syllis Syllis variegata Syllis Syllis armillaris Syllis Paraehlersia cf. Proceraea picta Syllis ypsiloides * ypsiloides Syllis Syllis Syllis quadrifasciata Syllis Syllis komodoensis * Syllis Paraehlersia ferrugina Paraehlersia Opisthosyllis mariae * Salvatoria rhopalophora Salvatoria Paraopisthosyllis fusigera Paraopisthosyllis Trypanosyllis taeniaformis Trypanosyllis Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni Family Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae

623 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Reference(s) Fischli (1903) Augener (1933c) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Aguado et al. (2008) GBIF/ OBIS datasets Hartmann-Schröder (1991) Hartmann-Schröder Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) Caullery (1944a); Ehlers (1918) – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC MZB ZMH Repository Freunde zu Berlin? MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC MZB, NTM & ZRC Gesellschaft Naturforschender Gesellschaft – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS ANAMBAS ANAMBAS W. Kükenthal SNELLIUS II L. van Lummel Merton & SIBOGA Expedition/ collector J. H. Schaay & W. C. Klein – Author(s) Day, 1934 Müller, 1776 (Grube, 1860) (Grube, 1872) (Grube, 1878) (Fauvel, 1909) (Fischli, 1900) Augener, 1913 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) (Caullery, 1944) Hutchings, 1997 (Hutchings, 1974) Buzhinskaja, 2013 Hartmann-Schröder, 1991 Hartmann-Schröder, sp. yirrarn cf. Species abyssorum * Lanice fauveli Lanice Pionosyllis Loimia crassifilis Amaeana apheles Loimia annulifilis Amphitrite cirrata Amphitrite Axionice moorei * Axionice Eupolymnia triloba Eupolymnia Leprea verrucosa * Trypanosyllis zebra Lanice wollebaeki * Lanice wollebaeki Eupolymnia dubia * Eupolymnia Amaeana Syllis onkylochaeta * onkylochaeta Syllis Eupolymnia intoshi * Eupolymnia Eupolymnia caulleryi Eupolymnia Axionice (Parascione) Axionice Opisthosyllis australis Eupistella dibranchiata Eupistella Amphitrite malayensis * Amphitrite Axionice albomaculata * Axionice Leprea ceratobranchia * Eupistella digitibranchia * digitibranchia Eupistella Eupolymnia marenzelleri * marenzelleri Eupolymnia Amphitrite leptobranchia * Amphitrite Family Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Syllidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae

624 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019 Reference(s) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) (1915a) Caullery Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets GBIF/ OBIS datasets Caullery (1915a, 1944a) Caullery (1915c, 1944a) Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – AM NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NTM MAGNT Repository – – – – SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA ANAMBAS Expedition/ collector Author(s) Grube, 1878 Hessle, 1917 (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1877) (Grube, 1870) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 1915 Caullery, 1915 Caullery, 1915 Caullery, 1915 Caullery, Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 (Caullery, 1944) Hartmann-Schröder, 1981 Hartmann-Schröder, Hutchings & Glasby, 1987 Species Pista typha Pista fasciata Loimia ingens Pista crassa * Lysilla pacifica Pista foliigera * Pista foliigera Loimia ochracea Nicolea willeyi * willeyi Nicolea Pista curtiuncata Nicolea incerta * incerta Nicolea Loimia nigrifilis * Nicolea koehleri * koehleri Nicolea Streblosoma prora Pista robustiseta * Polycirrus aquila * Loimia verrucosa * Pista brevibranchia Pista aequibranchia * Streblosoma gracile * Lysilla albomaculata * Opisthopista sibogae * Nicolea angustiscutis * Nicolea Paralanice timorensis * Paralanice Nicolea longibranchia * Nicolea Neoamphitrite sibogae * Neoamphitrite Streblosoma amboinense * Streblosoma quadridentatum * Family Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae

625 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia Reference(s) Ehlers (1918) Ehlers (1918) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1891) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter (1902) Sluiter Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) (1915c) Caullery (1915a) Caullery Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1944a) Caullery (1915b) Caullery GBIF/ OBIS datasets Sluiter (1889, 1891, 1902) Sluiter Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) – – NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NBC NTM NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? NBC? ZMUC Repository Merton Merton SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA SIBOGA? ANAMBAS GALATHEA Expedition/ collector – Author(s) Grube, 1872 Sluiter, 1889 Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, (Grube, 1878) (Grube, 1870) (Greeff, 1879) (Greeff, 1872) Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 Caullery, 1944 1915 Caullery, 1915 Caullery, Caullery, 1944 1915 Caullery, (Fischer, 1896) (Fischer, 1892) McIntosh, 1885 Schmarda, 1861 (Lampert, 1883) (Lampert, Not in WoRMS? Chamberlin, 1919 Chamberlin, Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 & Leuckart, Rüppell sp. Species Artacamella Travisia horsti * Pista obesiseta * Travisia profundi Thelepus robustus Thelepus dubius * Terebellides ehlersi Terebellides Thelepus thoracicus Terebella annulifilis Ochetostoma baronii Thelepus taamensis * Terebellides intoshi * Terebellides Thalassema ovatum * Thelepus abyssorum * Terebella plagiostoma Terebella Thelepus malayensis * Thelepus angustitoris * Thelepides malayensis * Thelepides Thalassema diaphanes * Thalassema leptodermon Anelassorhynchus moebii Streblosoma longiremis * Anelassorhynchus semoni Ochetostoma formosulum Ochetostoma kokotoniense Thelepus microbranchiatus * Ochetostoma erythrogrammon Family Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Terebellidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Thalassematidae Travisiidae Travisiidae Trichobranchidae Trichobranchidae Trichobranchidae

626 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019

shallow water habitats such as estuaries (e.g., Nurmaulidiyah, 2005; Irmawan et al., 2010; Jauhara, 2012), mangroves (e.g., Indarjo et al., 2005; Junardi & Wardoyo, 2008; Romadhoni & Aunurohim, 2013; Priyandayani et al., 2018), seagrass beds (e.g., Hadiyanto, 2012; Wulansari et al., 2012; Rahman et al., 2013), coral reefs (e.g., Yusron, 1989) and subtidal habitats (e.g., Lumingas et al., 2011). Additionally, deep-

Reference(s) sea polychaetes in East Nusa Tenggara were studied by Kinberg (1866) Caullery (1944a) Hutchings (2007) Widianwari & Widianingsih (2011). Unfortunately, the

Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004) polychaete materials obtained from these studies were usually not identified beyond family, rarely to species level, since the availability of regional keys is very limited. In most cases, local ecologists distinguished species by morphospecies names (e.g., Nereis sp. A) for statistical analysis purposes, or perhaps used old taxonomic literature such as Fauvel (1923, 1927) and Day (1967) to identify their specimens – to species level, which resulted in polychaete species from NBC NRS? temperate regions being reported in Indonesian waters (e.g., Repository Hadiyanto, 2013, 2018) – this practice has been identified by MZB, NTM & ZRC Hutchings & Kupriyanova (2018) as one of the major causes of the emergence of the concept of cosmopolitan polychaete species. Typically, the materials were not registered in an accredited repository as most institutions in the country did not possess suitable storage facilities to archive biological specimens. The studies were also either unpublished (e.g., in the form of theses or reports) or published locally in Indonesian, which might limit their wider usage. – –

SIBOGA A limited number of polychaete taxonomic studies have ANAMBAS been conducted by the RCO and RCDS, with two new

Expedition/ collector species formally described by an Indonesian scientist up until 2018, i.e., Polymastigos javaensis (Pamungkas, 2015b) and Capitella ambonensis (Pamungkas, 2017) (Tables 2 & 4). However, accounts of informally described and vouchered polychaetes (in MZB, among others) in the publication of Al- Hakim & Glasby (2004) included a first record of the family Hartmaniellidae (Hartmaniella sp.) in Indonesian waters.

Species richness. From the years 1766 to 2018, 580 valid Author(s) Sars, 1835 polychaete species in 51 families have been identified from Kinberg, 1866 Hutchings, 2007 Indonesian waters. Of these species, 301 species in 40 families

Hutchings & Peart, 2000 were new to science (Table 2), which were mainly described by Horst and Caullery, who between them have described 198 species or about 35% of the known Indonesian polychaete species (Table 4). Most polychaetes were formally identified between the 1910’s and 1940’s, although a significant number of published names have appeared since the last decade of the 1900s (Fig. 2).

Species Nereididae, Polynoidae, and Terebellidae respectively were the top three families with the most species, which are Terebellides narribri Terebellides Terebellides stroemii Terebellides Terebellides jorgeni * Terebellides sieboldi * Terebellides also among the top five most speciose families worldwide (Table 3). At the other end of the scale, 11 families (i.e., Cirratulidae, Cossuridae, Dorvilleidae, Eulepethidae, Iphionidae, Hartmaniellidae, Oenonidae, Poecilochaetidae Scalibregmatidae, Travisiidae, and Trichobranchidae) in Indonesian waters are only known from one or two species; surprisingly, two of these families (i.e., Cirratulidae, Dorvilleidae) are actually quite diverse worldwide with

Family Trichobranchidae Trichobranchidae Trichobranchidae Trichobranchidae 291 and 201 species, respectively (Pamungkas et al., 2019).

627 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia

Fig. 2. Number of taxonomic publications and species identified. White bars indicate publications by overseas scientists; black bars indicate publications by both overseas and local scientists.

Fig. 3. Rate of specimen lot addition at the MZB as the only internationally accredited zoological museum of the country. White and black bars indicate specimen lots added by European and local scientists, respectively; white diamonds indicate the number of species identified and published.

628 RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2019

Table 3. List of Indonesian polychaete families with species numbers, in comparison with the total world’s species numbers (Pamungkas et al., 2019) and percentage of the world total. Text in bold indicates the top three families with the most species. The family Poecilochaetidae is also known from Indonesia (see Al-Hakim & Glasby, 2004), but is not included in the table as species numbers are not known with any accuracy.

Family Author(s) Species number World’s species number Indonesia (%)

Acoetidae Kinberg, 1856 7 60 11.7 Ampharetidae Malmgren, 1866 19 306 6.2 Amphinomidae Lamarck, 1818 27 152 17.8 Aphroditidae Malmgren, 1867 24 123 19.5 Bonelliidae Lacaze-Duthiers, 1858 2 74 2.7 Capitellidae Grube, 1862 9 193 4.7 Chaetopteridae Audouin & Edwards, 1833 5 73 6.8 Chrysopetalidae Ehlers, 1864 3 87 3.4 Cirratulidae Carus, 1863 9 291 3.1 Cossuridae Day, 1963 1 26 3.8 Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 1 201 0.5 Eulepethidae Chamberlin, 1919 1 22 4.5 Eunicidae Berthold, 1827 14 419 3.3 Euphrosinidae Williams, 1852 12 59 20.3 Flabelligeridae de Saint-Joseph, 1894 11 182 6.0 Glyceridae Grube, 1850 9 87 10.3 Goniadidae Kinberg, 1866 3 90 3.3 Hartmaniellidae Imajima, 1977 1 3 33.3 Hesionidae Grube, 1850 11 214 5.1 Iphionidae Kinberg, 1856 2 13 15.4 Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861 6 302 2.0 Magelonidae Cunningham & Ramage, 1888 3 67 4.5 Maldanidae Malmgren, 1867 11 272 4.0 Nephtyidae Grube, 1850 8 144 5.6 Nereididae Blainville, 1818 75 687 10.9 Oenonidae Kinberg, 1865 4 90 4.4 Onuphidae Kinberg, 1865 7 340 2.1 Opheliidae Malmgren, 1867 15 155 9.7 Orbiniidae Hartman, 1942 4 184 2.2 Oweniidae Rioja, 1917 5 55 9.1 Paralacydoniidae Pettibone, 1963 2 2 100.0 Paraonidae Cerruti, 1909 4 169 2.4 Pectinariidae Quatrefages, 1866 6 57 10.5 Phyllodocidae Örsted, 1843 4 448 0.9 Pilargidae de Saint-Joseph, 1899 5 105 4.8 Polygordiidae Czerniavsky, 1881 1 15 6.7 Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856 56 876 6.4 Sabellariidae Johnston, 1865 8 130 6.2 Sabellidae Latreille, 1825 18 493 3.7 Scalibregmatidae Malmgren, 1867 1 66 1.5 Serpulidae Rafinesque, 1815 15 576 2.6 Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 2 178 1.1 Sigalionidae Malmgren, 1867 22 219 10.0 Sphaerodoridae Malmgren, 1867 1 112 0.9 Spionidae Grube, 1850 14 612 2.3 Sternaspidae Carus, 1863 5 29 17.2 Syllidae Grube, 1850 34 993 3.4 Terebellidae Johnston, 1846 56 607 9.2 Thalassematidae Forbes & Goodsir, 1841 9 75 12.0 Travisiidae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971 1 34 2.9 Trichobranchidae Malmgren, 1866 7 78 9.0

*In Pamungkas et al. (2019), members of family Thalassematidae were merged with members of family Echiuridae.

629 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia

Compared to the numbers of known polychaete species of Table 4. First authors who have formally described new Indonesian the world, the numbers of known Indonesian polychaete polychaete species along with their country and the number of species are very low (Table 3). species described. Authors who described the most species in bold.

The GBIF and OBIS datasets yielded 300 species names, Number of which almost half (133 species, 36 families) were First author Country of species additional to the species names from the literature; there described were four additional families (i.e., Alciopidae, Arenicolidae, A. E. Grube Germany 6 Lopadorrhynchidae, and Poecilochaetidae) (Table 2). Most A. Malaquin France 1 of the species data in the GBIF and OBIS datasets are linked A. Quatrefages France 4 to voucher specimens, but the specimens have not been C. Dawydoff Russia 1 described in taxonomic publications (Table 2), so their species C. G. Di Camillo Italy 1 identifications need verification. Family level identifications C. J. Glasby Australia 1 are, however, likely to be reliable. In this case, the top three C. Ph. Sluiter Germany 5 families in the GBIF and OBIS datasets were Nereididae, E. Ehlers Germany 16 Serpulidae, and Eunicidae. F. Mesnil France 1 G. Hartmann-Schröder Germany 2 Specimen repositories. We identified three national research H. Augener Germany 9 institutions in Indonesia housing polychaete collections, i.e., H. Fischli Germany 3 the MZB, RCO, and RCDS (Table 5). Most polychaete H. J. Feuerborn Germany 1 specimens collected from the geographic region were housed H. Zibrowius France 1 at the RCO, yet the specimens were stored in an unsuitable J. B. Kirkegaard Denmark 3 office and the collection data not databased (Table 5). Only J. G. H. Kinberg Sweden 9 specimens associated with taxonomic publications were J. Pamungkas Indonesia 2 deposited at the MZB, and we confirm that it does not J. V. Audouin France 1 include any of the Siboga material. The RCO collection J. D. Williams USA 2 is in need of curation because of its size, i.e., estimated M. Caullery France 92 in 2005 at about 45,000 specimen lots, and importance: it M. E. Petersen Denmark 1 represents collections carried out over more than 30 years M. H. Pettibone USA 7 from at least 37 shallow water and offshore locations in M. L. Jones USA 1 Indonesia. A collection of Indonesian polychaetes can also M. T. Aguado Spain 4 be found at the RCDS. The collection dates from 2014 and O. Pflugfelder Germany 7 comprises 191 specimen lots from Ambonese waters and P. Hutchings Australia 1 surrounding areas (Table 5). P. Lattig Spain 4 P. S. Pallas The Netherlands 1 At the MZB, the first polychaete specimen lots were added R. A. Hoagland USA 1 between the 1900’s and 1930’s by European scientists (Fig. R. Horst The Netherlands 106 3); the specimens were identified by Augener (1933c). W. C. McIntosh The United Kingdom 5 Thereafter, there was no addition until the early 2000s when a few local scientists started to deposit polychaete specimens at Total 299 the museum, including the material described by Al-Hakim & Glasby (2004), Pamungkas (2015a, b, 2017) and Pamungkas & Glasby (2015) (Fig. 3). Thus, only six published papers in the 1980s (Snellius II) and early 1990s (Karubar and relate to the polychaete collection at the MZB (Table 5; Fig. MNINGA) (Glasby & Al-Hakim, 2017). Despite specimens 3). In general, the polychaete collection at this institution is from these expeditions being housed at the RCO and NBC well curated, but relatively small (Fig. S1). (Glasby & Al-Hakim, 2017), no taxonomic publication on the fauna was produced, and no specimens were deposited at the MZB. DISCUSSION Taxonomic investigations on polychaete species conducted Biodiversity studies. Since around the mid 1700s, Indonesian by local scientists began early this century. However, the polychaetes were mostly sampled and identified by European number of studies, as well as the number of new species taxonomists, and the contribution of local scientists was minor described, was extremely low. The major reason for this and recent. This is mainly due to the fact that up until the is that marine taxonomy is not yet of great concern to mid 1900s biodiversity research in the geographic region policy makers in the country. Although conservation was lacking. Up until the 1970’s, no marine expedition and rehabilitation of coastal and marine ecosystems has was carried out by national research institutions. The first been identified as a priority research topic (the Ministry marine expeditions by a national research institution were of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the conducted by the RCO through a series of cruises in the Republic of Indonesia, 2017) species description is still an 1970s (Rumphius I-IV), and some collaborative voyages under-valued pursuit. This state of affairs has led to few

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Table 5. Collection information for polychaete collections in Indonesia at Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) Bogor, Research Center for Deep Sea (RCDS, Ambon) and Research Center for Oceanography (RCO, Jakarta).

Remarks MZB RCDS RCO

The institution is accredited as a zoological specimens repository Yes No No The collection is registered and housed in a reference collection room Yes Yes No The reference collection room’s space is sufficient to house marine specimens No Yes No First year of specimen addition 1907 2014 1985 Number of specimen lots 204 191 45,000 Number of families 31 17 >45 Number of species identified to species level 81 10 Unknown Number of publications associated with the collection 6 3 Unknown Number of polychaete scientists 0 1 2 people specialising in marine taxonomy. To the best of our two collaborating research institutions). Sharing biological knowledge, there are currently no more than three senior specimens is possible, but research permits may stipulate that Indonesian marine taxonomists, and there has never been a holotypes are to be deposited at the MZB, and any resulting full-time polychaete taxonomist in the country (the author publications should be either authored or co-authored by a (JP) is the only early-career researcher specialising in the local scientist. study of polychaetes). This current situation in Indonesia is in sharp contrast to the global pattern where the number Species richness. We found 580 valid polychaete species of people describing polychaete species has generally in 51 families reported from Indonesian waters. This is increased since the 1960’s. Although we now live in an age much higher than in neighboring countries: 64 species in of having the most polychaete taxonomists ever globally 31 families were reported from Malaysia (Idris & Arshad, (Pamungkas et al., 2019), taxonomists are still an “endangered 2013), 64 species in 28 families from Singapore (Tan & Chou, species” (Buyck, 1999; Wägele et al., 2011) in Indonesia. 1993), but comparable to the Philippines with 443 species in 43 families (Palpal-latoc, 2001). However, the number Indonesia’s neighbours (e.g., Malaysia and Singapore) of documented Indonesian polychaetes is only about 5% of also seem to share the lack of funding for taxonomic known polychaete species of the world (i.e., nearly 11,500 investigations. Funds are rarely provided by the government species belonging to 85 families) investigated by Pamungkas unless the taxonomic studies are attached to other studies with et al. (2019). Our findings suggest that the polychaete fauna a more economic or ecological focus (I. Idris, 2019 & Y-l. of Indonesia is still poorly studied, especially considering Lee, 2019 – pers. comm.). This practice could be one way that the region encompassing the Coral Triangle is known for to overcome the similar problem in Indonesia, considering its high biodiversity in other groups of marine invertebrates that local researchers have conducted marine benthic studies such as molluscs and crustaceans (e.g., Valentine, 1971; yielding numerous polychaete specimens. The involvement Hutomo & Moosa, 2005). of a polychaete taxonomist in an ecological benthic study would also address the crucial issues of correct species The high proportion of offshore and deep-sea polychaete identification and specimen vouchering. records in the region is notable and is probably quite different from depth range records of countries such as Australia Further, international research collaborations may be and the United States, where deep-sea surveys tend to be another way to increase the marine taxonomic effort in the outnumbered by coastal monitoring surveys. The majority country. However, the fact that many Indonesian biological of the known Indonesian polychaete species were collected materials obtained from international expeditions have been from the Wallacea region and its surrounding waters by the exclusively housed in overseas museums, many of which Siboga Expedition, which is geographically situated in the have been described by overseas taxonomists without the central and eastern part of Indonesia, including Java (eastern involvement of local scientists, may have contributed to part), Bali, Flores, Savu, Timor, Arafura, Banda, Ceram, the current strict permitting requirements for international Halmahera, Molucca, Celebes Seas, and Makassar Strait. biodiversity research collaborations today (see the Ministry of The western part of Indonesia, including Java (western part) Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic and South China Seas, Malacca Strait, and Indian Ocean has, of Indonesia, 2019). To conduct biodiversity studies, foreign in contrast, been relatively under sampled. Many intertidal researchers, in principle, must obtain an official research habitats have been sampled recently by local scientists but permit in advance, and research permits are only issued if polychaete specimens were rarely identified to species level there is at least one Indonesian counterpart (this typically and vouchered. also implies a Memorandum of Understanding between the

631 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia

To rectify the current bias in the geographic sampling pattern ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS and fill the current gap in the knowledge of Indonesian polychaete diversity, we recommend conducting future JP would like to thank to Ristiyanti M. Marwoto (RCB) for taxonomic studies in the populous western part of Indonesia, facilitating his stay at the MZB, and to Alfiah and Riena as well as in intertidal habitats. Such a strategy will serve to Prihandini (RCB) for their technical assistance during the identify species that may be useful for monitoring areas of author’s lab work at the museum. JP would also like to high human impact related to both urbanisation and mining. thank Hadiyanto (RCO) and Nur R. Isnaningsih (RCB) for Not only is it cost-efficient and more easily accessible, but the information about the polychaete collections at their collecting polychaete fauna in intertidal habitats will also institutions, as well as Izwandy Idris (University Malaysia better reveal the true species richness of a number of common, Terengganu) and Yen-ling Lee (Tropical Marine Science under-represented polychaete families, such as Dorvilleidae, Institute) for the discussions about polychaete studies in Lumbrineridae, Phyllodocidae and Scalibregmatidae (all Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. Anna Kluibenschedl’s with an Indonesian representation of two percent or less of help with some German literature is greatly appreciated. the total global number of species). It will enable faunistic JP is grateful to the New Zealand ASEAN Scholarships comparison with similar habitats in neighbouring areas, e.g., (NZAS), which has enabled him to do this work as part of mangrove habitat of northern Australia (e.g., Metcalfe & his Ph. D at the University of Auckland. CJG would like Glasby, 2008), the coral reef habitat of north-eastern Australia to thank Inayat Al-Hakim for facilitating his stay at RCO, (e.g., Hutchings, 2019), and other tropical habitats, e.g., the Jakarta, in 2005. Finally, we thank Mark J. Costello (the seagrass habitat of Brazil (e.g., Omena & Creed, 2004). University of Auckland) who has encouraged us to write this paper; his constructive critical comments improved the Special taxonomic attention may also be paid to polychaetes quality of the paper. of direct significance to humans, e.g., the annually swarming palolo polychaetes consumed by natives of a number of Indonesian islands, most famously Lombok during February LITERATURE CITED or March (Bachtiar & Bachtiar, 2019). Although the festival of bau nyale (English: catching nyale, i.e., the local name of Aguado MT, San Martín G & ten Hove H (2008) Syllidae (Annelida: the worms) has attracted many tourists to Lombok to witness Polychaeta) from Indonesia collected by the Siboga (1899–1900) various traditional performances linked to the local nyale and Snellius II (1984) expeditions. Zootaxa, 1673(1): 1–48. myth (see the Ministry of Tourism, Republic of Indonesia, Al-Hakim I & Glasby CJ (2004) Polychaeta (Annelida) of the Natuna Islands, South China Sea. 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SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S1. GBIF record selection.

Task Removed record Remaining record

Initial download 0 1183 Removing records without species name * 719 464 Removing duplicates ** 68 396

Clean records 396

Table S2. OBIS record selection.

Task Removed record Remaining record

Initial download 0 1523 Removing records without species name * 999 524 Removing duplicates ** 91 433

Clean records 433

Table S3. GBIF and OBIS records merger.

Task Removed record Remaining record

Merging GBIF and OBIS records *** 0 829 Removing duplicates ** 34 795 Removing non-polychaete records (Myzostomatidae) 11 784

Clean records 784 Species number 300**** * Using the ‘complete.cases’ function in R. ** Using ‘!duplicated’ function in R. *** Using ‘rbind’ function in R. **** Of this number, 133 species are different from the 580 valid polychaete species obtained from taxonomic publications.

Fig. S1. The Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB; left) showing the entire polychaete collection after being tidied up by the author (JP; right).

637 Pamungkas & Glasby: Status of polychaete (Annelida) taxonomy in Indonesia

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