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Paleontology of Middle and Upper Devonian Formations of Northwest Ohio: Documenting Earth System Evolution for Scientific and Educatonal Purposes

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Paleontology of Middle and Upper Devonian Formations of Northwest Ohio: Documenting Earth System Evolution for Scientific and Educatonal Purposes PALEONTOLOGY OF MIDDLE AND UPPER DEVONIAN FORMATIONS OF NORTHWEST OHIO: DOCUMENTING EARTH SYSTEM EVOLUTION FOR SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATONAL PURPOSES Chad Mason A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2019 Committee: Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Peter Gorsevski Nathan Hensley © 2019 Chad Mason All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Northwest Ohio's Middle and Upper Devonian bedrock units, including the carbonates of the Middle Devonian Detroit River Group and Dundee Formation and the siliciclastics of the Traverse Group and Upper Devonian Antrim Shale, are relatively understudied. The goal of this project was to investigate the geology and paleontology of Devonian units exposed at Stoneco's Auglaize Quarry in Paulding County and Boy Scout Camp Lakota in Defiance County. These localities provide insights into variations in the paleoenvironments and faunas of the Michigan Basin during the Middle-Late Devonian. Field observations, thin sections, and acid and peroxide digestions were used to characterize these units. The Detroit River Group represents a peritidal to subtidal environment, as evidenced at Auglaize Quarry by rip-up clasts, microbial mats, tabulate corals (Favosites, Emmonsia or Coenites), and large stromatoporoids. Only one microfossil type, paulinitid scolecodonts, was recovered. The Dundee Formation represents a subtidal environment above storm wave base. The Auglaize locality experienced more dissolution and recrystallization, indicated by calcite and fluorite crystals, stylolites, and calcite-infilled vugs, than the Dundee at Lucas County's Whitehouse Quarry. The gastropod Euryzone arata is also more abundant at Auglaize. The conodonts Icriodus angustus, Icriodus expansus, and Icriodus nodosus confirm a late Eifelian age for the Dundee. The Antrim Shale at Camp Lakota contained shales and siltstones. Abundant Tasmanites algal cysts indicate an environment between fair and storm wave base. These cysts also acted as iv places for early diagenetic pyrite growth. One bivalve fossil (Ptychopteria?) and abundant aggregative microconchid tubes suggest dysoxic rather than anoxic conditions. Two fossil plant specimens were collected and tentatively identified as the lycopod Clevelandodendron ohioensis, known from the equivalent-aged Ohio Shale in northeast Ohio. New online educational tools exploring Earth system evolution through the Devonian were created. These materials meet Ohio and Next Generation Science Standards for 6th, 8th, and high school grades. Resources are housed in nodes on online maps of the field sites, with text, images, and videos taken from this research project. The materials follow an inquiry cycle and are designed to use kinetic, audio, and visual learning styles. These educational resources can be accessed at: http://personal.bgsu.edu/~chadmas/. v I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family and friends. For without all their invaluable assistance this thesis would most likely have taken far longer than what it has. For that they all have my eternal gratitude. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people helped me in this endeavor, and I would like to extend my appreciation for them all. I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Yacobucci for her insight and helpfulness during this project, and my committee members Dr. Gorsevski and Dr. Hensley for being a part of this project and offering insight into areas that I might not have thought about. I express my gratitude to the Bowling Green State University Department of Geology and the family of Charles F. Kahle for the funding that made this project possible. Thank you to Dr. Ciampaglio and Lauren Fuelling at Wright State University Lake Campus for offering help, insight, and the use of a variety of equipment that was extremely useful in this project. Thank you to the Auglaize Stoneco Quarry for allowing us to come and collect samples from the quarry. To the staff at Camp Lakota, you have my utmost appreciation and thankfulness towards you all for the summers of 2017, 2018, and 2019. These people include Tammy and Doug Speer, Dave Vrooman, Jack Wallace, Jon Smith, Neil Metzger, Scott Steward, Max, Jacob, and Bruce Sauber, Griffen Jennings, Pat Bohn, Nolan Ligget, Brady Kohlenberg, Brandon and Jacob Moll, Derek Koehlinger, Haden Sullivan, Shannon Joseph, Reagan Polasek, Austin Rearick, and many others that made those summers such a fun time to be doing research. Without their permission to do my research on camp this would not have been possible, and they helped carrying rock, giving me a smile or a laugh, lending an ear to what I have to say, or simply nodding their heads as I go off on another geology and paleontology ramble. You all have my thanks for making this thesis possible and a highly enjoyable thing to have undertaken. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 PREVIOUS WORK ............................................................................................................ 3 Geologic Background ................................................................................................ 3 Detroit River Group ................................................................................................... 7 Dundee Formation ..................................................................................................... 8 Traverse Group .......................................................................................................... 13 Antrim Shale ............................................................................................................ 13 EDUCATIONAL DESIGN ................................................................................................... 15 Ohio's State Educational Standards ........................................................................... 15 Next Generation Science Standards ........................................................................... 16 Camp Lakota and the Scouts BSA Merit Badge Requirements ................................ 16 Online Educational Resources ................................................................................... 21 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 22 METHODS ............................................................................................................ 23 Field Work ............................................................................................................ 23 Stratigraphic Sections .................................................................................... 23 Sampling Protocol .......................................................................................... 23 Field Photography .......................................................................................... 24 Lab Work ............................................................................................................ 24 Sample Preparation ........................................................................................ 24 Thin Section Petrography .............................................................................. 25 viii Acid and Peroxide Digestions ........................................................................ 25 Fossil Identification ....................................................................................... 27 Photograph Stacking ...................................................................................... 27 Photograph Enhancement .............................................................................. 28 Development of Educational Materials ..................................................................... 29 Conceptual Overview..................................................................................... 29 Content Development .................................................................................... 30 Texts ................................................................................................... 30 Photographs and Videos .................................................................... 31 Construction of Online Maps ......................................................................... 32 Google Maps ...................................................................................... 32 Website .......................................................................................................... 33 RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 34 Field Observations of Stratigraphy and Lithology..................................................... 34 Stoneco Auglaize Quarry ............................................................................... 34 Camp Lakota .................................................................................................. 43 Thin Section Petrography .......................................................................................... 45 Detroit River Group Pile 1 ............................................................................. 45 Dundee Formation Pile 4 ............................................................................... 47 Antrim Shale B3 ............................................................................................ 47 Antrim
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