Stadium Administration

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STADIUM ADMINISTRATION

HE formulation of plans for Stadium Administration was of major im portance, as this included the handling of the public at all the stadiums, Tand of all activities incident to the holding of the Games at each stadium, except those having to do directly with the competitions. It was essential that all the stadiums be operated under a standardized set of rules, that the procedure be smooth and efficient, and that the practice to be followed should be convenient both for stadium officials and for the public. In preparing the plans, two policies were established: (1) That a separate and independent organization be set up at each stadium, with a manager in charge responsible only for the management of his own stadium. (2) That a standard method of procedure be followed at each stadium. These two policies accomplished these purposes : (a) Similar management at all stadiums was a convenience to the officials as well as to the public, because after becoming familiar with the methods at one stadium they were familiar with the methods at all stadiums. (b) The work of the Executive Staff in preparing regulations and instructions was greatly facilitated, and undoubtedly many errors, omis sions and misunderstandings were avoided. All tickets and credentials were of standard form for all stadiums, and the special sections reserved for officials, athletes, press representatives, etc., were designated by the same names or letters at each stadium. Similarly, all badges for employees were of uniform design, differentiated only by the name of the stadium and the color designating that stadium. The type of organization set up at all stadiums was identical, and standard titles used for members of each stadium staff doing similar work or having similar duties. A carefully worked out set of instructions and special information was pre pared and distributed to all stadium managers and their executive staffs. All details of stadium management were covered minutely and every contingency that could be foreseen was provided for. Standards were set up for handling all details of the work and instructions given concerning credentials of all sorts, medical assistance, sale of official programmes, accommodations for musical organizations.

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I Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 STADIUM ADMINISTRATION

payrolls, and other duties. As these general instructions applied to all stadiums, was given to this group, so that they would have an appreciation of the problems it was only necessary to add a few incidental notes to provide for special conditions of the visiting Olympic officials and be prepared to be of every possible assistance at each of the stadiums. This "Memorandum to Stadium Managers" is repro to them. The importance of courtesy at all times on the part of the entire man duced in facsimile herewith (pages 130 to 147, inclusive). agement personnel was stressed. With the exception of the stadiums in Olympic Park, all stadium managers ORGANIZATION AND PAYROLL were responsible directly to the Central Office. At Olympic Park, the Olympic Park Management Committee was organized, The selection of the working personnel for each stadium was the responsi comprising the executive management staffs of all of the stadiums within the bility of each Stadium Manager. Every applicant was personally interviewed and park, including Olympic Stadium, and the Swimming and Fencing Stadiums. A those accepted were mailed a double postcard, one-half of which contained the director was appointed for Olympic Park who became chairman of this Committee. notification of appointment with the following pledge: The Olympic Park Management Committee became the clearing house for "The success of the Games of the Xth Olympiad will rest upon you all questions concerning management within the Park. It met frequently before as a member of the Management Staff. You have been selected because the Games, laying plans and approving personnel, and during the Games met the Olympic Committee believes that you are competent to fully realize every evening after the close of the afternoon events. At these meetings all diffi the responsibilities which you will undertake. culties and suggestions were discussed, and the work at the different stadiums co "Courtesy will be the keynote of your conduct during this great inter ordinated. Estimates were made each evening for the following day's attendance, national event. All of the tact and diplomacy that we know you have will be needed. You will be serving the peoples of some forty-five nations, and and the organization necessary to handle that attendance was fixed at the meeting. the impressions they gain of these Games and of our City will be largely On two occasions before the Games, meetings were called of the managers determined by your treatment of them." and the staffs of all stadiums. It was in the hands of these officials that the Executive Staff had placed the responsibility for the proper management of "I have carefully considered the above and the responsibilities that the stadiums, and only through them would it have contact with the thou will rest upon me, and I will do my part toward the success of the Games sands of workers at all of the stadiums who would be directly contacting the of the Xth Olympiad. public. An outline of the purposes and ideals of the world Olympic organization "(Signed) - "

PRESENT THIS CARD FOR YOUR IDENTIFICATION AT ENTRANCE GATE Xth OLYMPIAD Los Angeles, 1932 740^4 OLYMPIC STADIUM ^ * ' 4 'W * Pay Voucher OLYMPIC STADIUM CASHIER: ' EDnY Badge No. Properly identify and pay to the holder of card number ilisliisHiilHl Report at Gaie__ _—.— ^.before each sham. $5.oo You are responsible for obtaining fje in advance from pour Detail Chief. event indicated hy code below. PAYMASTER • SIGNATURE Received in full — ? rrr ,•' j-* I » Ell El 2 M13"^W .Ff?' A 14 Thil card is No i-Transfera ble and El 1 M12 Al 2 EI2 Ml 3 A! 3 El 3 A14 Positwsly Kon-Transffirable Ml 2 A12 to cancell ation at ar y time.

• E7 M8 A8 CO M10 AI0 E10 Mil Al 1 E7 M8 .AS E8 M9 A9 E9 MiO A10 E10 MM All ^ E3 M4 A4 E4 M5 A5' E5 M6 A6 E6 M7 A7 E3 M4 A4 E4 M5 A5 E5 M6 A6 E6 M7 A7

A30 E30 A31 E31 Ml | A1 El M2 A2 E2 M3 A3 A30 E30 A31 E31 Ml Al El M2 A2 E2 M3 A3 •

IDENTITY CARD FOR STADIUM EMPLOYEES PAYROLL VOUCHER FOR STADIUM EMPLOYEES THESE VOUCHERS WERE ISSUED IN AMOUNTS FROM FIFTY CENTS TO FIVE DOLLARS 126 127

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 STADIUM ADMINISTRATION

This pledge, when signed and returned to the Stadium Manager, served as the denominations of currency necessary for change and payroll. The head ticket the applicant's acceptance of the position and furnished the management with salesman would draw on the Cashier for the total amount of change wanted, and his signature for personal identification. at the close of the sale each day this money was returned to the Cashier in small The second half of the card was the employee's notice of where and when denominations suitable for the payroll. The Cashier was furnished with the signa to report for duty, which he was instructed to present at the gates of the stadium tures of all the employees on the payroll, on their acceptance cards, and it was for admission the first time he reported. his duty to cash all pay vouchers. Since the change Immediately on an employee's reporting for duty, a permanent identity card money was returned before the time for cashing payroll was issued to him for the period of the Games. This card he personally signed, vouchers, the amount of money given to the paymaster and this signature was checked with the signature on his acceptance card. The each day was the sum actually needed for the payroll, and duties and type of work of each employee were set forth on the identity card. The it was not necessary to provide him with additional employee was then instructed to report to the chief of the group or department money for change. to which he was assigned, where he received his specific instructions and was All employees at all stadiums were required to put to work. wear a uniform. This uniform consisted of a blue and Each morning the chief of every group or department collected the identity white cap with the Olympic rings embroidered on the cards from all of his employees and in turn issued each a badge indicating the front, a blue bow tie, white shirt, and grey trousers. type of work to which he was assigned, such as guard, usher, gateman, ticket-seller, Arrangements were made with a local clothier to sell the etc., which badge he wore as long as he was on duty. The identity cards were then ties, shirts and trousers to Olympic employees at a special sent to the Payroll Office where a pay voucher was made out for each employee, reduced price, on presentation of their assignment cards. the amount being determined by the type of work. At the conclusion of each The Organizing Committee furnished the caps at its day's event, the identity card and the voucher were returned to each employee in own expense. exchange for his badge. The employee retained his identity card for admission to CLEAN-UP OF THE STADIUMS FELICIA SPILLARD the stadium the next day and cashed his voucher at the cashier's office. SECRETARY TO ASSOCIATE MANAGER The attendance of course varied from day to day, and when an employee was Large gatherings of people leave behind them great not needed, he was admitted to the stadium to which he was assigned, on present quantities of torn newspapers, discarded programmes and miscellaneous litter. ing his identity card (which he retained) and permitted to see the event without During the period of the Olympic Games, all stadiums had to be cleaned immedi charge. This privilege kept up the morale of the organization and also assured ately following each programme, and inasmuch as the days and many of the sufficient men reporting for duty each day to complete the organization necessary evenings were crowded with events, the major portion of the clean-up was done to handle that day's crowd. during the night. This daily method of handling the payroll worked out most satisfactorily, A clean-up crew of seventy-five men was organized for Olympic Park alone, particularly so on account of the fact that the organization was necessarily so to clean up the stadiums and the grounds. This crew reported for duty immedi variable in size and personnel. Those actually assigned to duty automatically ately after the spectators had departed from each event. Between events in the received their pay each day. daytime, on account of limited time, they made a quick pick-up of the larger A total of approximately 32,000 stadium pay vouchers was issued during pieces of litter, and then during each night, all of the lights of the Stadium and the period of the Games, which indicates that during the sixteen days there was park were turned on and a thorough clean-up was made. a daily average of 2,000 employees on die Stadium Management payroll. It was a dramatic sight in Olympic Stadium, in the wee sma' hours of the A cashier was appointed for each stadium. Each day he would estimate the morning, to see this large crew of men busily weaving through the seat sections amount of money necessary for change at the ticket-sellers' and for the payrolls. and in all corners of the field under the bright electric lights. By dawn all signs He notified the Central Office of the sum needed, and a check for the amount was of the previous day's activity had disappeared and the stadium was fresh and delivered to him. Arrangements were made with the bank to cash the check with clean for another day.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library © rH XJ rH © p cd 0 © OT •J P -rH © © •rH c G O cd P x: 1 G G XJ M -P & 0 P x: cd © P G O 1 © p O © © G O ^•H 0 «. G •rH © cd >j G O 73 X d c o XJ 0 P •H G G XJ © 0 g -rH G G © x» 73 rH B PH bO o c- w G E-« . p P P w © o © p & bOP > © 03 G 0 P 73 C P p rH x: CSJ o CO I—1 cd P G •rH o © O E >> ©•HP tn o Cd 0 rH 03 © P < w P G cd E © © © © >> G - G rH o* d 0 © x> >> •rH P . 0 d 73 P G G •rH 0 G © © 0 © ® G XJ E 0 Xi P «m p G G EH e G •rH P rH Xi © XJ © • © rH C 03 OT p M o 03 P G P PH 0 73 P 73 CO rH bO rH G 0 O rH 0] Q CQ p ^ G G FH o © w & P © rH O 0 o © TH G © d G p tDP P -rH < CQ cd 03 W & cd G © X! © © G G cd G o u. P 0 d © © & 0 -H © p P G P o 5 E-< M 0 o G x: P CO 53 d d © a o CO TH P cd G XJ cd d U -H G P G> cd o w CO K 03 0 rH O © G d o _• p.® P XJ tH P Xi - B >> cd E «m 03 +3 d (i) o G 03 rH o O © E JU © G 73 XJ E O d 03 P rH ^ O ® -H »4 O T-H G d -H © 03 cd W •rH XJ © 1 > © P P >>G XI © 0 &: -CO >>XJ C -H P § HH rH o ^3 x: xi & © EH 73 P 5- X -H G © P iH rH 0 to G © 73 0 P 0 o P a cd c rH 03 •H rH G cd G © cd o G o G © © 5 0^ 73 73 0 © 0 O XJ 10 cd c cd D-. t> •rH •rH © P P Eh - 03 P & $- G 0) G >» P •rH rH 73 P o G o O >1 73 0 E-< 03 o d E CO O A G P o P © 0 03 0 p 0 o O 5 0 0 0 E-t 0 P. d G © o oj 0 o O bOXJ 73 i—1 0 •H •H rH 73 rH rQ O E 0 cd 03 P 73 d •o o G G P -H d © • 73 P E • G cd A p S-. 73 © 73 p 1 cd XJ rH © 73 cd w G G c © CQ O © © rH © O 0 o 03 O rH X3 P rH •H CQ cd P GPP I—1 © rH p p 0 © 0 © a Cd rH O P «M *rH © © p © 0 0 -H Q Q S E cd © rH 0 G < d 0 XI bOP U 73 C M •rH M O & 73 © P 73 CO OT o G -P aj ^=1 O P 'd •H 0 73 P bO 03 ^ M rH •• © P •H Xi h 0 +3 < Q & P cd x:P 03 cd C -rH P XJ ©BP cd - CU K K 0 © < © © o o 03 1-. U o & P CU ^ C - O rH < G G XJ U In > ^ S G ffi fH CO CQ 73 tM G 03 © P xl © o © © © o G cd X cd cn rH •rH 0 © P © CM © © P d cd S cd © 5 G bo S G © ^ P cd •rH C S K G P 0G W i—I G X C O bO o -H d Pt d 0 o XJ 'd cd wot? & • G >) O C C rH M O 03 0 73 K o bD S -P G rH XJ o C -H 73 Q) "rH "T-H cd •rH rH > O fl, © CU , d ps ^ Xl 0 ,0 d •Q G x: •rH rH •H G o •H cd cd cd C © s © •H P 73 03 'O CD 0 O S "H 3 •rH XJ x> © p & o p,73 O 73 G W tM CQ P E W X> & 0) 0 0 0 •«H TZJ W Cd P P "rH © 03 P o © 0 -H rH •d tM >> tn © t> XJ p ^ +5 rH +3 cd 3 C5 03 G > P U 73 rH © 5 P P G © o t. •a w © t> COP cd P cd 03 i CU w O d EH o 03 cd © rH Xl © © cd o •H cd p cd P ^ rH O E (J) •rH •!-( cn t-i w > rH O 0) tt> 2 0 73 G cd Cd rH 5: cd a> o o o Q> 0) rH C S I O 73 w XJ cd d © P. G W JZ* "H M cd in ^ ^ c o P X) E & p d s O p CL, <1) cd P O cd

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library TRAFFIC CONTROI.

NEARLY ONE THOUSAND LOS ANGELES POLICE OFFICERS. SPECIALLY ASSIGNED TO THE GAMES, RECEIVING FINAL INSTRUCTIONS

so o^ w ^^ cd 12 W TRAFFIC CONTROL w w - w HE traffic problem was not a new one for the Olympic Games, but for those 5 H of the Xth Olympiad it constituted a more serious problem than in previous celebrations of the Games. o T If W CJ The City of Los Angeles is spread over a large area of comparatively open CJ O E or flat territory. There are few natural geographical conditions to force the de w velopment of the city into main converging lines, as is the case in many large w cities. Instead of there being one or two principal lanes of rapid transit through subways or on elevated tracks, a great network of boulevards has been developed. The automobile has been adopted by all classes of people as the primary means of transportation and the favorable climatic conditions have augmented its use for purposes of pleasure as well as of business. There are approximately one million automobiles in use within a radius of a hundred miles of Olympic Stadium. Under normal conditions the boule vards are crowded to near capacity. For the period of the Olympic Games, an additional heavy traffic load had to be anticipated on all main boulevards and particularly on streets leading to the Stadium. It was necessary to create new lanes piercing the public traffic around Olympic Stadium for vehicles carrying i officials and contestants, so that these could quickly reach the Stadium at all times. Also, space had to be provided in a convenient location near by to park their automobiles and busses. A Traffic Committee was organized consisting of traffic experts of the Los Angeles Police Department, and the Traffic Manager for the Organizing Com-

149

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 TRAFFIC CONTROL

mittee. The Police Department relieved the men assigned to this work of all for courtesy and efficiency was stressed. other duties, and instructed them to spend their full time perfecting the traffic Probably no other meeting had such plan for the Olympic Games in co-operation with the Traffic Manager and an important bearing upon the success of Organizing Committee. After several months of intensive work, the Traffic Com the Games as this police meeting in Olym mittee completed a Traffic Plan, and this was printed and sent to all members of the pic Stadium. That the men fully realized Los Angeles Police Department, so that they would be familiar with all its details. their responsibilities, and that they grasped the spirit of the Olympic Games, is vividly The members of the Traffic Committee were: demonstrated by the magnificent perform Roy E. Steckel .... Chief of Police, City of Los Angeles ance of their work. Great credit is due the Deputy Chief James E. Davis . . . Chairman of the Committee Police Department of the City of Los An Willis 0. Hunter . . . Traffic Manager, Organizing Committee geles, and particularly to the men who Inspector A. W. Gilford Lieutenant Fred A. Therkorn worked many extra hours without addi Lieutenant James B. Peyton Lieutenant Herman F. Luedtke tional compensation. It was their contribu It was necessary to secure the services of some 800 police officers to put the tion to the Games of the Xth Olympiad and plan into effect. The Los Angeles Police Department was working under a very is a splendid testimonial to the men them restricted budget and could not obtain sufficient funds to employ this number of selves, as well as to the event which fur additional men. The Chief of Police made an appeal to all of the men of the nished the inspiration. TRAFFIC OFFICERS CLEARED THE WAY Department, first, to work twelve hours per day instead of the regulation eight, By the Traffic Plan, the principal and second, to postpone vacations. The men generously agreed to this, and thus streets leading to Olympic Stadium from the downtown section of the city were made it possible for the Department to assign approximately 650 men to Olympic made one-way streets for traffic going to the Stadium before each event, and one traffic duty each day during the period of the Games. As this number was short way streets for traffic going from the Stadium after each event. All counter traffic of the number called for by the Traffic Plan, the Organizing Committee agreed was diverted away from the area immediately surrounding the Stadium, for a to employ one hundred and distance of approximately one-half mile. No parking of automobiles was per fifty university students to mitted on the main streets leading to Olympic Park. Left-hand turns were not assist the police and complete permitted wherever they would interfere with the flow of traffic. One of the one the organization. way streets was made the Official Route, and it was recommended that all officials Meetings were held with going to and from the Stadium and the downtown section use this street. Police the executive officers of the officers were stationed along the entire route to assist them through the traffic, and public traffic on this street was restricted to prevent crowding and to facilitate Police Department, which the rapid flow of the official cars. culminated in one big mass Special Auto Passes to be attached to windshields were designed to identify meeting, of nearly a thousand official cars. These were issued to members of the International Olympic Com police officers, in Olympic Stadium the day before the mittee, five to each International Federation, from two to ten to each National Opening Ceremony. At this Olympic Committee, depending upon the size of their delegation in Los Angeles, meeting the highlights of the to attaches, members and staff of the Organizing Committee, Government officials Traffic Plan were outlined, and and special guests. A total of 682 of these special Auto Passes was issued. the responsibilities of the po The Auto Passes were divided into six groups, each indicated by a large lice officers and the necessity red figure visible at some distance — 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This number indicated

HALF A MILLION SPECTATORS PRESENTED A TRAFFIC PROBLEM ON THE MARATHON COURSE 150 151

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 TRAFFIC CONTROL

the area in which the car should be parked at Olympic Stadium. A map on the The street adjacent to the Stadium on the west was closed to the public back of each pass gave the route to follow to reach the indicated area. for a distance of approximately 1,000 feet, and no public parking was permitted Official routes to all other stadiums were designated on maps included in on this street for a distance of over 2,000 feet. This street was used for the the book of information supplied to all Olympic visitors. The cars with these Auto purpose of loading and unloading athletes on and off the busses, and for parking. Pass stickers were given special consideration by the police at all points in the city, The Marathon, the 50,000 Metre Walk, the 100 and along these official routes they were given right-of-way over all other traffic. Kilometre Cross Country Cycling Race, and the Cross A large red circle was prominently printed on the Auto Passes issued to the Country Equestrian competitions all created special International Olympic Committee, the presidents and secretaries of National traffic problems. Of these, the Marathon presented Olympic Committees, the presidents and secretaries of the International Federa the greatest difficulty. Beginning and ending at Olym tions, members of the Organizing Committee, and others who had responsibilities pic Stadium, the Marathon course extended approxi at stadiums. Parking space was reserved at all stadiums for cars bearing the mately twenty-six miles, mostly through a thickly windshield sticker with this special red circle. All Auto Pass windshield stickers populated section of the city. Due to its historic char were detachable, and the officials carried them in their pockets and used them acter, a great deal of publicity had been given the event on any car in which they were riding to the Olympic events. in the newspapers and tremendous public interest The street leading from the Olympic Village to Olympic Stadium was was aroused. It occurred, also, on Sunday afternoon, patrolled by police officers at all times, and official cars and busses carrying athletes when most of the people of the city were at leisure. were given right-of-way over all traffic. It was necessary to patrol the entire distance of the course in order to avoid any interference with the On the day of the Opening Ceremony, the hundreds of official cars, and the runners on the part of the public. Chain controls were sixty-eight busses carrying nearly 2,000 athletes from the Olympic Village and erected along the course for a distance of approxi other points to Olympic Stadium, were enabled to travel rapidly and without a mately 1,000 feet, from the point where the runners single stop over the entire distance, through the dense traffic created by the would leave and re-enter the Stadium. From the end WILLIS O. HUNTER 105,000 spectators going to the Stadium. The running time of the busses of this chain control, for a distance of approximately TRAFFIC MANAGER, ORGANIZING from the Olympic Village to the Stadium averaged from ten to twelve minutes. COMMITTEE four miles through the most congested part of the course, provision was made to close the course to all traffic for half an hour while the V/ DO NOT athletes were out-bound and for an hour at the time the athletes were returning. XthOLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES &J.V0. LEAVE At the end of this four-mile section, the course was laid out in the form of N CAR a large loop returning to the same point and thence to the Stadium over the same 19 3 2 route as out-bound. Several hundred police officers were stationed at the dan gerous intersections around this loop, to cut off all traffic in advance of the OLYMPIC if After Parking Detach and runners and to hold it until the last runner was past. Take With You AUT fASS STAOIUVA In addition to this, over one hundred police officers mounted on motor nan WE CANNOT ISSUE cycles met the runners at the beginning of the loop, one stationed at each of the ANOTHER CARD TO YOU first hundred intersections or streets crossing the course, to cut off all traffic and to see that the course was kept open. After the last runner passed the last motor v BEWARE OF THEFT OR LOSS cycle officer, the officer would immediately proceed past the others and take his TO STADIUM position at the first intersection beyond the first motorcycle officer. In this way TO ATTACH TO WINDSHIELD—Open card and press against INSIDE of windshield. Card may be valid unless aipncd by person (e this privilege it (/ranted. attached and removed as often as necessary. Keep in your pocket and use in taxlcab or any other automo bile. This card will assist you in traffic and will admit car to auto station (parking) indicated. Follow the motorcycle men progressed with the athletes, thus forming a "moving sleeve ' PARKING AREA AT mmm OLYMPIC STADIUM •sWiUM. RiyiesA c. c. mn N? 48 PARKING AREA indicated approaches to parking station. Hope St. to Washington Blvd., one block right to Flower St., sose left on Flower St. to Olympic Park, will be one-way traffic before and after events. This card is a per of protection within which the athletes ran around the loop. Part of the officers sonal privilege and must not be transferred and is subject to police regulations.

FACSIMILE OF OFFICIAL AUTO PASS, FACE AND REVERSE SIDE 152 153

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

assisted in clearing the remainder of the course to the Stadium. Additional chain controls were installed around the refreshment stations. These proved to be in valuable. The course was kept open for all of the runners and no interference on the part of the public was reported by any of the officials or by any of the runners. Although there was no way of accurately counting the number of people who witnessed the Marathon, it has been estimated that no less than one-half million persons thronged the twenty-six mile course outside the Stadium. The course for the Cross Country phase of the Equestrian championship unavoidably bisected all of the numerous busy thoroughfares and highways between the city of Los Angeles and the Santa Monica bay district, and this event was scheduled to be held during the peak of the morning traffic. The route of the course followed the rural districts, through which sections motor cars travel at high speeds. It was not only necessary to protect the horses and riders from actual injury, but also to stop the traffic at sufficient distance from the course so that the high-bred animals would not be frightened or disturbed by automobiles or other vehicles. Through the co-operation of the local police departments of the districts through which the course was laid out, and with the additional assist ance of Los Angeles and State police, traffic was either detoured around the course or rigidly controlled. Cars were not allowed to cross the course at any point during the period of the event unless it was absolutely safe for them to do so. Chain controls were installed at the finish to prevent crowding by the public. In the cases of the 50,000 Metre Walk and the 100 Kilometre Cycling Race, FILTERING QUESTIONS THROUGH THE TELEPHONE INFORMATION BUREAU highways which could be shut off from all public traffic were chosen as courses, and sufficient police officers were assigned to duty to keep spectators within bounds. The California Highway Patrol, under the direction of E. Raymond Cato, co-operated with the Committee in every possible way, particularly in furnishing motorcycle officers wherever required to protect the athletes or to expedite traffic. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The Automobile Club of Southern California assisted the Organizing Com mittee in numerous ways such as surveying, and measuring and mapping all cross TELEPHONE ORGANIZATION country courses. This civic spirited organization was of particular service to the Traffic Committee in making and supplying maps, printing and posting thousands HE telephone was a prime factor in the operation and administration of of traffic signs, supplying emergency cars, and in many other ways. Its traffic ex the Games of the Xth Olympiad. perts gave unselfishly of their time whenever called upon during the Games. T Inasmuch as the major portion of the business of the executives was It is a matter of gratification to all concerned that not a single accident of done over the telephone, it was necessary that important calls, both incoming and any kind was reported involving any athlete or official, nor was a single protest outgoing, be handled without interference or delay through the maze of thousands made on account of interference by spectators, during the entire period of the of incoming calls from the public. It was realized that all public calls must be training and competition of the Olympic Games, and furthermore, police records answered courteously and satisfactorily, and a method had to be devised to sep show that traffic accidents actually decreased during this period in spite of the arate calls which could be handled by information clerks from those which increase of traffic occasioned by the Games. should go through to the executives.

154 155

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The system adopted and installed was designed with such care and func system thus accomplished the double purpose of screening the calls to the Central tioned with such automatic smoothness that members of the Organizing Com Executive Office and of serving as an information bureau to the public. mittee were hardly conscious of its existence as a mechanical system. Calls for specific individuals in the Executive Office were immediately con The executive departments of the Committee, which had consisted of a nected with the main switchboard, and by means of a "split circuit' the operator small and highly centralized group until the months immediately preceding the on the turret directed the switchboard operator to whom the call should go with Games, rapidly expanded in numbers and over a wide area as the Games ap out the person calling hearing the conversation. The person calling in would proached. The plan of telephone communication was designed in advance of first hear the answer of the operator on the turret and the next voice he would this expansion period in such a way that it could be increased from time to time hear would be from the office of the person he was calling. This was accomplished without interfering with the service or changing the fundamental plan. Telephone without appreciable delay. service was increased only as needed in order to avoid unnecessary expense. The eight unlisted lines terminated directly on the central switchboard and Two eighty-line switchboards were installed in the Central Executive Office, were used for incoming and outgoing calls of executives of the Committee with with forty-six trunk lines leading into the boards from the outside. Of these out the necessity of going through the turrets. These lines were in effect private lines, eleven were listed under a Ticket Department number, twenty under a lines for the Committee and were kept "open"' at all times for important calls. General Office number, seven under an Information number, and eight were There were forty-eight individual telephones in the Executive Office con unlisted and their numbers used privately by the executive departments of the nected with the central switchboard. Each executive had two telephones on his Committee. desk, one for general telephone service, the other reserved exclusively for inter A battery of "turrets" was set up which provided positions for twenty communication and important incoming calls. operators to answer all incoming calls, except those coming in on the eight un A private switchboard with four operators was installed at the Olympic listed lines, before connecting them with the main switchboard. Any operator Village with thirty-nine trunk lines leading from the outside. These were con could answer a call on any nected with two hundred and ten individual telephones located in various parts incoming line, making it pos of the Village, as follows: sible to transfer a call from (1) Four telephones for an operator unable to speak each nation, distributed thus : the language of the person One public and one pri calling in to another operator vate telephone in the At able to do so. The operators tache's Office in the Ad were provided with revolving ministration Building. racks containing complete in formation concerning the One public and one pri Games, revised and kept up vate telephone in the Team Manager's Cot to date dailv.j It was found that the tage within the Village. operators on the turrets were The private telephone in able to answer approximately each case was for official busi ninety per cent of the incom ness and no charge was made ing calls without sending for its use. The public tele them through the main phone was for all purposes switchboard. The turret other than official business

REVOLVING INFORMATION RACKS WERE REVISED BATTERY OF TURRETS IN CENTRAL OLYMPIC DAILY FOR THE OPERATORS TELEPHONE EXCHANGE 156 157

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library -L33&J.S tyoi/zns)/^/ C5D I

CENTRAL OLYMPIC OLYMPIC OFFICE STADIUM VILLAGE Q C c/5H U

i-l o FENCING AUDITORIUM w si C/) W o

Jw 2i w o — EQUESTRIAN CYCLING g

Ou PHh H Z J anN^Aty 07/V^/v -1 SWIMMING \- ROWING C cr H z Z tr 2 2 UJ O Q d H 2 2 o CJ Z UJ u o_J Q u 0 K _I co i< UJ 2 < U QC u. i Z h* UJ u. co Z o tr 1° o Q • Q I - o i P O) i_ 2 2 O CC O h- 2 tru ^ (O I- UJ cr o ^ UJ 1 Q. MASTER CHART OF INTRA-ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM o _i cr y O Q Q UJ Q Q o u o UJ ? o -I -J Q u UJ Z Z D CO b CL u UJ UJ u U. < <; Sd O <(/)(- u. u. sn (rt ^Zco £ CO CO I- Q. u. — CVJfl't'OcO I^COOO— CVJCflitiOfO r~ co ® o — (M f\J M CM 158

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

SUMMARY OF THE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND PRESS SETUP AT EACH LOCATION SUMMARY OF THE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT AND PRESS SETUP AT EACH LOCATION FOR ALL PURPOSES FOR ALL PURPOSES (Continued)

ORGANIZING LOCAL PAY TELETYPE TELEGRAPH Dow, JONES COMMITTEE PRESS TELEPHONES WRITERS TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL LOCATION PRIVATE TELEPHONE TELEGRAPH Dow, JONES TELETYPE LOCATION WRITERS INSTRU INSTRU INSTRU INSTRU INSTRU INSTRU LINES INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS LINES LINES LINES LINES LINES LINES MENTS MENTS MENTS MENTS MENTS MENTS

OLYMPIC AUDITORIUM . 10 17 2 2 13 13 3 1 28 22 13 1 . OLYMPIC AUDITORIUM FENCING STADIUM . 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 9 6 3 1 . FENCING STADIUM SWIMMING STADIUM 2 2 7 7 14 14 3 3 1 26 12 14 1 SWIMMING STADIUM OLYMPIC STADIUM . 16 37 17 17 40 40 10 10 8 232 101 64 40 232 8 . OLYMPIC STADIUM OLYMPIC VILLAGE . 39 110 4 4 3 3 20 96 2 2 66 210 3 2 2 . OLYMPIC VILLAGE SHOOTING STADIUM 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 . SHOOTING STADIUM CYCLING STADIUM . 3 3 4 4 7 3 4 . CYCLING STADIUM ROWING STADIUM . 6 6 2 2 16 16 6 1 30 14 16 1 ROWING STADIUM EQUESTRIAN STADIUM . 8 8 1 1 4 4 1 14 10 4 . EQUESTRIAN STADIUM MARATHON .... 5 5 5 5 . . . MARATHON CENTRAL OFFICE . 46 48 3 2 2 49 51 2 2 CENTRAL OFFICE CHAPMAN PARK HOTEL 12 99 1 12 99 1 CHAPMAN PARK HOTEL OUTSIDE POINTS .. 17 17 OUTSIDE POINTS

TOTALS 152 340 33 33 98 98 49 125 8 16 10 254 350 498 98 254 16 TOTALS

and a toll was automatically collected at the telephone for each call. Sports Technical Department, had eighteen connecting individual telephones.

(2) Thirty-one to the Executive organization of the Village. During the period of occupancy by the teams, the Olympic Village switch board was operated twenty-four hours per day. All other switchboards were oper (3) Eight to the Sports Technical Department at the Village. (4) Eight to the Village Commissary Department. ated from twelve to eighteen hours per day. (5) One to the Engineering Department. Four direct lines were installed on the Central Office switchboard, one lead ing to the Olympic Village switchboard, two leading direct to the Sports Technical Two sections of eighty-line switchboard were installed at Olympic Stadium, Department at the Village, and one leading to the switchboard at Olympic Stadium. having four trunk lines leading in from the outside listed under the name ot The direct lines to the Olympic Village switchboard and to Olympic Stadium, Olympic Stadium and eleven trunk lines leading in from the outside listed under and one to the Sports Technical Department at the Olympic Village, were for confidential numbers for the use of executives and the Sports Technical Depart the exclusive use of the executives. ment. These were additional to private lines and tie lines described later. The second direct line to the Sports Technical Department at the Olympic One section of this switchboard was used for the general operation of the Village terminated in the registration room where a complete Olympic roster was Stadium and had twelve connecting individual telephones at strategic points kept. Calls coming into the central switchboard asking for local addresses or within the Stadium and around the grounds. The other section, used by the other information regarding Olympic visitors were connected with this line. Two direct lines were installed between Olympic Stadium and the TABLE SHOWING TOTAL NUMBER OF OUT-GOING TELEPHONE CALLS OVER THE OFFICIAL TELEPHONE Olympic Village for private official use, particularly for the Sports Technical Department. LOCATION JAN. FEB. MAR. APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. TOTALS At each of the other stadiums, including Olympic Auditorium, and the ADMIN. OFFICES . 1,750 2,516 2,420 3,238 5,337 4,619 6,216 17,578 5,777 49,451 Cycling, Equestrian, Rowing, Swimming, Fencing, and Shooting Stadiums, two OLYMPIC AUDITORIUM 1,138 1,138 STATE ARMORY 1,092 1,092 individual telephones were installed, one of which was unlisted and was available SWIMMING STADIUM . 628 628 only to members of the Committee, the other for incoming calls from the public. OLYMPIC STADIUM 647 524 609 944 898 1,130 1,396 3,477 6,022 15,647 OLYMPIC VILLAGE 47 513 896 1,740 1,768 2,940 4,979 4,510 17,393 These telephones were in addition to the existing service at these stadiums. RIFLE RANGE . 330 330 MARATHON 31 31

TOTALS . 2,397 3,087 3,542 5,078 7,975 7,517 10,552 29,253 16,309 85,710

160 161

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Great credit is due the Southern California Telephone Company and its between the key points where this type of communication was necessary. Al engineers for their co-operation in devising the plan and in installing the system, though the teletypewriters were installed primarily for the transmission of records, and for the efficiency and economy of its operation. they could also be used to great advantage for communication between executives Additional service was furnished by the telephone company for the telegraph at the various stadiums. companies, for the teletype communications, the Dow, Jones electric writing The first teletypewriter communication was established between the Central machines outside of Olympic Stadium, and the newspapers and Press associations. Office of the Organizing Committee and the Sports Technical office in the Olympic A summary of the Village to transmit in telephone communication formation regarding ar equipment installed at rivals, arrangements for each location, for all pur housing, and in compiling poses, is given in the tables the card index record of on pages 160 and 161. all persons in Los Angeles The second Table officially connected with on page 160 shows the the Games. total number of out-going During the training telephone calls from the period, the headquarters various locations over the of the Sports Technical official telephone system of Department, which had the Organizing Committee, charge of the training and not including Press and transportation arrange other services. ments, was moved to the RECORDS, STATISTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS, SPORTS TECHNICAL AND COMMUNICATIONS It was estimated Olympic Village, and DEPARTMENT IN OLYMPIC STADIUM CENTER, AL PARMENTER, MANAGER OF COMMUNICATIONS; LOWER RIGHT, E. M. through test checks that later, during the period of BEERS, MANAGER OF RECORDS DEPARTMENT there were from six to seven incoming calls for each out-going call. Using this as the competitions, it was moved to Olympic Stadium and a branch established at a basis, it would be conservative to estimate that not less than 500,000 calls were every place where competitions were held. received and answered through the Olympic Games telephone system during the A second teletypewriter was installed in the Olympic Village headquarters period of its operation, exclusive of Press and other special services. of the Department and connected with the machine in Olympic Stadium located in the Sports Technical headquarters there. With the start of the actual com GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION petition, additional teletypewriters were set up in Olympic Stadium connecting One of the most important duties of the Sports Technical Department was with teletypewriters located at the Swimming Stadium, Fencing Stadium, the to compile complete and accurate records of the results of all competitions at Olympic Auditorium (scene of Weightlifting, Wrestling and Boxing), and at the each Stadium and immediately transmit them to Olympic Stadium, where they Rowing Stadium in Long Beach, and one from Olympic Stadium to the downtown could be announced directly to the spectators in the Stadium and through the office. A corps of expert operators was organized and drilled in Olympic procedure Press to the rest of the world. Realizing the importance of accurately spelling and the importance of accuracy. Thus the teletypewriter became the primary the names of the representatives of the forty countries taking part in the competi means of written communication between stadiums, and Olympic Stadium became tions, as well as the importance of the data concerning their performances, the the center through which all information regarding competitions was cleared. need of a system of rapid graphic communication became evident. After consider By means of the teletypewriter system the official results of all events able investigation it was decided to install a network of teletypewriting machines wherever held were available at Olympic Stadium almost at the instant they were

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completed, the spelling and board in Olympic Stadium so that all announcements shown on the Board could all other information correct, be taken directly from written communications and thus assure accuracy. ready for immediate dissemi The problem of communicating the information in correct and complete form nation. In addition to this, the to the hundreds of Press respresentatives was more difficult. Ordinary means of results of the events in Olym printing or mimeographing results for distribution were slow and through some pic Stadium and the other oversight the results might not reach the entire group. After a great deal of outside stadiums were trans investigation, it was decided to attempt something entirely new by adopting elec mitted to all stadiums where trically operated writing machines, hitherto used almost exclusively for the dis competitions were being held, semination of financial news from the Stock Exchange. so that the spectators in each Arrangements were made for the installation of several hundred of these THE TELETYPEWRITER DIVISION stadium were kept constantly machines in the Press Stand at Olympic Stadium, with others placed in informed of the progress of the downtown offices of the Los Angeles newspapers and the large Press all Olympic competitions in all the other stadiums. associations, and at various other points where Olympic groups might gather, All information regarding events in progress on the field of Olympic Stadium such as the Olympic Village, the Women's hotel, the Central Offices and was brought to the Sports Technical office by means of a field telephone system Press headquarters, the Ticket Office and Photographic Service headquarters, which extended to the Field Manager's stand near the start of the sprints and to and the office of the printer of the Daily Programme. One of these machines various other points on the field. Accurate information regarding every jump was installed opposite each loge in the Tribune of Honor so that the officials or throw in the field events, and regarding other matters of interest, was immedi occupying this stand would be constantly informed of the progress of events. ately flashed over this telephone system and thence disseminated over the various The sending device was in the Sports Technical headquarters at Olympic means of communication. This particular service was extremely valuable in the Stadium, where all official results were received over the teletypewriter system. use of the Public Address System as it enabled the announcer to keep the spec These results were carefully selected and edited, and then relayed to the Press tators informed at all times of and other points where the machines were located as rapidly as information was the progress of all events, a available. service which added greatly to This system was installed and in operation at all outside points two weeks the enjoyment of the Games. previous to the Games, carrying news of the arrivals and the practice activities of The problem of dissemi the teams. It proved to be an outstanding contribution in the way of news dis nating the information re semination to the Press and was greatly appreciated, as it enabled a single news ceived in the Sports Technical paper representative to cover the Games without leaving his seat at the stadium. Department at Olympic Sta In the Press Stand at Olympic Stadium, these printing machines were in dium was a corollary of the stalled directly on the tables at which the journalists were writing. One machine problem of collecting it. Tl was placed between each pair of seats to accommodate representatives of the was announced over the Pub more important newspapers and Press associations. The machines for those to lic Address System and simul whom instantaneous service was not quite so necessary were spaced a trifle more taneously on the Scoreboard. widely. The information appeared upon a long continuous roll of paper, so that An additional teletypewriter newspapermen who arrived late or who left their seats for a period of time would communication was set up be find the complete results in their machines upon their arrival or return. If desired tween the Sports Technical they could tear off the sheet of paper and file it with the telegraph companies, Department and the Score by the simple act of writing an address at the top of the paper.

THE SENDING DIVISION, ELECTRICAL WRITING SERVICE FOR NEWS TO THE PRESS 164 165

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOSANGELES 1932 COMPILATION OF RECORDS AND RESULTS

The printing machines in Olympic Stadium were maintained in operation only during the hours that events were being held in that stadium, but the other machines in the downtown newspaper offices, the Olympic offices, the Village, COMPILATION OF RECORDS AND RESULTS the Daily Programme office and other outside points, were in operation almost continuously from nine o'clock in the morning until after midnight. HE compilation of accurate and complete records and results of the various During the thirty days of operation of this service, which was installed and phases of competition of the Games was essential. maintained by the Dow, Jones Company, more than 150,000 words were sent The method adopted for compiling and recording this information involved over the machines, approximately thirty miles of printer paper being used in T two separate tasks, one for events that took place in Olympic Stadium and the the process. A total of nearly a hundred miles of wire circuits was necessary to other for those which took place outside Olympic Stadium. The Communication install the system. System, with its teletype and telephone installations at the various points of com PRESS TELEGRAPH petition, provided for the immediate transfer of information. For the convenience of the Press representatives, a Press Telegraph Depart The Records Department was set up in the headquarters of the Sports Tech ment was installed at Olympic Stadium, located just above the seats occupied nical Department at Olympic Stadium. It had immediate access to all information by them. Adequate space was provided accommodating two hundred persons, in coming in from the various competitions over teletype and telephone and could cluding operators, messengers and technicians, one-half of which space was allotted be in touch with all events taking place in the Stadium. to the Postal Telegraph Company and one-half to the Western Union. The section Results in the different competitions were communicated to the headquarters was so constructed that the newspapermen could have access to the telegraph of the Sports Technical Department at Olympic Stadium by the following methods : operators with a minimum of difficulty or could signal and have their messages picked up by messenger boys. Correspondents who wished to dictate directly to Inter-Communicating Telephone Teletype Telephone a telegraph operator could do so by occupying special seats set aside for that Athletics Rowing Cycling Swimming Equestrian Sports purpose in the Press Telegraph section. Branch telegraph offices were located at Gymnastics Field Hockey Boxing Shooting outlying stadiums. Equestrian Sports (Finals) Wrestling Pentathlon The Telegraph operators were on duty at all times. Direct connections were American Football Demonstration Weightlifting Yachting established between the stadium and foreign cities and news centers, and the Lacrosse Demonstration Fencing results of Olympic events were flashed abroad within a few seconds after the Pentathlon events were finished. The proximity of the telegraph sending instruments to For the events held in Olympic Stadium, a field phone was installed with a the seats of the actual working Press representatives, together with the quick three-instrument circuit connecting the Manager's Stand, the Finish Stand and and accurate information made available through the automatic writing machines, the Sports Technical Headquarters. Through this hook-up, it was possible to gave the correspondents what they characterized as the "finest Press arrangements supply the Public Address System, the Scoreboard, and the Records Department, ever provided for any event of world magnitude." with all necessary information immediately. As a direct result of the vast amount of Olympic information made available The teletype service furnished communication facilities from other points of to the Press, a total of more than four million words was telegraphed directly competition outside Olympic Stadium, such as the Rowing Stadium at Long Beach, from Olympic Stadium by the commercial telegraph companies, approximately the Armory, where the Fencing was held, the Swimming Stadium, and the Olympic three million words to points in the United States, and to Canada and Mexico, Auditorium where competition was held in Weightlifting, Wrestling and Boxing. and the remainder being cabled abroad. This does not include the very large From the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, results of Cycling were sent in by telephone as volume of words sent out by the news services over their own leased wires. were those of the Equestrian Sports held at Riviera Country Club and the Shooting

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at the Police Rifle Range. Both teletype and telephone service was utilized in communicating results in the various phases of the Pentathlon competition. Special forms were used wherever possible with the names of all contestants in the various events tabulated in advance of the competition, thereby eliminating confusion and delay. At the end of each day s competition, all records and results of events in Olympic Stadium were checked against those of the Federation so as to avoid any possible error which might have occurred through such a rapid transfer of information. A member of the Sports Technical staff was assigned to each of the outside competitions, whose duty it was to obtain the official results of all events held where he was stationed, and to make out a detailed written report of these results and send it by "special messenger" to the Records Department at the end of each day. Upon receipt of this information, the recording clerk of this depart ment carefully checked all data and filed it in its proper order. Speedy compilation of certified results of all competitions on the day the^ occurred, made it possible to publish the outcome of all contests in the Official Programme the day following. Furthermore, it enabled the Medal Department to prepare accurate schedules for the awarding of first, second, and third place medals in all Victory Ceremonies.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library PHOTOGRAPHY

iiil

THE CAMERAMEN

PHOTOGRAPHY

HE Protocol required that the Organizing Committee make the necessary arrangements for recording the Games photographically. In addition to Tthis, it was necessary to provide facilities that would enable the Press and News Reels to take pictures for news purposes. The Committee made no charge of any sort to any photographers. In issuing credentials, however, the Committee retained strict control in order to assure itself, and guarantee to the Sports Federations, that the taking of pictures would in no way interfere with the conduct of the Games. The public were permitted to bring cameras into the stadiums and take pictures from the seats so long as it did not interfere with other spectators. There were three divisions of photography: I. Official Photographic Department (still pictures). II. Press Photograph Syndicates (still pictures). III. Motion Picture News Reels.

I. OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT The official still photographers were entirely under the jurisdiction of the

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m ^; T Organizing Committee. A di regularly at all places during the period of the Games, and on special days extra rector was appointed for this photographers were employed. mtms asc 3S' KSLWSSCSTO;?® ppJBI Cash w83t csxte ASAAURDF. S-Sfete kg rmaiixf erfif Department several months As the pictures were taken each day at various points of Olympic activity, TEINL Ifep par nxxript a-iifascn! Kapidiats skfewa wlliwl ft iPfesc Ufct sptr mn ddim before the opening of the they were rushed to a central laboratory where they were developed and printed. Maiik-Mm lise > • ' ' U E5 ORDCRAG. TELSTOTMS OAAD —-.FIWISSLGL Games. His duties were to A serial number was put on each negative and on each print. Phe negatives were LWPTE'.I WLI KW

TO 'NIL (JSTO> (& 1,^ If' supervise the taking of official filed according to these serial numbers so that they could be quickly found when s pictures, the developing of ever additional prints were desired. Samples of all prints were posted in maim Sic i ulUci K idist r\ iSivx ik xmiuAo. the films, and the supplv and the sales room at Olympic Stadium, where all accredited officials, athletes and ' i r.--. sale of prints to all accredited representatives of the Press were permitted to inspect them. Clerks in the sales officials, athletes and mem room took orders for the prints, identified by their serial numbers, and each night bers of the Press, the latter the day's orders were sent to the laboratory, where the specified prints were made DISPLAY ROOM, OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT, only after they had been serv and sent to the stadium for delivery the next day. OLYMPIC STADIUM iced by the news photo syndi After the conclusion of the Games all the negatives were catalogued accord cates. A budget was provided ing to events. After eliminating duplicates and negatives otherwise unsatisfactory, to carry on the work of this Department, and while there was no attempt to make a total of over 3,300 negatives was preserved. Approximately 20,000 prints, a profit on the sale of photographs, a nominal charge of thirty-five cents per print 7 by 9 inches, and several hundred panoramas up to 16 by 84 inches, were sold was made as a partial reimbursement for the cost of operation of the Department. to officials, athletes, and the Press. There was no public sale of official photographs. A survey was made of the activities and events to be covered, as a basis for an estimate of the number of pictures it would be necessary for the Department II. PRESS PHOTOGRAPH SYNDICATES to take. It was decided to photograph the following: More than a year before the Games, requests from the Press for the privilege (1) Starts and finishes of all final races. of taking photographs of Olympic competitions began to pour into the office (2) As far as possible, starts and finishes of the semi-final and other races. of the Organizing Committee. (3) At least the first three place winners in all individual and team com Inasmuch as photographers petitions. could not be permitted to in (4) Activities at Olympic Village and Women's housing at Chapman Park terfere in any way with the Hotel. competitions, it was obvious (5) Arrivals of teams and delegations. that the number authorized to (6) Activities of the various departments of the Organizing Committee. photograph the Games would (7) Complete pictures of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and special events. have to be so limited that no (8) Other interesting matters and events directly and indirectly connected newspaper could be allowed with the Games, desirable in a complete photographic record of the to take pictures exclusively Games of the Xth Olympiad. for its own use. Upon investigation, it The estimate arrived at, as a result of this survey, was that it would be was found that all important necessary for the Photographic Department to take a total of approximately 5,000 newspapers, both domestic still pictures. Using this estimate as a basis, arrangements were made for space, and foreign, subscribed to the supplies, equipment and personnel to do the work, and a sales room was set up service of, or could secure in Olympic Stadium. Six expert news photographers were selected to work photographs from, one or

THOUSANDS OF PHOTOGRAPHS WERE PRINTED DAILY 170 171

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library DAILY PROGRAMMES AND CONCESSIONS XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932

more of four large Press photograph syndicates. It was therefore decided that one credential would be issued to each of these four syndicates at each stadium, permitting them to take photographs from advantageous positions. Photograph DAILY PROGRAMMES AND CONCESSIONS ers with these credentials were extended liberal privileges on the fields and plat forms at the various stadiums, on agreement that they would use extreme care N PREPARING to produce the Daily Programmes, it was decided to adopt at all times not to interfere with the competitions. a magazine style, and to carry authentic and interesting information con Understanding the extremely difficult position in which the Committee found Icerning the present and past Games in addition to the usual time tables and itself in providing a way to supply the newspapers of the world with the photo entry lists. In this way the spectators would understand and enjoy the Games to graphs, the Los Angeles newspapers waived all special privileges and obtained the fullest extent. The price of each their photographs in the same manner as all other newspapers, either through programme was fixed at the nominal the four syndicates, whose pictures were available for immediate publication, or figure of ten cents, which guaranteed through the official Photographic Department, whose pictures were available OFFICIAL PROGRAM a large circulation. the day following the competitions. XTH OLYMPIAD • LOS ANGELES • U.S.A. A total of thirty-nine separate Additional credentials were issued to the photograph syndicates, and to the programmes was printed, covering local newspapers, for taking photographs from the stands, under strict regulations. all of the events of the Games. All III. MOTION PICTURE NEWS REELS events held in Olympic Stadium, and the Swimming and Lencing Lour News Reel concerns were permitted to have one motion picture camera events, were included in one pro each on the fields or platforms of the various stadiums where competitions were gramme known as the Olympic Park being held. Inasmuch as most of the motion picture film was taken in sound, Programme. It was printed daily and the necessary equipment could not easily be moved from place to place, these during the Games, contained thirty- pictures were mainly taken from fixed positions agreed upon in advance of the two pages in each issue, and was the Games. Provision was also made for additional News Reel cameras in the largest and most popular of all of stands at the various stadiums. Whenever it was necessary to move motion picture the programmes. cameras from one place to another, it was done with the least possible amount Other programmes, containing of disturbance. specific information regarding events The News Reel concerns were required to keep a motion picture record of held in each location, were printed the Games which was available to the Juries and to the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Auditorium, cover during the period of the Games. ing Weightlifting, Wrestling and Realizing the importance of as perfect a photographic record as possible, OLYMPIC SATURDAY PARK 10° JULY 30,1932 Boxing, for the Rose Bowl for all attendants at all stadiums were instructed to co-operate with the cameramen Cycling, for the Long Beach Marine in every way, so long as the cameramen were abiding by the regulations of the Stadium for Rowing, and for the Organizing Committee concerning their activities. FACSIMILE OF COLOR COVER USED ON ALL DAILY PROGRAMMES Riviera Country Club for Equestrian events. These programmes were from eight to sixteen pages in size and were printed only on the days events were being held in these locations. Each programme, regardless of where it was sold, contained the complete

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schedule for the day, a summary of all Olympic championships already decided, Complete control over the sale of all concessions was retained by the Com and, if space permitted, the summary of the previous day's results and some inter mittee. The quality and type of goods sold were carefully checked, the prices esting highlights of the Games. All programmes were illustrated with official limited, and the Committee reserved the right to discontinue all sale of concessions photographs. at any time, at any or all locations. The Sports Technical Department undertook the task of editing the pro No sale of concessions was permitted in the Tribune in Olympic Stadium. grammes. A competent staff was organized of men with newspaper training, and A special service of refreshments was provided in the Tribune by the Organizing each day the programme for the following day was written after the results of Committee. the competitions became available. One of the electrical typewriting machines An official dining-room was established in the Fencing Stadium, conveniently was placed in the printer's office and much of the text of the programme, including located in Olympic Park, for all accredited Olympic groups and their guests. last minute news and results, was transmitted on this machine directly from Protective Control: The limited and carefully controlled concessions privi Olympic Stadium to the printer. The programmes went to press each night leges in the stadiums were illustrations of the protective measures taken bv the as soon as possible after the results of the evening competitions were available. Organizing Committee, from the beginning of its work, to keep the organization Each evening estimates were made of the probable attendance on the following of the Games on a true Olympic basis devoid of professional activities and day and the number of programmes printed was based on this figure. commercialism. The Official Programmes carried on their cover the Olympic poster in colors In the year or two preceding the Games, the Committee energetically opposed and were easily identified. They were so complete and so reasonable in price any efforts of private enterprise to capitalize improperly upon the coming cele that little difficulty was experienced with unofficial programmes offered for sale. bration. The various Olympic creations of the Committee, such as its official The total number of programmes distributed was 360,241, of which 28,723 insignia, poster and commemorative medal designs, etc., were copyrighted, and no were given to officials and the Press and the remainder sold to the public by an Olympic privileges were allowed to pass into private hands. organization of salesmen at each stadium. The actual number of copies of each The holding of any form of international event invariably develops numerous programme distributed was as follows; ambitious plans of enterprising individuals aiming to propagandize the event, Olympic Park 316,062 some with and some without selfish personal interest, but all inadvisable unless Olympic Auditorium 19,256 they are kept strictly under the control of the properly inspired official management. Long Beach Marine Stadium .... 14,997 California as a whole instantly endorsed this attitude of the Organizing Riviera Country Club 6,799 Committee, and it is gratifying that visitors to the Games remarked the care that Rose Bowl 3,127 had been exercised in this regard to protect the Olympic Games from such cor rosive activities. 360,241 No advertising was permitted in the Official Programme. It was financed entirely by receipts from sales. CONCESSIONS The concessions for the privilege of selling refreshments, including sand wiches, soft drinks, and candies, tobacco, useful novelties such as paper umbrellas and seat pads, and a few souvenirs, were granted to a local concern on a per centage basis and covered all stadiums except the Fencing Stadium. Inasmuch as there was already a concession operating at the Fencing Stadium, the profits from which were placed in a fund for the benefit of the 160th Infantry, the Committee did not claim the privilege for itself.

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CHECKING AND LISTING NATIONAL FLAGS

FLAGS AND DECORATIONS

HE Protocol required that official flags of all participating nations be used for the Opening and Closing Ceremonies and for the Victory Ceremonies, Tand in addition, that the national emblems of all Olympic nations be flown as part of the decorations at all Olympic stadiums. In order to avoid any possible error in the color or design of any flag, a request was sent to the National Olympic Committee of each country for the exact specifications and design of the official national flag of that country. As these specifications and designs were received, a standard size pattern of each flag was made in the exact proportions and official colors. These patterns were bound together and used as the key designs for the manufacture, verification and iden tification of all national emblems. A set of the Victory Flags used at the IXth Olympiad in Amsterdam, in 1928, was procured by the Committee from the Dutch Committee. The collection included one large flag for first place, and two somewhat smaller flags for second and third places, for each of fifty-eight nations. Inasmuch as the flags of several

THE HUGE MEDALLION, BY HUGO BALLIN, BEING RAISED TO ITS PLACE ON THE FACE OF THE PERISTYLE, OLYMPIC STADIUM

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Olympic flags, were prepared and used in decorating the various stadiums. Also, about six hundred of the flags sent from Amsterdam were used for this purpose. In addition, two complete sets of national flags were made up for the Olympic Village, one set to fly in front of the Village, and the other distributed to the teams living in the Village, so that the national flag of each country might fly over the particular section which the team of that country occupied. Great quantities of streamers and decorative bunting were made up in the Olympic colors of blue, yellow, black, green, and red, and used to complete the decorations at the stadiums. Individual banners were made bearing the inscriptions, "I Olympiad — Greece — 1896," "II Olympiad — Paris — 1900," etc., as set forth in the Protocol, and these adorned the peristyle entrance to Olympic Stadium. Several complete sets of small national flags were used for interior decorat ing of the Olympic Village, the Women's Hotel, the Central Ticket Office, etc. The City of Los Angeles voted funds to decorate the streets of the city for countries had been changed during the intervening four years, each flag was the Games, and the Organizing Committee assisted in working out the plan carefully checked with the key design, and new flags were made to replace such of decoration. This consisted of the national flags of all Olympic nations and the as had been changed. This was also done in the case of any flags lost or damaged. special Olympic flags, combined with various large Olympic insignia. Many A complete set of silk flags was made up for the March Past, or Parade of manufacturers of decorations produced special material appropriate for the Nations, of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies. In all, approximately one occasion, which was sold to individual building owners and merchants and con thousand flags, including the national flags of the fifty-eight nations and the tributed materially to the colorful festive dress of the city during the celebration.

FLAGS OF NATIONS INTERMINGLED WITH OLYMPIC BANNERS BY ACTION OF THE CITY GOVERNMENT, LOS ANGELES WAS GAILY DECORATED 179 178

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932

THE ENTIRE ORGANIZATION NUMBERED ONE THOUSAND MEMBERS THE TRUMPETERS A PRINCIPAL UNIT OF THE OFFICIAL OLYMPIC BAND organize mass bands and choruses in order to produce a volume of music sufficient to fill the immense Olympic Stadium, selected the Director of Music more than a year in advance of the Games. MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS THE CHORUS

The Director of Music immediately issued a call to vocal ensembles through USIC was a prescribed part of the Opening, Closing and Victory Cere monies of the Olympic Games. Bands were required to play the marches out Southern California for volunteers to sing in the Chorus. There was a tre M of the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, and also to play the national mendous response, and a Chorus of 1200 voices was selected and regular anthem of the country represented by each victor in the Victory Ceremonies. rehearsals held for many months in advance of the Games. The Organizing Committee, realizing that a high quality of music was During the period of training, the Chorus presented several programmes essential for the proper celebration of the Games, and that it was necessary to over extensive radio broadcast systems. This assisted greatly in advertising the

5 | T F ^IRW if*'*

S U.) - H *4 . ^ : . f ^ ,

THE BAND AND CHORUS WILL LIVE WITH THE MEMORY OF THE GAMES TWELVE HUNDRED TRAINED VOICES COMPOSED THE OLYMPIC CHORUS 181 180

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Games themselves and series of try-outs, from furnished interesting ac university, college, and tivity for the members of high school groups, and the Chorus which helped from large numbers of in to maintain the morale of dividual musicians who the entire organization. made application for mem The Chorus appeared bership. These bands aug in the Opening and Clos mented the Official Band ing Ceremonies and also in Olympic Stadium and at the Demonstration Foot- supplied music at the Ball Game in Olympic other stadiums throughout Stadium. the period of the Games. Many other organ TPIE BANDS HAROLD WILLIAM ROBERTS ized bands already in ex DIRECTOR OF MUSIC DRUMS! It was the plan of the istence were invited to Organizing Committee to have an official band present in Olympic Stadium at all play on one or more occasions at the different stadiums, as guest ensembles. times events were being held there. As it would be necessary for this band to go A combined band of 200 pieces or more was maintained at Olympic Stadium through a long period of training, in order to learn to play properly the national during all events. On the occasion of the Demonstration Football Game, a chorus anthems of all the countries represented in the Olympic Games, it was decided of 1,200 voices, a massed band of 1,000 pieces, and a drum and bugle corps of that the members should be paid. They were chosen from the ranks of professional 800 pieces, making a total musical ensemble of 3,000, provided music and musicians, and the organization was known as the Official Band of the Games marching formations typical of the occasion. Altogether, thirty bands, comprising of the Xth Olympiad. The musicians were paid only for the time they were 1,500 musicians, and 1,200 members of the chorus and 800 members of the actually playing in Olympic Stadium, and at other times gave freely of their drum and bugle corps, a total personnel of 3,500, took part in the musical pro services, not only in rehearsals but also in many public appearances and numerous gramme of the Games. All musicians with the exception of the members of the radio programmes. Official Band volunteered their services. In addition to the Official Band, three other bands. Band B of seventy pieces. The Director of Music supplied trumpeters for the Marathon and the Opening Band C of seventy pieces, and Band D of sixty pieces, were selected, after a and Closing Ceremonies, musical organizations for entertainment at the Olympic

NOVELTY BAND DRILL, DEMONSTRATION FOOTBALL GAME COLLEGE SONGS LENT THEIR ATMOSPHERE 182 183

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Village, and for innumerable other occasions during the period of the Gaines. The Olympic musical organizations all dressed uniformly in white. Seated in a special section in the Stadium, they formed a beautiful white square contrast MEDICAL SERVICE ing vividly with the colorful masses of the audiences around them. All members of the bands wore white Continental caps, and around their waists sashes of OME two years before the Games the the Olympic colors, blue, yellow, black, green, and red. Members of the Chorus Organizing Committee, realizing the wore white berets. The Olympic rings were embroidered on all caps and berets, great importance of an adequate med in colors. S ical service, appointed Sven Lokrantz, During the spring of 1931, each National Olympic Committee was requested M.D., Medical Director of the Games. to send to the Organizing Committee a copy of the official score of its country's Dr. Lokrantz, internationally known national anthem. Inasmuch as American bands are not constituted entirely of the in the field of school health and corrective same instruments nor in the same proportions as the bands of foreign countries, physical education and Director of that de it was necessary to have a special orchestration made of each national anthem, partment of the Los Angeles City schools, adapted to the instruments of the Official Band. was, at the time of his appointment. Presi dent of the American Association of School Physicians and President of the Southern California Public Health Association. Dr. Lokrantz served in a voluntary capacity, as did virtually all the members of the medical organization that he created for the Games. More than a year of inten sive study and organization work by the SVEN LOKRANTZ, M.D. MEDICAL DIRECTOR Medical Department preceded its actual functioning upon the arrival of the dele gations participating in the Games, and during the celebration of the Games. The Department was created and operated entirely on the basis of providing a complete medical service to all participants in the Games at no expense or charge whatsoever, with the exception of a comparatively few serious cases requiring out side hospitalization (other than the gratuitous service rendered in the Village hos pital), which latter service was rendered at cost. Plans for medical supervision of the Games of the Xth Olympiad were arranged more than a year prior to the events. Never in the history of the Games had such a detailed medical organization for the care of sick or injured athletes been in opera tion, and it is a matter of gratification that there was not a single fatality among the contenders at the Games, nor any outbreak of contagious or infectious disease. Every precaution was taken to insure healthful surroundings, adequate first aid in case of accident, and expert care in event of serious illness. In view of

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the fact that the athletes were living in specially prepared quarters, with their local surgical supply houses, and others, for the various types of equipment re own dining rooms and sanitary system, closest co-operation was maintained with quired for its operation. This included X-ray equipment, laboratory equipment, public health authorities. The local Health Officers rendered most valuable service hospital equipment for minor surgery and dressings, examining room, and in providing expert advice in the field of sanitation and in control of possible physiotherapy apparatus for the treatment and conditioning of athletes. Equip contagion. The Los Angeles Receiving Hospital and the local chapter of the ment was also provided for the first aid rooms in the men and women athletes American Red Cross Society also gave valuable assistance in their respective fields. quarters at. Olympic Stadium and for the hospital in the women athletes Not only did these organized health agencies assist in the work but many private residence. physicians and surgeons voluntarily donated their services and professional advice. OLYMPIC VILLAGE HOSPITAL An Executive Medical Advisory Committee was appointed by the Medical The arrangements for caring for the health of the athletes included a Director. Matters of major importance in the medical organization were referred Hospital Unit in the center of the Olympic Village, where X-ray, laboratory, to this Committee for its opinion. One of the first subjects discussed was the physiotherapy and emergency service, with physicians and nurses on duty, was question of medical research. This matter was considered very carefully with available every hour of the dav or night. The hospital staff was comprised of a the Research Committee. The concensus of opinion was that in view of the Superintendent who was also Day Surgeon, a Night Surgeon, and an Assistant splendid work which had already been done for thousands of athletes, and on Day Surgeon, and day and night male nurses who were also qualified physio account of the short space of time during which research work could be carried therapists. on, the varied nationalities represented, the opposition on the part of some athletes, The Olympic Village Llospital was constructed particularly with a view to and the difficulty of obtaining proper facilities and apparatus convenient to the caring for the minor strains, sprains and abrasions which come to all athletes, but athletic contests, it would be unwise to attempt medical research at this time. was also used for slight temporary illnesses and for purposes of observation. By Lists of volunteer consultants in all the major specialties were compiled so providing immediate treatment or diagnosis in close proximity to the living quar that visiting athletes might have the best medical advice should the necessity ters of the athletes, much time was saved and a real service rendered to the arise. No matter what the type of illness or injury a specialist for that condition athletes. Although abrasions, furunculosis, blisters, minor infections, sprains and was immediately available. A list of advisory physicians who spoke the languages strains composed the majority of the conditions treated, undoubtedly the im of the various countries sending teams was also prepared, so that the athletes mediate care which these minor ailments received prevented in some cases the might have physician consultants understanding their own languages. development of more serious ailments and contributed largely to the splendid The following Advisory Committees were appointed; Executive, Medical, health and excellent showing of the athletes of the Xth Olympiad. Any severe Surgical, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, Dental, Women's Section, Research, Lung, injury was cared for in a local hospital, and in all, eighteen cases of a more serious Heart, Dermatology, Psychiatry, X-ray, Nursing, Physiotherapy, Equipment, and nature were handled in this way. Hospitalization. These Committees were of great help in matters pertinent to their The policy of the Village Hospital was to give the athletes, insofar as prac own specialty or section. ticable, the type of treatment to which they were accustomed in their respective EQUIPMENT countries, and the type of management of their cases which they had found most beneficial in any previous athletic injuries. Responsibility for equipping the Olympic Village Hospital and the Surgical The Olympic Village Hospital was in operation from July 5 to August 21, Rooms at the athletes' quarters in Olympic Stadium was placed in the hands 1932. For this six-weeks period, the statistics are as follows; of the Administrative Assistant, Los Angeles County Health Department. He Total number of individuals treated 473 co-operated closely with the Architect's Office of the Organizing Committee, and Total number of treatments 1,862 with the officials of Olympic Stadium, so thai the installation of all technical Average treatments per day 40 equipment, such as X-ray and physiotherapy apparatus, was not hindered in Physiotherapy treatments 540 any way by lack of proper facilities. X-rays ^2 With the completion of the Village Llospital, arrangements were made with Cases referred to other hospitals 18

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When the Hospital was erected there was speculation on the part of athletes the best possible care of sick or injured visiting athletes. Day and night special and coaches as to the amount of use which would be made of it. The feeling nurses were called when necessary, and laboratory and diagnostic procedures was that a highly trained, healthy group of athletes would have little need of and physiotherapy were provided where indicated. hospital service. It was found, however, that the Hospital was in constant use, and the large number of treatments given, with the great variety of cases treated, SANITATION indicate conclusively that a field hospital such as the one erected in the Olympic One of the most important medical factors contributing to the success of Village was necessary. the Games of the Xth Olympiad was the arrangements for sanitation. With two thousand world athletes, their managers, trainers, coaches, and other attaches, congregating in one community, with the vast throngs of spectators, extraordinary precautions were necessary to prevent the possibility of contagion. The problem was a large one. Besides the Olympic Village, the Olympic activities involved seven stadiums, sixteen special training fields, including six athletic clubs, eight high schools, and the University of Southern California and Los Angeles Junior College, with their shower and locker facilities. These centers of activity were scattered from Pasadena in the north to Long Beach in the south, and from Jefferson High School in the east to Santa Monica and the Riviera in the west. To facilitate the sanitarv inspection of the Olympic Village, the Olympic Village Director was appointed a special deputy health officer. In addition to the usual sanitary precautions, special attention was given to the prevention of epidermophytosis or "athlete's foot." By permission of the Los Angeles County Health Officer, the County Chemist made chemical tests of several commercial preparations to determine which one best filled the require ments of prompt fungicidal efficiency, non-irritant properties, simplicity of handling and low relative cost. As a result of these tests, a preparation of calcium hypochlorite containing sixty-five percent of available chlorine was selected. When mixed with water in proper proportions, it furnished a one percent hypo chlorite solution which bacteriological tests proved to be effective in killing the OLYMPIC VILLAGE HOSPITAL spores of the most resistant ringworm organisms in fifteen seconds. Rubber foot tubs, two feet in diameter and four inches deep, with a capacity of eight gallons, HOSPITALIZATION were filled with the solution and placed wherever showers were used by the The California Hospital, a local institution, was selected for the more serious athletes, and attendants were instructed to prepare a fresh solution every morning. cases of illness or injury. It was desirable, so far as practicable, that all athletes Signs over the tubs directed the athletes to step into the solution before and requiring hospitalization treatment be in one institution. The California Hospital after taking showers. As a result of these measures, very few cases of "athlete's extended athletes special rates for hospital and laboratory service, and specialists foot" were reported. or foreign advisors were called in as needed, either at the discretion of the physician The sewage system in the Olympic Village was of the cesspool type. The in charge or on request of the patient. Special efforts were made to give the toilets were of the dry chemical type. The chief problem here was the elimination most efficient attention and every facility of modern science was utilized to insure of odors. Many chemicals were tried without complete success. To the Director

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of the Village belongs the can Red Cross Society. The Chairman of the Los Angeles Chapter undertook credit for adopting the use of the responsibility of organizing the first aid work and securing the corps of crude oil, which was almost nurses necessary. one hundred percent suc The gathering of equipment was begun considerably before the first stations cessful in its operation. were opened. Thirty-three first aid kits were borrowed from local industrial con- Wrestling mats used in training and exhibitions were protected by freshly laun dered covers, which were changed frequently. Garbage cans were

TRAVELING DENTAL CLINIC placed in fly-proof, screened inclosures. All dining rooms and kitchens were given daily inspections by the Olympic Village management.

DENTAL SERVICE

In arranging for the medical care of the athletes, the Medical Director felt that great emphasis should be placed on the importance of dental hygiene, and a Dental Section was organized. The Los Angeles Board of Education granted permission to station one of its traveling "Healthmobiles" in the Village, equipped with a modern dental office, complete in every respect. Fifty-seven local dentists volunteered to serve for a day or more each, but it was not necessary to call on so many, and twenty-seven working in shifts furnished ample service. Thus a free emergency dental service was provided for the Olympic athletes in close proximity to their living quar ters. Toothaches, decayed teeth, exposed nerves, and other dental troubles which RED CROSS UNIT, OLYMPIC STADIUM might impair the efficiency of the athlete on the eve of con cerns, to supplement the Red Cross supply. Thirty-five stretchers were borrowed test, received immediate and from the United States Army. One hundred cots and two hundred blankets were competent attention. procured, and other material, such as Red Cross flags, was assembled. Signs, RED CROSS SERVICE assignment sheets and other required forms were printed or mimeographed. Some A vital part in the medi forty local industries and Los Angeles city departments, in which the Red Cross cal arrangements for the Society had conducted first aid courses, were contacted regarding the possibility Games was the provision of of some of their trained men serving as first aid men on their off time. All of first aid service by the Ameri these groups responded freely and a call list of four hundred and thirty certified

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men was made up. A special office was opened, telephone installed, and detailed FIELD SURGEONS charts of the assignments to be filled were prepared. Four full-time volunteers The care of the athletes during events were appointed as assistants, in charge of training center and event personnel at all of the -various stadiums was placed in and training center and event equipment, respectively. Bulletins were sent to the hands of forty official field surgeons. all of the available men, asking them to report on specified days for detailed These were primarily responsible not alone assignments. for the athletes but also to co-operate with On July 18, two full weeks before the opening of the Games, the first station the American Red Cross Staff in caring for was opened at the training field at Manual Arts High School. Every day thereafter the public. showed the installation of two or three stations, until July 30, when fourteen The field surgeons were a carefully stations were installed for the Opening Day's ceremonies. selected group of men who had had prac In addition to the regular stations which were maintained during the entire tical experience in caring for athletic in sixteen day period, for all events at the stadiums, first aid stations were installed juries in addition to possessing a knowledge and operated at the training fields prior to the main event. Special stations were of orthopedics, and of industrial and acci also maintained in connection with the Marathon, Equestrian Events, Road Cycling dent surgery. Race, Cross Country Run, and 50,000 Metre Walk, each of which required special Prior to the Games, several meetings OLYMPIC VILLAGE HOSPITAL OFFICE equipment and personnel. The Los Angeles City Life Guard Service and the of the field surgeons were held. Athletic Los Angeles County Life Guard Service furnished emergency cars, and the First injuries and their treatments were discussed National Motion Picture Studios furnished a mobile first aid unit for these events. at length, also the medical supervision of such special events as the Marathon and Four hundred and thirty first aid operators and one hundred and twenty Road Race Cycling. First aid supplies and equipment to be carried by the field Red Cross nurses volunteered their services. In all, sixty-five different stations surgeons were considered and standardized so as to be prepared for every were installed, with a maximum of thirty-three nurses and eighty-two men on duty emergency. simultaneously. Thirty-five first aid stations were in operation at one time. OLYMPIC STADIUM Five hundred and eighty-nine cases were reported treated, fifty-five of these being athletes. Twenty-six cases required ambulance transportation. The Chief Surgeon of the Los Angeles City Receiving Hospital was the field sur The following summary shows the total volunteer hours of service rendered: geon in charge at Olympic Stadium. He Hours was assisted by four other field surgeons, Nurses 3,490 two being assigned for care of the public and two for care of the athletes. The First aid men Stadium was provided with nine first aid Volunteer stall assistants 392 stations for the public, strategically placed Time at training centers ...... 1,160 near the main exits. First aid stations for Time at Olympic Stadium ...... 3,835 the athletes were located in the men's and Time at other events 1,028 women's dressing rooms. An ambulance Boy Scouts 920 was posted at the rear of the dressing room 7,335 building, with a wheel stretcher and at tendants on the field near the athletes' en Total 10,825 trance. First aid operators were stationed

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at the inside entrance of passageways, each this gruelling event, extensive preparations were made to give the participants being responsible for a certain section of the the best medical service during the competition. At each of the seven official grand stand. Boy Scouts carried messages control stations along the twenty-six mile course, where the official timers, judges from the nurses in the first aid stations to and attendants were stationed, a medical aid station was established and staffed the doctors stationed at specified locations. with two American Red Cross first aid men and one physician. Along the course Fourteen minor injuries to athletes at control stations five, six and seven, two physicians were on duty. Additional were treated in the Stadium and two cases medical assistance along the return course was made possible by the moving of of exhaustion. During the course of the doctors, after all runners had passed and the medical aid station had been Games, over five hundred public cases were evacuated, from their first assignment to a second post of duty. given treatment in the first aid stations at Two American Red Cross ambulances, each carrying one stretcher, followed the Stadium. the runners, and a mobile hospital unit with accommodations for four persons brought up the rear, accompanied by the pick-up bus provided for transportation THE MARATHON of those athletes who withdrew from the race with no disability. The ambulances In view of the special hazards con and mobile unit were manned by Red Cross first aid men and were instructed to nected with the Marathon Race, extraordi report each case assisted to the physicians at the medical aid stations, who directed THE LABORATORY nary precautions were taken and every treatment. Any serious case was transported immediately, accompanied by a effort was made to be prepared for emer physician, to the Official Hospital. Arrangements were made for radio broadcasts gencies. The Assistant Chief Surgeon of the Los Angeles Receiving Hospital was through the local police department to the head physician's automobile, which placed in charge of the medical supervision of this event, assisted by a staff of carried a radio receiver. six physicians. Physicians upon completing their station assignments proceeded along the Two days before the contest, all athletes entered in the Marathon were course to the finish line and were thus available for service at the termination assembled in the Olympic Village Hospital. Four heart specialists, in addition of the race. to the chief surgeon and his assistants, conducted a complete physical examination Altogether, ten entrants in the Marathon were given medical attention, on each entrant, to determine his physical fitness. The runners were given a mainly for cramps and exhaustion. A final report on all athletes participating thorough routine examination, in the race, prepared three days after the event, showed that none were in any including urinary analysis, and a way disabled and all stated they were ready to repeat the test of endurance. special examination of heart, lungs and blood pressure was SWIMMING STADIUM made. Any abnormal conditions This Stadium was provided with all necessary apparatus for resuscitation, were considered by the medical with trained personnel to operate it. A supervisor was present in charge of in- examiners and passed on by the halator and heating appliances. There were no cases, however, requiring this group before the medical certifi apparatus and not a single accident occurred to any of the contestants. cates permitting participation in the run were issued. 50,000 METRE WALK In view of the possibility of serious accidents, and even fatali Two physicians were in charge of the medical supervision of the 50,000 ties, which might result from the Metre Walk. First aid stations were established at all the control stations, with tremendous exertion exercised in stretcher and first aid equipment.

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This event proved to be a gruelling contest, and although there were only coincidentally with both first and last horsemen. The medical corps consisted of fifteen entries, four of these required medical attention due to exhaustion before four doctors, seven first aid assistants, ten ambulance attendants and four am the end of the race. bulances. Doctors and first aid assistants were stationed at points of vantage in Two ambulances, as well as a motor equipped first aid unit, cruised along proximity to the most hazardous portion of the course. During these events the course. These gave first aid to any contestant seen to be in distress. Four three rather serious accidents received attention. cases were treated on the course, three of which were then brought in for further The following medical arrangements were made for the 5,000 Metre Cross treatment. Country phase of the Pentathlon. Stationed at the beginning of the course were Full advantage was taken of the water and refreshments at the various a doctor and an ambulance; on a near hilltop was another doctor overseeing six control stations along the course. The refreshment stands were busy places. to eight jumps, and on another point of vantage was a first aid man with a doctor Rarely did a contestant pass one by without taking some water not only to drink nearby; at the end of the Pentathlon course, a doctor, ambulance and two at but to rinse his mouth and to pour over his head. The officials gave permission tendants were stationed. The chief surgeon, mounted during the event, patrolled to offer water to contestants from the ambulance as it passed them and toward the entire area. the close of the race water was passed out constantly. For the Dressage events, the chief surgeon stationed himself in the center of the grand stand, placing a first aid man at each end with an ambulance along OLYMPIC AUDITORIUM side. A first aid room was prepared under the stand, and a mobile hospital unit One physician was always present at the Weightlifting, Wrestling and Box stationed opposite the stand, the latter capable of taking care of four patients. ing events in the Olympic Auditorium. For the first day of the Three-day Endurance competition, the same set-up All entrants in the wrestling events were given physical examinations at was utilized as for the Dressage events. the Auditorium on August 1, the first day of the bouts. Medical supervision of Arrangements for the second day of this event, the Steeplechase, comprised the bouts extended through the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th of August, six cases, one a corps of eleven men and four ambulances. Action was so planned and timed a hospital case, being treated. that as the last horse finished the first phase of jumps, the chief surgeon departed Physical examinations of all entrants in the boxing tournament were held in a motor car and arrived at the third phase at the same time as the first rider. at the Olympic Village on August 9, and medical attention rendered during the One of the ambulances stationed at the first phase left for the third phase of the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th of August, at both afternoon and evening sessions. course just prior to the completion by the first horse of the first phase of sixteen Six minor cases of injury were treated. jumps, leaving one ambulance and doctor in charge to take care of the remaining crowd. As soon as the field was emptied, this remaining unit also joined the CROSS COUNTRY RUN cavalcade moving on towards the third phase or concluding series of jumps. One physician was in charge of medical aid at the Cross Country Run. At the mid-way station, "B," as the last horse passed, the medical corps Although the day was hot and the course difficult, there were no cases requiring started its march toward the third phase of jumps, traveling by another route and medical attention. arriving as contestants were ready to go into action, at the same time checking back by telephone for a report of any casualties. This brought all units EQUESTRIAN EVENTS from unoccupied sections to the last section of activity, the third phase of Medical supervision of the Equestrian events was in charge of one physician, jumps. As mentioned, the chief surgeon arrived to take up his position as the who was assisted by three field surgeons. first rider entered the terminal thirty-five jumps, and soon after, the second am The hazards connected with the Steeplechase were great, and special care bulance arrived to take its position. was given to planning the mobilization of medical units and patrol services at During all the Equestrian events, ambulance drivers were cautioned while strategic points. All units were so stationed that they moved on a parallel course in stationary positions to maintain lookouts from the tops of their vehicles, thus with the riders and spectators arriving at the various phases of the course. providing additional patrol service. All surgeons carried Red Cross flags on their

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cars, for identification. Since the number of medical units and attendants was MEDICAL STAFF OF THE GAMES OF THE XTH OLYMPIAD adequate for casualty handling and these were so stationed that they could arrive Sven Lokrantz, M.D., Medical Director at the scene of an accident without delay, traffic police were asked to do nothing C. Morley Sellery, M.D., Assistant Medical Director themselves in the way of first aid treatment but immediately to summon an Executive Medical Advisory Committee Olympic surgeon. George H. Kress, M.D. Harry H. Wilson, M.D. E. C. Moore, M.D. C. Morley Sellery, M.D. Sven Lokrantz, M.D. YACHTING AND ROWING Medical Advisory Board For the medical supervision of the Yachting events, the United States Navy Harry H. Wilson, M.D., Chief Medical Consultant furnished a boat in command of an officer, to stand by the morning races. During Eugene L. Armstrong, M.D. William Duffield, M.D. Chas. B. Pinkham, M.D. Roland S. Cummings. M.D. Donald S. Frick, M.D. Joseph A. Pollia, M.D. the afternoon races, one doctor was placed on a Coast Guard's boat and another Chas. W. Decker, M.D. George H. Kress, M.D. John L. Pomeroy, M.D. on board a private yacht stationed near the course. This boat carried an inhalator George Dock, M.D. Verne R. Mason, M.D. Giles S. Porter, M.D. and crew furnished by the Los Angeles Fire Department. Seven local physicians Wallace Dodge, M.D. Wm. R. Molony, M.D. Clarence G. Toland, M.D. Edward M. Pallette, M.D. provided voluntary service in connection with the Yachting events. The Health Officer of the city of Long Beach was in charge of the medical Consultant Surgeons Graeme M. Hammond, M.D., Surgeon Emeritus service at the Rowing Stadium. He was assisted by a staff of six doctors, three E. C. Moore, M.D., Chief Surgeon nurses, and six Red Cross first aid operators. Thirty-six spectators and three Harold D. Barnard, M.D. Robert V. Day, M.D. C. F. Nelson, M.D. athletes received treatment during the contests, all minor cases. F. E. Berge, M.D. Trusten M. Hart, M.D. Charles E. Phillips, M.D. E. J. Cook, M.D. W. H. Kiger, M.D. H. E. Schiffbauer, M.D. CYCLING H. S. Cumming, M.D. CharlesLeRoyLowman,M.D.Rea Smith, M.D. William H. Daniel, M.D. Granville MacGowan, M.D. John C. Wilson, M.D. For the Road Race Cycling one head physician with two field surgeons Wayland A. Morrison, M.D. directed the medical service. Additional personnel included nine first aid men, Honorary Consultant two ambulances and four Red Cross cars. The field surgeons were stationed at D. C. MacWatters, Chairman, Los Angeles Chapter, American Red Cross intervals along the course, one following the last contestant. Consultants The other Cycling events occurred at the Pasadena Rose Bowl with the J. Herbert Lawson, M.D., Consultant to American Team Fitch C. E. Mattison, M.D. Chief Surgeon of the Pasadena Emergency Hospital in charge of medical service. A local field hospital was set up with doctors and nurses in attendance. Equipment Stanley N. Pomeroy, Supervisor

The Organizing Committee expresses its appreciation of the whole-hearted First Aid Albert C. Gordon, Supervisor support and co-operation given by the medical profession, the local health de partments, the nursing profession, the American Red Cross, the Los Angeles American Red Cross Nursing Board of Education, the Los Angeles Fire Department, and similar organizations, M. Louise Floyd, Supervisor in the medical problems of the Games of the Xth Olympiad. Consultant Dentists C. M. Alderson, D.D.S. Lewis E. Ford, D.D.S. Leo M. Baughman, D.D.S. L. C. "Bud" Houser, D.D.S. Charles Borah, D.D.S. James David McCoy, D.D.S. E. Ray Brownson, D.D.S. Murray T. McNeil, D.D.S.

Women s Section William H. Gilbert, M.D. Etta Gray, M.D. John Vruwink, M.D. Lyle G. McNeile, M.D.

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Women Physician Advisors to Women Athletes FIELD SURGEONS Etta Gray, M.D., Chairman Laura B. Bennett, M.D. Marian Goldwasser, M.D. Olympic Hospital Hugo M. Kersten, M.D. Blanche C. Brown, M.D. Helen R. Robertson, M.D. Edwin F. Patton, M.D. Charles M. Hayes, M.D., Superintendent Belle Wood-Comstock, M.D. Anna E. Rude, M.D. Rudolph Marx, M.D. Rifle Range X-Ray Committee J. E. Baker, M.D. Gerald E. Smith, M.D., Head Physician Edward S. Blaine, M.D. Lowell S. Coin, M.D. R. G. Taylor, M.D. Sanitation John W. Crossan, M.D. Henry Snure, M.D. J. W. Warren, M.D. Rose Bowl John L. C. Coffin, M.D., Chief Sanitary Physical Education Research Committee C. C. Troencegaard, M.D., Head Phy William R. LaPorte, Professor of Physical Education, University of So. California Inspector sician Frederick W. Cozens, Associate Professor of Physical Education, Lee W. Paul, M.D. University of California, at Los Angeles Women Athletes—Chapman Park Hotel Lung Committee Etta Gray, M.D., Head Physician Equestrian Sports Edwin S. Bennett, M.D. Erancis M. Pottenger, M.D. Percy Goldberg, M.D., Head Physician Olympic Stadium Carl R. Howson, M.D. Roy E. Thomas, M.D. Augustus H. Calvin, M.D. Erank P. Miller, M.D. Wallace Dodge, M.D., Head Physician Lawrence K. Gundrum, M.D. Heart Committee Lawrence Chaffin, M.D. Daniel L. Hirsch, M.D. H. E. Crowe, M.D. Henry H. Lissner, M.D., Chairman Sven Lokrantz, M.D. John C. Ruddock, M.D. Walter R. Fieseler, M.D. Long Beach Marine Stadium R. Manning Clarke, M.D. Maurice H. Rosenfeld, M.D. Harry H. Wilson, M.D. Wilford E. Green, M.D. G. E. McDonald, M.D., Head Physician Psychiatry Committee Ivo J. Lopizich, M.D. H. Douglas Eaton, M.D. Arthur R. Timme, M.D. Harvey M. Mayer, M.D. Fencing Ralph Wm. McKelvy, M.D. Dermatology Committee E. E. Kessler, M.D.. Head Physician Daniel 1. McLean, M.D. L. F. X. Wilhelm, M.D., Chairman H. Sutherland Campbell, M.D. Leon D. Godshall, M.D. Edward F. Nippert, M.D. Samuel Ayres, Jr., M.D. Kendal Frost, M.D. Harold Van Metre, M.D. Yachting Physiotherapy Committee Marathon Edward G. Eisen, M.D., Head Physician Francis L. Daugherty, Chairman Stanley Boiler, M.D. Sydney V. Kibby, M.D. J. Severy Hibben, M.D. Charles F. Sebastian, M.D., Head Phy J. Park Dougall, M.D. sician Cora Smith King, M.D. Herbert V. Mellinger, M.D. K. E. Kretzschmar, M.D. W. H. Brownfield, M.D. Grace P. Jennings, M.D. William W. Worster, M.D. G. A. Laubersheimer, M.D. A. L. Gibson, M.D. Eye and Ear Consultants Wayland A. Morrison, M.D. Edward F. Nippert, M.D. Ewald Werner, M.D. J. Frank Friesen, M.D. Isaac H. Jones, M.D. E. H. Schneider, M.D. W. Morton Gardner, M.D. Theodore C. Lyster, M.D. H. J. Skarshaug, M.D. Swimming Stadium Lawrence K. Gundrum, M.D. K. W. Taber, M.D. Elmer R. Pascoe, M.D., Head Physician Sanitation Cycling Road Race E. A. Wilmot, M.D. John L. C. Coffin, M.D., Chief Sanitary Inspector Harold A. Young, Honorary Consultant Francis E. Browne, M.D., Head Phy Cross Country Run sician Nursing Howard R. Cooder, M.D. Salvatore R. Monaco, M.D., Head Phy Harriet A. Cochran, R.N. S. D. Puttier, R.N. Orren Lloyd-Jones, M.D. sician Eunice Lamona, R.N. Dane Sheehan, R.N. E. S. Gasteiger, M.D. Katherine Townsend Roche, R.N. Ragnar Stadin, R.N. Olympic Auditorium 50,000 Metre Walk Corinne M. Roos, R.N. Louise Rammacher, Physiotherapist Ben Frees, M.D., Head Physician Irene S. Wheeler, R.N. Elmer L. Anderson, M.D. Orren Lloyd-Jones, M.D., Head Phy Epidemiology Consultant Franklin Farman, M.D. sician J. W. Robinson, M.D. Trusten M. Hart, M.D. Daniel L. Hirsch, M.D.

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VOLUNTEER DENTISTS OLYMPIC VILLAGE HOSPITAL REPORT — NATIONALITY OF MEN PATIENTS Verne LaGora Wilt. D.D.S., Chief Volunteer Dentist A. J. Bourgeois, D.D.S. Alfred Gordon Marker, D.D.S. John William Brady, D.D.S. Henry Louis Harrison, D.D.S. Fred B. Carlisle, D.D.S. John Bright Hopkins, D.D.S. H Donald Dale Donovan. D.D.S. Wayne R. Ingalls, D.D.S. M PH Theodore Arthur Fielding, D.D.S. Linneus Leo Pruden, D.D.S. S z m o W w o t* w James Bennett Fugle, D.D.S. Barold Rudolf Riedel, D.D.S. U << W z; H J § Charles Gilbert Girdlestone, D.D.S. NATION H W - & K J .2 O W iS <1 O Q o o & h < § 1-LH (5 u~> X m Pi w H FOREIGN CONSULTANTS 19 ARGENTINE ARGENTINE H. L. Updegraff, M.D. HUNGARY Adalbert Frisch, M.D. 6 AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA Francis L. Anton, M.D, INDIA . . Rowland Hill Harris, M.D. 5 AUSTRIA AUSTRIA Joseph M. Kolisch, M.D. IRELAND . Matthew Campbell, M.D. 2 BELGIUM BELGIUM H. F. Crowe, M.D. ITALY Francesco Bonura, M.D, 12 BRAZIL . BOHEMIA Karl Fischel, M.D. Salvatore R. Monaco, M.D. CANADA 24 BRAZIL I. R. Bancroft, M.D. Harry M. Nardini, M.D. COLOMBIA 1 BULGARIA Rudolph F. Monaco, M.D. JAPAN Y. Fukuda, M.D., Chairman 3 CZECHOSLOVAKI A CANADA . Lionel A. B. Street, M.D. H. J. Hara, M.D. DENMARK 15 CHINA G. L. Chee, M.D. Isami Sekiyama, M.D. ESTONIA 1 COLOMBIA Rafael Taboada, M.D. L. R. Umezawa, M.D. FINLAND 12 Henry 1. Leviton, M.D. F. Yamaguchi, M.D. FRANCE 12 CUBA .... Adalbert Frisch, M.D. JUGOSLAVIA Augustus H. Calvin, I.D. GERMANY 12 CZECHOSLOVAKIA K. B. Blahnik, M.D. LATVIA . . . A. Gottlieb, M.D. 10 GREAT BRITAIN F. J. Krahulik, M.D. John J. Kirchoff, M.D. 10 GREECE Joseph J. Jelinek, M.D. LUXEMBOURG . Edward F. Nippert, M.D. HAITI . 1 DENMARK A. F. Brix, M.D. MEXICO . . . Alejandro Wallace, M.D. HOLLAND 2 Hans P. Dana, M.D. MONACO . . . J. Mark Lacey, M.D. HUNGARY 15 K. Chester Gummess, M.D. NEW ZEALAND . Victor Parkin, M.D. INDIA . 15 ESTONIA . . . Benjamin Katz, M.D. NORWAY . . . Albert Soiland, M.D. IRELAND 2 FINLAND . . . H. A. Frickson, M.D. PERU . . . . Nestor A. Michelena, M.D. ITALY . 56 FRANCE . . . Ceasar G. Cahen, M.D. PHILIPPINES Rudolph R. Mueller, M.D. JAPAN . 13 Valentine St. John, M.D. POLAND . . . Thomas M. Potasz, Chairman LATVIA . 3 Pierre Viole, M.D. J. Tobinski, M.D. John MEXICO 29 GERMANY . . H. F. Schiffbauer, M.D., PORTUGAL . . E. F. Hoffman, M.D. NEW ZEALAND 19 Chairman ROUMANIA . . D. Z. Schwartz, M.D. NORWAY 2 Robert G. Majer, M.D. SALVADOR . . Herbert 0. Barnes, M.D. PHILIPPINES 1 8 Hans H. Gerisch, M.D. SOUTH AFRICA . Floyd R, Parks, M.D. POLAND 1 4 GREAT BRITAIN W. V. Chalmers Francis, M.D. SPAIN . . . G. A. Rivera, M.D. 2 SOUTH AFRICA 1 Martyn, M.D. SWEDEN . . . George F. E. Berge, M.D. SPAIN . 1 GREECE . . . C. P. Kalionzes, M.D. SWITZERLAND . Albert C. Germann, M.D. SWEDEN 2 5 27 J. T. George, M.D. TURKEY . . . H. K. Emerson, M.D. SWITZERLAND 1 1 GUATEMALA . . Julio Bianchi, M.D. UNITED STATES F. C. Fishbaugh, M.D. UNITED STATES 7 19 1 6 2 13 17 18 10 2 6 130 HAITI . . . V. F. Houser, M.D. Maurice H. Rosenfeld, M.D. Unknown 10 3 1 3 5 4 3 2 9 44 HOLLAND . . L. G. Visscher, M.D. URUGUAY . . Rudolph R. Mueller, M.D. 518 Harold Van Metre, M.D. VENEZUELA Arturo Pallais, M.D. TOTALS 35 15 113 11 14 14 45 21 25 25 55 26 47 35

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 MEDICAL SERVICE

NATIONALITY OF ATHLETES ADMITTED TO VOLUNTEER DENTAL SERVICE CALIFORNIA HOSPITAL NUMBER OF DENTISTS VOLUNTEERING COMPLAINTS AND INJURIES OF WOMEN PATIENTS NATION NATURE OF TROUBLE SERVICES 57 NUMBER OF DENTISTS SERVING 27 Streptococcus in Throat ARGENTINE . NUMBER OF PATIENTS 86 CD Medical HJ CD <1,fi- r"C—ii BELGIUM Acute Appendicitis OPERATIONS S 5 GERMANY . Medical H a NATURE OF COMPLAINTS GREAT BRITAIN Acute Appendicitis O M C/} AND INJURIES H HOLLAND Medical EXAMINATIONS 86 ^ B W in W < S iJ HUNGARY . Medical TREATMENTS (ODONTAGLIA, GUM, ROOT- S << §O DS r-' Acute Earache. Necessary to CANAL, SMOOTHING OFF BROKEN TEETH, S o FENCERS w ATHLETES H do Paracentesis AND MISCELLANEOUS) 157 ITALY Fractured Back EXTRACTIONS 14 APPENDICITIS (ACUTE) . . . 2 2 MEXICO Lumbar Muscle Sprain LOCAL ANESTHETICS ADMINISTERED 17 ABDOMINAL CRAMPS 1 1 2 (Myalgia) from Fall FILLINGS 73 ABRASION (KNEE) 1 1 Skull Fracture CLEANINGS AND SCALINGS 5 BRONCHITIS (ACUTE) 1 1 NEW ZEALAND Appendicitis TREATMENTS OF "DRY SOCKETS" . 14 BLISTERS (FEET) 4 5 SWEDEN Infected Knee REMOVING OF NERVES . . . . 6 "COLD" (ACUTE) 4 1 6 UNITED STATES Infection Little Toe Left Foot RE-CEMENTING CROWNS, BRIDGES, CONJUNCTIVITIS (ACUTE) 1 1 Acute Appendicitis INLAYS, FACINGS, ETC 9 DENTAL ABSCESS 1 1 Diphtheria SMEARS TAKEN FOR VINCENT'S ANGINA . 1 DIARRHEA 1 1 Acute Upper Respiratory ADVICE AND CONSULTATIONS .... 39 DYSMENORRHEA 1 1 Infection, Acute Sinusitis REFERRED FOR X-RAYS 6 EARACHE 1 1 Hematoma of Scrotum EAR — FURUNCLE 1 Influenza TOTAL OPERATIONS 427 EAR — CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA . 1 EPIDERMOPHYTOSIS 1 1 2 FURUNCULOSIS 2 2 FLAT FEET 1 1 HEADACHE 1 1 NATIONALITY OF WOMEN PATIENTS INDIGESTION 1 1 NATIONALITY AND ACTIVITY OF DENTAL PATIENTS INSECT STING (INFECTED) .... 1 1 MUSCLE STRAIN 4 7 12 NATION ACTIVITY STAB WOUND (NEEDLE) 1 1 STAB WOUND (SCISSORS)

1 1 OFFICIALS ARGENTINE 2 Coach 1 PHARYNGITIS 1 1 NATION

ATTENDANTS BELGIUM . 1 Pentathlon 1 OXYLTRIS VERMICULARIS 1 1 2 Weightlifting 1 CONTUSIONS 1 2 3 BRAZIL SWIMMERS TOTALS FENCERS WOMEN ATHLETES AND 5 Trainer 1 CRAMPS 1 1 CANADA 1 TONSILLITIS 1 2 CHINA .... 1 Gymnastics . 3 AUSTRIA .... 1 1 INFECTION (FOOT) ...... CZECHOSLOVAKIA . 1 Manager . 1 1 | 1 1 AUSTRALIA . 1 GERMANY . 7 Marathon 2 TOTALS CANADA .... 1 8 1 10 2 2 33 19 56 * * GREAT BRITAIN . 6 Fencing . 2 1 1 DENMARK GREECE 2 Water Polo . 2 GERMANY 1 1 HUNGARY . 2 Football . 2 GREAT BRITAIN 7 1 8 2 Cycling 4 1 4 5 HOLLAND ITALY .... 4 Boxing 5 MEXICO .... 1 1 2 JAPAN .... 9 Track.... 2 1 1 NEW ZEALAND . NEW ZEALAND 4 Lacrosse . 4 2 JAPAN .... 2 PHILIPPINES . 1 Swimming 6 1 1 SOUTH AFRICA . POLAND 1 Wrestling 7 SWEDEN .... . • 1 1 SWEDEN 7 Unknown 44 12 9 22 UNITED STATES 1 UNITED STATES . 19 TOTALS 2 2 32 20 56 Unknown . 10

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library PRESS DEPARTMENT L y M p

OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE PRESS DEPARTMENT ADVERTISING GAMES OF THE Xth OLYMPIAD I LOS ANGELES, U. S. A., 1932 AND PROMOTION

NUMBER ONE 1930 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA N PREPARING for the celebration of the Games of the Xth Los Anoeles is Ready Awarding of 1932 Olympiad, the Organizing Committee was confronted with for Games Games Described Icertain problems which had not presented themselves in Next Olympic City Being Task of Organizing Games previous Games. Because of the distance to Los Angeles from Built on Pacific Shores Delegated to Xth Olympiad Committee the majority of the Olympic countries, the Committee realized os ANGELES is prepared to celebrate Lj the Tenth Olympiad. HE history of the awarding of the that sufficient sentiment had to be aroused in the various coun Thus modern Olympism, founded in TGames of the Tenth Olympiad to 1894 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, Los Angeles begins in 1920, when Wil takes another step toward circling the liam May Garland, prominent citizen tries to insure their sending representative teams to participate globe. of Los Angeles, attended the Olympic Out on the shores of the beautiful Games in Antwerp. in the Games. It was necessary to establish proper relations Pacific Ocean, another Olympic city is He carried with him invitations to being built. the International Olympic Committee with the World Press far in advance of the Games, and conse Like the westward march of civiliza to hold the Games of the next Olympiad tion itself has been the course of the spirit in Los Angeles. These invitations were quently the Press Department was organized in December, 1929. of modern Olympism which, in the 34 from state, county and city officials, and years since its founding, has rallied to its from civic, business and athletic organi banners the youth of 62 nations. zations of California. The Press Department had three distinct functions, first, He was informed, however, that the Games for 1924 and 1928 had been ixth OLYMPIAD CLOSED By COUNT DE BAILLET-LATOUR to increase interest in foreign countries, second, to educate the pledged to Paris and Amsterdam, re In accordance with the Protocol of President, International Olympic Committee spectively, and that the next unassigned the International Olympic Committee, celebration would be in 1932, the Games people of the United States to the significance of the Olympic the Games of the Ninth Olympiad at I CONGRATULATE the Organizing Committee of the Games of the Tenth Olym of the Tenth Olympiad. Amsterdam were officially closed when piad for the splendid zcork accomplished already and I trust that backed not only by Games, and third, to provide suitable accommodations and RECEPTION FRIENDLY Count de Baillet-Latour uttered the fol the support of the American Olympic Association and of the American Athletes ' lowing words: but by the whole Country they will be a great success and help to promote Olympic His reception by the International ideals in far distant countries, who do not often enough have the opportunity of Olympic Committee was cordial and facilities for the representatives of the World Press who would "hi the name of the Internation joining in the quadrennial tournaments. al Olympic Committee, after hav friendly. Two of the United States members, Dr. William M. Sloane of come to Los Angeles to report the outcome of the Games. ing 0 if ere(I to theQue en 0 f Holland Princeton, New Jersey, and Judge Bar and to the Dutch •population and to tow S. Weeks of New York, were pres the authorities of the City of Am- Mr. Garland presented sterdam and to the organizers of ent at the time INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN the invitations. Judge Weeks died the the Games our deepest gratitude} we AN EXPRESSION following year, and in 1922 Mr. Gar proclaim the closing of the Ninth land was elected his successor. Olvmfiad and, in accordance with By BARON PIERRE DE COUBERTIN The Department began immediately to carry out the first He first met with the Committee as tradition, we call upon the Youth o f Founder of Modern Olympism a member at its annual meeting in 1922. every country to assemble in four phase of its work, the international press campaign. Even with At that time General Charles H. Sher- years at Los Angeles, there to cele HE main issue in life is not the vic to guide this reality toward the great rill of New York was elected to take brate the Games of the Tenth tory but the fight; the essential is Olympic Idea: "Joie des muscles, culte T the place of Allison V. Armour, the the exceptionally low steamship and railway rates which the Olympiad. May they display cheer not to have won but to have fought well. de la beante, travail pour le service de la third member from the United States, fulness and- concord and thus the To spread these precepts is to pave the famille et de la societe •, ces trois ele who had resigned. The president of the Olympiad torch may be carried way for a more valiant humanity, Committee was able to obtain for Olympic delegates traveling ments unis en un faisceau indissoluble." Committee at that time was Baron Pierre through the ages for the good of a stronger, and consequently more scrupu May joy and good fellowship reign, de Coubertin of Lausanne, Switzerland, humanity more eager, more cour lous and more generous. These words to and from the Games, it was necessary to assist each National and in this manner, may the Olympic who founded modern Olympism at a ageous, and more pure." extend across whole domains and form Torch pursue its way through the ages, meeting at the Sorbonne in Paris in the basis of a healthy and happy philos increasing friendly understanding 1894. Committee in arousing sentiment in its country favorable to the WM. M. CREAKBAUM FLAG IN AMSTERDAM ophy. among nations, for the good of a hu U. S. A. SELECTED MAIN ACER PRESS DEPARTMENT The Olympic flag, symbolic of that The Olympic movement gives the manity always more enthusiastic, more From his first meeting with the Com raising of the funds required to send a team. Also, since many cheerfulness and concord referred to in world an ideal which reckons with the courageous and more pure. mittee, Mr. Garland began to describe the closing ceremonies at Amsterdam, reality of life, and includes a possibility to the members the advantages of Los now reposes in that city. of the athletes worked in shops and factories, it was necessary Angeles. At its meeting in Rome in In 1932 it will be raised above the 1923, the Committee unanimously se to induce their employers to grant them sufficient time off from their work to ^reat Olympic Stadium in Los Angeles, lected the United States as the nation to this edition, "OLYMPIC," offi principles of modern Olympism. which city, in 1920, extended its first in w:,., which would be given the Games of the cial publication of the Organizing Com vitation to the International Olympic "OLYMPIC" will be published several Tenth Olympiad, to be celebrated in make the journey. Since the National Olympic Committee of each country had mittee of the Games of the Tenth Olym times a year until the celebration of the Committee to celebrate there the next 1932. piad, makes its entry into the Olympic^ Games in 1932. It will be mailed free of Olympic Games. Mr. Garland thereupon suggested that world. charge to members of the International the responsibility of its own arrangements for participation, the Organizing Com The story of how Los Angeles was The Organizing Committee dedicates the Olympic Committee, members of the Na a city touching the shores of the Pa awarded the Games of the Tenth Olym first issue of "OLYMPIC" to the Olympic tional Olympic Committees,sand to sports cific Ocean be selected, as never in" the mittee felt that its press propaganda should act as a background against which piad is told elsewhere in this publication. Congress assembled in Berlin in May, 1930 federations and associations and to the Press history of Olympism had the Games The authorities and citizens of Los An "OLYMPIC" will be controlled by the of all countries. been held near these great waters. Hc geles are grateful to the International Organizing Committee and will be pub Any one desiring to receive "OLYMPIC" accordingly moved that Los Angeles be the National Committees could project their own campaigns for governmental Olympic Committee for its selection of lished by the Press Department It will may do so by making application to the selected as the Olympic city, and his their city for the celebration of the contain no advertising and will be dignified, Tenth Olympiad Committee, W. M. Gar recommendation was unanimously ap subsidies or private subscriptions towards their budgets. The Committee also felt Tenth Olympiad. constructive and informative. It will be de land Building, 117 West Ninth Street, Los proved by the Committee. (Continued on page 2, column I) voted to the advancement of the ideals and- Angeles, California, U S. A (Continued on page 2, column I)

FACSIMILE OF FIRST ISSUE OF THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION 209

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 PRESS DEPARTMENT

that the confidence of all countries in its ability to carry out its duties could be a special brand of paper was used in order to insure arrival at its destination in built through this campaign. the best possible condition. Also, only the finest illustrations were used, to permit W ire Services: The Press Department established a policy of utilizing reproduction of the engravings by other publications. wherever possible the co-operation proffered by the regular established news Photographs : In the matter of photographs, the Committee also decided channels, such as the wire news services, the national news photographic syndi to deal so far as possible with the established news photographic syndicates, cates, and the newsreels. The wire news services, — the Associated Press, United namely. Acme Newspictures, Associated Press Photos, International News Photos, Press, International News Service, and Universal Service, — agreed to use what and Wide World Photos. Consequently, all the main offices of the regular syndi ever news they were able to handle over their direct wires or in their mail letter cates were contacted and urged to build up their files of Olympic subjects. Photo services. graphs of the various stadiums were offered and other co-operation of the Press News Bulletins : Supplementing these facilities, the Department decided Department was extended to these organizations in completing their files. This to issue twice a month news bulletins covering the Committee's preparations. same co-operation was proffered to the foreign syndicates which had no connection Consequently, a list of approximately 6000 foreign periodicals was assembled, with American syndicates and therefore had no access to such a supply of pictures. including newspapers, magazines, sports publications and trade journals. A list As before mentioned, both the illustrations in the news bulletins and in of several thousand sports organizations, aside from the regular Olympic groups, "Olympic" were of such a character as to make their satisfactory reproduction was also assembled. In this work the Press Department enjoyed the hearty co possible. The Committee gave consideration to a programme of distributing operation of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the United States newspaper matrices but abandoned this plan in favor of the use of illustrations Department of Commerce, the local steamship and railroad offices, and the foreign in its news bulletins and in "Olympic." In the matter of photographs, the consuls. These bulletins were sent also to the members of the International Department had the hearty co-operation of local photographic syndicates, and Olympic Committee, the presidents and secretaries of the National Olympic Com of the photographic department of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce. mittees, and the presidents and secretaries of the International Sports Federations. Motion Pictures: As in the case of news photographs, the Committee The first news bulletin outlining the Press Department's policies was sent worked closely with the local representatives of the established newsreels, namely, out to all publications in English, and to it was attached a questionnaire asking Fox-Hearst Corporation, Paramount News, Pathe News, and Universal Newsreel. each publication to designate in which of five languages, English, French, German, Every possible subject which could be recorded in motion pictures and sound, Spanish or Italian, it would prefer to receive future news releases. All subsequent having any bearing whatsoever on the Olympic Games, was used by the depart releases were printed in those five languages, as designated. ment in spreading the story of the Committee's preparations. In order to insure correct translations, a staff of competent translators was Numerous propositions were submitted to the Committee by commercial organized and their work was thoroughly checked by members of the consular moving picture organizations for the making up of films to be used as propaganda corps in Los Angeles. In publishing its news bulletins the Department decided for the Games. However, owing to the enormous expense involved as compared to lithograph them from typewritten copies of its stories, thus eliminating the to the results obtained, this type of publicity was not utilized. Nevertheless, the necessity for typesetting and proof-reading. Later the Department evolved a regular motion picture producing companies in many instances built short subjects process of illustrating its news releases in a manner which permitted the illustra around the Olympic Games and aided materially in arousing world-wide interest tions being reproduced by the publications receiving them. in the event. Official Publication : It was also decided to publish at frequent intervals Visiting Journalists: The Department during the Committee's entire a periodical to be known as "Olympic," the official publication of the Organizing preparations assisted all Press representatives who came to Los Angeles. One Committee. This also was to be sent to the entire list. It was planned to publish group of fourteen journalists representing continental Europe visited Los Angeles "Olympic" in English, with a brief resume of the contents in French. However, under the auspices of the Carnegie Foundation, and the Press Department assisted it was found necessary in two instances to publish issues of the periodical in four in iheir entertainment during the four days of the party's visit. A representative languages, namely, English, French, German and Spanish. For this publication collection of photographs, maps and supplementary data was prepared for each

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Of lh« Gimsi of TO THE EDITOR N«w« of th OLYMPIAD the Xth Olympiad

Lof Angeles, U.S d by Ot »We G*m«s o PRESS DEPAR X™ Olympiad* Co Of tht Games of (the orsanizing com of the visitors, and through arrangements with the Carnegie Foundation, these THEX'Olvm Los Angeles. Califomi THE X^OLVMPIAC e c5 Los An3 ' Us Angclej/ U.S.A., 1932 :N3.ISH «£NCH packages were handed to them on their departure from New York. This was SPANISH GERMAN PRESS DEPA" No.18 PR1S1 APARTMENT 'FALIAN VlH OW^P14^* 0RN ; * Olympi.J. Committe* considered the best method of distributing these pictures, avoiding the hazard ("•« "Whin, t£1„mittI,) L in die Herren Schrlftlelter: Urn dlose Fotog 0' An,.!.,, Clifomi

Para Qr For Ifnmediitf Ret,, •4O ^ ^ .Redactor- para •, devoted to the Olympic Games by these journalists in their respective papers, 04 ent -per ilpr "" aol8B ®, utilizing the photographs and material supplied them. Several hundred jour nalists visited the Press Department during the three years of its preparations. Resident Correspondents : The Department immediately upon its organiza tion contacted local correspondents for foreign publications. While many of these were free lance writers having no definite connection with foreign publica tions, the Department assisted them in every way possible by furnishing them Los Angeles, Kalifornien — Im Olymp information in addition to that already furnished to the foreign publications Olympischen Stadlons gelegen, wlrd gegen Stadion fertlggestellt, In dem gelegentl through the regular news channels established by the Department. The Press

30. Jull bis elnschliesslich 14. August An861 "' "Womu - u Pi , piscU cual ^ ^ pisclna correspondents in Washington, D. C., were also contacted and in many cases they ORNIA Wasserpolo-Wettbewerbe stattflnden werd ra a<11 36 0 CALIF - a efecto Igs „ ° ^ ^Se! LOS ^NGEIE Q1 P U9bas d<1 dt nuoto, - die elf Tage in Anspruch nehmen werden 7 Water Polo, m los T ""aeli,., rendered valuable assistance to the Committee in telling the world about its e tenute 19 e" ^egos de u „„ a! igua Wettschwlmmen des modernen Funfkampfes. cludad en los dl ra. cele«ATA LA t8rninandose - ^ 30 a agosto 14 In , " preparations for the Games. 51,146 3 0 Sta entworfen wurde, dass es alien Olympls en 01usI,re ^ r„S8l»° »" ' 81 Parque Clfmr,. ' ° . Hel aSo ,o3p 491 P 0UBPWE I-"- DEU0 S«II- 50 meter (164 fuss) lang, 20 meter (65 Consuls: The foreign consuls, not only in Los Angeles but in other cities von 1.5 meter (4 fuss 11 zoll) bis zu "LODERNO, saratmo ta WODERNO d9 plsc a19 entstammt derselben Quelle, aus der dj acuerdo con loB reri ' ^ que ha ait} of the Pacific Coast, were supplied regularly with all publications and news TOOLSC^^ la ^ A releases. These were sent by them to their own countries so that the various Of the Games of TO THE EDITOR Of the Games of TO THE EDITOR TH of llie Games of 1H of the Games of THE X OLYMPIAD the Xth Olympiad governments which they represented were kept fully informed as to the work THE X OLYMPIAD the Xth Oly Los Angeles, U.S.A., 1932 Los Angeles, U.S.A.,1932 d by d>« being done by the Organizing Committee. PRESS DEPARTMENT The Organ PRESS DEPARTMENT The Orjaniiing Com X™ Olympiade Committee X,H Olympiade C II apprec Radio : Owing to the international as well as the amateur nature of the ving copiesof pub (the organizing committee) Kich N (the organizing committee) .n which Ne I the Games appea of the G Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Los Angeles, California, U.S. A Olympic Games, the amateur radio operators of Southern California, numbering

For Immediate Rel approximately fifteen hundred, volunteered their services to the Press Depart For Immediate Relea No.18 ment in handling communications through amateur operators in foreign coun Note to Editors: In ordar to reproduce this photograph in your publica Avis aux Editeurs: Afin de reproduire cette photographie, dans votre^pu- tion, it is only necessary to make a line-cut of same blication, 11 suffit simplemfnt de falre un cliche instead of a half-tone engraving. ordinaire au lieu d'un cllche-gravure deml-ton. tries. Southern California operators were supplied with complete information on the Games, which was utilized by them in their nightly conversations with amateur operators in all parts of the world. People who wrote to the Olympic Committee seeking information about the Games were informed through the 105 A»6FCUS **68 TEA amateur stations that the information they sought was being sent them immedi ately. Messages from the clubwomen of Southern California to their friends in all parts of the world, urging them to attend the Olympic Games, were also handled by the amateur radio operators of Southern California.

Los Angeles, California -- The Los Angeles Swimming SUdlum, In which Lcs Angeles, Californie -- Le Stade de Natation de Los Angeles, ou Poster: In an effort to produce an official poster which would be novel, will be held the swimming, diving and water polo events of the Cazws of auront lieu les conccurs de natation, plongeon et water-polo dee Jeui de and at the same time attractive enough to justify its being displayed over a period the Xth Olympiad, to be celebrated in this city from July 50 to August 14, la Xeme Olympiade qui seront celebres dans cette ville, du 30 juillet au inclusive, 1932, is now being completed in Olympic Park, near Olympic Sta 14 aout 1932, Indus, est pres d'etre termine dans le Pare Olympique, of many months, the Committee accepted the design offered by Julio Kilenyi, dium. Starting with the swimming race of the Modern Pentathlon, on August tcut pres du Stade Olympique, Debutant par la course du "Pentathlon internationally known medalist and sculptor and designer of the commemorative 5, there will be 11 days of water sports. The pool, which was designed Koderne", le 5 aout, les sports nautlques dureront 11 Jours. La piscine,

in accordance with Olympic requirements, will be 50 meters (164 feet) in qui fut construite selon les reglements Olympiques, aura 50 metres (164

length, 20 meters (65 feet) in width, and will vary in depth from 1.5 me plods) de long, 20 metres (65 pieds) de large, et variera en profondeur ters (4 feet 11 inches) to 5 meters (16 feet 5 inches). The water will de 1 metre 50 (4 pieds 11 pouces) a 5 metres (16 pleds 5 pouces), L'eau be from the fresh water supply of the city of Los Angeles, and modern proviendra des reservoirs d'eau fralche de la Ville de Los Angeles et des filtration and purification equipment will be used. The stadium will be agencemente modernes de filtration et de purification seront employes, 213 of reinforced concrete construction, with a seating capacity of 10,000 Le Stade sera constrult en beton arme et pourra contenir 10.000 personnes. people.

FOR TWO YEARS NEWS BULLETINS, IN FIVE LANGUAGES, KEPT THE PRESS INFORMED

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library PRESS DEPARTMENT

medal of the Games of the Xtli Olympiad. Mr. Kilenyi modelled the design for the official poster in clay, and a photograph of this model was colored and reproduced by lithograph. The poster depicted the ancient Grecian custom of sending a youthful athlete out to announce the forthcoming celebration of the Games. Several thousand copies of the poster were displayed.

SOUTHERN NATIONAL CAMPAIGN

Approximately a year before the opening of the Games, the Organizing CALIFORNIA Committee announced that it was ready to receive ticket reservations. This I launched the intensive Press campaign in the United States. The Press Depart M AND THE ment staff was increased, and stories were furnished at more frequent intervals •HB > to the wire news services as well as to the Los Angeles and metropolitan news papers. Likewise more subjects were made available for the photographic news 1ympic syndicates and the newsreels. Through the splendid co-operation of the country s largest commercial "mat" service serving the country weekly and small daily papers of the United States and Canada, considerable information was carried into the rural districts which was of great value in acquainting the people of North America with the Games. a n s our Localizing News Interest: Owing to the size of the United States and the greatest vacation Olympic Stadium, where major events diversity of interests represented in various localities, the Press Department was will be held faced with the problem of arousing interest, in all sections of the country, in this . .You can do it in two weeks vacationland you escape the "peak NY YEAR, Southern California of- prices" necessary in short-season re international event to be held in a locality considerably removed from the larger sorts. We prove these statements ina re . fers you more summer playtime joys than half-a-dozen will be held from July 30 to August 14 — sixteen days and A markable new book which the coupon below brings you free. ordinary vacations. But this year, the Olympic Games are nights of continuous thrills, 13 5 separate events —the most It should answer all vour vacation questions. population centers of the nation. added! Probably never again in your lifetime will they be elaborately-planned Olympic Games in their 1 53 5-year his held in America, certainly never again in settings like these: tory. Southern California has been planning this vacation Before you plan any vacation, send coupon for The Department began a campaign of contacting athletic directors of the The cool, blue waters of the friendly Pacific...its exotic for you for ten years. New 64-page Vacation Book playground islands near the shore. The grandeur of mile- Come for the finals if you can. But come this summer, leading colleges and universities of the country, urging them to supply the news FREE Olympic Games Information high forested mountains, crystal lakes and shaded pools. The anyway. Southern California, heart of Fiestaland, will be in foreign-land glamour of ancient Spanish Missions, palms, papers in their territories with pictures and stories concerning their students holiday mood, promising you that real vacation you need to The book outlines, day by day, a summer (also a winter) orange groves, a harbor where ships from the seven seas lie send you back fit for the months ahead. visit to Southern California, including nearly 100 interesting at anchor. Old Mexico close-by. who had competed in past Olympic Games or who might possibly become com Let Southern California give you a vacation you will gravure photographs, map, information about routes, item In the midst of this world playground centered by big, remember all your life. Advise anyone not to come seeking ized daily cost figures, etc. ... perhaps the most complete cosmopolitan Los Angeles you'll find famous resorts and employment lest he be disappointed, but for the tourist the vacation book ever published. With it, if you wish, we will petitors in the forthcoming Games. cities like Pasadena, Beverly Hills, Santa Monica, Glendale, attractions are unlimited. send, also free, another book giving Olympic Games details Long Beach, Pomona . . . and gay Hollywood where you'll and schedules, with ticket application blanks. Send the cou Auxiliary Press Service: The Eyre Powell Press Service, a Los Angeles mingle with the stars. Every kind of vacation play, with Note low costs pon today for your free copies of these books. Start plan summer days comfortable and rainless, nights so cool you'll By rail (reduced summer rates) from most points in the ning now! organization serving pictorial news to the photographic press syndicates of the sleep under blankets. country, even a two-weeks vacation gives you at least eleven (If you wish another beautiful book,"Southern California Here champions and celebrities from all the world will days actually here. And costs while, here need be no more through the Camera," include 4 cents in stamps to cover United States, rendered an invaluable service during the two years preceding the gather for the world's greatest sport spectacle. The finals than those of an ordinary vacation. For in this year 'round mailing cost.) Games by featuring Olympic Games preparations and activities in their releases.

All-Year Club of Southern California, Ltd., Div. 0000, 1151 So. Broadway, Los Angeles, Calif. The Publicity Department of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce performed Send me booklets I have checked below: [D Free new 64-page illustrated book with complete details (including a valuable service during the same period through its extensive press and com 3 costs) of a Southern California vacation. Q Detailed Olympic Games schedules and ticket application blanks. I~| "Southern California through the Camera" (4 cents enclosed). Also send free booklets about counties checked; mercial connections. •Los Angeles •Riverside •San Bernardino Q Los Angeles Sports Q San Diego Q Ventura •Orange •Santa Barbara Citizens Committee: The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce formed the

Street— Citizens' Committee to co-operate in every way possible with the Organizing Com-

Glaciers not far away Hollywood . . . night life Atmosphere of Old Spai .1 P]ease_Prmt Your Name and_ Addressj

SPECIMEN OF NATIONAL ADVERTISEMENTS BY ALL-YEAR CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

215 1

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 PRESS DEPARTMENT

mittee in educating the people of the United States regarding the Olympic Games. the Games drew near advertisers and advertising agencies began to recognize The activities of the Citizens' Committee were directed by a small executive group the value of tying into their copy a subject of such live news interest. consisting of representatives of men's service clubs, women's clubs, civic bodies, Transportation Advertising: Realizing that the economic conditions exist fraternal organizations, church groups, boys' and girls' organizations, and the ing prior to the celebration of the Games had caused a curtailment by the trans transportation, hotel and restaurant interests. All groups falling into these cata- portation companies of their advertising schedules, the Department approached gories were organized and were supplied with information about the Games. these companies with a programme of co-operation which could be carried out The clubwomen of Southern California banded themselves together in an and still stay within the limitations of their regular advertising budgets. They organization known as The Hostesses of the Olympic Games, and hostess were asked to urge the public, in whatever advertising space they used, to attend clubs were made up of women who had come to California from different States the Olympic Games in Los Angeles; they were asked to devote space in their of the Union and from different foreign countries. Each of these groups appointed time tables and to utilize the Committee's official poster in lieu of producing any a chairman, established headquarters, and started a campaign of inviting the travel poster of their own. The transportation companies gave the Organizing clubwomen of their respective states or countries to visit Los Angeles during the Committee splendid support in this manner. Games of the Xth Olympiad. The men's service clubs extended a similar in Radio Broadcasts : A number of large radio advertisers built their pro vitation to their affiliated groups throughout the world, and also suggested that grammes around the Games. One series of broadcasts, given weekly, consisted they hold Olympic Games programmes featuring outstanding athletes as speakers of dramatizations of recreated past Olympiads beginning with the first Games of and honored guests. which there is record and moving swiftly to the Games of the modern era. Other The splendid work done by the Citizens' Committee was of great assistance programmes featured the Olympic Games in music, talks by athletic experts in impressing upon people everywhere the importance and significance of the and interviews by past Olympic champions. Olympic movement. The California State Chamber of Commerce utilized in its monthly pub LOCAL CAMPAIGN lication an eight-page gravure supplement which was reproduced and thousands Four months prior to the opening of the Games, an intensive local campaign of copies sent to Chambers of Commerce all over the United States. This was started. The metropolitan papers of Los Angeles and San Francisco, as well was of great benefit in bringing the Games to the attention of the American as the newspapers in other parts of the State, were supplied with all possible public. information concerning the preparations for the Games, the entries in the various Advertising: The Committee did not feel that it should undertake an ex events, and the schedules of arrivals of the different teams. tended campaign of paid advertising. However, it took advantage of the generous Organization Co-operation: All types of organizations, service, social and offer of the All-Year Club of Southern California to utilize its regular advertising civic, gave the Committee liberal co-operation in its campaign to familiarize people space for a national campaign in the interests of the Games. This Club, a non with the story of the Olympic Games. Co-operation was extended by all the profit civic organization, uses national advertising space annually to interest club publications published in Southern California. tourists in visiting Southern California. The Olympic Games were considered a Speakers' Bureau: A large number of speakers were supplied with in sufficient attraction to tourists to form the theme of the All-Year Club's advertis formation concerning the Games, and assigned to various organizations which ing from January 1, 1932, until just prior to the Opening Ceremony. had asked for people to talk before their meetings. A wide variety of types of Advertising Tieups: The Press Department also contacted the large ad speeches was thus available with the Games the central theme. Some of these vertising agencies as well as the advertising departments of leading industrial speakers in their talks discussed international goodwill subjects, while others firms and pointed out to them the value of utilizing the Games as background chose to dwell on such subjects as sportsmanship, clean-living and proper train for their advertising copy. At the same time the Department was able to acquaint ing of youth. In organizing its group of speakers, the Press Department had advertisers with the ethics governing the use of Olympic references in advertising the co-operation of the Advertising Club of Los Angeles and of the Los Angeles copy. While at first the response to this campaign was slow, more and more as Chamber of Commerce.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 PRESS DEPARTMENT

Window Displays : Immediately prior to the opening of the Games the Press Credentials : Lor the convenience of visiting Press representatives, large merchandizing establishments of the city began vying with each other in the Press Credentials Headquarters was opened immediately adjacent to the producing striking window displays featuring the Games. Local interest was Olympic Games Ticket Office. Two of the Dow, Jones electric printers were in thus stimulated and the people of Los Angeles familiarized with the significance stalled to supply bulletins of all Olympic results for the Bulletin Boards erected for the convenience of the visiting correspondents unable to attend some of the of the Games and their historical background. events. A complete registration service was also installed and every correspondent was required to register and present proper credentials and identification. This PRESS SERVICE work was made easier because of the fact that many of the correspondents carried At Olympic Stadium, seats and permanent benches accommodating seven the regular Olympic identity card issued by the Organizing Committee, in lieu hundred and six Press correspondents were provided. One hundred and ninety- of passports. eight Dow, Jones electric printing machines were installed, to make available in Official Pictorial Souvenir: Early in its prepa stantly, from the Sports Technical Department, the actual result of each event rations for the celebration of the Games, the Com in any of the stadiums. Directly behind the Press section, separating it from the mittee realized that it would not be in strict conformity Sports Technical Department, was the Press telegraph section occupied by the with the Olympic ideals to produce the usual type of commercial telegraph companies. A corps of messengers was maintained by each souvenir programmes containing paid advertising. It of these companies to serve the correspondents. was decided to produce a pictorial souvenir which, by the selection of its illustrations and text, and by the artistry of its compilation and production, would re flect the ideals of the Olympic movement. A compe tent lithograph company entered into an agreement with the Committee to produce such a book, and a carefully planned schedule was made which enabled the printers to have the book ready well in advance, except an eight-page insert, which was held open and printed a few days prior to the Opening Ceremony, de scribing the arrival and training activities of the ath FRANCES M. GILLAND letes as well as their housing quarters. This Pictorial SECRETARY, PRESS DEPARTMENT Souvenir was sold to the public at all Olympic events. Government Postage Stamps : In commemoration of the Olympic Games, the United States Post Office Department issued two values of special commemora tive stamps, of three-cent and five-cent denominations. The three-cent stamps depicted a sprinter crouched for the start and the five-cent depicted a discus thrower. These stamps were released for public sale on June 30, 1932. and besides purchases for regular postal use, millions of the stamps were purchased by collectors and by stamp dealers, many of whom had opened temporary offices in Los Angeles in order to have these stamps bear the "first-day" postmark of the Olympic City on envelopes sent them by stamp collectors in all parts of the world.

PORTION OF CENTRAL PRESS STAND, OLYMPIC STADIUM TELEGRAPH AND SPORTS TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT AT TOP. ELECTRIC WRITING MACHINES BROUGHT THE NEWS TO THE CORRESPONDENTS 218 219

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 ENTRY, CUSTOMS, AND TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS

Novelties : As in the case of other big events a great variety of novelties was produced for sale as souvenirs of the Olympic Games. The Organizing Committee had no connection whatso ever with the production or sale of these ENTRY. CUSTOMS, AND TRAVEL novelties and did not participate in any ARRANGEMENTS way in the profits. It endeavored at all times to keep the element of com HE Games of the Xth Olympiad were the first to be held outside of Europe mercialism out of the Games. in which a considerable number of nations participated. Instead of involv Stickers: Two types of stickers ing merely a day's trip, or an overnight journey into a neighboring country, were produced and given wide distribu T participants in the Xth Olympiad were faced with the problems of traveling many tion prior to and during the celebration thousands of miles, under unfamiliar conditions and in strange territory. Also, of the Games. One type was designed in entering the United States, they must encounter complicated entry and cus by commercial firms desiring to tie their toms regulations. products in with the Games, such as the The Organizing Committee, appreciating these facts, undertook, through large oil companies and tire manufac the government of the United States and through the transportation companies, turers, who printed and distributed to simplify all travel problems and in every way possible facilitate the travel free of charge many thousands of attrac arrangements of all official delegations to the Games. tive stickers. The other type of stickers Identity Cards : To simplify entry into the United States of contestants was produced by private interests which and all others officially connected with the Games, and to identify them quickly profited by their sale. Several meri and easily, the Committee drew up a simple form of Identity Card which, when torious designs were included in this filled in and properly signed, the Government agreed to accept as a valid travel category. document in lieu of passport. The Government further agreed that persons pre Conventions : A total of sixty-two senting these Identity Cards would be granted the privilege of free entry and the conventions was held in the city during usual customs courtesies and facilities accorded distinguished foreign visitors; the period of the Games, enabling the and also, that there would be no visa charge by the consular officers of the United delegates to enjoy a part or all of the States and no head tax. contests. The Identity Cards were serially numbered. A supply, consecutively num Maps: Many useful maps were bered, was forwarded to each National Olympic Committee, and each Committee produced by various organizations and became responsible for the proper issuance of the cards to athletes, managers, THE OFFICIAL POSTER companies showing the facilities for the coaches, team attendants, members of Committees or Federations, members of Olympic Games. The Automobile Club Juries, accredited Press representatives, and members of immediate families and of Southern California was particularly helpful to the Organizing Committee in personal servants. Complete records were kept of those to whom Identity Cards this respect. Two hundred thousand copies of a highway guide carrying the were issued, and the card number in each case became an identification number. official Olympic poster on the back cover were distributed by this organization. This number was used on all travel certificates and on all entry forms and became Several of the large oil companies also produced and distributed large quantities the key to the identification of all Olympic representatives. The lists of persons of attractive maps and cartographs. to whom Identity Cards were issued were used by the Credentials Department in preparing credentials, at the Olympic Village in checking reservations and assigning quarters, and in many other ways.

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library no. 7659 I ENTRY, CUSTOMS, AND TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS VISA Xth OLYMPIAD - LOS ANGELES - 1932 {

The following "Information for National Olympic Committees'' covering the provisions for entering the United States, was mailed to all National Olympic Committees several months before the period of the Games : Identity Card ValW 120 Day* Frew 0«te •! Entry iot# tht Uflited Stale* »* Awertca INFORMATION FOR NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES NAME (Surname* iOiven n&mm ) XTH OLYMPIAD — Los ANGELES — 1932

IDENTITY CARDS DATE «c PLACE OF BIRTH The Identity Card when properly completed in accordance with the following instructions and indorsed by your Government as indicated on page 3 of the Card and issued to persons officially connected with the Games of the Xth Olympiad DOMICILE will, when visaed by an American consular officer abroad, be accepted by the

Country Government of the United States of America as a travel document in lieu of a passport for entry into the United States. Such persons may, however, desire also NATIONALITY to obtain a regular passport appropriate to their case from the Government of the

Issued by the Xth Olympiade Comsnittee of th« Games of country to which they owe allegiance. In such a case the visa if granted would be Los Angeles, U. S. A., 1932, Ltd. at Los Aafcles, California, placed upon the passport rather than upon the Identity Card, and the visa will be J&KU»ry 2Stfe, I&33 without cost if an Identity Card is presented. If the proper Department of the Government of your country will complete page 3 of the Identity Card, thereby approving the Card as a valid travel document Pmidwit Generai Sesrctary issued to a citizen or subject of your country, it will be unnecessary for the person to whom the Card was issued to have in addition a passport or other travel docu ment, and upon establishment of non-immigrant status by the applicant the consular officer of the United States to whom application for a visa is made will issue a rlsotograpli of Person SignAturm of Person temporary visitor's visa for which NO FEE will be collected. Dated 1932 The National Olympic Committee of any country may consult with the This i» to certify that this Identity Card is recognized American consular officer in the city where the National Committee has its head by the Government of office in regard to making arrangements to facilitate the examination of the persons to whom it is contemplated the Identity Cards shall be issued. It is suggested that arrangements be made for the members of the group to consult the appropriate (Name of Country) consular officer to whom they will apply for visas sometime in advance of their as a valid travel document permitting the person whose sailing in order that sufficient time may be available in which the consular officer name, photograph and signature appear hereon to depart from this country, travel to the United States may make such inquiries as may be found necessary. THE NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE OF of America and return to this country. The Identity Cards, prepared and issued by the Organizing Committee of the Games of the Xth Olympiad in Los Angeles, are serially numbered. The Govern certifies that the information contained herein is the ment of the United States of America and the Organizing Committee will expect DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENT truth and that the above photograph is the photograph of your Committee to account for each and every one of these Identity Cards as follows : M. ( 1) Make one complete list showing the numbers of the Identity Cards and who is going to Los Angeles, California, U. S. A. BY OFFICER OF GOVERNMENT non-immigrant temporary visitor to attend the Games the names of persons to whom the Cards are issued in the same classification ar of the Xth Olympiad in the capacity of: rangement as shown on page 2 of the Identity Cards where the eligible groups ATHLETE are classified, so persons in each classification, as "Athletes," etc., will be grouped MANAGER. COACH, TRAINER OR OTHER together on the list; • ATTENDANT COMMITTEE OR FEDERATION MEMBER ( 2 ) The Secretary or other official of the National Olympic Committee will n bring the original and a copy of this list with him to Los Angeles and deliver these OFFICIAL • two copies of the list to the office of the Organizing Committee, and keep a copy •PRESS REPRESENTATIVE of same in the office of his Committee and have with him on the steamer extra copies MEMBER OF IMMEDJATE FAMILY OR of same so that they may be furnished to, or examined by, government officials • SERVANT IN ABOVE CROUP

fN'jtme of N'sliynal Oljrmpfe ConmjiUtw

PRESIDENT 223

FACSIMILE OF IDENTITY CARD

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ENTRY, CUSTOMS, AND TRAVEL ARRANGEMENT? XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932

delegations duly accredited by the Olympic Games Committees of foreign should the occasion arise, such lists to bear the name of the National Olympic nations participating in either or both of the above mentioned series of games. Committee and the signature of its President and/or Secretary. "It is understood that the delegations will comprise athletes and their All persons coming under any one of the five groups or classifications shown usual attendants, officers and members of the National and International on page 2 of the Identity Card will have to secure their Identity Cards through the Olympic Committees, persons designated by Olympic Committees to act in office of the National Olympic Committee and your office will personally issue the official capacities in the administration of the Games, official representatives of Identity Cards to such groups, keeping a record of same on the above referred to foreign publications and news organizations accredited by the Olympic Com lists, under the group or classification indicated, and be responsible for this mittee of the nation from whence they come, and members of the immediate procedure. families and servants of the foregoing. The Secretary or other official of your National Olympic Committee will "In addition to the exemption from duty authorized by paragraph 1798 deliver to the office of the Organizing Committee, at the same time the two copies of the Tariff Act of 1930, free entry without the requirement of bonds may of the list are delivered, all unused Identity Cards so that all of the Identity Cards be accorded all athletic and sporting equipment of contestants; horses to be issued to your Committee will thus be accounted for. used in contests and their equipment; vehicles and craft to be used in con When the Identity Cards are being completed in the office of the National tests; uniforms, flags, banners, and similar articles; reasonable quantities of Olympic Committee if an error is made DO NOT ERASE OR OTHERWISE EN medicinals, surgical supplies, special foods and foodstuffs; cameras and press DEAVOR TO CORRECT SUCH CARD; cancel such Card, issue a new Card and equipment; and other articles which may reasonably be supposed to be return the cancelled Cards to the Organizing Committee as provided for above. intended for use solely in connection with the Olympic Games and which are not prohibited from importation into the United States. HEAD TAX "The visitors to whom these courtesies are extended should be required The Organizing Committee has been advised by the Government of the United to file with customs officers on arrival a detailed list of all articles imported, States of America as follows : and should be advised that no articles accorded free entry may be sold in "By an enactment of the Congress of the United States of America the Head the United States, and that all such articles not consumed or totally destroyed Tax has been removed for all persons holding properly visaed Identity Cards. must be exported from this country. (We suggest that each National Olympic Committee be careful when purchasing "Works of art and other objects imported for competitions and exhibi steamship tickets to make sure that the amount of the customary Head Tax is tions to be held in connection with the Olympic Games are not contemplated deducted from the cost thereof.)" by the foregoing. "Circulated by the Customs CUSTOMS Information Exchange. Respectfully, H. K. YAIDEN, Following is a copy of United States Government communication which has Supervising Customs Agent." been sent to Customs Officers, to assist official Olympic groups holding properly Following is a copy of an Act of the Congress of the United States of America visaed Identity Cards : providing for the various measures of assistance as previously described in this C.I.E. — 333/32 booklet: In correspondence, refer to both C.I.E. 333/32 & Bureau No. 91004. 8/3/32. "JOINT RESOLUTION CUSTOMS SERVICE EXCHANGE "To permit the temporary entry into the United States under certain conditions of 201 Varick Street, New York, N. Y. alien participants and officials of the Hid Olympic Winter Games and of the August 5, 1931 Games of the Xth Olympiad to be held in the United States in 1932. To CUSTOMS SERVICE OFFICERS: "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States The following Bureau letter No. 91004 dated August 3, 1931, addressed to the of America in Congress assembled. That alien participants, officials, and other Collector of Customs, New York, N. Y., by Acting Secretary of the Treasury accredited members of delegations to the Hid Olympic Winter Games and to the Seymour Lowman, relative to the extension of free entry privilege to foreign Games of the Xth Olympiad to be held in the United States in 1932, and members participants in Olympic Games, has been received through the office of the Deputy of the immediate families and servants of the foregoing, all the foregoing who are Commissioner, Division of Customs Agents, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. non-immigrants, if otherwise admissible into the United States under the immigra "In the year 1932 there will be held at Los Angeles, California, the tion laws, shall be exempted from the payment of the tax of $8 prescribed by International Olympic Games of the Xth Olympiad, and at Lake Placid, section 2 of the Immigration Act of 1917, and exempted from the fees prescribed New York, the Hid Olympic Winter Games. under the law to be collected in connection with executing an application for a "In view of the international character and the purposes of these Games, visa and visaing the passport or other travel document of an alien for the purpose the privilege of free entry and usual customs courtesies and facilities accorded of entering the United States as a non-immigrant, and such aliens shall not be distinguished foreign visitors will be accorded to the entire personnel of required to present official passports issued by the governments to which they owe

225 224

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 ENTRY, CUSTOMS, AND TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS

Identity Card No Carte d'Identite allegiance : Provided, That such aliens shall be in possession of official Olympic Identity Card No.. ROUND TRIP Games identity cards duly visaed without charge by American consular officers COMITE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIQUE abroad : And provided further, That such aliens shall comply with regulations not Identification Convention Certificate INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE inconsistent with the foregoing provisions which shall be prescribed by the Secretary OLYMPIC GAMES (Xth OLYMPIAD) of Labor and the Secretary of State : Provided, however, That nothing herein shall CERTIFICAT DE TARIFS REDUITS DES CIES Los Angeles, California relieve an alien from being required to obtain a gratis non-immigrant visa if com DE NAVIGATION iuiy 30—August 14, 1932 ing to the United States as a non-immigrant, or an immigration visa if coming to STEAMSHIP REDUCED RATE CERTIFICATE the United States as an immigrant: Be it further Nous soussignSs certifions que: SPECIAL NOTICE ' Resolved, That such aliens shall be permitted the free entry of their personal The use of this Certificate for the purpose of securing This is to certify that: a reduced fare for any person other than those described effects and their equipment to be used in connection with the games, under such below is contrary to the provisions of the tariff on file regulaUons as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury." with the Interstate Commerce Commission, under which such fare is authorized. est un (1) Approved by the President, December 19, 1931. is a TICKET AGENT: voyageant pour se rendre aus JEUX DE LA Xeme OLYMPIADE STEAMSHIP, RAILROAD REDUCED RATE CERTIFICATES travelling to attend the GAMES OF THE Xth OLYMPIAD

This certifies that M qai auront lies a LOS AN6ELES, CALIF0RN1E, E.V.A., en JtliLLET ET AOUTlm,^ The National Olympic Committee is requested to place on the two special to Df held at LOS ANGELES, MUFOflKIA, U.S.A. In JULY AND AUGUST, i 2 certificate forms which are being furnished permitting members of your party to whose classification is - obtain the reduced steamship and railroad travel rates, at the place designated on is entitled to purchase one round-trip excursion ticket to LOS ANGELES. SAN DIEGO, OR SAN FRANCISCO. CALIFORNIA, for said certificates, the number of the Identity Card which has been issued to such person. himself (or herself), at the reriuced fare and under the conditions TriVidfiu du Comite Natioaal authorized in tariff. Chairman of the Xationai It is important that the same Identity Card number be used on all forms or Committee certificates issued to any one person. The National Olympic Committee, in complying with these requests, will make Signature of Presldeut (or Secrctari") President du Comltl Interna' it possible for the Organizing Committee to assist in these arrangements. tlonal Olympiquo Kama of National Olympic Committee Chairman of the International Olympic Committee CONCLUSION Because all actions taken by the Government of the United States of America Delivre 4 Date to facilitate the entry of groups of persons officially connected with the Games General Secretary of the Organizing Committee Issued at of the Xth Olympiad into the United States from the many countries are limited Classifications: (a) Competitor (Participating athlete) Ce certificat sera remis a la Compagnie de Navigation. to those groups classified on page 2 of the Identity Cards, it is important that all (b) Person attached to team (coach, trainer, manager, This certificate will be surrendered to the Steamship persons who are to benefit from these special arrangements shall possess an Identity etc.) Company. Card properly filled out. (c) International Federation official (1) Inscrivez si le porteur est; (d) Member of the International Olympic Committee (e) Member of a National Olympic Committee Insert whether holder is; (a) Participant Shipment of Horses : With the co-operation of the United States Cavalry (f) Accredited press representative Competitor (g) Dependent member of family in above group (b) Officiel d'une Federation Internationale Association, complete information concerning the shipment of horses, including Official of one of the International Federations (c) Membre du Comite International Olympique steamship and railroad data, customs, public health, and quarantine regulations, INSTRUCTIONS TO TICKET AGENTS Member of the International Olympic Committee Ticket Agent will endorse hereon description of ticket (d) Membre d'un Comite Olympique National conditions along the routes to Los Angeles as well as in Los Angeles, and the or tickets issued and attach this certificate to report to Member of a National Olympic Committee Ticket Auditor as authority. Le titulaire de cette earte a droit a une reduction de 20% pour un results of the experience of the United States in the shipment of horses to foreign voyage simple ou un voyage circulaire, ^ condition qu'il voyage FORM NUMBER durant les pSriodes prescrites, par Tune des Compagnies suivantes: countries, was compiled and distributed to all National Olympic Committees and The bearer is entitled to a reduction of W/o on one way or round NOTE: This certificate may only he used by a person of one of the trip rates, provided he travels within the prescribed periods by one National Equestrian Federations. classifications listed, making trip to the Olympic Games en route from of the following Companies: trans-Atlantic points of orisin, including West Indies, Central and South America. Anchor Line Hamburg Aroerika Line The New York National Guard extended an invitation to all visiting Anchor-Donaldson Line Holland Amerlka Line Hancock Bros., San Frasdsco 17130 Atlantic Transport Line Norddeutscher Lloyd equestrian teams to stable their horses en route in their splendid quarters in New Canadian pacific Norwegian America Line Cie GiSn^rale Transatiantique Red Star Line Cosulich Line Scandinavian American Line York City, at no expense. This made it possible for the various countries to con Cunard Line Swedish American Line Furness Line United States Line Gdynia America Line White Star Line centrate their horses in New York, in the event they were shipped across the MEDITERRANEAN LINES Atlantic on separate boats, so that they could be transported across the United Anchor Line Cosulich Line Cunard Line Navigazlone Generate Italians States in the same cars, thus affording the advantage of greatly reduced rates for Lloyd Sabaudo White Star Line Fabre Line carload shipments. Hancock Bros., San Francisco 17130

CERTIFICATES FOR REDUCED TRAVELING FARES FOR PARTICIPANTS

226 227

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932 SPORTS ENTRY FORMS AND REGISTRATION

Representatives of the United States Cavalry Association met the teams at their port of entry and assisted in the transfer of the horses and equipment. All horses arriving in Los Angeles by train were unloaded within a half-mile of their stables at the Riviera Country Club. SPORTS ENTRY FORMS AND REGISTRATION Travel Arrangements: Through the co-operation of the International Olympic Committee, the Transatlantic Steamship Conference granted official HE question of Entry Forms for the Xth Olympiad was given consideration Olympic representatives a twenty percent reduction below off-season steamship several months previous to the date upon which it was necessary to dis rates. American railroads made a special round-trip rate of one hundred dollars Tpatch the official forms to the various National Olympic Committees. for the trip from New York to Los Angeles and return, and co-operated with the In previous games it had been customary to provide a separate entry form National Committees in many ways, such as permitting foreign chefs to supervise for each event in each sport, involving a total of one hundred and fifty separate the preparation of meals on the trains and serving meals at reduced rates. forms. It had also been customary to print all entry forms in at least four different Inasmuch as there are no Transpacific or South American steamship conferences, languages, bringing the grand total up to at least six hundred different forms. it was suggested that the Organizing Committee advise the countries sending This was expensive, and presented a difficult and complicated problem for the representatives to Los Angeles via these routes to get in direct touch with the secretaries of the National Olympic Committees to handle. steamship line of their own selection. In all cases these lines co-operated with The Sports Technical Department, which was charged with the responsibility the National Olympic Committees and satisfactory arrangements were consum of handling the entries, determined to produce a simplified system of forms which mated, in line with the action of the Transatlantic Steamship Conference. would entail a minimum of expense and be comparatively easy to handle. Steamship and Railroad Identification Certificates were prepared by the The first step was to reduce the language problem. Obviously, if a type of Organizing Committee and a supply sent to each National Olympic Committee. form could be produced which would be understandable in any language, the total These were countersigned and issued by the National Olympic Committees to number of blank forms would be reduced from the number used in former Games representatives of Olympic groups, and were surrendered to the transportation by seventy-five per cent. Tfiis problem was solved satisfactorily. Alphabetical companies at the time of the purchase of reduced rate tickets. symbols were adopted, each letter indicating that the same information should be furnished on all entry forms where the symbol appeared. For example : (A) indi cated in all forms that the name of the Nation should be inserted; (B) the Sport; (C) the name of the Event, and so on. An explanatory handbook in four lan guages made everything clear to the secretaries charged with filling out the forms. In working out the language problem, it became evident tfiat there were really only three basic Entry Forms required, one for individuals, one for teams, and one for countries. These three, with a special form needed for Yachting data and another special form for Equestrian data, were adopted, with the result that a total of five types, each understandable in all languages, took the place of the six hundred or more forms used in previous Games. By means of these five simplified forms, the secretaries of the National Olympic Committees were enabled to do their work with a minimum of confusion and error and the work of the Organizing Committee and of the Sports Federations was likewise simplified. The success of the plan is shown by the fact that re markably few errors were made in filling out tfie forms for the two thousand athletes of forty nations competing at the Games.

228 229

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932

cr m Q After the closing date for entries, the Sports Technical Department compiled a master list of entries in all sports, and various individual lists segregated by CO sports, events and nations, which were reproduced in mimeographed form for the convenience of those concerned. The information given on the forms as filled < out was also communicated to the card index department at the Olympic Village, H ol ..3

H Z XTH OLYMPIAD pj LOS ANGELES 1932 W Q Si

ENTRY FORM FOR NATIONS (Feuille cTInscnption Nationale) (Nationales AnmeldungS'FormuIar)

(Hoja de Inscripcion Nacional)

(A) UNITS) STATES 0? AMERICA

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ABOVE, AND FOLLOWING PAGES, FACSIMILES OF ENTRY FORMS FOR COMPETITIONS 230

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Q < H < < Q

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IDEA

THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IDEA

N THE conception of the Olympic Village plan, it was hoped to achieve some thing more than the mere comfortable housing of the athletes, something Ideeper than simply the provision of proper cuisine and of facilities for hygiene, comfort, health, and preparation for the contests. It was hoped that in the Olympic Village the sons of many lands, a true cross-section of the na tions, could find a common ground of understand ill ing, in a manner divorced from political interna tionalism, as men among men, leading a common life under a single roof; that here would be a :T: crucible of inherited emotions in which the barriers of race or creed could not be distinguished. m Because the idea of the Olympic Village was born from a deep sentiment, it is natural that these words should arise from emotions that reflect the pulsated thoughts of some two thousand residents of that international community which existed and succeeded by virtue of the true expression of the principles and ideals of modern Olympism. When first proposed, the Village plan prompt ly met the anticipated skepticism that doubts that nations are, after all, only members of one great family — the human family. This skepticism was graduallv subordinated to a form of sufferance. It ZACK J. FARMER must be said, nevertheless, that the smaller na GENERAL SECRETARY AND MANAGER tions more willingly embraced the plan. Then came the period of sports-technical skepticism. The different national temperaments have always been expressed by the different ways in which the national teams have housed and trained themselves while in the city of the Games, preparatory to the actual contests. The quiet and self-contained temperaments of those countries in the colder and quieter parts of the earth have led their athletic teams, in past Games, to select isolated and well protected training quarters, while the livelier and more

233

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE IDEA

expressive temperaments of the warmer countries liave been reflected in less desire for privacy and isolation. There have also been evidences of jealously guarded ooo training secrets and theories opposing the levelling touch that comes from inter mingling. As self-discipline is fundamental in the development of an athlete, so THE IMPORTANT THING IN THE OlYMPC GAMES it follows that nationalistic discipline is necessary in preserving the athletic per IS NOT TO WIN. BUT TO ML iMT THE. IMPORTANT ception of a country. THING IN LIFE 15 NOT THE. TRIUMPH BUT THE All of this, with the force of generations of precedent behind it, was to be STRUGGLE. THE ESSENTIAL THING IS NOT TO HM CONQUERED BUT TO HAVE FOUGHT WELL. abandoned in the innovation of the Olympic Village. Consequently, it is not sur TO SPREAD THESE PREGLPTS IS TO BUILD UP A prising that an attitude of polite dubitation arose in some official circles. But STRONGER AND AOE VALIANT AND, ABOVE ALL as we have said, with this attitude there was a deferential feeling that at least MORE SCRUPULOUS AND M GOIDOJ5 HUMAHlTf. permitted of encouragement to the plan. DE COUBERTIN. In the last analysis, the success or failure of the Village plan would rest with the athletes themselves. Here was the inspiration to carry on — in the fervent belief and faith that the children of the nations, unscarred by maturity and as sumed nationalism, would find in each other brothers in the flesh, regardless of color, race or creed, and react accordingly. Can it be gainsaid that in a partially enthusiastic but generally quiescent official approval of the Village plan by the world-wide Olympic organizations, there fell upon its proponents the responsibility of materializing its physical side in a ' I manner so perfect as to leave open no avenue for failure save that of failure of human nature itself? In the conviction that human nature, if given the opportunity, will respond in the right direction, the Olympic Village was carried through to completion : two months before the Games. A miniature city, replete with modern conveniences - and facilities, had arisen magically atop the hills, within eyesight of the great -• • . ;, Olympic Stadium — atop the modern Mount Olympus, below which lay the modern Plains of Elis. The doctrine under which this plan was to be consummated, reduced from its complexities, was that here would be the home of the sons of many nations, made homelike for them and its sanctity protected as at home. Every rule and regulation was conceived in the interest of the Village residents. All were treated alike. A miniature world was here set up by itself, rigidly protected from the world outside. It is amazing now, to even the most ardent advocates of the plan, how spontaneous and complete was the adoption of this home and all of its conditions by its residents, as they arrived nation by nation. The greatest compliment the Olympic Village will ever have is that as they arrived, hundreds at a time, the stalwart young Olympians immediately evidenced

IN THE LOUNGE, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, THE HEARTHSTONE OF THE VILLAGE

235

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library XTH OLYMPIAD LOS ANGELES 1932

that happiness and pride in their surroundings which distinguishes every true home. Before the Games got under way the athletes had proved the success of the Olympic Village plan. A volume could be devoted to the story of the "inside of the Olympic Village." Here was a great happy family of forty nationalities putting the politicians of the world to shame; and not a single athlete forgot for a moment the country and blood from which he sprang, nor that shortly he would pit his skill and character against his brethren from other lands for the honor of country and sport. Night after night, within the portals of the Village, victor met van quished in the embrace of true personal friendship and the understanding of man to man. As to the efficacy of this consolidated plan of housing and training, from a purely sports-technical viewpoint, the answer is written in the heretofore unheard-of record of superlative performances by athletes of all of the nationalities entered in the many Sports competitions. As to the admitted test to which Olympic discipline was to be put, in respect to harmonious commingling of the many nationalities and varying temperaments in the Village, it can be said that human nature found in the Olympic Village plan an unsullied outlet through its true expression of the Olympic doctrine and ideals. Innumerable stories could be told of the homely and heart-touching incidents that occurred day after day within the quiet confines of the Village — A group of robust fellows in vari-colored uniforms strolling down the central promenade of the Village after dinner, arm in arm, talking, gesticulating and laughing together — and no two understanding a single word of each other's language — A little fellow sitting on the porch of his house quietly sobbing, because he had lost his badge and when stopped at the entrance gate had been gently repri manded but given a new badge. The boy was afraid it might be thought he had done something wrong, and his country was a new member in the Olympic family and he wanted ever so much to do only the right thing — Two veteran athletes, from old-time Olympic countries, dining together a few hours after one of the epochal events of the Sports programme, when in the great Stadium teeming with excitement, a close and unusual finish of one of the memorable races of the Games had caused the officials to issue a debatable decision, one that caused the press of the world no end of controversy, but the boys taking it all in friendly spirit — One of the two-roomed Village cottages, one room occupied by an official who was a wealthy nobleman in his own country, the other by an athlete who was a humble blacksmith —

236

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Standing in the observation tower over the main entrance gate to the A illage one balmy sunny morning, still possessing a lingering wonderment about the outcome of it all; thousands of friends of athletes and curious spectators inter mingling in a colorful scene at the gate; auto busses arriving home with an early party from the training grounds. Bronzed athletes of three nationalities alight and one of their members, a huge good-natured fellow, gives sharp commands in mimicry. They all line up with hands on each others' shoulders; the big fellow takes the head of the column, whips out a harmonica and starts playing his favorite air, while the entire column passes through the gates and up the main street of the Village singing happily together. In the middle of the Games, with the competitions at their apex, and with spirit and emotions running high, among hundreds of athletes competing almost hourly, a resident returned to the Olympic Village at midnight. Only the dimmed ground lights were burning; the five hundred houses were dark. Walking quietly tI along the winding promenades, he came finally to the high point of the Village. Here he stood, enthralled by the peace and quiet of it all. Casting his eyes to the east he beheld the beautiful cyclorama of vari-colored lights that were the never-sleeping city, fading into the black mantle of the night. Straight ahead, on the plain below, there arose out of these myriad lights a great illuminated ellipse, at one end of which was a golden flame, the center jewel of this crown of light. This was the Olympic Stadium, being prepared for the next day, and the flame was the Olympic Torch. Fascinated, the eyes of the beholder gradually liisl lowered to the portals of the Olympic Village, and thence traveled over its shadowy streets and house tops. Here, under the soft blanket of night, lay "the nations of the earth," sleeping quietly and peacefully together, like infants in the lap of some maternal goddess of Olympia.

H. W. ODELL JULIA C. MAYER EVENING SHADOWS MANAGER, GENERAL OFFICE ASSISTANT TO THE GENERAL SECRETARY 237

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THIS AND FOLLOWING AIRPLANE VIEWS SHOW PROGRESS OF THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE THE GROUND PLAN COMPLETED CONSTRUCTION —ABOVE, THE BARREN HILLTOP

THE GROUND PLAN TAKING FORM FIRST UNITS OF HOUSES AND DINING ROOMS

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FIFTY HOUSES A DAY BEING ERECTED

HOUSES AND DINING ROOMS COMPLETED

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FIRST ROAD TO THE SITE TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION OFFICE STARTING A DINING ROOM UNIT INTERIOR, DINING ROOM

FIRST LOAD OF LUMBER HEAVY RAINS IMPEDED THE WORK ONE OF COMPLETED DINING ROOMS PORTION OF ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

HOUSE FLOORS ARRIVING OTHER SECTIONS OF HOUSES INSIDE MAIN ENTRANCE OUTSIDE MAIN ENTRANCE

SETTING THE WALLS COMPLETED HOUSES COMMISSARY AND BAGGAGE UNIT GARDENS COMPLETED THE ENTRANCE

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library nm smm

SIS

RADIO DISPATCH STATION TELEGRAPH OFFICES

PUBLIC LUNCH ROOM AMPHITHEATRE OF TWO THOUSAND SEATS

1 ngj

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ONE OF MANY BATH HOUSES THE HOSPITAL

. 1

THE POST OFFICE

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ARRIVALS

ARRIVALS

OS ANGELES had become accustomed to the preparations for the Games. The long-awaited thrill was the actual arrival of the Olympic teams and I important officials from all parts of the world. Finally they came. Great ocean steamers tying up to crowded docks — long railroad trains gliding into the depots — flags, bands, reception committees-— throngs of citizens enthusiastically extending the welcome of the Olympic City! Scenes were enacted that will not be forgotten by the delegations. Here, at last, was the city of the Games! The visitors felt instantly the touch of a hospitable populace. A team struggles through the crowd to the waiting auto busses. Bag gage is loaded on special vehicles. All faces are turned toward the Olympic Village, and the city, teem ing with Olympic fervor, is left behind for the moment . Arriving at the Vil lage, the teams first en gage in the ceremony of raising their national flags on the high masts ar ranged in front of the Administration Building. Then men with baggage are escorted to their sec tion of houses in the Vil lage, where everything is in readiness for them. From this moment the participants are "at home'' and the orderly procedure of preparing themselves HONORABLE CHARLES CLRTIS, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED r 1 n -I STATES (CENTER) BEING GREETED UPON ARRIVAL tor the Games is begun. AT LEFT, WILLIAM MAY GARLAND : AT RIGHT, HONORABLE ERNEST LEE JAHNCKE, COUNT DE BAILLET-LATOUR, THE GENIAL OLYMPIC PRESIDENT ACTING SECRETARY OF NAVY 245

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Jiiri

FIRST CONTINGENT OF THE SWEDISH TEAM THE DUTCH DELEGATION

COUNT DE BAILLET-LATOUR, PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE, ARRIVES FOR THE GAMES

THOUSANDS OF PERSONS GREETED TEAMS AT DEPOTS AT THE CITY HALL —THE GERMAN TEAM HERE THE ITALIAN TEAM IS BREAKING AWAY, BOUND FOR THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FROM ACROSS THE SEVEN SEAS CAME MANY AFTER WEEKS AT SEA —THE AUSTRALIAN GIRLS GREAT OLYMPIC DELEGATIONS

FROM FAR-OFF INDIA

ANOTHER SCENE OF WELCOME AT THE DEPOT FROM THE LAND OF THE RISING SUN" —THE FIRST GROUP OF JAPANESE ARRIVING

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library THE NEW ZEALAND TEAM DISEMBARKS AUSTRALIAN TEAM

FROM THE PHILIPPINES

LONG LINES OF CARS AND AUTO BUSSES TRANSPORTED TEAMS FROM TRAIN AND DOCK

FROM THE ARGENTINE ANOTHER NATIONAL GROUP IS WELCOMED

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library AUTO BUSSES DISCHARGING A NEWLY ARRIVED TEAM INSIDE THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE

AT LAST THEY ARE IN THE CITY OF THE GAMES AND IN THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE HORSES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT ALSO HAD TO COME TO THE GAMES NOW TO THE HOUSES, THE UNPACKING OF TRUNKS, AND INTO TRAINING UNLOADING VALUABLE HORSES, ANXIOUS, LIKE THEIR MASTERS, TO GET INTO TRAINING

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library EQUIPMENT BECAME PRICELESS AFTER THE LONG JOURNEY TOO LATE TO BE REPLACED, IT WAS CAREFULLY UNPACKED AND PUT IN ORDER

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library