THE MAJORITY FACES HISTORICAL Since California’s beginnings, federal, state, and local policies DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION and legislation have limited educational opportunities for California’s Latino students. The legacy remains to this day.

2016 – California voters pass Proposition 58, which overturns 1850 – California becomes most provisions of Proposition 227 and reinstates bilingual a state. The state constitution 1930s – Scapegoated for the 1942 – The Bracero Program 2011 – Gov. Jerry Brown signs education. The following year, in views California residents with Great Depression, hundreds of begins, allowing Mexican the California DREAM Act. This 2017, the state adopts an English Mexican heritage as foreigners. thousands of Mexican nationals citizens to work temporarily in legislation gives undocumented Learner Roadmap clarifying the and Mexican Americans were the United States. The program, residents access to financial aid 1982 – In Plyler v. Doe, the state’s new plan to encourage deported in what became known created to address American for California public colleges and U.S. Supreme Court guarantees bilingual instruction. as “Mexican Repatriation.” agricultural labor gaps, hosts undocumented students access universities. millions of Mexican workers until to free, public K-12 education. its termination in 1964. 1974 – In Lau v. Nichols, 2016 – Almost immediately Chinese-speaking students after the presidential election, 1945 – After a public school successfully argue that they are school districts, higher education refuses to admit a Mexican- entitled to special supports in institutions, and state leaders American student, Mendez school to gain English-language publicly commit through v. Westminster strikes down proficiency. This US Supreme 2001 – AB 540 allows qualifying resolutions, public statements, 1863 – The California legislature school segregation in California Court ruling applies to all non- nonresident students, including and introduced legislation to legitimizes school segregation, and influences the monumental English speaking students across undocumented students, to pay protect Latino, Muslim, LGBT, withholding funds to schools that Brown v. Board of Education the country, including those who in-state tuition at California public undocumented, and other admit non-White students. case in 1954. are Latino. colleges and universities. vulnerable students and families.

1850 1863 1920 1930 1931 1942 1945 1968 1974 1978 1982 1990 2001 2011 2012 2016 2017

1920s – Labor shortages and 1968 - Thousands of Latino 1990s - California voters pass a series of propositions with 2012 – The Deferred Action 2017 – The state of California federal restrictions on European students in East Los Angeles anti-Latino overtones. for Childhood Arrivals passes a package of bills and Asian immigration result walk out of school to protest executive order exempts certain to protect undocumented Proposition 187 (1994), later struck down as unconstitutional, bars in Latino immigration tripling. unequal, inadequate treatment, undocumented youth from immigrants, including protections undocumented residents from public services such as education. By 1930, Latino residents are creating a legacy of Latino deportation. As of June 2016, for undocumented students the state’s largest non-White student activism. Proposition 209 (1995) prohibits the use of race in applications for more than half a million youth and students from mixed-status ethnic group. public employment, education, or contracting. In combination with were eligible in California. families in the public K-12 and a previous year’s decision at the University of California to prohibit higher education systems. the use of race in admissions, admission rates for Latino and other underrepresented students plunge at University of California, Berkeley and University of California, Los Angeles. 2017 – The U.S. presidential 1931 – Alvarez v. Lemon Grove administration rescinds the Proposition 227 (1998), overturned in 2016, prohibits public bilingual School District strikes down Deferred Action for Childhood education without parent waivers. a San Diego County district’s Arrivals program, putting over 240,000 DACA youth in California decision to separate Mexican 1978 – Regents of the at risk. School, district, university, from White students—America’s University of California v. Bakke and state leaders across first successful school integration strikes down racial quotas but California strongly criticize the court decision. upholds the consideration of race federal decision and recommit to as one of many factors in public protecting these youth. university admissions.

6 The Majority Report | The Education Trust−West The Majority Report | The Education Trust−West 7